COLEGIO SAN AGUSTIN - BACOLOD

COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
MRS. MA. FE S. SANTOS, RN, MAN
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE

COURSE OUTLINE: MIDTERMS

1. Theory of Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
2. Theory of Joyce Travelbee
3. Theory of Lydia Hall The second principle has three
4. Theory of Virginia Henderson concepts: (Rhythmicity)
5. Theory of Faye Glenn Abdellah
6. Theory of Myra Estrine Levine Revealing- ● is “disclosing-not disclosing” all
7. Theory of Dorothy E. Johnson Concealing at once.

Enabling - ● represents the freedom and

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse Limiting opportunities that surface with
the restrictions and obstacles of
every day.
Theory of Human Becoming
○ “Potentiating -
● Educated at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh Restricting”
● MSN and Ph.D. from University of Pittsburgh
● Published her theory of nursing, Man-Living-Health Connecting ● the concepts to the ways
in 1981 -Separating persons create people and
● Name changed to Theory of Human Becoming in projects.
1992
● Editor and Founder, Nursing Science Quarterly
● Has published eight books and hundreds of articles
about Human Becoming Theory
● Professor and Niehoff Chair at Loyola University, The third principle has three
Chicago concepts: (Contrascending)

Powering ● is a concept that conveys

meaning about struggle and
The Three Principles: life and the will to go on
1. Structuring meaning is the imagining and valuing despite hardship and threat.
of languaging. o “Pushing –Resisting”
2. Configuring rhythmical patterns is the
revealing-concealing and enabling-limiting of Originating ● is a concept about human
connecting-separating. uniqueness and holds two
3. Contrascending with the possible is the powering paradoxes:
unique ways of originating in the process of 1. conforming-not conforming
2. certainty-uncertainty
transforming.
Transforming ● is about change and the
shifting views that people have
about their lives.
The first principle has three o “Familiar-Unfamiliar”
concepts: (Meaning)

Imaging ● is an individual’s view of reality.

● it is the shaping of personal
knowledge explicitly-tacitly.
o “Explicit-Tacit and
Reflective-Pre-
Reflective”
Valuing ● “confirming-not confirming” of
cherished beliefs in light of a
personal worldview
Languaging ● is a concept that relates to how
human beings symbolize and
express their imaged realities
and their value priorities.
o “Speaking-being Silent
and Moving being still”
Focus:
● The quality of life from each other person’s own
perspective as the goal of nursing.
● Life and human dignity.
Emphasizes:
● The patient's perception and their wisdom to make
choices in their own health care.
Explains:
● That man is a combination of:
- biological
- psychological
- sociological
- spiritual factors

1 I Patrisha Isabelle D. Dumaran

 COLEGIO SAN AGUSTIN - BACOLOD
COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
MRS. MA. FE S. SANTOS, RN, MAN
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE

Parse’s Scholars Beliefs: About Theorist

1. Quality of life from patient’s perspective
2. Diagnostic practice fails to respect humankind
3. Standardized nursing interventions disregard
human dignity
4. Understanding human experience = freedom
5. Humans are change with the process of living
6. Inherent freedom is to be hnored by nurses
Assumptions about human:
Humans - is open and free in choosing meaning in situation
and bearing responsibility for decision.
Becoming - is the human pattern of relating values and
priorities.
● A psychiatric nurse, educator and writer born in
1926.
● 1956, she completed her BSN degree at Louisiana
State University
● 1959, she completed her Master of Science Degree
in Nursing at Yale University.
● 1952, Psychiatric Nursing Instructor at Depaul
Hospital Affilliate School, New Orleans.
● Later in Charity Hospital School of Nursing in
Louisiana State University, New York University and
University of Mississippi.
● Travelbee died at age 47.
Quotes of Travelbee

