UNIT 8.

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INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS:
INSTITUTIONAL PLANNING
Content Page No
Broad Objective 3
Learning Outcomes 3
Introduction 3
8.2.1 Planning: Concept and Importance 4
 Characteristics of Planning
 Importance of Planning
 Importance of Planning
Practice task 8
Feedback 9
8.2. 2 Institutional Planning 10
 Objectives of Institutional Planning
 Need and importance of Institutional Planning
 Scope of Institutional Planning
 Prerequisites of an Institutional Plan

Practice task 16
Feedback 16
8.2.3 Types of Planning- Strategic and Operational 18
 Strategic Plans
 Tactical Plans
 Operational Plans
Practice task 21
Feedback 21
Conclusion 22
Bibliography 22

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 UNIT 8.2
INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS:
INSTITUTIONAL PLANNING
Author Dr Rakesh K Wats
NITTTR, Chandigarh
Supportive team Ms. Kamakshi Malik
DAV College, Chandigarh

Broad Objective
The broad objective of this unit is to
make the learners aware about the
importance of institutional planning and
its scope in the smooth, efficient and
effective running of an educational
institution

Learning Outcomes
After going through this unit the learner will be able to:
1. Understand the concept of planning and its importance for an institution.
2. Identify the steps and characteristics of planning.
3. Appreciate the need, importance and scope of institutional planning in today’s scenario.
4. Identify the pre-requisites for an effective institutional plan.
5. Understand the types of planning and their application in smooth running of an institution.

Introduction

Confucius, an eminent educationist has once said that, “A man who does not think and plan long ahead,
will find trouble right at his door.” Today we are living in an uncertain, volatile and complex world
where, change is the only permanent thing. This has made the working of institutions not only difficult
but also challenging. To survive in such an environment and to achieve competitive advantage the mantra
that can help is- proper planning in an institution. This unit, broadly, covers concept, importance and
characteristics of planning. Important steps involved in planning, role and importance of institutional

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planning, pre-requisites for an effective institutional plan also form the constituent of this unit. Types of
plans required for the smooth running of an educational institution are the important inputs of this unit.

8.2.1 Planning: Concept and Importance

We often use the word planning everyday for our activities to be done in the entire day. In other words it
is looking ahead and deciding on the future course of action. It is a systematic activity but exhaustive
program which determines when, how and who is going to perform a specific job. It is often said “Well
planned is half done”, thus highlighting the importance of planning in achieving success. While planning,
we consider the available & potential resources (like human and physical) of the institution to get
effective co-ordination and contribution. It is the basic management function which includes formulation
of one or more detailed plans to achieve balance between needs or demands with the available resources.

Urwick states, “Planning is a mental predisposition to do things in an orderly way, to think before acting
and to act in the light of facts rather than guesses”. Planning is deciding the best alternative among a
number of other alternatives, to perform different functions in order to attain predetermined goals.

Koontz & O’Donell opine, “Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it.
Planning bridges the gap between where we are, where we want to go. It makes possible, the things to
occur which would not otherwise occur”.

 Characteristics of Planning: some of the most important features of planning are-

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 Fig. 8.2.1 Steps of planning in an institution

 Planning is forward looking or futuristic-Planning is always done for the future,

involving, analysing and predicting the future using quantitative and qualitative techniques
helping the institution to adjust and face the challenges in future.
 Planning is goal-oriented-- Every institution has a set of goals and objectives that they
wish to achieve in the near future for which a sound planning is done. The goals established
should be of general acceptance otherwise individual efforts will go misdirected.
 Planning is an intellectual process-Planning is not a guess work but involves a number of
mental abilities like creative thinking, sound judgment and imagination. It is always based
on facts, figures, estimates, and exact calculations rather than anticipations.
 Planning involves choice & decision making- after setting the objectives, the assessment
of alternatives and choose amongst them, the best possible one, keeping in mind the
available resources and the environmental opportunities and challenges is done. Planning,
basically involves selecting the best amongst various alternatives.
 Planning is the primary function of management / Primacy of Planning- planning is the
basic or fundamental function of management that provides the platform for other functions
of the management, like organising, staffing, directing and controlling. The latter are
performed within the framework of the formulated plans
 Planning is a Continuous Process- Planning is a never ending function due to the dynamic
environment. Although, plans have a specific period like, five yearly, annual, biannual,
quarterly plan etc. but the process does not stop when it is implemented or executed. New
opportunities, concerns, challenges keep on emerging and they have to be tackled by
planning effectively.
 Planning is all omnipresent-Planning occurs at every level of management, in every
organization and in every sector like education, hospitality or healthcare etc. Although, its
scope may differ from one level to another and from one sector to other but planning is
definitely omnipresent. The top level may be more concerned about the holistic planning of
the organisation, whereas the middle level more specific in departmental plans and the
lower level plans the implementation of the same. For example, the principal or head of the
institution may plan what new courses to be introduced from the new session or new faculty
to be appointed, the head of the department may plan the time table, the seminars and
workshops to be held in the session while a teacher may plan how to complete the syllabi in
stipulated time period by way of lesson planning.

