Item No.

Question Correct Answer

Branch of forest science involving the process of planning
and implementing practices for stewardship and use of
1 forest land aimed at fulfilling relevant ecological, Forest Management
economic, and social function of the forest in a
sustainable manner.

A clearly defined forest area, managed under a set of

2 objectives and according to a long-term management Forest Management Unit
plan.
Refers to the variety of species that are found at different
3 levels within the forest, from the forest floor to the Vertical diversity
canopy.
Refers to the variety of species that are found across
4 different habitats within a Horizontal diversity
forest.
The application of business methods and technical
5 forestry principles to the operation of a forest property. Forest Management
(Society of American Foresters,1958)
Is the art and science of managing forests, tree
plantations, and related natural resources. The main goal
of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow
forests to continue a sustainable continuation of
6 environmental supplies and services. The challenge of Forestry
forestry is to create systems that are socially accepted
while sustaining the resource and any other resources that
might be affected

A related science, involves the growing and tending of

trees and forests. Modern forestry generally concerns
itself with: assisting forests to provide timber as raw
material for wood products; wildlife habitat; natural water
quality management; recreation; landscape and
7 community protection; employment; aesthetically Silviculture
appealing landscapes; biodiversity management;
watershed management; erosion control; and a 'sink' for
atmospheric carbon dioxide. A

A person who is in authority in managing a forest

8 property. He/she is concerned with anything that affects Forest Manager
the operation of the area in is/her charge.
Characteristic of a Forest as a Resource: resource that is
9 growing Renewable
Characteristic of a Forest as a Resource: more than two
10 products can be derived. Multi-productive
The management of forest land and resources for Sustain-Yield Forest
11 continuous production. Management
The management of forest land and resources for the
12 production of an optimal mix of goods and services. Multiple-use Management
 Types of Forests in the Philippines: Occupy the widest
area of productive and unproductive forests in the
Philippines. They can be found in moist valley bottoms
up to hilly or mountain ridges, but not in areas of high
13 Dipterocarp forests
altitude. Most of the species in these forests belong to the
family Dipterocarpaceae, thus the name. About 75-80%
of all forests in the Philippines are of this type.

Types of Forests in the Philippines: are found in areas,

which have distinct wet and dry seasons. The dominant
species is molave (Vitex parviflora). Also found in these
forests are ipil (Instia bijuga), tindalo (Aflezia
14 rhomboidea), narra (Pterocarpus indicus), alke (Albizia Molave forests
acle), and banuyo (Wallaceodendron celebicum). The
wood of these species is highly valuable because of their
inherent durability and beauty.

Types of Forests in the Philippines: grow in high

altitudes. In the Philippines, most of these forests are
found in the Cordillera Mountain Range, while some can
be found in some parts of Zambales and Mindoro. The
15 principal species are Benguet pine (Pinus kesiya) and Pine forests
Mindoro pine (Pinus merkusii). Benguet pine is widely
used for construction (buildings and mining) in the
Mountain Province.

Types of Forests in the Philippines: are found in tidal flats

at the mouths of streams and on the shores of sheltered
bays. The species found in these forests include bakauan
(Rhizophora spp.), busain (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza),
pototan (B. sexangula), langarai (B. parviflora), among
16 others. In the 1950s mangrove forests covered an area of Mangrove forests
more than 375 000 hectares, but today degraded
mangrove forests cover about 250 000 hectares (Spalding
et al. 2010).

Types of Forests in the Philippines: grow in shore areas,

particularly in sandy beaches and above the high tide line.
17 The species found in these forests include Pandanous Beach forests
spp., Terminalia catappa, Erythrina orientalis, Heritiera
littoralis, and Casuarina equisetifolia.

Types of Forests in the Philippines: thrive in areas of high

elevation or those with rough terrain. They are not
accessible to logging operations and are largely protection
forests. The trees growing in these forests are stunted and
dwarfed because of their continuous exposure to strong Mid-mountain and mossy
18 winds. The species found in these forests include forests
makaasim (Syzigium nitidum), malaalmaciga
(Podocarpus blumei), and malakauayan (P.
philippinensis).
 Enumerate the three (3) types of deforestation: Disturbance deforestation,
Conversion deforestation,
19
and Wasteful (or destructive)
deforestation
Type of deforestation: decreases the flow of high value
goods and services from the forest due to its conversion to Wasteful (or destructive)
20 an alternative land use that produces lower-value goods deforestation
and services.
Enumerate the Foundations of Forest Management. Forest Organization, Forest
21 Structure, Forest Growth and
Yield, and Forest Valuation
Foundations of Forest Management: Refers to the
administrative mechanism needed to implement forest
22 policies and management strategies. It also refers to the Forest Organization
physical and administrative structures and subdivision of
the forest.

