BOLTED CONNECTIONS

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 CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Bolted Connections
• Bolts and Bolting
• Force Transfer Mechanism
• Failure of Connections

In shear
In tension
Combined shear and tension
Block shear

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 INTRODUCTION
• Designed more conservatively than members because they are more
complex to analyse and discrepancy between analysis and design is
large

• In case of overloading, failure in member is preferred to failure in

connection

• Connections account for more than half the cost of structural steel
work

• Connection design has influence over member design

• Similar to members, connections are also classified as idealised types

Effected through rivets, bolts or weld

• Codal Provisions

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TYPES OF CONNECTIONS -!

Classification based on type of force in the bolts

Single
shear

Double
shear
a) Lap Connection b) Butt Connection

Shear Connections

support
(b)
(a)

Tension Connection and Tension plus Shear Connection

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 BOLTS AND BOLTING

Bolt Grade: Grade 4.6 :- fu = 400 N/mm2 and fy = 0.6*400 = 240 N/mm2

Bolt Types: Black, Turned & Fitted, High Strength Friction Grip
Black Bolts:
usually Gr.4.6,
made snug tight,
ductile and cheap,
only static loads
Turned & Fitted;
Gr.4.6 to 8.8,
Close tolerance drilled holes,
0.2% proof stress
HSFG Bolts:
Gr.8.8 to 10.9,
less ductile,
excellent under dynamic/fatigue loads
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 FORCE TRANSFER MECHANISM
(a) Bearing Connection
T
Bearing stresses

(b) Friction Connection

T
Tension
Frictional Force T in bolt
Clamping Force, PO
T

Clamping Force, PO

Bolt Shear Transfer – Free Body Diagram

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 TIGHTENING OF HSFG BOLTS

1) Turn-of-nut Tightening
2) Calibrated Wrench Tightening
3) Alternate Design Bolt Installation
4) Direct Tension Indicator Method

(a) Standard (b) Oversized

(c )Short Slot (d) Long slot

Hole types for HSFG bolts

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 FAILURE OF CONNECTIONS
Shear Connections with Bearing Bolts

(a) Shearing of Bolts

Ps = ps As where As = 0.78A

(b) Bearing on Bolts

Pbb = pbb d t
Zone of
(c) Bearing on Plates plastification

Pbs = pbs d t  ½ e t pbs

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 Bearing Type Bolts

Shear capacity of bolt

fu
Vsb   nn Anb  ns Asb  / mb
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Reduction factor in shear for Long Joints
βlj  1.075 - (l j /200d)
but 0.75  βlj  1.0
Reduction factor in shear for Large Grip Lengths

lg = 8 d /(3 d+lg)

Reduction factor for Packing Plates

pk = (1 - 0.0125 tpk)

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 Bearing Type Bolts

Bearing Capacity of bolt on any ply

Vsb = (2.5 d t fu )/ γmb

Tension Capacity

Tb =(0.90 fub An)/ γmb < (fyb Asb (γm1 / γm0))/ γmb

Bolt subjected to combined shear and tension

2 2
 V   T 
   e   1.0
V  T 
 sd   nd 

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FAILURE OF CONNECTIONS-1

Shear Connections with HSFG Bolts

(a) Slip Resistance

Vsf = (µf ne Kh Fo)/ γmf

Kh =1.0 (clearance hole)

 = 0.45 (untreated surfaces)
Fo= proof load

(b) Bearing on Plates

Vbf = (2.2 d t fup ) / γmf < (3 d t fyp)/ / γmf

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 Friction Grip Type Bolting
Slip resistance
Vsf = (µf ne Kh Fo)/ γmf
Where,
µf = coeff. of friction (slip factor) as in Table 10.2 (µf < 0.55)
ne = number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip
Kh = 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes
= 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short slotted holes
= 0.7 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to the slot.