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  Planning is designed for efficiency- planning helps the institution in saving time, effort
and money and other physical resources by promoting adequate and optimum utilisation of
these resources.
 Planning is Flexible—as the future is uncertain and unpredictable thus planning must
include plans flexible enough to keep the chances of incorporating the on spot changes.
They should not be rigid and unalterable. Thus, plans must provide enough opportunity to
cope up with the changes like student’s demand, industry needs, government policies etc.

 Importance of Planning

 Planning facilitates management by objectives-

 The process of planning sets in motion with setting of objectives.

 It emphasises the reason for which various activities are to perform.
 Planning makes objectives more clear and specific.
 Planning helps in focusing the attention of faculty on the objectives or goals and once this
focus is developed the employees will stick to their plan.
 Planning compels the planners to prepare a blue-print of the courses of action to be followed
for accomplishment of objectives.
 Planning makes the institution more organised and disciplined.

 Planning minimizes uncertainties-

 Planning play a strong role in minimising the risk of various types of uncertainties
 Planning helps the management to anticipate future and prepare for risks

 Planning facilitates coordination-

 Planning invites various stakeholders of the institution to share common platform to give
their ideas and suggestions on issues related to the institution, hence integrate them for a
common reason
 It facilitates coordination and synchronisation of work, avoid duplication of efforts.

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  Planning improves morale of all stakeholders

 Planning team up all departmental heads, the faculty, the non teaching staff or the students
where every stakeholder is aware of the expectations of team from them
 This encourages them to show their best and work whole heartedly towards the achievement
of goals and objectives of the institution.
 Planning creates a healthy work environment and positive institutional culture that enhances
the morale of all stakeholders and brings them together.

 Planning facilitates controlling

 Planning cannot be successful if there is no control or vigil over the changing environment so
that the plans do not go haywire or become obsolete.
 Planning and controlling co-exist and are considered to be two sides of the same coin

 Planning provides competitive advantage

 An effective planning involves changing in work methods, quality, bringing technological
advancements, extension of work, redefining of goals, etc.
 Forecasting help the institution secures its future but at the same time it is able to estimate the
future motives of its competitors, which helps it in facing future challenges.

 Steps in Planning Process

Planning is an essential managerial function that requires a lot of time, effort and skills so that the
desired goal is achieved. There is no room for guessing, planning works with experience, logic and
rationality of the planner. While making an effective plan for the institution the following steps are to
be followed:

 Setting of goals and objectives

The goals and objectives provide a direction to the efforts and are the central part of the planning
process. The objectives should be clear, precise, easily understandable, and clearly communicable
to the planners so that they can act accordingly.

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 Developing the Planning Premises

 Premises are the assumptions about the environment in which plans are formulated and
executed. Premises determine where we have departed from the actual plan and the
reasons behind this deviation. This helps in identifying the potential obstacles and threats
in our planning so that steps can be taken to avoid them in future.
 Planning premises may be internal controllable (include capital investment policy,
management labor relations, philosophy of management, etc.) or external uncontrollable
(socio- economic, political and economical changes).
 Plans must be formulated by keeping in mind the limitations posed by the internal and
external premises.

 Assessing the alternatives and subsequently choosing the best-

 After the premises are developed the planner will assess all the possible alternatives.
 Every alternative will be evaluated by considering its advantages and disadvantages with
reference to the resources available and requirements of the institution.
 After objective and scientific evaluation of the alternatives, the best alternative is finally
chosen.