Examples of Forest Subdivisions: the primary unit of

forest management (regulatory planning unit), with well-
defined boundaries, usually based on topography, large
23 enough to furnish a sustained yield of forest products Working circle
sufficient to support dependent industries or communities.

Examples of Forest Subdivisions: an area comprising one

or more ownerships managed as a unit under a Administrative Working
24
management plan. Circle

Examples of Forest Subdivisions: a forest area

contributory to a central market or to manufacturing
25 centers, but not necessarily under single ownership or Economic Working Circle
management.
Examples of Forest Subdivisions: comprises those parts
26 of a forest that have the same silvicultural management Working Group
and rotation.
Examples of Forest Subdivisions: a major administrative
27 division of the forest usually based on topography Block
including several compartments and logging chances.
Examples of Forest Subdivisions: an organization unit or
small subdivision of forest area for purposes of
orientation, administration, and silvicultural operations,
28 and defined by permanent boundaries, either of natural Compartment
features or artificially marked, which are not necessarily
coincident with stand boundaries.

Examples of Forest Subdivisions: strictly, any unit or

operation in the woods; with many and varied
29 applications, of which the most familiar is logging or Chance
cutting chance, a logging or pulpwood operating unit.
 Examples of Forest Subdivisions: a subdivision of a
compartment, requiring different treatment from that for
30 other portions of the compartment, and based on the Sub-compartment
stand.
Examples of Forest Subdivisions: an aggregation of trees
or other growth occupying a specific area and sufficiently
31 uniform in composition (species), age arrangement, and Stand
condition as to be distinguishable from the forest or other
growth on adjoining areas.

Examples of Forest Subdivisions: an allotment of stands

32 into a sequence of cutting areas for the purpose of Cutting Series
securing reproduction and protection
33 Examples of Forest Subdivisions: a cutting or felling area. Coupe
Foundations of Forest Management: refers to the amount,
composition and distribution of the forest growing stock.
34 The structure of the forest maybe viewed in terms of its Forest Structure
stratification.
Forest Structure: the spatial distribution of tree crowns in
35 the forest canopy. Vertical Stratification
Forest Structure: the lateral or spatial distribution of trees
36 in the forest. It can be described in terms Horizontal Stratification
of:
Trees can be classified based on the position of their Dominant, Co-dominant,
37 crowns in the canopy as (enumerate): Intermediate, and Suppressed
Largest dominant trees. They are coarse, heavy limbed
38 and broad crowned because of the absence of competition Wolf Trees
from co-dominant trees.
Horizontal Stratification described in terms of: this is a
qualitative indicator of the distribution of trees in the
39 stand. Stocking measures Stand stocking
compare the existing stand with a desired stand based on
the objectives of management.

Horizontal Stratification described in terms of: this is a

40 quantitative indicator of the distribution of trees in the Stand density
stand. Stand density measures
a. number of trees per
Enumerate the measures of stand density: hectare
b. volume of trees per
41
hectare
c. basal area per hectare
Classification of trees according to size: d. spacing
Seedling, Sapling, Pole,
42
Stardard, and Veteran
It refers to the rate of change in the diameter, height or
43 volume of trees (and other resources in the forest). Forest growth
Is the accumulated growth, or the volume or amount of
44 timber/forest product that is present in an area at a given Yield
time.
 Is an indicator of forest performance and is determined by
conducting periodic inventories. It is affected by age,
45 species, site quality, forest density, and management Growth
strategies.
The components of stand growth are:
a. accretion – increase due to
development
b. ingrowth – increase due to
regeneration
46
c. harvest – decrease due to
utilization
d. mortality – decrease due
to death and decay
Measures of stand growth: the average growth of the
stand over the entire measurement period. The total Mean Annual Increment
47 increment, usually volume, up to a specified age, divided (MAI)
by that age.
Measures of stand growth: the average growth of the Periodic Annual Increment
48 stand over a given measurement period. (PAI)
Measures of stand growth: the growth attained by the
stand for a given year. The average increment, usually Current Annual Increment
49 volume, for a management plan prescription, including (CAI)
where, when and how the yield should be extracted.
Enumerate the measure of stand growth. Mean Annual Increment
(MAI), Periodic Annual
50
Increment (PAI), Current
Annual Increment (CAI)
Means placing a value on forest production. Values are
51 important in determining the allocation and use of Forest Valuation
resources among different forest uses.
Means the act or procedure of estimating the value of
52 something. Valuation
Bases for Valuation: historical cost, replacement,
or restoration.
b. Income value – the
53 estimated present net worth
of all future costs and returns
expected.
c. Market value – market
Refers to the price paid for the use of money or capital. It
54 is very important in forestry because of the long Interest rate
production period involved.
SV = SP – PC – M; SV =
Stumpage value formula stumpage value per cu.m.
SP = selling price per cu.m.
PC = production cost
55
including harvesting per
cu.m.
M = margin for profit and
risk
 Is an area, considered to its ecological factors with
reference to capacity to produce forests or other
56 vegetation; the combination of biotic, climatic, and soil Site
conditions of an area.
Expresses the capacity of a given area of land to grow
57 timber or other vegetation. Site quality
Measures of Site Quality Volume, Soil, Lesser
58 Vegetation, and height
growth
It expresses the density of tree growth on the land. It is an
indication of the number of trees in a stand as compared
to the desirable number for best growth and management.
59 - It also refers to the adequacy of a given stand density to Stocking
meet some specified management objective.

