Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association

Thrust Restraint

Ohio AWWA
Distribution Conference

July 15, 2014

1915
DIPRA Member Companies
 AWWA Standards

ANSI/AWWA C104/A21.4 Cement-Mortar Linings

ANSI/AWWA C105/A21.5 Polyethylene Encasement
ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10 Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings
ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints
ANSI/AWWA C115/A21.15 Flanged Ductile-Iron Pipe
ANSI/AWWA C116/A21.16 Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings for Fittings
ANSI/AWWA C150/A21.50 Thickness Design
ANSI/AWWA C151/A21.51 Ductile-Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast
ANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53 Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings
ANSI/AWWA C600 Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains
DIPRA Website
(www.dipra.org)
 Restraining
Thrust Forces
Forces Causing Thrust

Static forces
(Internal pressure)
Dynamic forces
(Fluid velocity)
Thrust Force

Straight Run

PA PA
Components Requiring Thrust Restraint

Bends
Tees
Dead ends
Hydrants
Offsets
Reducers
Components Requiring Thrust Restraint

Bends
Tees
Dead ends
Hydrants
Offsets T = (P1 – P2) A
Reducers
Thrust Force

Bend

2PA Sin(/2)
Resultant Thrust: 90° Bend

Pressure at 150 psi

Nominal Thrust
Pipe Size Force
(in) (lbs)
6 7,932
12 29,030
24 110,901
36 244,396
48 429,956
64 718,506
Restraining Techniques

Thrust blocks
Restrained joint system
Tie rods
Combined systems
Types of Thrust Blocks

Bearing
Gravity
 Bearing Thrust Block

Undisturbed Soil Bearing Area

45°
45°

Safety Factor • Thrust Force (lbs)

Bearing Area (ft2) =
Bearing Capacity of Undisturbed Soil (lbs/ft2)
Soil Bearing Strength SB

Soil SB (lb/ft2)
Muck 0
Soft clay 1,000
Silt 1,500
Sandy silt 3,000
Sand 4,000
Sandy clay 6,000
Hard clay 9,000
Bearing Thrust Block

Ht

T h

h ≤ 1/2Ht
T
A = hb = (Sf)
SB
Bearing Block Construction

Right Wrong

45°
45°

T T
Thrust Restraint
 Gravity Thrust Block

Gravity Block

Safety Factor • Thrust Force (lb)

Gravity Block Size (ft3) =
Density of Block Material (lb/ft3)
 Restrained Joint Force System
PA Tan(/2)
L=
Ff + ½ Rs
PA

L
PA Sin(/2)

Ff

Rs [Ff + ½ Rs]LCos(/2)
Restrained Joints
Mechanical Joint Retainer Glands

Set-Screw
Mechanical Joint
Retainer Gland

Wedge-action
Mechanical Joint
Retainer Gland
Restrained Joints
 Designing Thrust Systems

Thrust Restraint Brochure

A brochure outlining design theory

and a design aid of restrained
joint systems for ductile iron pipe.
 Restrained Joint Force System
PA Tan(/2)
L=
Ff + ½ Rs
PA

L
PA Sin(/2)

Ff

Rs [Ff + ½ Rs]LCos(/2)
Restrained Length Dependant Upon

Pipe size
Type of fitting
Internal pressure
Depth of cover
Soil characteristics
Laying conditions
 Suggested Values for Soil Properties
and Reduction Constant

Kn
Soil  Cs γ A21.50 Laying
Soil Description f fc
Designation (deg) (psf) (deg) Condition
2* 3 4 5
Clay of medium to low plasticity, .50
Clay 1 LL<50, <25% coarse particles 0 0 300 90 .20 .40 .60 .85
[CL & CL-ML] .80

Cohesive granular soils, .40

Coh-gran 20 200 .40 90 .40 .60 .85 1.0
> 50% coarse particles [GC & SC] .65
Sand or gravel w/silt, .50
Sand Silt 30 0 0 90 .40 .60 .85 1.0
> 50% coarse particles [GM & SM] .75
Clean sand, >95% coarse particles, .75
Good Sand 36 0 0 100 .40 .60 .85 1.0
[SW & SP] .80

Consult Table 3 of thrust brochure for pertinent notes.