Nurse according to Parse: “The nurse is responsible for helping the patient avoid
and alleviate the distress of unmet needs”
Discipline - the goal is to expand knowledge about human “ A nurse does not only seek to alleviate pain or render
experiences through creative conceptualization and physical care but to minister to the whole person.”
research. ● the existence of suffering whether physical,
Profession - is to provide service to mankind through living mental, or spiritual is the concern of the nurse
art of science
Basic concepts:
Steps in the nursing process:
1. Suffering
1. Assesment/Nursing diagnosis - “An experience that varies in intensity, duration and
- not fit depth … a feeling of unease, ranging from mild,
- the nurse-patient relations hip id not limited to transietal mental, physical or mental discomfort to
prescription extreme pain and extreme torture.
2. Plannng - nurse is a guide not the decision 2. Meaning
maker/interaction is evolving - Meaning is the reason as oneself attributes
3. Implementation: 3. Hope
● Illuminate the meaning - Nurse’s job is to help the patient to maintain hope
- nurse guide to identify personal meaning of the and avoid hopelessness.
situation - Hope is a faith that can and will be change that
● Synchronize meaning would bring something better with it.
- recognize harmony within her/his existence - Hope’s core lies in a fundamental trust in the
● Mobilize transcending outside world, and a belief that others will help
- to move from the present to what is not yet, to someone when you need it.
dream of the possible from her/him ● Six important characteristics of hope:
○ It is strongly associated with dependence
4. Evaluation on other people.
● cannot be created, patient has: ○ It is future oriented.
- identified meaning ○ It is linked to elections from several
- recognize harmony alternatives or escape routes out of its
- dreamed of the possibilities situation.
○ The desire to possess any object or
condition, to complete a task or have an
Joyce Travelbee experience.
○ Confidence that others will be there for one
when you need them.
Human-to-Human Relationship Model ○ The hoping person is in possession of
● developed the Human-to-Human Relationship courage to be able to acknowledge its
Model presented in her book interpersonal Aspects shortcomings and fears and go forward
of Nursing (1966, 1971). towards its goal.
● She dealt with the interpersonal aspects of nursing.
● She explains “human-to-human relationship is the
means through which the purpose of nursing if
fulfilled”

2 I Patrisha Isabelle D. Dumaran

 COLEGIO SAN AGUSTIN - BACOLOD
COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
MRS. MA. FE S. SANTOS, RN, MAN
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
Communications
● “a strict necessity for good nursing care”
Using himself therapeutically
● “one is able to use itself therapeutically”.
- self-awareness and self-understanding
- understanding of human behavior
- the ability to predict one’s own and others’ behavior
are important in this process.
Targeted intellectual approach
- Nurse must have a systematic intellectual approach
to thepatient’s situation.
Nursing Metaparadigms:
Person
- person is defined as a human being
- both the nurse and the patient are human beings.
Health
- health is subjective and objective
● Subjected Health
- is an individually defined state of well being in
accord with self-appraisal of
physical-emotional-spiritual status.
● Objective Health
- is an absence of discernible disease, disability or
defect as measured by physical examination,
laboratory tests and assessment by spiritual director
or psychological counselor.
Environment
- environment is not clearly defined.
Nursing
- "an interpersonal process whereby the professional
nurse practitioner assists an individual, family or
community to prevent or cope with experience or
illness and suffering, and if necessary to find
meaning in these experiences.”
Nursing theory:
- A creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that
project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view
of phenomena.
- Achieving the goals of nursing necessitates a
genuine human to human relationship which can be
established by an interaction process.
Description of the theory:
1. Nursing is accomplished through human to human
relationships that begin with the original encounter.
2. Nurse and patient attain rapport in the final stage.
3. The relationship can only be achieved by an
interaction process
4. It has 5 stages:
a. Inaugural meeting - original encounter
b. Visibility of personal identities -
emerging identities
c. Empathy - identification with feelings or
thoughts of others
d. Sympathy - ability to share feelings of
another
e. Establishing mutual understanding and
contact or rapport
Lydia Hall
About Theorist
● Lydia Hall was born in New York City on September
21, 1906.
● She promoted involvement of the community in
health-care issues.
● She derived from her knowledge of psychiatry and
nursing experiences in the Loeb Center the
framework she used in formulating her theory of
nursing.
Care, Core and Cure (Theory)
The Care
● The care circle explains the role of nurses, and
focused on performing that noble task of nurturing
the patients, meaning the component of this model
is the “motherly” care provided by nurses, which
may include limited to provision of comfort
measures, provision of patient teaching activities
and helping the patient meet their needs where help
is needed.
● Assessment and Problem
The Core
● The core is the person or patient to whom nursing
care is directed and needed.
● The core has goals set by himself and not by any
other person.
● The core behaved according to his feelings, and
value system.
● Goals or plan of care of the patient
The Cure
● The cure, on the other hand is the attention given to
patients by the medical professionals.
● The model explains that the cure circle is shared by
the nurse with other health professionals.
● These are the interventions or actions geared on
treating or “curing” the patient from whatever illness
or disease he may be suffering from.
● Intervention and Evaluation
- Four major concepts
1. Rehabilitation - a set of interventions designed to
optimize functioning and reduce disability in
individuals with health conditions in interaction with
their environment.
2. Self-actualization and self-love - is the realization
of a person’s full potential
3 I Patrisha Isabelle D. Dumaran
 COLEGIO SAN AGUSTIN - BACOLOD
COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
MRS. MA. FE S. SANTOS, RN, MAN
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE

3. Nurturance - emotional and physical nourishment 9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid
and care given to someone. injuring others.
- the ability to provide emotional and physical care. 10. Communicate with others in expressing
● Patient learning emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.
11. Worship according to one’s faith
Virginia Henderson 12. work in such a way that there is a sense of
accomplishment.
13. Play or participate in various forms of
Introduction recreation.
● Born in 1897, Kansas City, Missouri 14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that
● Graduated from Army school of Nursing in leads to normal development ad health and use
Washington, DC the available health facilities.
● Died in March 1996 at the age of 98

Books
● Textbook of the Principles and Practice of
Nursing(1955)
● Basic Principles of Nursing Care (1960)
● The Nature of Nursing (1966)

Henderson states that individuals:

● Have basic health needs

● require assistance to achieve health
● independence or a peaceful death
● an individual achieve wholeness by:
- maintaining physiological and emotional
balance.
● Emphasizes:
- the importance of patient independence so that the
patient will continue to progress after being
released from the hospital. Faye Glenn Abdellah
Definition of nursing:
Introduction
● “ The unique function of the nurse is to assist
the individual, sick or well in the performance of those ● Born in New York City in 1919
activities contributing to health or its recovery(or to peaceful ● Magna cum laude from Fitkin Memorial Hospital
death) that he would perform unaided if he had the ● School of Nursing
necessary strength, will or knowledge and to do this in such ● Abdellah 1960: nursing theory developed by Faye
a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as Abdellah et al (1960) emphasizes delivering nursing
possible”. care for the whole person to meet the physical,
emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs of
3 Levels of Nurse-patient relationship the client and family.

● Nurse acts as: According to Faye Glenn Abdellah’s Theory (21

○ Substitute for the patient nursing problems):
○ A helper to the patient ● “Nursing is based on an art and science that molds
○ A partner with the patient the:
○ attitudes
14 Basic needs ○ intellectual competencies
○ technical skills
1. Breathe normally - of the individual nurse into the desire and
2. Eat and drink adequately ability to help people, sick or well, cope
3. Eliimate body waste with their health needs.
4. Move and maintain desirable posture The most important impact of Abdellah's theory to
5. Sleep and rest the nursing practice is that-
6. SelSelect suitable clothes - dress and undress ● It helped transform the focus of the profession
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range from being disease-centered to
by adjusting clothing and modifying
patient-centered.
environment.
8. Keep the body clean and well-groomed and
protect the integument.

4 I Patrisha Isabelle D. Dumaran

 COLEGIO SAN AGUSTIN - BACOLOD
COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
MRS. MA. FE S. SANTOS, RN, MAN
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE

Metaparadigm: 17. To create or maintain a therapeutic environment

● an environment of acceptance, empathic
Person understanding, and unconditional positive regard in
which persons feel free to verbalize and consider
- the beneficiary of care as individuals. their thoughts, behaviors
- one who has physical, emotional or social care 18. To facilitate the awareness of self as an individual
needs. with varying physical, emotional and developmental
needs.
Health ● a group of conditions involving impairment in
- although abdellah does not give a definition of physical, learning, language, or behavior areas
health, she speaks to “total health needs” and “a 19. To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of
healthy state of mind and body”. limitations, physical and emotional.
20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving
Abdellah’s Typology of 21 Nursing Problems problems that arise from illness.
21. To understand the role of social problems as
1. To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort. ● influencing factors in the cause of illness.
2. To promote optimal activity, exercise, rest and
sleep.
3. To promote safety through prevention of accident,
injury, or other trauma and through prevention of the “We cannot wait for the world to change…. Those of
spread of infection. us with intelligence, purpose, and vision must take
4. To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and the lead and change the world”. - Faye Glenn Abdellah
correct deformity.
5. To facilitate the maintenance of supply of oxygen to
all body cells. Myra Estrine Levine
6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition to all body
cells. Introduction
7. To facilitate the maintenance of elimination
● Diploma in nursing:-Cook County SON,
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte
balance. Chicago, 1944
● BSN:-University of Chicago,1949
● MSN:-Wayne State University, Detroit, 1962
Functions of Water:
● Publication:- An Introduction to Clinical
- carries nutrients and oxygen to cells
Nursing, 1969, 1973 & 1989
- lubricates joints
- lessens burden on the kidneys and liver by ● Received honorary doctorate from Loyola
flushing out waste products. Helps dissolve University in 1992
minerals and nutrients to make them accessible ● Clinical experience in OT technique and
to your body. oncology nursing
● Civilian Nurse at the Gardiner General
9. To recognize the physiologic responses of the body Hospital
to disease conditions-pathologic, physiologic and ● Director of Nursing at Drexel Home in Chicago
compensatory. ● Clinical Instructor at Bryan Memorial Hospital
● the body's automatic reactions to a stimulus. in Lincoln, Nebraska
10. To facilitate the maintenance or regulatory ● Administrative supervisor at University of
mechanism and functions
Chicago
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function
● provides feedback to the brain for object recognition ● Chairperson of clinical nursing at Cook
and protection as the hand interacts with its Country SON
environment. ● Visiting professor at Tel Aviv University in
12. To identify and accept positive and negative Israel
expressions, feelings and reactions. ● Died in 1996
13. To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotions
and organic illness.
The fundamental concept of Myra Estrin Levine's
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and
nonverbal communication theory is:
15. To promote the development of productive
interpersonal relationship. Conservation
16. To facilitate the progress toward achievement and - When an individual is in a phase of conservation, it
personal spiritual goals. means that the person can adapt to the health
challenges with the slightest amount of effort