Measures of Forest Stocking Volume, Basal area, number

and distribution of trees, bole
60
area, crown closure, stand
density indexes, and ratios.
61 Refers to the area distribution of trees. Spacing
Enumerate the determination of cut methodologies: Area control, Volume
62 control, and Area and
volume control combined
Determination of cut methodologies: it means that the
volume to be harvested is defined by the timber to be
63 removed on the area allocated for cutting. Cutting is Area control
scheduled on a forest under management, so that each
year a certain area of timber is available for harvest.

Determination of cut methodologies: the determination of

64 the cut is approached through the volume and distribution Volume control
of the growing stock and its increment.
Determination of cut methodologies: determining a
periodic allowable cut based on joint considerations of Area and volume control
65 area, volume, and silvicultural conditions of specific combined
stands. This is the method followed by DAO No. 12.
Is the number of years required to establish and grow
66 timber crops to a specified condition of maturity. Forest rotation
It is the lifeblood of forest management for continuing
67 timber production. Forest Growth
Forest Laws: shall be the national strategy to achieve Community–Based Forest
68 sustainable forestry and social justice. Management Program
(CBFMP)- (EO No. 263)
Enumerate the classification of forest according to age: Even-aged stands, Uneven-
69
aged stands
Classification of forest according to age: individual trees
originated at about the same time, either naturally or
70 artificially, the deviation of the age is not greater than 30 Even-aged stands
% of the rotation age.
 Classification of forest according to age: is one whose
71 trees originated at different times so that the stand tends Uneven-aged stands
to include trees of all ages and sizes.
Refers to the increase in volume, diameter in relation to
72 time. Increment

The number of years between establishment and

73 harvesting of a given stand. Rotation
The length of the period between two major harvesting
74 operations in a given stand. Cutting cycle
Refers to the volume of forest products authorized under
75 a permit or license to be cut from the forest. Annual Allowable Cut
76 Refers to the standing merchantable trees in the forest. Stumpage
Refers to the process of determining the value of the of
77 standing merchantable trees in the forest. Stumpage Valuation
The capitalized value of the infinite series of net revenues
78 from the land. Soil Expectation Value
79 The present value of the net revenue from the stand Net Present Value
The rate of the revenues derived to the cost of production.
80 Benefit Cost Ration
81 The rate of increase of the investment or capital. Internal Rate of Revenue
The process of controlling forest production and harvest
82 to attain sustainability. Forest Regulation
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Item No. Question Correct Answer
Branch of forest science involving the process of planning
and implementing practices for stewardship and use of
1 forest land aimed at fulfilling relevant ecological,
economic, and social function of the forest in a sustainable
manner.

A clearly defined forest area, managed under a set of

2 objectives and according to a long-term management plan.

Refers to the variety of species that are found at different

3 levels within the forest, from the forest floor to the
canopy.
Refers to the variety of species that are found across
4 different habitats within a
forest.
The application of business methods and technical forestry
5 principles to the operation of a forest property.(Society of
American Foresters,1958)
Is the art and science of managing forests, tree plantations,
and related natural resources. The main goal of forestry is
to create and implement systems that allow forests to
continue a sustainable continuation of environmental
6 supplies and services. The challenge of forestry is to
create systems that are socially accepted while sustaining
the resource and any other resources that might be affected

A related science, involves the growing and tending of

trees and forests. Modern forestry generally concerns itself
with: assisting forests to provide timber as raw material
for wood products; wildlife habitat; natural water quality
management; recreation; landscape and community
7 protection; employment; aesthetically appealing
landscapes; biodiversity management; watershed
management; erosion control; and a 'sink' for atmospheric
carbon dioxide. A

A person who is in authority in managing a forest

8 property. He/she is concerned with anything that affects
the operation of the area in is/her charge.
Characteristic of a Forest as a Resource: resource that is
9 growing
Characteristic of a Forest as a Resource: more than two
10 products can be derived.
The management of forest land and resources for
11 continuous production.
The management of forest land and resources for the
12 production of an optimal mix of goods and services.
 Types of Forests in the Philippines: Occupy the widest
area of productive and unproductive forests in the
Philippines. They can be found in moist valley bottoms up
to hilly or mountain ridges, but not in areas of high
13
altitude. Most of the species in these forests belong to the
family Dipterocarpaceae, thus the name. About 75-80% of
all forests in the Philippines are of this type.

