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Is a branch of botanical science concerned with diseases of
1 forest trees and other forest products. Forest Pathology
Is considered as father of Forest Pathology. His popularity
began when he published his works on proper diagnosis of
2 the relationship of fungus hyphae in a decayed wood and the Robert Hartig
fruiting structures appearing on its surfaces.

Branches of Forest Pathology: deals with the study of various

3 characteristics of tree disease through organic agencies or Forest Tree Pathology
chemical reactions and their control.
Branches of Forest Pathology: Deals with the study of wood
4 decay and the diverse wood deteriorating agencies involved. Wood Products Pathology

Branches of Forest Pathology: Deals with the study of

5 diseases of shade and ornamental trees and their control Shade Tree Pathology
Refers to a sustained physiological and structural disturbance
in living tissues and organs of trees that may sometimes result
6 to death. Tree diseases are more persistent and usually take Tree disease
more time to develop.
Types of Plant Diseases: Caused by the non-living
environmental components. Often called disorders, this type
may result from the plants exposure to such factors as
unfavorable weather, fire, nutrient deficiencies, moisture
7 Non-infectious
stress, toxic chemicals and etc. Although disorders can
predispose plants to infection by pathogens, disorders are not
directly treated using pesticides.

Types of Plant Diseases: are diseases caused by pathogens.

An infectious disease results when a pathogen lives on close
8 association with host plant. This type can spread from plant Infectious
to plant.
Are visible expressions by a suscept of a pathologic
9 condition. Symptoms
10 Types of symptoms: occur in specific plant parts. Localized
Types of symptoms: symptoms are manifested in the entire
11 plant body. Systemic
Symptoms classification: characterized by slowing down of
12 growth and development of plant parts or organs fail to Atrophic
develop.
Symptoms classification: are symptoms characterized by
13 death of cells. Necrotic
Symptoms classification: characterized by overgrowth
14 resulting from either excessive cell division or cell Hypertrophic
enlargement.
Atrophic symptoms: yellowing of leaves, caused by
15 nutritional problems Chlorosis
 Atrophic symptoms: yellowing of leaves caused by lack of
16 light Etiolation
17 Atrophic symptoms: failure of plants to attain full size Dwarfing
Atrophic symptoms: a condition where internodes fail to
18 elongate. Rosseting
19 Atrophic symptoms: complete color repression. Albication
20 Atrophic symptoms: Complete failure of organs to develop. Suppression
Necrotic Symptoms: refers to the rapid decay of young
succulent seedlings commonly caused by facultative parasitic
21 fungi that inhabits in the soil. The most common causal Damping-off
agencies of this disease are genus Phytium and Rhizoctonia.

Necrotic Symptoms: a disease characterized by the formation

of necrotic spots in the leaf surrounded by healthy green
22 tissues. a well-defined area of gray, tan or brown necrotic Leaf spot
tissue that may be surrounded by margin of purple or some
other dark colors.

Necrotic Symptoms: necrosis of extensive portions of a

23 tissue. for instance, blight affects leaf including the veins. Blight
24 Necrotic Symptoms: extensive necrosis of shoots Die-back
Necrotic Symptoms: necrosis of localized areas of bark or
25 cortical tissues of roots and stems Canker
Necrotic Symptoms: When the necrotic tissue within a leaf
26 spot cracks and falls off from the surrounding green tissue Shot-hole
27 Necrotic Symptoms: minute spots. Specks
Necrotic Symptoms: when dark mycelia appear on the
28 surface of a necrotic spot. Blotch
Necrotic Symptoms: Extensive and unrestricted necrosis
29 involving entire organs which cause rapid death of whole Blight
organs or parts of the leaves including the veins.
Necrotic Symptoms: Resembles blight, but the necrosis
30 occurs in irregular patterns between veins and along the Scorch
margins.
Necrotic Symptoms: sudden drying, collapse and death of
31 whole leaves in response to root rot and wilt pathogens. Firing
Hypertrophic Symptoms: globose swellings on branches or
32 stems of trees Gall
33 Hypertrophic Symptoms: galls that occur on the root collar Crown gall
Hypertrophic Symptoms: profuse growth of hairs on leaf
34 appearing as felt-like patches Erinosis
Hypertrophic Symptoms: excessive clustering of branches as
35 a result of induced growth of dormant buds. Witches broom
Hypertrophic Symptoms: a pronounced hypertrophy
36 characterized by blistering, wrinkling and curling of affected Blisters
plant leaves generally caused by genus Taphrina.
Hypertrophic Symptoms: Result of an excessive increase in
37 size of a cell, a tissue, an organ or the entire plant. Gigantism
 Hypertrophic Symptoms: the bending of shoots or the rolling
38 of leaves caused by overgrowth on one side of the organ. Curl