5 I Patrisha Isabelle D. Dumaran

 COLEGIO SAN AGUSTIN - BACOLOD
COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
MRS. MA. FE S. SANTOS, RN, MAN
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
3 Major Concepts of Conservational model
● to promote adaptation and maintain wholeness
using the principles of conservation
● guides the nurse to focus on the influences and
responses at the organismic level
● accomplishes the goal of model through the
conservation of energy, structure and personal and
social integrity
Wholeness
● Exist when the interaction or constant adaptations
to the environment permits the assurance of
integrity
Adaptation
● Every individual has a unique range of adaptive
responses
Conservation
● The product of adaptation
● "Keeping together "of the life systems or the
wholeness of the individual
Conservational Principle
(1) Conservation of energy
● Refers to balancing energy of input and output to
avoid excessive fatigue includes adequate rest,
nutrition and exercise
● Example:
○ Availability of adequate rest
○ Maintenance of adequate nutrition
(2) Conservation of structural integrity
● Refers to maintaining or restoring the structure of
body preventing physical breakdown and promoting
● healing
● Example:
○ Assist patient in ROM exercise
○ Maintenance of patient’s personal hygiene
(3) Conservation of personal integrity
● Recognizes the individual as one who strives for
recognition, respect, self awareness, selfhood and
self determination
● be conscious of others' comfort levels
● Example:
○ Recognize and protect patient’s space
needs
(4) Conservation of social integrity
● An individual is recognized as some one who
resides with in a family, a community ,a religious
group, an ethnic group, a political system and a
nation
● Example:
○ Position patient in bed to foster social
interaction with other patients
○ Promote patient’s use of news paper,
magazines, radio. TV
○ Provide support and assistance to family
Nursing’s paradigm
Environment
● Competes with the wholeness
● Internal
- Homeostasis - maintenance of physiological
equilibrium or constancy of environmental
conditions
- Homeorrhesis - orchestrated or coordinated
control in metabolism of body tissues necessary to
support a physiological state.
● External
● Pre-conceptual - Aspect of the world that an
individual will be able to intercept
➢ Operational
● Elements that may physically affects individuals but
not perceived by them: radiation, micro-organism
and pollution
➢ Conceptual
● Part of person's environment including cultural
patterns characterized by spiritual existence, ideas,
values, beliefs and tradition
Person
● A holistic being who constantly strives to preserve
wholeness and integrity
● A unique individual in unity and integrity, feeling,
believing, thinking and whole system of system
Health
● It is not merely healing of an afflicted part ,it is a
return to daily activities, selfhood and the ability of
the individual to pursue once more his or her own
interest without constraints.
● Disease: It is unregulated and undisciplined change
and must be stopped or death will ensue
● Health is a wholeness and successful adaptation
Nursing
● "Nursing is a profession as well as an academic
discipline, always practiced and studied in concert
with all of the disciplines from other the health
sciences"
● The human interaction relying on communication
,rooted in the organic dependency of the individual
human being in his relationships with other human
beings.
● involves engaging in "human interactions"
6 I Patrisha Isabelle D. Dumaran