Types of Forests in the Philippines: are found in areas,

which have distinct wet and dry seasons. The dominant
species is molave (Vitex parviflora). Also found in these
forests are ipil (Instia bijuga), tindalo (Aflezia
14 rhomboidea), narra (Pterocarpus indicus), alke (Albizia
acle), and banuyo (Wallaceodendron celebicum). The
wood of these species is highly valuable because of their
inherent durability and beauty.

Types of Forests in the Philippines: grow in high altitudes.

In the Philippines, most of these forests are found in the
Cordillera Mountain Range, while some can be found in
some parts of Zambales and Mindoro. The principal
15 species are Benguet pine (Pinus kesiya) and Mindoro pine
(Pinus merkusii). Benguet pine is widely used for
construction (buildings and mining) in the Mountain
Province.

Types of Forests in the Philippines: are found in tidal flats

at the mouths of streams and on the shores of sheltered
bays. The species found in these forests include bakauan
(Rhizophora spp.), busain (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza),
pototan (B. sexangula), langarai (B. parviflora), among
16 others. In the 1950s mangrove forests covered an area of
more than 375 000 hectares, but today degraded mangrove
forests cover about 250 000 hectares (Spalding et al.
2010).

Types of Forests in the Philippines: grow in shore areas,

particularly in sandy beaches and above the high tide line.
17 The species found in these forests include Pandanous spp.,
Terminalia catappa, Erythrina orientalis, Heritiera
littoralis, and Casuarina equisetifolia.

Types of Forests in the Philippines: thrive in areas of high

elevation or those with rough terrain. They are not
accessible to logging operations and are largely protection
forests. The trees growing in these forests are stunted and
dwarfed because of their continuous exposure to strong
18 winds. The species found in these forests include
makaasim (Syzigium nitidum), malaalmaciga (Podocarpus
blumei), and malakauayan (P. philippinensis).

19 Enumerate the three (3) types of deforestation:

 Type of deforestation: decreases the flow of high value
goods and services from the forest due to its conversion to
20 an alternative land use that produces lower-value goods
and services.
21 Enumerate the Foundations of Forest Management.
Foundations of Forest Management: Refers to the
administrative mechanism needed to implement forest
22 policies and management strategies. It also refers to the
physical and administrative structures and subdivision of
the forest.

Examples of Forest Subdivisions: the primary unit of

forest management (regulatory planning unit), with well-
defined boundaries, usually based on topography, large
23 enough to furnish a sustained yield of forest products
sufficient to support dependent industries or communities.

Examples of Forest Subdivisions: an area comprising one

24 or more ownerships managed as a unit under a
management plan.
Examples of Forest Subdivisions: a forest area
contributory to a central market or to manufacturing
25 centers, but not necessarily under single ownership or
management.
Examples of Forest Subdivisions: comprises those parts of
26 a forest that have the same silvicultural management and
rotation.
Examples of Forest Subdivisions: a major administrative
27 division of the forest usually based on topography
including several compartments and logging chances.
Examples of Forest Subdivisions: an organization unit or
small subdivision of forest area for purposes of
orientation, administration, and silvicultural operations,
28 and defined by permanent boundaries, either of natural
features or artificially marked, which are not necessarily
coincident with stand boundaries.

Examples of Forest Subdivisions: strictly, any unit or

operation in the woods; with many and varied
29 applications, of which the most familiar is logging or
cutting chance, a logging or pulpwood operating unit.
Examples of Forest Subdivisions: a subdivision of a
compartment, requiring different treatment from that for
30 other portions of the compartment, and based on the stand.
 Examples of Forest Subdivisions: an aggregation of trees
or other growth occupying a specific area and sufficiently
31 uniform in composition (species), age arrangement, and
condition as to be distinguishable from the forest or other
growth on adjoining areas.

Examples of Forest Subdivisions: an allotment of stands

32 into a sequence of cutting areas for the purpose of
securing reproduction and protection
33 Examples of Forest Subdivisions: a cutting or felling area.
Foundations of Forest Management: refers to the amount,
composition and distribution of the forest growing stock.
34 The structure of the forest maybe viewed in terms of its
stratification.
Forest Structure: the spatial distribution of tree crowns in
35 the forest canopy.
Forest Structure: the lateral or spatial distribution of trees
36 in the forest. It can be described in terms
of:
Trees can be classified based on the position of their
37 crowns in the canopy as (enumerate):
Largest dominant trees. They are coarse, heavy limbed
38 and broad crowned because of the absence of competition
from co-dominant trees.
Horizontal Stratification described in terms of: this is a
qualitative indicator of the distribution of trees in the
39 stand. Stocking measures
compare the existing stand with a desired stand based on
the objectives of management.