 Formulating derivative plans-

 Formulation of the secondary plans to support the basic plan.

 Secondary or derivative plans will flow from the basic plan and are meant to support and
accelerate the achievement of basic plans.
 Derivative plans include policies, procedures, rules, programs, budgets, schedules, etc.
For example, to fulfill the basic plan of imparting quality education to students the
institution will formulate the derivative plan of recruiting quality teachers.

 Ensuring support and participation-

 After the basic and derivative plans, faculty and the ones who have to implement these
plans are made to come on the same page by taking them into confidence
 Confidence can be attained by making them feel valued, let them participate in all
decision making activities.

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  According to Koontz, ‘plans have to be set in an atmosphere of close participation and a
high degree of concurrence’.
 Participation enables employees to give their best to the plans. They are also motivated
to carry out the plan to the best of their ability.

 Follow up/Appraisal of plans-

 Reviewing and revising is important to assess and review the effectiveness of plan as
the environment in which institutions operate is volatile and uncertain that makes the
plan to adjust in existing situation. So, continuous reviewing and revising is
important.
 This can be done on the basis of feedback or information received from students,
faculty and other stakeholders concerned.
 The assessment of plans helps the management to rectify the deviations, if any and
modify the plan.
 Without a regular follow-up, there are chances that the plans may become obsolete
and insignificant. Moreover, appraisals ensure the implementation of plans in the
right direction and avoiding mistakes in the future planning.

Practice task
Q1. Fill in the blanks

a) ____________ are the assumptions about the environment in which plans are formulated and
executed.

b) Without a _____________ there are chances that the plans may become obsolete and insignificant.

c) Planning begins with ___________.

d) The plans derived for various departments which help in the achievement of main plan are called
__________ .

Q2. Short answers

a) Briefly state the steps of planning process

b) Mention any four characteristics of planning

c) What do you mean by premises?

d) Define derivative plans

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Feedback
A. 1 Fill ups:

a) Planning Premises

b) A regular follow-up

c) Setting of objectives

d) Derivative plans

Q2. a) Steps of planning process are

1. Setting of goals and objectives

2. Developing the Planning Premises

3. Assessing the alternatives and subsequently choosing the best

4. Formulating derivative plans

5. Ensuring support and participation

6. Follow up/Appraisal of plans

b) Characteristics of planning are

1. It is goal oriented

2. It is forward looking and futuristic

3. It is present in all levels of management

4. It is an intellectual process.

Ans. c) Premises are the assumptions about the environment in which plans are formulated and executed.
The development of these premises determines where we have departed from the actual plan and the
reasons behind this deviation.

Ans. d) The plans derived for various departments, units, activities, etc., which help in the achievement
of main plan are called the derivative plans. These derivative plans include policies, procedures, rules,
programs, budgets, schedules, etc

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8.2. 2 Institutional Planning
Planning in education is an extremely important activity as it forms the basis of all programmes of
quantitative and qualitative improvement in education. Without planning, an individual, a society, an
institute or a nation cannot prosper. Similarly, any educational institution, cannot achieve the targeted
goals unless it opts for proper planning.

Educational planning implies taking of decisions for future actions with a view to achieving
predetermined objectives through the optimum use of scarce resources. Institutional planning is a part of
educational planning. It is confined to a particular institution and functions keeping the goals of that
particular institution in mind. It ensures better and most favorable use of the resources which the
institution has or can have. It is the institution that knows best its needs and problems that have to be
solved. Hence, it is through institutional planning that an institution can attain welfare and development.

Institutional planning can be best explained in the words of M.B.Buch (1964) “An institutional planning
is a programme of development and improvement prepared by an educational institution on the basis of
its felt needs and resources available and likely to be available, with a view to improve the formal
educational institutional program and practices constitutes a plan for an institution”.

Institutional planning is an effective method to enhance the institutional mission of ensuring high quality
teaching, training of young generation with employable skills contributing in national development within
the framework of present institutional arrangement. Buch further states "Institutional planning is a (i) plan
for development as a whole (ii) plan for the improvement of the existing situation (iii) plan for felt needs,
necessity of the institution (iv) plan for an effort to make a balance between available resources and
planning (v) an effort to find out to be available resources (vi) a plan to be made without hampering the
educational programs and practices".