Hypertrophic Symptoms: Gigantism of stems and roots result

from excessive accumulation of elaborated food materials in
39 stems above a girdled or constricted area which produces a Sarcody
swelling.
Hypertrophic Symptoms: Localized swellings involving
40 entire organs. This includes galls, knots and clubs. Tumefactions
Hypertrophic Symptoms: a clustering of organs around a
41 focal point such as witches broom and hairy roots. Fasciculation
Hypertrophic Symptoms: when cylindrical organs such as
42 stem become broadened and flattened as if growing together. Fasciation

Hypertrophic Symptoms: the continued development of an

43 organ after reaching a stage beyond which it normally does Proliferation
not grow.
Hypertrophic Symptoms: the overgrowth of tissue in
44 response to wounding. Callus
Are mostly vegetative or reproductive (fruiting) or any other
45 structures of the pathogen associated with the host. Signs
This condition is a product of an interaction of three (forming
46 triangle) factors namely the pathogen, the host and the Plant disease
environment.
47 A disease causing entity. Pathogen
Groups of pathogen: microscopic organisms in which some
48 species are pathogens of humans, plants and insects. Bacteria

Groups of pathogen: some are notable parasites and pathogen

49 of agricultural, agroforestry and forest crops. Fungi
Other functional roles of fungi: Fungi are effective
decomposers. ___ fungi feed on dead organic materials such
50 as seeds, leaf litter, dead branches and roots, wood in storage Saprotrophs
and in service.
Other functional roles of fungi: Various group of fungi
51 closely associated with plants in a positive relationship. Symbionts/Mutualists
Generally termed as a substrate or suscept. It is where
pathogens and saprotrophs develop. The level of resistance or
52 susceptibility of the host plant affect disease development. Host

Play a large role in disease development and disease severity.