Horizontal Stratification described in terms of: this is a

40 quantitative indicator of the distribution of trees in the
stand. Stand density measures
41 Enumerate the measures of stand density:
42 Classification of trees according to size:
It refers to the rate of change in the diameter, height or
43 volume of trees (and other resources in the forest).
Is the accumulated growth, or the volume or amount of
44 timber/forest product that is present in an area at a given
time.
Is an indicator of forest performance and is determined by
conducting periodic inventories. It is affected by age,
45 species, site quality, forest density, and management
strategies.
46 The components of stand growth are:
Measures of stand growth: the average growth of the stand
over the entire measurement period. The total increment,
47 usually volume, up to a specified age, divided by that age.
 Measures of stand growth: the average growth of the stand
48 over a given measurement period.
Measures of stand growth: the growth attained by the
stand for a given year. The average increment, usually
49 volume, for a management plan prescription, including
where, when and how the yield should be extracted.
50 Enumerate the measure of stand growth.
Means placing a value on forest production. Values are
51 important in determining the allocation and use of
resources among different forest uses.
Means the act or procedure of estimating the value of
52 something.
53 Bases for Valuation:
Refers to the price paid for the use of money or capital. It
54 is very important in forestry because of the long
production period involved.
55 Stumpage value formula
Is an area, considered to its ecological factors with
reference to capacity to produce forests or other
56 vegetation; the combination of biotic, climatic, and soil
conditions of an area.
Expresses the capacity of a given area of land to grow
57 timber or other vegetation.
58 Measures of Site Quality
It expresses the density of tree growth on the land. It is an
indication of the number of trees in a stand as compared to
the desirable number for best growth and management.
59 - It also refers to the adequacy of a given stand density to
meet some specified management objective.

60 Measures of Forest Stocking

61 Refers to the area distribution of trees.
62 Enumerate the determination of cut methodologies:
Determination of cut methodologies: it means that the
volume to be harvested is defined by the timber to be
63 removed on the area allocated for cutting. Cutting is
scheduled on a forest under management, so that each year
a certain area of timber is available for harvest.

Determination of cut methodologies: the determination of

64 the cut is approached through the volume and distribution
of the growing stock and its increment.
Determination of cut methodologies: determining a
periodic allowable cut based on joint considerations of
65 area, volume, and silvicultural conditions of specific
stands. This is the method followed by DAO No. 12.
Is the number of years required to establish and grow
66 timber crops to a specified condition of maturity.
 It is the lifeblood of forest management for continuing
67 timber production.
Forest Laws: shall be the national strategy to achieve
68 sustainable forestry and social justice.
69 Enumerate the classification of forest according to age:
Classification of forest according to age: individual trees
originated at about the same time, either naturally or
70 artificially, the deviation of the age is not greater than 30
% of the rotation age.
Classification of forest according to age: is one whose
71 trees originated at different times so that the stand tends to
include trees of all ages and sizes.
Refers to the increase in volume, diameter in relation to
72 time.

The number of years between establishment and

73 harvesting of a given stand.
The length of the period between two major harvesting
74 operations in a given stand.
Refers to the volume of forest products authorized under a
75 permit or license to be cut from the forest.
76 Refers to the standing merchantable trees in the forest.
Refers to the process of determining the value of the of
77 standing merchantable trees in the forest.
The capitalized value of the infinite series of net revenues
78 from the land.
79 The present value of the net revenue from the stand
The rate of the revenues derived to the cost of production.
80
81 The rate of increase of the investment or capital.
The process of controlling forest production and harvest to
82 attain sustainability.
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Item
Question Correct Answer
No.
Is the art and science of controlling the establishment,
growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and
1 forestlands to meet the diverse needs and values of Silviculture
landowners and the society on a sustainable basis.
Is the practice of controlling the growth,
2 composition/structure, and quality of forests to meet Silviculture
values and needs, specifically timber production.
An area where young forest trees and other plants are
3 grown for planting. Forest Nursery
Place for raising good young trees, which are then
4 planted out where they are to grow. Forest Nursery
A managed area, designated to produce tree seedlings
5 grown under favourable conditions until they are ready Forest Nursery
for planting.
Types of forest nurseries: Also called Central Nursery. It
6 supplies plants for many years and usually in large Permanent Forest Nursery
number. It supplies the temporary nursery.
Types of forest nurseries: also called Subsidiary or
Flying Nursery. It is established for a short period
7 mostly less than 5 years, to meet a specific but Temporary Forest Nursery
temporary local needs. Only limited seedlings are raised.
Types of forest nurseries: is used in social and
community forestry programs to provide plants of many
8 species for local needs such as fruit trees, shade, Extension Nursery
amenity, firewood, fodder, posts and poles, etc.
 Padilla (1983) as cited by Pancel (1992) presented a PB=(K1 x S)/ (R x 10,000)
formula in the calculation of a nursery area: PB=(K1 x S)(K2)/ (D x
10,000) NA=
(PB+TB)/0.75