 Objectives of Institutional Planning

The institutional planning should be based on certain predetermined objectives. All activities planned
should ultimately help to achieve these ends. Depending upon the circumstances and needs of the
institution, the objectives may be short term and long –term.
Mr. J.P. Naik, Former Education Advisor, Government of India, has listed the following four
objectives of institutional planning: "Giving freedom to the teacher, making the good teacher

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effective, involving every teacher in the formulation and implementation of institutional plans,
emphasizing what can be done here and now by mobilising our existing resources".

However, in general, aims and objectives of institutional planning are:

 On the academic side:

 Qualitative improvement
 Providing more amenities to teachers, students and local community
 Maintaining the educational standards, when students number increases and if the number
remain static then focus should be on the improvement
 Reducing and eliminating the incidence of wastage and stagnation.
 On the knowledge and skill side:
 Developing latest and up-to-date knowledge and skills
 Developing temperament for industrial processes and practices and
 Inculcating a liking for learning new techniques, gaining hands on experience on new
equipment and machines, craft work etc.
 On the attitude side:
 Promoting better students-teacher and teacher-parent inter personal relationships
 Inspiring the teachers to give their best to the pupils in particular and the institute in general.
 Developing a taste in the students for extracurricular activities like dramatics, athletics and
hobbies.
 Creating a feeling of belongingness to the institution in both the students, teachers and staff.
 On the economic side:
 Reducing the cost of education
 Optimum utilisation of existing resources
 Utilizing all the economic resources belonging to local community
 Procuring all types of grants viz. plan and non-plan, recurring and nonrecurring
 Exploring other sources of helps and donations like help from the philanthropic associations
as scholarships, teaching aids and institutional amenities etc.
 On the social side:
 National integration
 Cultural integration
 Emotional integration

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 On the political side:
 Developing democratic attitudes in faculty, staff and students

 Need and importance of Institutional Planning

 Overall progress of the institution
All institutions have some plans; all the heads of institutions/principals make plans as to how to
maintain discipline in the institution and every teacher also plans. Planning may be routine
planning of the syllabus, time table, placement drive and examination etc. and it may not exist in
a definite or regular form and it may be repeated from term to term and from session to session
without any extra effort. Institutional planning undoubtedly improves the working of the
institution and makes it future ready thereby leading it to the path of progress.

 Provides direction to educational objectives

Institutional planning gives the right direction to the educational objectives of the country. The
direction of planning in the customary trend today, is from top to bottom. Institutional planning
recognises the contribution of administrators, teachers, parents, students, educationists and social
reformers in the process of planning of education in the country.

 Optimum utilisation of institutional resources

Every institution has limited resources be it human, physical and monetary resources.
Institutional planning helps the management to make optimum use of the existing resources by
applying the basic principles of organizing and controlling. As a nation, India has a great shortage
of resources with increasing needs and demands from every quarter. It is responsibility of every
individual and institution to systematically plan for the maximum utilisation of these scarce
resource.

 Aligning institutional goals with national development

Educational planning must fit into the overall national planning for developmental purposes. Its
significance can be highlighted from the need for collective efforts of the people. In the words of
B.D. Nag Chaudhari, "Since the implementation of plans and programs is as important and vital
as plan formulation. Institutional planning has a special contribution to make in the national
development". Every institution must strive to align its objectives with the national objective of
education and development. For example, institutions must try to take up such courses which

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 inculcate skill development among students so that they can become employable and contribute
towards the nation's development with their expertise.

 Encouraging and motivating every teacher

Institutional planning takes into confidence the faculty members and take their views before
implementing the plans. This makes them value their job and their institution. They are
encouraged to work for the excellence and overall development of the students and institution.
This is a win- win situation for both the teacher and the institution.

 Scope of Institutional Planning

Institutional Planning covers every aspect of an institution be it planning for resources, curricular and
co-curricular activities, projects and programmes etc.