 Laying Conditions

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Type 4 Type 5
 Thrust Restraint - Research

12” MJ Pipe and fittings

with DI retainer glands

Movement
sensing
probes

Measurement Trench
Measuring
Railroad Cross Frame
Tie Bulkhead

Backfilled Approximately
3’ of cover
Probe

Bedding compaction
varied during test
Section “A-A”
 Designing Thrust Systems

Thrust Restraint Computer Program

A computer program to aid in

the design of restrained joint
systems for ductile iron pipe.
 Table B-5
A21.50 – Laying Conditions
Soil Type: Coh-gran
2 3 4 5
Soil Parameters
f 0.40 0.65 0.65 0.65
 = 20 degrees
fc 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
Cs = 200 psf
 = 90 pcf Kn 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

A21.50 – Laying Conditions

Size Depth 2 3 4 5
(in) (ft) Restrained Restrained Restrained Restrained
Length (ft) Length (ft) Length (ft) Length (ft)
30 2.5 97 (112) 69 (79) 56 (62) 50 (55)

30 3.0 91 (105) 65 (74) 52 (58) 47 (51)

30 4.0 81 (93) 57 (65) 46 (51) 41 (45)

30 6.0 66 (76) 46 (52) 37 (41) 33 (36)

30 8.0 56 (64) 38 (44) 31 (34) 28 (30)

30 10.0 48 (56) 33 (38) 26 (30) 24 (26)
Horizontal Bend Multiplier

 Tan(/2)
90° 1.000
45° 0.414
22½° 0.199
11¼° 0.098
 Vertical Down Bend

/2 2PA Sin(/2)

F
s

PA Tan(/2)
L = Sf F
Ff s
 Tee
PAb

Lr

Lb
PAb -1/2 RsLr
Lb = Sf
(Ff )b

Lb(Ff)b
Extend Restrained Joints at:

Casings
Bridge crossings
Aboveground applications
Poor soil conditions
Closely located fittings
Combined Horizontal Bends
2PA Sin(/2) 2PA Sin(/2)

Rs Rs

Ff Ff
L L

Known Known
L1 L1

2PA Tan(/2)
L1 = Sf -L
Ff + 1/2Rs
 Vertical Offset
2PA Sin(/2)
2PA Tan(/2)
L2 = Sf -L
Ff Ff + 1/2Rs

L1 L

L
L2

2PA Tan(/2)
L1 = Sf -L Ff
Ff
Rs

2PA Sin(/2)
Combined Vertical Equal Angle Offsets

Ff Ff

L1 L L L1

L L

2PA Tan(/2)
L1 = Sf -L
Ff
Thrust Restraint - Closures

L2

Closure
L2

Closure

L1 L1
Thrust Restraint – Deflected Joints

Second unrestrained joint

begin deflect

First unrestrained joint

do not deflect
Maximum Thrust of Deflected Joints

Push-On Pipe Joint at 100 psi

Nominal Pipe Maximum Joint Maximum Lateral
Size (in) Deflection (deg) Thrust (lbs)
4 5.00 158
8 5.00 561
12 5.00 1,194
20* 3.00 1,918
24* 3.00 2,737
36* 3.00 6,032
48* 3.00 10,611
54* 3.00 13,623
60* 3.00 15,608
64* 3.00 17,733
* Maximum deflection may be larger than shown. Consult the manufacturer.
Horizontal Bend / Vertical Up Bend
PA Tan(/2)
L = Sf
Ff + ½ Rs
PA

L
PA Sin(/2)

Ff

Rs [Ff + ½ Rs]LCos(/2)
 Tie
Rods
Calculating Number of Tie Rods
F = SA
Sf T(X or Y)
N=
F
Where:
F = Force Developed per Rod (lbs.)
S = Tensile Strength of Rod Material (psi)
A = Cross Sectional Area of Rod (in.2)
N = Number of Rods Required
T(X or Y) = Thrust Force Component (lbs.)
Sf = Safety Factor (usually 1.5)
Combined
Systems
Installation
DUCTILE IRON PIPE
THE RIGHT DECISION
Horizontal Directional Drilling

Drill Pipe Reamer DIP

Swivel
Valparaiso, IN
220 feet of 12-inch
San Marcos, TX
1,200’ of 30”
DI Restrained Joints for HDD
Los Angeles, CA – 47 Years Latham, NY – 47 Years

