Riveted, Bolted &

Welded Connections
 INTRODUCTION
Connection Type:
1. Bearing Type Connection
2. Friction Type Connection
 INTRODUCTION
Bearing Type: It is assumed that the load to be transferred is
larger than the frictional resistance caused by tightening the bolts,
consequently members slip a little over each other casing
shearing of bolts. Ordinary bolt (or rivet)

Bearing type connections

Friction Type: It is assumed that the load to be transferred by
frictional force between connecting plats developed by tightening
the bolts, consequently members slip are not allow.
High strength bolt

Friction type connections

 TYPES OF RIVETED AND BOLTED
JOINTS: According to position of plate
Lap joint: Plates to be connected are lapped over one
another and fasted by one or more rows of rivets.

Butt joint: The plates are butted together by two cover

plates. main plate
cover plate
Boiler joints (pressure joints): Repeating
group
Caulking is important to prevent leakage
through outer cover plate

In calculation: Dbolt = Dhole outer Inner

cover cover
plate plate
Structural joints

in calculation:
1 
Dhole = Dbolt + (or 1.5 mm)
16
Multiple rows
 Terminology of JointThe distance
long pitch between to rivets
intermediate called pitch
pitch
back pitch
short
pitch

diagonal
pitch
Repeating Group and Repeating Section

Length of repeating pattern is

equal to the long pitch.

How many connector belong in

Repeating section?
 Efficiency of Joint
Compares the strength of the joint with that of solids plates

P0 P0

P1 P1 Efficiency = P1/P0
 Strength of Simple Lap Joint:
Bearing Type Connection
(1) Shearing (at connector)
t

Shearing Failure(at connector)

(2) Tearing (of plate) st

Shearing Failure (at Connector)

 Types of failures
A rivet joint may fail in several ways, but the failure
occurs as soon as failure takes place in one mode.
Types of failures
 Strength of Simple Lap Joint:
Bearing Type Connection sb
(3) Bearing (of plate)

(4) Unlikely to occur

if the distance from the edge
of the plate to the connector is
large enough (1.75-2 times the
diameter of the connector)
 Problem-1
A double-row riveted lap joint forms the girth seam of a boiler 5 ft in diameter. Pitch
of the rivets is 3.25 in.; diameter of rivet hole is 11/16 in.; thickness of the plate is
7/16 in. Find the strength of the repeating section, the efficiency, and the maximum
internal pressure. Use τ = 8.8 ksi, σb = 19 ksi and σt = 11 ksi.
3.25

In calculation Drivet = Dhole = 11/16 in

(1) Rivet capacity (shearing of rivet and bearing failure) , τ = 8.8 ksi
d2
Shearing: Ps = Ast = 2( )t
4

Pitch is the distance between two hole in a
single row
=2 (11/16) 2  8800
4
The computation of bolt numbers: how many
bolt in between a pitch = 6533.5 lb.
(1) Rivet capacity (shearing of rivet and bearing failure) (cont’) σb = 19 ksi

bearing: Pb = Abs b = 2(td )s t

7 11
= 2(  )  19000
16 16
= 11429.7 lb.

(2) Tearing capacity (tension failure of plate) st = 11 ksi

Pt tearing:

3.25 Pt = Ats t
11 7
= (3.25 − )  11000
16 16
= 12332 lb.
3.25 Hence the strength of
the repeating section is
” 6533.5 lb per 3.25 in.
Internal pressure
Ps = 6533.5 lb. per 3.25

 D2 6533.56 lb
p = D
4 3.25
 D2
F= p
4  (15 12) 2 6533.56
p =  (15  12) 
4 3.25

p = 134 psi.
 Strength of Complex Butt Joint:
Bearing Type Connection

Strength of bearing type connection is minimum of:

i. Capacity of rivets to transmit load
ii. Tearing resistance of plate

(1) Preliminary calculation:

load that can transmitted by one rivet (shear or bearing)