 Improvement of institutional campus/premises

 Construction, maintenance and repair of institutional buildings must be done from time to
time
 Library books, magazines, journals, instructional materials and audiovisual aids must be
maintained in the institution library
 Facilities like drinking water supply, sanitary, medical facilities etc. must be provided to the
faculty, staff and students

 Improvement of curricular activities

 The curriculum of each subject can be divided into small and comprehensible units.
 Use of the state of the art teaching techniques
 Transformation of teaching into effective learning
 Use of effective assessment tools for formative and summative assessment
 Arrangement of tutorial to deal with personalized teaching, discussions and doubt clearances
 Organization of seminars, workshops, conferences etc. to help students and faculty get the
hands on and up-to-date knowledge on recent trends.
 Faculty development programs like in-service training, refresher courses, and orientation
courses etc. for the up gradation of knowledge and skills amongst teachers and staff.

 Improvement of co-curricular activities

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  Organization of physical activities like sports day, athletic meets etc. in the institution to
enhance physical health of students and teachers.
 Organization of literary activities like preparation of institution magazine, newsletter,
teaching aids and equipment.
 Social service projects like NSS, NCC to help in inculcation national responsibilities in
students
 Collaboration with local NGOs to make students socially responsible nationals

 Improvement of Investigation and Research activities

 Project works to be part and parcel of curriculum to improve the analytical skills amongst
students of higher education
 Teaching of courses like research methodology, application of tools, data analysis, scientific
writings etc.
 Encouraging post graduate students to pursue PhD, so as to supply technically competent and
skilled work force to research institutes and industry
 Research topics oriented towards the problems of industry, society and country in general

 Prerequisites of an Institutional Plan

Buch (1968) has identified the following characteristics of an institutional plan. He states them as:

 Need-based- An institutional plan must be based on the needs and requirements of the staff,
students and other stakeholders of the institution. It may incorporate needs in the area of
institutional organisation, curricular and co-curricular programs, support services, etc.

 Intensifies Human Efforts- An institutional plan makes persistent efforts to involve more of
human efforts by utilising faculty’s initiative, imagination and creativity. It should not just
depend on the financial and infrastructural support.

 Specific- Every institution has its own image and unique selling proposition (USP) in terms of its
goals and objectives. This must be highlighted while planning for development and improvement.
Thus, every institution needs to have its own unique and specific plan which makes it different
from others in the same business.

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 Goal-oriented -An institutional plan is directed towards pursuing the national goal of attaining
excellence with fairness. This requires not only continuous improvement but also development of
an institution that may attain higher goals each time.

 Optimum Utilisation - Its major criterion is to utilize human, financial and other non-material
resources in a way which facilitates maximum benefits

 Flexible – An institutional plan must be flexible and open to alterations as demanded by changing
needs and situations.

 Two-fold focus - Each institutional plan has a two-fold focus: (a) improvement based on human
efforts and (b) development necessitating support and assistance of the management, community
and the government.

 Enhanced Motivation - Through its successful implementation with visible output, it should
motivate students, teachers, management and the community, create enthusiasm and a sense of
commitment and affiliation in these groups.

 Co-operative Endeavour - It should be prepared by participation and involvement of teachers,

parents, students, principal and the management in the planning process.

 Democratic Preparation - Its planning and implementation must involve the entire stakeholder
group; who share their opinions and ideas and this enhances their sense of dignity and worthiness.

 Duration of Plans - An institutional plan can be of a long-term plan for 10-15 years or it could
be of five years’ duration coinciding with the national/state five-year plans. Within the broad
frame-work of long-term plan, an institution can prepare a number of projects or programs for a
shorter duration of one or two years.

 Relation with State and National Plans - An institutional plan should be prepared within the
State level and National level educational plans and need to reflect the National Policy on
Education. However, the institutional plan can be prepared in the spirit of educational plans, still
the institution can have the freedom to modify, change, add or reject them.

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  Community Support - Community involvement in institutional planning is a pre-condition and
an absolute necessity as it ensures community support in the implementation of the plan and helps
in building a rapport between the institution and the community".

Practice task
Q1. Fill in the blanks

a) ______________ is a programme of development and improvement prepared by an educational

institution.

b) An institutional plan must be based on the needs and requirements of _____________ .

c) Institutional planning is important as it leads to the _____________ of the institution

d) Depending upon the circumstances and needs of the institution, the objectives may be ___________
or ____________

Q2. Short questions

a) Define Institutional Planning?

b) What are the main prerequisites of an institutional plan?

c) What is the scope of institutional planning?

d) Give four points to discuss the importance of Institutional planning.