Where: PB = potential
production area (ha) of
propagation bed
•TB = potential production area
for (ha) of transplant beds
•NA = Nursery area (ha)
•S = seedlings required in the
forestation activity
9
•K1 = is a correction factor
expressing the necessary
surplus production to cover
• losses in propagation beds and
can range from K = 1.0 – 1.35,
(0 – 35 % surplus production)
•K2 = same as K1 but for
transplant beds
•R = plant density per meter
square in propagation beds
•D = plant density per meter
square in transplant beds

Methods of Site Preparation for Nursery: Involves the

10 total destruction and clearance of the existing vegetation. Site clearing

Site clearing: predominant method in combination with

other methods such as burning. This involves brushing
11 of the ground vegetation and cutting of climbers. It is the Manual Clearing
safest controllable site preparation method, but the
slowest among all.

Site clearing: high initial cost especially in purchasing

12 the machine and it needs skilled worker and operator. Machine Clearing
Site clearing: Use of chemicals but not so effective
because if there are existing big trees, only those parts in
13 contact with arboricides are killed, the rest are not. This Chemical site Clearing
can also damage to the young seedlings and is not
environmentally friendly.

Site clearing: Needs proper and closer supervision. It is

14 used as a finishing step to remove the stump. Fire Clearing
Methods of Site Preparation for Nursery: ground
15 cultivation by removing the stumps, rocks, remaining Ground Preparation
roots, etc.
Is an act of reducing or eliminating competition from
16 considerable species, which have grown around the Weeding
seedlings.
 Enumerate the characteristics of trees where seeds • Straight bole
should be collected. •Fine Branching
•Apparent good growth
17
•Desirable wood qualities
•Freedom from pest and
diseases
The term applies to the stand of trees where seed is
18 collected. One aim of seed collection is to obtain seed of Seed Source
the highest genetic quality economically.
It is a special plantation of highly selected trees, isolated
19 to minimize contamination with pollen from outside Seed Orchards
sources, and managed for abundant seed production.
This is the process of separating the seed from the other
20 parts of the reproductive organ. Seed extraction
Method of Removing Extraneous Materials: blowing
21 especially for fine seeds Winnowing
It is the process or practice of preserving the viable
22 seeds at the time of collection until they are needed for Seed storage
sowing.
Methods of Seed storage: the simplest, oldest and
23 currently the most widely used method of storage in the Dry Storage
tropics.
Methods of Seed storage: generally more effective
24 method and is a method where suitably dried seeds are Cold dry storage
stored at temperatures around freezing point.
Methods of Seed storage: seeds are kept in sealed
25 container, thoroughly mixed with one or three times Cold moist storage
their volume of moisture retaining materials.
Refers to seeds that can be dried to low (2-5%) MC and
can be stored at low temperature. These seeds can
generally be stored at ambient temperatures for several
26 months or even years without significant loss of viability Orthodox seeds
if they have been properly dried and are protected from
insects and other predators.

Seeds that are very sensitive to desiccation. The lowest

safe moisture content is not known for many species but
27 for some very recalcitrant species it is as high as 60-70% Recalcitrant Seeds
while some intermediate species will tolerate drying to
12-17% (Evans et al., 2004).

•It is a broad term embracing seed lot characteristics

such as genetic constitution, germination percentage,
vigor, and purity.
•It is common to refer to the genetical, physical and
28 Seed Quality
physiological states of the seed, although the precise
definition depends on the use to which the seed will be
applied.
 •It refers to the inherent capacity of a seed to produce a
tree adapted to the environmental conditions at the site
where it is planted and having the potential to produce
the desired products and services economically.
29 Genetic Quality
•Choice of provenance, families and individuals can
have important influences on genetic quality, as do
contamination by foreign pollen and inbreeding.