53 Environmental Conditions
Mineral Deficiencies: Chlorotic leaves with yellowish,
54 reddish and purplish tints, dwarfing, premature leaf fall, poor Nitrogen Deficiency
seed and fruit production.
 Mineral Deficiencies: Subnormal roots, leaves are erect,
55 small, necrotic in cereals leaves have reddish or purplish Phosphorus deficiency
tints.
Mineral Deficiencies: Tips of leaves becomechlorotic, often
starting with older leaves. Tips and margins appear scorched.
56 The leaves may develop bronzing and the marginal Potassium deficiency
scorching, finally turning reddish brown and dying.
Mineral Deficiencies: Chlorosis first appear on older leaves,
necrotic lesions may develop; the normal green color tending
57 to remain around the veins for some time as in narra and Magnesium Deficiency
Talisai.
Mineral Deficiencies: General chlorosis, the leaves becoming
58 almost colorless as in the pandan species. Mottling and Iron deficiency
dieback of twigs may also occur.
Mineral Deficiencies: Chlorosis and scattered necrotic spots
59 on young leaves, dwarfing and premature death of plants. Manganese Deficiency
60 Mineral Deficiencies: Yellowing of leaves and dieback Sulfur Deficiency
Mineral Deficiencies:Poor growth, Young growing parts
61 often become yellowing and the terminal shoots die. Boron Deficiency
Mineral Deficiencies: dieback of leaf tips, wilting, stunting,
62 distortion of certain plant parts and dieback. Copper Deficiency
Mineral Deficiencies: Mottled chlorosis, followed by necrosis
63 and eventual defoliation. Dieback of twigs of fruit trees, and Zink Deficiency
abnormal shortening of growing tissues.
Mineral Deficiencies: Leaf mesophyll tissue, stems and
flowers stalks frequently collapse and the growing points
64 may be killed resulting in dieback; roots are poorly k.Calcium Deficiency
developed.
Mineral Deficiencies: Leaf blades do not develop, leaving
65 midribs bare. Molybdynum Deficiency
Enumerate the stages of the Koch postulate 1. Association
2. Isolation
66
3. Inoculation
4. Re isolation
When the pathogen is in vital association with living host
67 tissues. Pathogenesis
68 When pathogen is only on the surface Saprogenesis
69 Transfer of inoculum from the source to the infection court. Inoculation
70 Happens before the pathogen enters the plant Pre-penetration
Starts with the entry of pathogen into host and ends when
71 sign and symptoms occur. Infection
72 The ability of host plants to react to activities of pathogen Susceptibility
73 No ability to react against pathogen Susceptible
Opposite to susceptible (due to structural (thicker leaves),
74 chemical defense Resistant
Similar to tolerance, allow plant pathogen but it’s not enough
75 to cause disease. Immune
 Classification of pathogen based of cycle: one generation per
76 growing season. Monocyclic pathogens
Classification of pathogen based of cycle: pathogens that
77 complete more than one generation per growing season. Polycyclic pathogens
Is an important substrate for pathogen and decay saprotrophs.
78 Wood
Types of Decay: fungi that cause this type of wood decay
79 usually bleach the wood and render the substrate fibrous. White rot
Types of Decay: fungi that cause this type of wood decay are
80 known to deplete the cellulose. Common in conifers. Brown rot
Types of Decay: the affected wood becomes soft and brittle.
81 Soft rot
Implies to some reduction of disease to zero and absolute
82 control over nature while management has an implication of Control
tolerating a certain level of disease.
Management of Forest Diseases: includes product of living
83 organism. Biological control
Management of Forest Diseases: cutting, removal of decayed
84 plants. Physical control
Management of Forest Diseases: modify the environment.
85 Ex. Thinning, used of elevated seed beds Cultural control
Management of Forest Diseases: – use of fungicide,
86 bacteriocide. Chemical control
Principles of Disease Control: generally includes quarantines
87 and inspection or use of pathogen-free stocks. Exclusion
Principles of Disease Control: - growing plants under
environments that are unfavorable for disease development.
88 Diseases can be avoided by planting at a time unfavorable for Avoidance
diseases to develop.
Principles of Disease Control: elimination and destruction of
89 the pathogen Eradication
Principles of Disease Control: growing plants that are not
90 directly susceptible to disease. Resistance
Principles of Disease Control: By this we mean activities that
91 are incorporated into stand management. Silviculture
Are small, generally microscopic, eukaryotic, usually
92 filamentous, branched, spore-bearing organisms that lack Fungi
chlorophyll.
93 Fungi: obtain their carbon and energy from other organisms. Heterotrophs
Fungi: obtain their nutrients from a living host (plant or
94 animal). Biotrophs
95 Fungi: obtain their nutrients from dead plants or animals. Saprotrophs
Fungi: fungi infect a living host, but kill host cells in order to
96 obtain their nutrients. Necrotrophs
97 Most fungi have a filamentous vegetative body called a ___ Mycelium
98 The individual branches of the mycelium are called ___. Hyphae
 Enumerate the five true phyla of fungi. Chytridiomycota (Chytrids), the
Zygomycota (conjugated fungi), the
Ascomycota (sac fungi), the
99
Basidiomycota (club fungi) and the
recently described Phylum
Glomeromycota
Is the division of zoology that deals with the study of forest
insects. It is an organized study to obtain knowledge of all
100 phases of insect life and to understand insect’s role in nature. Forest Entomology