Feedback
Ans. 1. Fill in blanks

a) Institutional planning

b) the staff, students and other stakeholders of the institution

c) overall progress

d) short term or long –term

Ans.2 Short answers

a) Institutional planning is a part of educational planning and is confined to a particular institution and
functions keeping the goals of that particular institution in mind.

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 b) Prerequisites of an institution plan are

 It must be based on the needs and requirements of the staff, students and other stakeholders of
the institution.
 It should not just depend on financial and infrastructural support but consider human effort.
 It must be unique and specific which makes it different from others in the same business.
 It must be directed towards pursuing the national goal of attaining excellence with fairness.

c) Scope of inst. planning:

 Improvement of institutional campus/premises

 Improvement of academic facilities
 Improvement of co-curricular activities
 Investigation and Research

d) Importance of institutional planning

 Institutional planning undoubtedly improves the working of the institution and makes it future
ready thereby leading it to the path of progress.
 It provides direction to educational objectives and recognises contribution of administrators,
teachers, parents, students, educationists and social reformers in the process of planning of
education in the country.
 Institutional planning helps the management to make optimum use of the existing resources.
 It helps in aligning institutional goals with National Development

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8.2.3 Types of Planning- Strategic and Operational
Different types of plans may be adopted by institutions to supervise and direct institutional activities.
There are three most commonly used plans namely Strategic, Tactical and Operational Plans. All the three
are somehow interrelated as operational plans lead to the accomplishment of tactical plans, which in turn
lead to the accomplishment of strategic plans

Figure : Types of Plans

 Strategic Plans
A strategic plan is a summary of various steps to be taken keeping in mind the goals of the entire
institution, rather than the goals of individual units. It begins with formation of the institution’s mission.
The plans look ahead for about five years or more and focus on progress of the institution in the years to
come.
The plans involved many stakeholders, hence an accord and synchronisation amongst them is needed.
e.g. A plan to introduce new technology will be effective only if all the faculty members understand its
importance. Top-level management develops the directional objectives for the entire institution, while

18
lower levels will develop attuned objectives and plans to achieve them. Top management’s strategic plan
for the entire institution becomes the outline premise of activities for the lower level planning.
Some features of strategic plans are:
 They determine the long term objectives of the institution and deal with allocating resources and
deciding on the alternatives to be chosen that best suit the interest of the institution and the
stakeholders.
 They are made by the top management as they deal with the holistic development of the entire
institution
 They are forward looking as they focus on what we are today and what we wish to be in future.
Thus, ideally they shall be effective if they are flexible enough to adjust to the changing needs
and aspirations of its stakeholders.
 These plans provide the framework and direction of planning at the lower level

 Tactical Plans
Tactical plans are the strategies that the head of the institution adopts to achieve the objectives set in
the strategic plan. A tactical plan is concerned with what the lower level units within each department
must do, how they must do it, and who is in charge at each level. Tactics means the way in which the
means needed to activate a strategy and make it work are decided. Tactical plans have narrower scope
and shorter time frame than strategic plans. These plans usually span one year or less because they are
considered short-term goals. Long-term goals, on the other hand, can take several years or more to
accomplish. Normally, it is the departmental responsibility to take the broad strategic plan and identify
specific tactical actions.
Some features of Tactical plans are:
 These plans are for a shorter time duration (time frame usually less than 3 years) and are
usually developed by departmental heads.
 These plans help in the implementation of strategic plans by defining activities to be
performed by various departments.
 These involve allocating resources and work among faculty of each department.

 Operational Plans
Operational plans are the ones developed for short term, may be even less than one year. The function
of these plans is to determine actions or activities to be performed so as to maintain strategic and
tactical plans. Thus, an operational plan is one that a faculty member uses to accomplish his or her job
responsibilities. Operational plan can be a single-use plan or a continuing plan.