Chicago, IL – 44 Years Sterling, CO – 41 Years

 Lafourche Parish, Louisiana – 4-Inch Cast Iron Pipe
Peen Pattern
Installed: 1958 – Inspected: 2013

Resistivity: 480 ohm-cm

pH: 6.9
Redox: - 30 mV
Sulfides: Positive
Chlorides: Positive
Saturated
 Lafourche Parish, Louisiana – 4-Inch Cast Iron Pipe
Peen Pattern
Installed: 1958 – Inspected: 2013

Resistivity: 480 ohm-cm

pH: 6.9
Redox: - 30 mV
Sulfides: Positive
Chlorides: Positive
Saturated
 Lafourche Parish, Louisiana – 4-Inch Cast Iron Pipe
Peen Pattern
Installed: 1958 – Inspected: 2013

Resistivity: 480 ohm-cm

pH: 6.9
Redox: - 30 mV
Sulfides: Positive
Chlorides: Positive
Saturated
RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL RESEARCH
(Polyethylene Encasement with Corrosion Inhibitor & Biocide in film - V-BIO )
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly!
 Deflection
Steel Pipe

K W r3
Dx = DL
EI + 0.061 E' r3
Dx = Allowable deflection
DL = Deflection lag factor
K = Bedding constant
W = Load per unit length of pipe
r = Radius
EI = Pipe wall stiffness
E' = Modulus of Soil Reaction
Standard Steel Thicknesses
(Decimal Equivalents)

.060” = 16 GA. .150” = 9 GA. .239” = 3 GA. .625” = 5/8”

.067” = 15 GA. .165” = 8 GA. .250” = 1/4” .688” = 11/16”

.075” = 14 GA. .179” = 7 GA. .313” = 5/16” .750” = 3/4”

.090” = 13 GA. .188” = 3/16” .375” = 3/8” .813” = 13/16”

.105” = 12 GA. .194” = 6 GA. .438” = 7/16” .875” = 7/8”

.120” = 11 GA. .209” = 5 GA. .500” = 1/2” .936” = 15/16”

.135” = 10 GA. .224” = 4 GA. .563” = 9/16” 1.000” = 1”

Pipe on Supports
Design Considerations

Localized stress at supports

Hoop stress due to internal pressure
Flexural stress at center span
Deflection at center span
Locate Support Immediately
Behind Pipe Bell

The bell contributes beneficial ring stiffness

Reduces the effect of support loads
and localized stress
 Support Width

b = 2 D te
b
Where:
b = minimum (axial) saddle width (in.)
D = actual outside diameter of pipe (in.)
te = nominal pipe wall thickness (in.)
 Localized Stress at Supports

Stress at the support is limited to 48,000 psi,

50% of the ultimate bending stress of Ductile Iron
 Flexural Stress at Center
Span

Mmax

L/2 L/2

Stress at the support is limited to 48,000 psi,

50% of the ultimate bending stress of Ductile Iron
Maximum Deflection at Center Span

ymax
L/2 L/2

yr = L/10
yr = maximum allowable deflection to prevent
damage to cement mortar lining (in.)
 Internal Pressure
t = Wall Thickness (in.)
Pi = Design Pressure (psi)
= 2 ( Pw + Ps )
Pi
Pw = Working Pressure (psi)
Ps = Surge Pressure (psi)
= 100 psi
D = Outside Diameter (in.)
Pi D
t = S = Hoop Stress
2S
= 42,000 psi (min.)
Ductile Iron Pipeline Joints

Push-on Joint Mechanical Joint

Allowable Deflections

Push-On: 1½ – 5
o o

Mechanical: 2 – 8
o o
Is Steel Strap Required?
Maximum Thrust of Deflected Joints

Mechanical Pipe Joint at 100 psi

Nominal Pipe Maximum Joint Maximum Lateral
Size (in) Deflection (deg) Thrust (lbs)
3 8.30 178
4 8.30 262
6 7.12 464
8 5.35 600
10 5.35 903
12 5.35 1,277
14 3.58 1,149
16 3.58 1,486
18 3.00 1,564
20 3.00 1,918
24 2.38 2,171
 Pipe on
Supports
 Pipe on
Supports
 Pipe on
Supports