Are people who specialize in entomology. They have

101 background and skills in biology and particular interests in Entomologist
and knowledge of zoology.
Important Forest Insect Orders: The largest group of tropical
102 forest insects. The largest group with the greatest importance Coleoptera
in terms of damage caused to trees.
Important Forest Insect Orders: Second largest insect order,
103 second in importance economically; short-lived adults feed Lepidoptera
on nectar and other fluids
Important Forest Insect Orders: 3rd largest insect order; play
104 important role in the ecology of tropical forests as pollinators, Hymenoptera
predators and parasitoids
Important Forest Insect Orders: generally sap feeders but
members of some families such as Reduviidae and
105 Pentatomidae are predators. Major families of importance to Hemiptera
tropical forestry are Cicadidae, Coccidae, Psyllidae,
Aphididae and Tingidae

Important Forest Insect Orders: characteristically tropical

insects that feed on dead wood; social insects; beneficial in
106 recycling wood and soil turn-over but injurious when they Isoptera
destroy forest trees and timber products.
Important Forest Insect Orders: Grasshoppers and crickets are
107 common phytophagous insects of tropical forests. Orthoptera
The insect body is composed of three main regions, the Head,
108 the thorax and the abdomen. The grouping of segments for
functionality of these regions is called ___
Three main regions: the insect head is specialized for feeding
and sensing. The hardened capsule in the head of opening
109 that leads to the mouth and thorax is called the cranium Head

Three main regions: The____ consists of three segments - the

prothorax (front), the mesothorax (middle) and the
110 metathorax (back). Each of these segments bears a pair of Thorax
jointed legs.
Three main regions: region of the insect body that contains
111 the visceral parts of the insect. Abdomen
 Insects usually develop to adulthood trough an egg and
112 several pre-adult feeding stages called ___ Oviparity
___ is developmental process that usually begins once the
egg has been fertilized. It involves multiplication of cells (by
113 mitosis) and their subsequent growth, movement, and Embryogenesis
differentiation into all tissues and organs of a living insect.
114 ____ separation of old exoskeleton from epidermis Apolysis
115 Shedding the old exo- and epicuticle Ecdysis
Metamorphosis: insects undergo little or no structural change,
116 as they grow older. Ametabolous
Metamorphosis: insects exhibit gradual changes in body form
117 during morphogenesis. Immatures are called nymphs or, if Hemimetabolous
aquatic, naiads.
Metamorphosis: insects have immature forms (larvae) that
are very different from adults. Larvae are “feeding
118 machines”, adapted mostly for consuming food and growing Holometabolous
in size.
Encompasses the total package of methods to control or
manage pests and diseases in a crop or on a property. It
provides a systems approach to pest management that looks
at the whole orchard ecosystem. This includes understanding
119 Integrated Pest Management
how the pests and diseases interact with their plant hosts,
with the general climatic conditions, and with each other.

120 Insect order: represented by Beetles, fireflies Coleoptera

121 Insect order: Commonly “bark and wood feeders” Coleoptera
122 Insect order: Literally means “scale wing” Lepidoptera
123 Insect order: Important pollinators Lepidoptera
124 Insect order: Literally means “membranous wings” Hymenoptera
125 Insect order: Represented by Bees, Wasps and ants Hymenoptera
126 Insect order: Literally means “half” wing - hemelytra Hemiptera
Insect order: Represented by true bugs such as Cicada,
127 Aphids Hemiptera
128 Insect order: Now under Blattodea Isoptera
129 Insect order: Represented by termites Isoptera
130 Insect order: Literally means straight wing Orthoptera
Insect order: Represented by grasshoppers, crickets, locusts,
131 katydids. Orthoptera