Defined as the percent weight or number of clean whole

30 seed of the species present in the sample Purity
Purity formula: % Purity= Weight of pure seed/
31 Weight of pure seed plus
impurities x 100
Germinative Energy formula: % GE= No. of seeds
germinating in a period/ Total #
32
of seeds of the whole sample X
100
Percentage of seeds capable of germinating under
33 favorable environmental condition. Viability
Germinative Capacity formula: % GC = Number of viable seed/
34 Total number of seeds of the
whole sample x 100
Type of germination where cotyledons rise above the
35 ground. Epigeal Germination
Type of germination where cotyledons remain below
36 ground. Hypogeal germination
Pre-germination treatment for seeds: cutting down of the
37 testa with knife just enough to expose a very small Nicking
portion of the cotyledon.
Pre-germination treatment for seeds: 0ne of the several
methods devised to overcome physical seed coat
38 dormancy this involves scratching the seeds to break the Mechanical Scarification
outer cover of hard seeds to aid germination.
Enumerate the general methods of sowing: Broadcast, Drill sowing, and
39
Direct sowing in pots
General methods of sowing: suitable for fine seeds by
40 distributing the seeds uniformly over the seedbed or Broadcast
germination tray.
General methods of sowing: sowing is arranged in
41 parallel lines and is uniformly spaced that run the length Drill sowing
of the beds. This is suitable in medium to large size
seeds.
General methods of sowing: eliminates propagation beds
42 and pricking activities. Direct sowing in pots
It is the transfer of seedlings from seed boxes,
43 greenhouse benches, and seedbeds to transplant beds. Transplanting
This treatment aims to maintain sufficient moisture in
44 the root zone to enable seedlings to make the desired Watering
growth.
 This consists of placing a layer of preferably, organic
45 matter on the surface of seedbeds, transplant beds or Mulching
pots.
This involves the process of reducing the density of
seedling in seed boxes, seedbeds, or transplant beds. The
basic objective of this treatment is to provide optimum
46 growing space for seedlings in the beds as well as to Pricking out
minimize competition among them for soil nutrients and
water.

It is a process whereby harsher conditions are gradually

47 imposed on the stock starting several weeks before the Hardening off
actual planting out.
Silvicultural systems for Even aged Clearcutting, seed tree method,
48
and shelterwood regeneration
49 Silvicultural systems for Uneven aged Selection system
Silvicultural systems: an entire stand is removed in one
50 cut; used for sun-loving species. Clearcutting
Silvicultural systems: method nearly all of the old stand
is removed in one cutting, except for a number of trees
51 which are left to provide seed for regeneration. Use of Seed tree method
seed trees is largely limited to light-seeded, sun-loving
species because the seed must be spread by the wind.

Silvicultural systems: regenerates a new stand under the

cover of a partial canopy called a shelterwood (most
52 complicated); young trees may have better growth in Shelterwood regeneration
partial shade or have protection from insects, diseases,
and frost.

Silvicultural systems: is used with tree species that

53 thrive in moderate-to-moderately heavy shade. Selection system
A regeneration method which depends on the sprouting
54 of cut trees; generally used to produce fuelwood, Coppicing
pulpwood, and other products dependent on small trees.
Is a pruning system in which the upper branches of a
55 tree are removed, promoting a dense head of foliage & Pollarding
branches.
A harvesting and regeneration method which is a
relatively
new silvicultural system that retains forest structural
elements (stumps, logs, snags, trees, understory species
56 and undisturbed Variable retention
layers of forest floor) for at least one rotation in order to
preserve environmental values associated with
structurally complex forests.

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Item
Question Correct Answer
No.
Is the art and science of controlling the establishment,
growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and
1 forestlands to meet the diverse needs and values of
landowners and the society on a sustainable basis.
Is the practice of controlling the growth,
2 composition/structure, and quality of forests to meet
values and needs, specifically timber production.
An area where young forest trees and other plants are
3 grown for planting.
Place for raising good young trees, which are then planted
4 out where they are to grow.
A managed area, designated to produce tree seedlings
5 grown under favourable conditions until they are ready for
planting.
Types of forest nurseries: Also called Central Nursery. It
6 supplies plants for many years and usually in large
number. It supplies the temporary nursery.
Types of forest nurseries: also called Subsidiary or Flying
Nursery. It is established for a short period mostly less
7 than 5 years, to meet a specific but temporary local needs.
Only limited seedlings are raised.
Types of forest nurseries: is used in social and community
forestry programs to provide plants of many species for
8 local needs such as fruit trees, shade, amenity, firewood,
fodder, posts and poles, etc.
Padilla (1983) as cited by Pancel (1992) presented a
9 formula in the calculation of a nursery area:
Methods of Site Preparation for Nursery: Involves the
10 total destruction and clearance of the existing vegetation.

Site clearing: predominant method in combination with

other methods such as burning. This involves brushing of
11 the ground vegetation and cutting of climbers. It is the
safest controllable site preparation method, but the slowest
among all.

Site clearing: high initial cost especially in purchasing the

12 machine and it needs skilled worker and operator.
Site clearing: Use of chemicals but not so effective
because if there are existing big trees, only those parts in
13 contact with arboricides are killed, the rest are not. This
can also damage to the young seedlings and is not
environmentally friendly.

