if there is no GCP used and the location geo tag are absent, how does metashape scale the

final output?

If there are no ground control points (GCPs) used and the image locations are not
geotagged, Metashape will still be able to produce a 3D model, but the scale of the
final output may not be accurate.

In the absence of GCPs or geotagged image locations, Metashape uses relative scale
information to estimate the 3D positions of the cameras and the scene geometry.
This is done by analyzing the geometric relationships between the images and the
features they capture, such as points on buildings, trees, or other objects. By
matching these features across images, Metashape can estimate the relative
positions and orientations of the cameras, and use this information to reconstruct
the 3D structure of the scene.

However, without GCPs or geotagged locations to provide absolute scale

information, the scale of the resulting model may be arbitrary, and may not
accurately reflect the true size and dimensions of the scene. In order to correct for
this, it may be necessary to introduce a scale factor or adjust the model dimensions
based on some known measurements or references. For example, if there are some
known object sizes or distances in the scene, such as the height of a building or the
width of a road, these can be used to scale the final model and ensure that it has
accurate dimensions. Alternatively, it may be possible to estimate the scale of the
scene by using external sources of information, such as maps, aerial imagery, or
other geospatial data.