Forest Insect Morphology: These are movable and contain

sensory structures that allow insects to detect
132 odors, vibrations and other Antenna
environmental stimuli.
A major change in the form and structure of insects as a result
133 of growth. Metamorphosis
134 Insect Reproduction: Female genitalia is called ___ Ovipositor
135 Insect Reproduction: Reproduction without fertilization. Parthenogenesis
 Insect Reproduction: which refers to reproduction by the
136 juvenile form, common to insect with very short life cycle. Paedogenesis
137 Insect Reproduction: The formation and maturation of eggs Oogenesis
138 Insect Reproduction: process of laying eggs. Oviposition
139 Insect Reproduction: specialized organ for depositing eggs. Ovipositor
Refers to the act of leaving an egg or
140 pupa or emergence of a morph. Eclosion.
Classification based on periodic activity: insects are active
141 during daylight hours Diurnal
Classification based on periodic activity: insect are active at
142 night Nocturnal
Classification based on periodic activity: insect are active at
143 dawn and dusk Crepuscular
Classification based on periodic activity: behavior occurs
144 only near dawn Matinal
Classification based on periodic activity: behavior occurs
145 only near dusk Vespertine
A pest is an animal or plant whose
146 Activities interfere with human health, convenience, comfort Pest
or profit (Horn 1976).
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Item
Question Correct Answer
No.
___ is developmental process that usually begins once the
egg has been fertilized. It involves multiplication of cells (by
113 mitosis) and their subsequent growth, movement, and
differentiation into all tissues and organs of a living insect.
114 ____ separation of old exoskeleton from epidermis
47 A disease causing entity.
A major change in the form and structure of insects as a result
133 of growth.
A pest is an animal or plant whose
146 Activities interfere with human health, convenience, comfort
or profit (Horn 1976).
Are mostly vegetative or reproductive (fruiting) or any other
45 structures of the pathogen associated with the host.
Are people who specialize in entomology. They have
101 background and skills in biology and particular interests in
and knowledge of zoology.
Are small, generally microscopic, eukaryotic, usually
92 filamentous, branched, spore-bearing organisms that lack
chlorophyll.
Are visible expressions by a suscept of a pathologic
9 condition.
Atrophic symptoms: a condition where internodes fail to
18 elongate.
19 Atrophic symptoms: complete color repression.
20 Atrophic symptoms: Complete failure of organs to develop.
17 Atrophic symptoms: failure of plants to attain full size
Atrophic symptoms: yellowing of leaves caused by lack of
16 light
Atrophic symptoms: yellowing of leaves, caused by
15 nutritional problems
Branches of Forest Pathology: Deals with the study of
5 diseases of shade and ornamental trees and their control
Branches of Forest Pathology: deals with the study of various
3 characteristics of tree disease through organic agencies or
chemical reactions and their control.
Branches of Forest Pathology: Deals with the study of wood
4 decay and the diverse wood deteriorating agencies involved.

Classification based on periodic activity: behavior occurs

144 only near dawn
Classification based on periodic activity: behavior occurs
145 only near dusk
Classification based on periodic activity: insect are active at
143 dawn and dusk
Classification based on periodic activity: insect are active at
142 night
 Classification based on periodic activity: insects are active
141 during daylight hours
Classification of pathogen based of cycle: one generation per
76 growing season.
Classification of pathogen based of cycle: pathogens that
77 complete more than one generation per growing season.
Encompasses the total package of methods to control or
manage pests and diseases in a crop or on a property. It
provides a systems approach to pest management that looks
at the whole orchard ecosystem. This includes understanding
119
how the pests and diseases interact with their plant hosts,
with the general climatic conditions, and with each other.

99 Enumerate the five true phyla of fungi.

66 Enumerate the stages of the Koch postulate
Forest Insect Morphology: These are movable and contain
sensory structures that allow insects to detect
132 odors, vibrations and other
environmental stimuli.
Fungi: fungi infect a living host, but kill host cells in order to
96 obtain their nutrients.
93 Fungi: obtain their carbon and energy from other organisms.
Fungi: obtain their nutrients from a living host (plant or
94 animal).
95 Fungi: obtain their nutrients from dead plants or animals.
Generally termed as a substrate or suscept. It is where
pathogens and saprotrophs develop. The level of resistance or
52 susceptibility of the host plant affect disease development.