Site clearing: Needs proper and closer supervision. It is

14 used as a finishing step to remove the stump.
 Methods of Site Preparation for Nursery: ground
15 cultivation by removing the stumps, rocks, remaining
roots, etc.
Is an act of reducing or eliminating competition from
16 considerable species, which have grown around the
seedlings.
Enumerate the characteristics of trees where seeds should
17 be collected.
The term applies to the stand of trees where seed is
18 collected. One aim of seed collection is to obtain seed of
the highest genetic quality economically.
It is a special plantation of highly selected trees, isolated
19 to minimize contamination with pollen from outside
sources, and managed for abundant seed production.
This is the process of separating the seed from the other
20 parts of the reproductive organ.
Method of Removing Extraneous Materials: blowing
21 especially for fine seeds
It is the process or practice of preserving the viable seeds
22 at the time of collection until they are needed for sowing.

Methods of Seed storage: the simplest, oldest and

23 currently the most widely used method of storage in the
tropics.
Methods of Seed storage: generally more effective method
24 and is a method where suitably dried seeds are stored at
temperatures around freezing point.
Methods of Seed storage: seeds are kept in sealed
25 container, thoroughly mixed with one or three times their
volume of moisture retaining materials.
Refers to seeds that can be dried to low (2-5%) MC and
can be stored at low temperature. These seeds can
generally be stored at ambient temperatures for several
26 months or even years without significant loss of viability
if they have been properly dried and are protected from
insects and other predators.

Seeds that are very sensitive to desiccation. The lowest

safe moisture content is not known for many species but
27 for some very recalcitrant species it is as high as 60-70%
while some intermediate species will tolerate drying to 12-
17% (Evans et al., 2004).
 •It is a broad term embracing seed lot characteristics such
as genetic constitution, germination percentage, vigor, and
purity.
•It is common to refer to the genetical, physical and
28
physiological states of the seed, although the precise
definition depends on the use to which the seed will be
applied.

•It refers to the inherent capacity of a seed to produce a

tree adapted to the environmental conditions at the site
where it is planted and having the potential to produce the
desired products and services economically.
29
•Choice of provenance, families and individuals can have
important influences on genetic quality, as do
contamination by foreign pollen and inbreeding.

Defined as the percent weight or number of clean whole

30 seed of the species present in the sample
31 Purity formula:
32 Germinative Energy formula:
Percentage of seeds capable of germinating under
33 favorable environmental condition.
34 Germinative Capacity formula:
Type of germination where cotyledons rise above the
35 ground.
Type of germination where cotyledons remain below
36 ground.
Pre-germination treatment for seeds: cutting down of the
37 testa with knife just enough to expose a very small portion
of the cotyledon.
Pre-germination treatment for seeds: 0ne of the several
methods devised to overcome physical seed coat
38 dormancy this involves scratching the seeds to break the
outer cover of hard seeds to aid germination.
39 Enumerate the general methods of sowing:
General methods of sowing: suitable for fine seeds by
40 distributing the seeds uniformly over the seedbed or
germination tray.
General methods of sowing: sowing is arranged in parallel
41 lines and is uniformly spaced that run the length of the
beds. This is suitable in medium to large size seeds.
General methods of sowing: eliminates propagation beds
42 and pricking activities.
It is the transfer of seedlings from seed boxes, greenhouse
43 benches, and seedbeds to transplant beds.
This treatment aims to maintain sufficient moisture in the
44 root zone to enable seedlings to make the desired growth.
 This consists of placing a layer of preferably, organic
45 matter on the surface of seedbeds, transplant beds or pots.

This involves the process of reducing the density of

seedling in seed boxes, seedbeds, or transplant beds. The
basic objective of this treatment is to provide optimum
46 growing space for seedlings in the beds as well as to
minimize competition among them for soil nutrients and
water.

It is a process whereby harsher conditions are gradually

47 imposed on the stock starting several weeks before the
actual planting out.
48 Silvicultural systems for Even aged
49 Silvicultural systems for Uneven aged
Silvicultural systems: an entire stand is removed in one
50 cut; used for sun-loving species.
Silvicultural systems: method nearly all of the old stand is
removed in one cutting, except for a number of trees
51 which are left to provide seed for regeneration. Use of
seed trees is largely limited to light-seeded, sun-loving
species because the seed must be spread by the wind.

Silvicultural systems: regenerates a new stand under the

cover of a partial canopy called a shelterwood (most
52 complicated); young trees may have better growth in
partial shade or have protection from insects, diseases, and
frost.

Silvicultural systems: is used with tree species that thrive

53 in moderate-to-moderately heavy shade.
A regeneration method which depends on the sprouting of
54 cut trees; generally used to produce fuelwood, pulpwood,
and other products dependent on small trees.
Is a pruning system in which the upper branches of a tree
55 are removed, promoting a dense head of foliage &
branches.
A harvesting and regeneration method which is a
relatively
new silvicultural system that retains forest structural
elements (stumps, logs, snags, trees, understory species
56 and undisturbed
layers of forest floor) for at least one rotation in order to
preserve environmental values associated with structurally
complex forests.

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