γmf = 1.10 (if slip resistance is designed at service load)

γmf = 1.25 (if slip resistance is designed at ultimate load)

Fo = minimum bolt tension (proof load) at installation ( 0.8 Asb fo)

Asb = shank area of the bolt
fo = proof stress (= 0.70 fub)

Note: Vns may be evaluated at a service load or ultimate load using

appropriate partial safety factors, depending upon whether slip resistance
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is required at service load or ultimate load.
TYPICAL AVERAGE VALUES FOR COEFFICIENT OF
FRICTION (µf)

Coefficient
Treatment of surface of friction
(µf)
Clean mill scale 0.33

Sand blasted surface 0.48

Red lead painted surface 0.1

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 BOLTS UNDER TENSION AND PRYING EFFECT
2T
Bearing type 2T (b) HSFG
connection Connection

To To To+T To+T
T T

2T
Bolt
force HSFG
B b
B kN n
Proof Load Bearing A
Po type

Q Q
Applied load 2T (kN) T+Q T+Q
( c) External Tension (d) Prying Effect
versus bolt force
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 Friction Grip Type Bolting
Prying Force

   f b t 4
l  o e 
Q v T 
2l  e 2 
e 27 l l 
 e v 


 = 2 for non-pretensioned and 1 for pretensioned
 = 1.5 for LSM
be = effective width of flange per pair of bolts

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DESIGN STRENGTHS FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Table 1 Bolt Strengths in Clearance Holes in MPa

Bolt strengths Bolt grade

4.6 8.8
Shear strength ps 160 375
Bearing strength pbb 435 970
Tension strength pt 195 450

Table 2 Bearing Strengths of Connected Parts in MPa

Steel grade ST42S Gr.43 Gr.50

Bearing bolts pbs 418 460 550
HSFG bolts pbg 650 825 1065

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Stresses due to Individual forces
P
fa or q =
t t lw
Combination of stresses
Fillet welds
fu
fe  f a2  3q 2 
3  mw

Combined bearing, bending and shear

2 2
f = f +f + f f + 3q 2
e b br b br

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 GENERAL ISSUES IN CONNECTION DESIGN

Assumptions in traditional analysis

• Connection elements are assumed to

be rigid compared to the connectors T
• Connector behaviour is assumed to V d
be linearly elastic V
C e
• Distribution of forces arrived at by
assuming idealized load paths M = Td
• Provide stiffness according to the
assumed behaviour (a) (b)
• ensure adequate ductility and rotation
capacity Standard Connections (a) moment
• provide adequate margin of safety connection (b) simple connection

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CONTENTS -1

• Analysis of Bolt Groups

– Combined Shear and Moment in-Plane
– Combined Shear and Moment out-of-plane
• Beam and Column Splices
• Beam to Column Connections
• Beam to Beam Connections
• Truss Connections
• Fatigue Behaviour

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 TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
Classification based on type of resultant force transferred

(a) (b)
Concentric Connections

(a) (b)

Moment Connections

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 BEAM AND COLUMN SPLICE
Strength, stiffness and ease in erection

Assumptions in
(a)Conventional Rolled-section
Splice & Plate Girders

(b) End-Plate
Splice

Bolted Beam Splice

Column Splices – bearing type or HSFG moment splices

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 BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

(a) Simple – transfer only shear at nominal eccentricity

Used in non-sway frames with bracings etc.
Used in frames upto 5 storeys

(b) Semi-rigid – model actual behaviour but make analysis

difficult (linear springs or Adv.Analysis). However lead
to economy in member designs.

(c) Rigid – transfer significant end-moments undergoing

negligible deformations. Used in sway frames for
stability and contribute in resisting lateral loads and
help control sway.

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 BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

e
(a) (b) (c)
V

Simple beam-to-column connections a) Clip and seating angle

b) Web cleats c) Curtailed end plate
(a) Economical when automatic saw and drill lines are available
Check end bearing and stiffness of seating angle
Clip angle used for torsional stability
(b) If depth of cleats < 0.6d design bolts for shear only
(c) Eliminates need to drill holes in the beam. Limit depth and thickness
t < /2 (Gr.8.8) and /3 (Gr.4.6)

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 BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

column
web diagonal web
stiffeners stiffener plate

(a) (b) (c)

Rigid beam-to-column connections a) Short end plate

b) Extended end plate c) Haunched

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 TRUSS CONNECTIONS

Splice
plate

Gusset e
Plate
Gusset
Plate
support

(a) Apex Connection (b) Support connection

Truss Connections
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Thank You

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