Groups of pathogen: microscopic organisms in which some

48 species are pathogens of humans, plants and insects.

Groups of pathogen: some are notable parasites and pathogen

49 of agricultural, agroforestry and forest crops.
70 Happens before the pathogen enters the plant
Hypertrophic Symptoms: a clustering of organs around a
41 focal point such as witches broom and hairy roots.
Hypertrophic Symptoms: a pronounced hypertrophy
36 characterized by blistering, wrinkling and curling of affected
plant leaves generally caused by genus Taphrina.
Hypertrophic Symptoms: excessive clustering of branches as
35 a result of induced growth of dormant buds.
33 Hypertrophic Symptoms: galls that occur on the root collar
Hypertrophic Symptoms: Gigantism of stems and roots result
from excessive accumulation of elaborated food materials in
39 stems above a girdled or constricted area which produces a
swelling.
 Hypertrophic Symptoms: globose swellings on branches or
32 stems of trees
Hypertrophic Symptoms: Localized swellings involving
40 entire organs. This includes galls, knots and clubs.
Hypertrophic Symptoms: profuse growth of hairs on leaf
34 appearing as felt-like patches
Hypertrophic Symptoms: Result of an excessive increase in
37 size of a cell, a tissue, an organ or the entire plant.
Hypertrophic Symptoms: the bending of shoots or the rolling
38 of leaves caused by overgrowth on one side of the organ.

Hypertrophic Symptoms: the continued development of an

43 organ after reaching a stage beyond which it normally does
not grow.
Hypertrophic Symptoms: the overgrowth of tissue in
44 response to wounding.
Hypertrophic Symptoms: when cylindrical organs such as
42 stem become broadened and flattened as if growing together.

Implies to some reduction of disease to zero and absolute

82 control over nature while management has an implication of
tolerating a certain level of disease.
Important Forest Insect Orders: 3rd largest insect order; play
104 important role in the ecology of tropical forests as pollinators,
predators and parasitoids
Important Forest Insect Orders: characteristically tropical
insects that feed on dead wood; social insects; beneficial in
106 recycling wood and soil turn-over but injurious when they
destroy forest trees and timber products.
Important Forest Insect Orders: generally sap feeders but
members of some families such as Reduviidae and
105 Pentatomidae are predators. Major families of importance to
tropical forestry are Cicadidae, Coccidae, Psyllidae,
Aphididae and Tingidae

Important Forest Insect Orders: Grasshoppers and crickets are

107 common phytophagous insects of tropical forests.
Important Forest Insect Orders: Second largest insect order,
103 second in importance economically; short-lived adults feed
on nectar and other fluids
Important Forest Insect Orders: The largest group of tropical
102 forest insects. The largest group with the greatest importance
in terms of damage caused to trees.
121 Insect order: Commonly “bark and wood feeders”
123 Insect order: Important pollinators
126 Insect order: Literally means “half” wing - hemelytra
124 Insect order: Literally means “membranous wings”
122 Insect order: Literally means “scale wing”
130 Insect order: Literally means straight wing
128 Insect order: Now under Blattodea
125 Insect order: Represented by Bees, Wasps and ants
120 Insect order: represented by Beetles, fireflies
Insect order: Represented by grasshoppers, crickets, locusts,
131 katydids.