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 Single-use plans: These plans apply to the activities that have one time occurrence or those
that do not recur or repeat. For example, a lecture delivered in a class is a single-use plan
because it deals with the who, what, where, how, and how much of a lesson to be taken in a
lecture.
 Continuing or ongoing plans: These are usually made once and maintain their value over a
certain period but undergo periodic reviewing to avoid it from becoming irrelevant or
obsolete.
Examples:
 A policy: "it is a past or current statement or series of statements which explain,
recommend or exclude a course of action or actions to be taken to run the institution.
These statements are usually written, but they could be oral".
It provides a broad guideline to head of institutions to follow while dealing with
important decisions. Typical human resources policies like faculty recruitment,
terminations, performance appraisals, pay increases, and discipline are all policy matters.
Policies are important because they help an institution establish rules and procedures that
can produce not only standards of quality for learning, but also expectations and
accountability.
 A procedure: it explains how activities are to be carried out. For example, most
institutions have procedures for purchasing books in the library or equipments in the
laboratory. This procedure will have steps to be taken at various levels. By defining
these steps and the sequence in which they are to be taken, procedures "provide a
standardized way of responding to a repetitive problem".
 A rule: it tells the faculty members or students what should be done and what not to be
done. Rules are “dos” and “don’ts” statements put in place to promote the uniform
treatment and behavior of employees. For example, students who do not have 75%
attendance are barred from sitting in the final exam. This rule is uniform for all students
irrespective of their stream, year or department.

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Practice task
Q. 1 Short questions
a) Discuss the various types of plans
b) Define a policy and procedures

Feedback

Ans. a)There three types of plans

Strategic, Tactical and Operational Plan

 A strategic plan is a summary of various steps to be taken keeping in mind the goals
of the entire institution. Strategic planning begins with formation of the institution’s
mission.

 Tactical plans are the strategies that the head of the institution adopts to achieve the
objectives set in the strategic plan. A tactical plan is concerned with what the lower
level units within each department must do, how they must do it, and who is in charge
at each level.

 Operational plans are the ones developed for short term, may be even less than one
year. The function of these plans is to determine actions or activities to be performed
so as to maintain strategic and tactical plans.

b) Policy -it is a past or current statement or series of statements which explain, recommend or
exclude a course of action or actions to be taken to run the institution. These statements are
usually written, but they could be oral.
Procedure it explains how activities are to be carried out. This procedure will have steps to
be taken at various levels. By defining these steps and the sequence in which they are to be
taken, procedures "provide a standardized way of responding to a repetitive problem".

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Conclusion
Change and advancement of knowledge are inevitable in any society and to live up to the expectations of
the new needs, a futuristic approach to planning is very important. It is must for the efficient functioning
of an educational institute to plan to upgrade its all activities, curricular, co-curricular, R & D etc. to work
for developing the integrated human personalities. The Institutional Planning helps in meeting its
objectives by reducing duplicities of efforts, reducing uncertainties, increasing controls, providing
competitive edge. Effective planning always makes basis of an efficient institute.

Bibliography
1. Carnegie, D., 2017. How to win friends & influence people. e-artnow.
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4. L.A. Allen, Management and Organisation, Tokyo, McGraw-Hill, 1980.
5. MISHRA, V., PUNDIR, V., INSTITUTIONAL PLANNING: THE WORKING PRINCIPLES,
ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary ResearchVol.1 Issue 6, October 2011, ISSN
2231 5780 avl at www.zenithresearch.org.in 241.
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IGNOU, New Delhi
7. Robert Albanese, Management toward Accountability and Performance, Richard D., Irwin,
Homewood, Illinois, 1990.
8. Sinha N and Singh S, (2017) Institutional Management, OSN Academy
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India Pvt. Ltd.437-468p.
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Publishing Company Ltd., 208-222p.
11. http://www.preservearticles.com/education/what-are-the-main-aims-and-objectives-of-
institutional-planning/6687
12. http://www.shareyouressays.com/knowledge/what-are-the-important-characteristics-of-
institutional-planning/100341
13. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_principles/management_principles_types_plans.htm

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 14. http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/educational-management/institutional-management-meaning-
and-components. Institutional Management: Meaning and Components, Diksha Kashyap
15. http://ebooks.lpude.in/management/mba/term_1/
DMGT402_MANAGEMENT_PRACTICES_AND_ORGANIZATIONAL_BEHAVIOUR.pdf
16. http://www.managementhelp.org/plan_dec/mbo/mbo.htm

Supportive learning material: by Dr. Rakesh K Wats

Videos on-
 Planning : Concept and Importance
 Importance of Planning in Institutions
 Types of Planning- Strategic and Operational

Web resources:
 An Overview of Institutional Planning https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=eEqyh0r3WSw

 Institutional Planning by Peeyush Malhotra Gurdaspuria

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PCByqocGdc

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