(2) Possible method of failure

 Problem-2

Single shear Double shear

 300
t= = 60 MPa
5
650
d = 20.5 mm sb = = 130 MPa
5
400
st = = 80 MPa
5
Row 1 (has 1-rivet)
single shear
P-19.8 kN main plate

cover plate
19.8 kN

19.8 kN
Row 1 (has 1-rivet)
main plate
failure in the main plate
37.3 kN cover plate
P P-37.3 kN

37.3 kN

37.3 kN

main plate
failure in the cover plate
P 26.7 kN P-26.7 kN cover plate

26.7 kN Hence strength of

row-1 is 19.8 kN
26.7 kN
Row 2 (has 2-rivets in double shear)
double shear
39.6 kN

2 x 19.8 kN Shear strength

at row-2 is
2  39.6 = 79.2 kN
2 x 19.8 kN
P-99 kN
2 x 19.8 kN
19.8 kN

19.8 kN 2 x 19.8 kN

59.4 kN
Row 2 (has 2-rivets)

crushing at main plate 37.3 kN One possible

37.3 kN bearing strength
at row-2 is
2 x 37.3 kN
2  37.3 = 74.6 kN
P-94.4 kN

19.8 kN
37.3 kN
57.1 kN
One possible
bearing strength
crushing at cover plate 53.4 kN
at row-2 is
2 x 26.7 kN
4  26.7 = 106.8 kN
4 x 26.7 kN
P-126.6 kN
Hence
19.8 kN strength of
2 x 26.7 kN row 2 is
73.2 kN 74.6 kN
Row 3 (has 2-rivets
in double shear) double shear

2 x 19.8 kN

2 x 19.8 kN

crushing at main plate crushing at cover plate

Hence
strength of
37.3 kN 2 x 26.7 kN row 3 is also
2 x 37.3 kN 4 x 26.7 kN 74.6 kN

37.3 kN 2 x 26.7 kN
Total rivet capacity

74.6 kN 74.6 kN
19.8 kN
Tearing at row 1
of main plate Tearing at row 2
of main plate
Tearing capacity of main plate
Row 2
Row 1 Row 3 s t = 80 MPa
t = 14 mm
p = 180 mm
74.6 kN 74.6 kN
19.8 kN d = 20.5 mm
Failure
P1 main plate st P1 = ( p − d )ts t
load
p = 180 mm = (180 − 20.5) 14  80 of row 1
= 178.6 kN

main plate s t = 80 MPa P2 = ( p − 2d )ts t + 19.8 kN

P2
= 175.5 kN
19.8 kN
Failure load of row 2
s t = 80 MPa
main plate 37.3 kN
P3 P3 = ( p − 2d )ts t + 19.8 + 74.6 kN
37.3 kN = 250.1 kN
19.8 kN
Tearing Capacity of main plate
The external load applied to the joint does not act directly to
tear the main plate at row 2 because part of the load is
absorbed or transmitted by he rivet in row 1 from the main
plate to the cover plate. Hence if the main plate is to tear at
row 2, the external load must be the sum of the tearing
resistance of the main plate at row 2 plus the load
transmitted by the rivet in row 1 from the main plate to the
cover plate. Here 19.8 is the rivet strength in row 1.
Tearing capacity of cover plate

Row 1 Row 2 Row 3

19.8 kN
P
 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3

19.8 kN
P

Upper cover plate 9.9 kN

19.8 kN
79.2 kN
19.8 kN
19.8 kN
9.9 kN
Pc = 79.2 + 111.2
Tear capacity of cover plate = 190.4 kN
s t = 80 MPa
p = 180 mm
P = s t t ( p − 2d )
= 80 10  (180 − 2  20.5)
t = 10 mm
= 111.2 kN
d = 20.5 mm Tensile strength of
one cover plate
Tearing capacity of cover plate