129 Insect order: Represented by termites

Insect order: Represented by true bugs such as Cicada,
127 Aphids
134 Insect Reproduction: Female genitalia is called ___
138 Insect Reproduction: process of laying eggs.
135 Insect Reproduction: Reproduction without fertilization.
139 Insect Reproduction: specialized organ for depositing eggs.
137 Insect Reproduction: The formation and maturation of eggs
Insect Reproduction: which refers to reproduction by the
136 juvenile form, common to insect with very short life cycle.
Insects usually develop to adulthood trough an egg and
112 several pre-adult feeding stages called ___
Is a branch of botanical science concerned with diseases of
1 forest trees and other forest products.
Is an important substrate for pathogen and decay saprotrophs.
78
Is considered as father of Forest Pathology. His popularity
began when he published his works on proper diagnosis of
2 the relationship of fungus hyphae in a decayed wood and the
fruiting structures appearing on its surfaces.

Is the division of zoology that deals with the study of forest

insects. It is an organized study to obtain knowledge of all
100 phases of insect life and to understand insect’s role in nature.

Management of Forest Diseases: – use of fungicide,

86 bacteriocide.
Management of Forest Diseases: cutting, removal of decayed
84 plants.
Management of Forest Diseases: includes product of living
83 organism.
Management of Forest Diseases: modify the environment.
85 Ex. Thinning, used of elevated seed beds
Metamorphosis: insects exhibit gradual changes in body form
117 during morphogenesis. Immatures are called nymphs or, if
aquatic, naiads.
Metamorphosis: insects have immature forms (larvae) that
are very different from adults. Larvae are “feeding
118 machines”, adapted mostly for consuming food and growing
in size.
 Metamorphosis: insects undergo little or no structural change,
116 as they grow older.
Mineral Deficiencies: Chlorosis and scattered necrotic spots
59 on young leaves, dwarfing and premature death of plants.
Mineral Deficiencies: Chlorosis first appear on older leaves,
necrotic lesions may develop; the normal green color tending
57 to remain around the veins for some time as in narra and
Talisai.
Mineral Deficiencies: Chlorotic leaves with yellowish,
54 reddish and purplish tints, dwarfing, premature leaf fall, poor
seed and fruit production.
Mineral Deficiencies: dieback of leaf tips, wilting, stunting,
62 distortion of certain plant parts and dieback.
Mineral Deficiencies: General chlorosis, the leaves becoming
58 almost colorless as in the pandan species. Mottling and
dieback of twigs may also occur.
Mineral Deficiencies: Leaf blades do not develop, leaving
65 midribs bare.
Mineral Deficiencies: Leaf mesophyll tissue, stems and
flowers stalks frequently collapse and the growing points
64 may be killed resulting in dieback; roots are poorly
developed.
Mineral Deficiencies: Mottled chlorosis, followed by necrosis
63 and eventual defoliation. Dieback of twigs of fruit trees, and
abnormal shortening of growing tissues.
Mineral Deficiencies: Subnormal roots, leaves are erect,
55 small, necrotic in cereals leaves have reddish or purplish
tints.
Mineral Deficiencies: Tips of leaves becomechlorotic, often
starting with older leaves. Tips and margins appear scorched.
56 The leaves may develop bronzing and the marginal
scorching, finally turning reddish brown and dying.
60 Mineral Deficiencies: Yellowing of leaves and dieback
Mineral Deficiencies:Poor growth, Young growing parts
61 often become yellowing and the terminal shoots die.
97 Most fungi have a filamentous vegetative body called a ___
Necrotic Symptoms: a disease characterized by the formation
of necrotic spots in the leaf surrounded by healthy green
22 tissues. a well-defined area of gray, tan or brown necrotic
tissue that may be surrounded by margin of purple or some
other dark colors.

Necrotic Symptoms: Extensive and unrestricted necrosis

29 involving entire organs which cause rapid death of whole
organs or parts of the leaves including the veins.
24 Necrotic Symptoms: extensive necrosis of shoots
27 Necrotic Symptoms: minute spots.
 Necrotic Symptoms: necrosis of extensive portions of a
23 tissue. for instance, blight affects leaf including the veins.
Necrotic Symptoms: necrosis of localized areas of bark or
25 cortical tissues of roots and stems
Necrotic Symptoms: refers to the rapid decay of young
succulent seedlings commonly caused by facultative parasitic
21 fungi that inhabits in the soil. The most common causal
agencies of this disease are genus Phytium and Rhizoctonia.

Necrotic Symptoms: Resembles blight, but the necrosis

30 occurs in irregular patterns between veins and along the
margins.
Necrotic Symptoms: sudden drying, collapse and death of
31 whole leaves in response to root rot and wilt pathogens.
Necrotic Symptoms: when dark mycelia appear on the
28 surface of a necrotic spot.
Necrotic Symptoms: When the necrotic tissue within a leaf
26 spot cracks and falls off from the surrounding green tissue
73 No ability to react against pathogen
Opposite to susceptible (due to structural (thicker leaves),
74 chemical defense
Other functional roles of fungi: Fungi are effective
decomposers. ___ fungi feed on dead organic materials such
50 as seeds, leaf litter, dead branches and roots, wood in storage
and in service.
Other functional roles of fungi: Various group of fungi
51 closely associated with plants in a positive relationship.
Play a large role in disease development and disease severity.
53
Principles of Disease Control: - growing plants under
environments that are unfavorable for disease development.
88 Diseases can be avoided by planting at a time unfavorable for
diseases to develop.
Principles of Disease Control: By this we mean activities that
91 are incorporated into stand management.
Principles of Disease Control: elimination and destruction of
89 the pathogen
Principles of Disease Control: generally includes quarantines
87 and inspection or use of pathogen-free stocks.
Principles of Disease Control: growing plants that are not
90 directly susceptible to disease.
Refers to a sustained physiological and structural disturbance
in living tissues and organs of trees that may sometimes result
6 to death. Tree diseases are more persistent and usually take
more time to develop.
Refers to the act of leaving an egg or
140 pupa or emergence of a morph.
115 Shedding the old exo- and epicuticle
Similar to tolerance, allow plant pathogen but it’s not enough
75 to cause disease.
Starts with the entry of pathogen into host and ends when
71 sign and symptoms occur.
Symptoms classification: are symptoms characterized by
13 death of cells.
Symptoms classification: characterized by overgrowth
14 resulting from either excessive cell division or cell
enlargement.
Symptoms classification: characterized by slowing down of
12 growth and development of plant parts or organs fail to
develop.
72 The ability of host plants to react to activities of pathogen
98 The individual branches of the mycelium are called ___.
The insect body is composed of three main regions, the Head,
108 the thorax and the abdomen. The grouping of segments for
functionality of these regions is called ___
This condition is a product of an interaction of three (forming
46 triangle) factors namely the pathogen, the host and the
environment.
Three main regions: region of the insect body that contains
111 the visceral parts of the insect.
Three main regions: the insect head is specialized for feeding
and sensing. The hardened capsule in the head of opening
109 that leads to the mouth and thorax is called the cranium

Three main regions: The____ consists of three segments - the

prothorax (front), the mesothorax (middle) and the
110 metathorax (back). Each of these segments bears a pair of
jointed legs.
69 Transfer of inoculum from the source to the infection court.
Types of Decay: fungi that cause this type of wood decay are
80 known to deplete the cellulose. Common in conifers.
Types of Decay: fungi that cause this type of wood decay
79 usually bleach the wood and render the substrate fibrous.
Types of Decay: the affected wood becomes soft and brittle.
81
Types of Plant Diseases: are diseases caused by pathogens.
An infectious disease results when a pathogen lives on close
8 association with host plant. This type can spread from plant
to plant.
 Types of Plant Diseases: Caused by the non-living
environmental components. Often called disorders, this type
may result from the plants exposure to such factors as
unfavorable weather, fire, nutrient deficiencies, moisture
7
stress, toxic chemicals and etc. Although disorders can
predispose plants to infection by pathogens, disorders are not
directly treated using pesticides.

10 Types of symptoms: occur in specific plant parts.

Types of symptoms: symptoms are manifested in the entire
11 plant body.
68 When pathogen is only on the surface
When the pathogen is in vital association with living host
67 tissues.
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