In an ordinary butt joint the tensile capacity of both cover

plates is twice this value,
In a pressure joint, however, where one cover plate is shorter
(in this case the upper one )than the other the load capacity of
the shorter plate must be compared with the rivet load
transmitted to it.
In this case: the upper cover plate transmits the rivet load of
four rivets in single shear or 4*19.8=79.2; which is less than its
tearing capacity of 111.2 kN.
Hence the load capacity of both cover plates
becomes=79.2+111.2=190.4
Rivets failure: 169.0 kN
Tearing of main plate: 175.5 kN
Tearing of cover plate: 190.4 kN
 Stress in Bearing Type Connections
Assume each rivet carries a load proportional to its resisting shear area

Totally 9 shear areas:

1
1/2 2

2 the average load

2 transmitted by 1 shear
1/2
area is P = 36 / 9 = 4 kips
s
1
 Ps 4
the average shearing stress is t= = =5.80 ksi
d / 4
2
 15
( )2
4 16
Row2 Row3
Row1
 15 
 d = in 
 16 

3/8 in
1/ 2 in 4 kips
4 kips 1/ 2 in
3/8 in 4 kips
3/8 in
the maximum average bearing stress is
P 8
sb = b = =17.07 ksi
td 1 (15 )
2 16
main plate (Row 1)

36 kips 36
st = = 10.2 ksi
(8 − 16 ) 2
15 1

main plate (Row 2)

36 kips 2 kips
36 − 4
st =
(8 − 2  16
15 1
)2
2 kips
= 10.45 ksi

main plate (Row 3)

2 kips 8 kips 36 − 20
36 kips st =
(8 − 2  16
15 1
)2
8 kips
2 kips = 5.23 ksi
Upper cover plate
4 kips 2 kips
16 kips
4 kips
4 kips
2 kips

Lower cover plate

2 kips
4 kips 2 kips 20 kips
4 kips
4 kips
2 kips 2 kips
Structural Bearing Type Joint

Lap joints Butt joints

 shearing capacity of 1-rivet
Ps = t ( d 2 / 4)
= 95( 192 / 4) N
= 26.935 kN
bearing capacity of 1-rivet
d hole = d rivet + 1.5 mm = 20.5 mm Pb = s b (td )
Row1 = 220(8 19) N

P1 upper plate st = 33.44 kN

L = 250 mm Total rivets capacity
Privet = 9  26.935 kN
P1 = s t t ( L − d hole ) = 242.42 kN

= 140  8  (250 − 20.5) N = 257 kN

 Hence the joint
capacity is 242.42 kN

Efficiency =
242.42 kN
= 86.6%
140  8  250 N
d hole = d rivet + 1.5 mm
Row2
upper plate
st P2 − 26.94 kN = s t t ( L − 2d hole )
P2
L = 250 mm = 140  8(250 − 2  20.5) N
26.94 kN

P2 = 261 kN
Row3
st
26.94 kN P3 − 3  26.94 kN = s t t ( L − 3d hole )
P3 26.94 kN
= 140  8(250 − 3  20.5) N

26.94 kN P3 = 291.9 kN
Eccentrically Loaded Bearing Type Joint
 28.8
Pdx = = 2.4 kips
12
(-4.5,4) (-1.5,4) (1.5,4) (4.5,4)
38.4
Pdy = = 3.2 kips
12

(-4.5,0) (-1.5,0) (1.5,0) (4.5,0)

(-4.5,-4) (-1.5,-4) (1.5,-4) (4.5,-4)

Twisting moment
T = 38.4  4.5 kips.in
= 172.8 kips.in
WELDED CONNECTION
Butt Weld

strength of butt weld =

allowable stress  lenght of weld  thickness of the thinner plate

allowable stress = allowable stress of base metal

Fillet Weld

t
45O

throat = t sin 45O = 0.707t

ASIC: American Institute of Steel Construction

base on AISC, for E70 electrodes, A36 steel t allow = 21 ksi

 3 1  5 
t= − =
8 16 16
3/8
E70 : t = 21 ksi

q = 14.9t kips/in.
= 4.66 kips/in.

Ans
Ans
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELDED
CONNECTION
 Torsional couple:

Centroid:

Polar moment of inertia: