steel connections:

bolted
By
Professor Ghazi Abu-Farsakh
 1. INTRODUCTION
Types of Bolts
1. Unfinished Bolts (Ordinary Bolts)
2. Turned Bolts
3. Ribbed Bolts
4. High-Strength Bolts
 Unfinished Bolts .1
(Ordinary Bolts)
• Made of carbon-steel A307 (ASTM-
designation)
• Fy= 55 ksi (379 MPa) and Fu = 74 ksi
(510 MPa)
• Square or hexagonal heads and nuts
 2. Turned Bolts
• Bolts are made to close tolerances
within 1/50 in
• better shear resistance than normal
bolts
• Bolts have hexagonal heads and nuts
 3. Ribbed Bolts
• Bolts have ribs of outside diameter
slightly larger than the hole diameter
• Bolt needs to be driven into the hole
• Strength of such bolts is similar to
standard bolts of same diameter
4. High-Strength Bolts
• Bolts are made of A325 (heat treated
medium carbon steel), or A490 or A449
(heat treated quenched and tempered alloy
steels)
• Bolts are usually tightened to the proof
load
• Such bolts are used for all types of
structures because of high tensile
strength (several times higher than
ordinary bolts)
 Advantages of High-
Strength Bolts
• High strength (tensile, fatigue)
• Less labor
• Quicker steel erection
• Less cost
 Types of Holes

• Standard-Size Hole:
1
dh  db  in dh
16
 Types of Holes
• Oversized Hole:
Hole Dimensions
3 7
d h  db  d b  in
16 8
dh
1
dh  1 d b  1 in
4
7
d h  1 in d b  in
8
 Types of Holes
• Slotted Holes:
Short-slotted holes b
a
Hole dimensions
 1   1 7
 db   x  db    d b  in
 16   4 8
 1  5 a=long axis
1  x 1   db  1 in b= short axis
 16   16 
 1   3 Hole Dimensions=bxa
 db   x db    d  1 1 in
 16   8 b
8
 Types of Holes
• Slotted Holes:
Long-slotted holes
b
a
Hole Dimensions

 1   1 
 db   x  2 db  in
 16   2  a=long axis
b= short axis
Hole Dimensions=bxa
 High-Strength Bolts
• Strength of Bolts
Minimum-bolt tension (Pre-tension force) kips
n = number of threads per inch,
D = basic major diameter of bolt in inches,
Tb  0.7 Fu As Fu = ultimate stress of bolt in ksi.

0.9743 2
As  0.7854[ D  ( )]
n
Minimum bolt tension (Tb), kips (AISC-Table 1.23.5)

A490 Bolts A325 Bolts Bolt Size (Inches)

15 12 1/2
24 19 5/8
35 28 ¾
49 39 7/8
64 51 1
80 56 11/8
102 71 11/4
121 85 13/8
148 103 11/2
 Load Transfer and Types of Joints
1) Lap Joint P
P

Fig. 1- Lap joint showing end curl-up.

1) Butt Joint P P
) a(

P/2 P
P/2
)b (

Fig. 2- Butt joint.

 Load Transfer and Types of Joints
3) Double-Plane Connections

P/2

W-section P

P/2
Fig. 3- Double-plane connection.

4) Miscellaneous Connections
P/2 P
P
P/2 P

Fig. 4- Bolts are in multiple shear case.

Failure of Bolted Joints
1) Shear Failure in Bolt

P/2
P/2 P

Fig. 5- Failure due to shear in the bolt

.

2) Tension Failure in Connected Parts

Principal plane

P P

.Fig 6- Tension cracks in connected parts

Failure of Bolted Joints
3) Crushing Failure in Connected Parts

P P

.Fig. 7- Crushing failure of connected parts

4) Shear Failure in Connected Parts

Plane of maximum shear stress

45

P P

.Fig. 7- Crushing failure of connected parts

Failure of Bolted Joints
5) Tearing and Burst in Connected Parts

P P P P

)a ( )b (
.Fig. 8- Failure due to edge distance: a) tearing, b) burst
Spacing and Edge Distance of
Bolts

1) Minimum Edge Distance

P= force per bolt (kips)
e1  (1.5  2)db in
Fu= minimum ultimate stress of
)Table J3.5-AISC(
connected parts (ksi)
2p t= minimum thickness (in)
e2   C 2 in.
Fu t C2= edge distance increment (in)
(Table J3.6-AISC)
Spacing and Edge Distance of
Bolts

2) Maximum Edge Distance

emax  12t but not exceeding 6 in.

t= minimum thickness (in)

For unpainted built-up sections made of atmospheric corrosion-

:resistant steel (ASTM A242, A588)

emax  8t but not exceeding 5 in AISC- Section J3-10

Spacing and Edge Distance of
Bolts

3) Minimum Spacing
2
s1  2 d b in.  it is preferred 3d b
3

2 p db P= force per bolt (kips)

s2    C1 in
Fu t 2 Fu= minimum ultimate stress of
connected parts (ksi)
)Table J3.4-AISC(
t= minimum thickness (in)
C1= edge distance increment (in)
(Table J3.6-AISC)
Spacing and Edge Distance of
Bolts

4) Maximum Spacing

s max  12t but not exceeding 6 in.

t= minimum thickness (in)

For unpainted built-up sections made of atmospheric corrosion-

:resistant steel (ASTM A242, A588)

smax  14t but not exceeding 7 in AISC- Section J3-10

TYPES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

1) Bearing-Type Connections 2) Friction-Type

(Slip-Critical) Connections
P
Pbolt  , Pbolt  0.5To Pbolt  0.5To
nb
To Shear plane

P
P

To
.Fig. 9- Forces acting on bolt
TYPES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

1) Bearing-Type Connections 2) Friction-Type

Loose connection (Slip-Critical) Connections
(Snug-tight) Tight connection
(Fully-tensioned)
Slippage will occur
No slippage
Load is
transferred by
shear in the bolt Load is
and bearing in the transferred in
connected parts friction between
connected parts
 1) Bearing-Type Connections
:Force is transmitted through three stages

•Bearing-force from the connected part to the bolt

•Shear-force in the bolt

•Bearing-force from the bolt to the connected part

 1) Bearing-Type Connections
a.Threads excluded from shear-plane
2
d b Shear plane
Ps  nAb Fv , Ab 
4 P
P
Pp  td b Fp  td b (1.2 Fu )
Fig. 10-Threads excluded from shear plane.
Pall  min imum( Ps , Pp )
Fv= allowable shear stress (ksi)
n= number of shear planes
t= thickness of critical connected part (in)
,Fp= allowable bearing stress (ksi)
) AISC ASD-Specification Table 2(
 1) Bearing-Type Connections
a.Threads not excluded from shear-plane
2
d b Shear plane
Ps  nAs Fv , Ab 
4 P
As  0.7 Ab P

Ps  n(0.7 Fv ) Ab  nFv' Ab Fig. 10-Threads not excluded from shear plane.

Pp  td b Fp  td b (1.2 Fu )
Fv= allowable shear stress (ksi)

Pbolt  minimum of ( Ps , Pp ) n= number of shear planes

t= thickness of critical connected part (in)
,Fp= allowable bearing stress (ksi)
) AISC ASD-Specification Table 2(
 2) Friction-Type
(Slip-Critical) Connections

Pbolt  0.5To

Pbolt = force carried per bolt,

T0 = pre-tension force applied to the bolt

In this type of connections, method of analysis used is

similar to that of Bearing-type connections except that
the allowable shear stress Fv used in calculating the
. shear force Ps is obtained from AISC-Table J3.2

Ps  nAb Fv Pp  td b Fp  td b (1.2 Fu )

Pall  min imum( Ps , Pp )

 1. BOLTS SUBJECTED TO DIRECT SHEAR

Example (1)

For the lap-connection shown determine the allowable force which

can be carried safely by it. Plates have equal dimensions (t=1/2 in,
width= 12 in) . Four (two per gage line) A325 bolts of 7/8 in
diameter (Ab = 0.6 in2), are used. Holes are of standard size and
arranged in a standard-type connection. Consider two cases; a)
Bearing-type connection with threads excluded from shear plane, b)
Friction-type connection.

t=1/2 in
t=1/2 in
P P
 Determination of allowable tension force (Pt):

1
T1  0.6 Fy Ag  0.6(36)( x12)  129.6 kips
2
 1 1 
An  ( x12)  2(1)( )  5 in 2
 2 2 
T2  0.5 Fu Ct An  (0.5 x58)(1.0)(5)  145 kips
Pt  minimum of (T1 & T2 )  129.6 kips
Determination of allowable force per bolt (Pb):
a) Bearing-type connection

Ps  nAb Fv  (1)(0.6)(30)  18 kips (case of single shear)

1 7
Pp  td b (1.2 Fu )  ( )( )(1.2 x58)  30.44 kips
2 8
Pbolt  minimum of ( Ps & Pp )  18 kips
Pbc  nb Pbolt  4(18)  72 kips
Friction-type (or slip-critical) connection

Ps  nAb Fv  (1)(0.6)(17)  10.2 kips

1 7
Pp  td b (1.2 Fu )  ( )( )(1.2 x58)  30.44 kips
2 8

Pbolt  minimum of ( Ps & Pp )  10.2 kips

Pfc  nb Pbolt  4(10.2)  40.8 kips

P  minimium of ( Pt & Pfc )  40.8 kips

 Truss Connections
Example (2)

Design the truss joint U1 which appear in Figs. 12 and 13, then draw
the necessary details using a suitable scale. Consider bearing-type
connection using A325 bolts of diameter 7/8 in with threads
excluded from shear-plane. Consider continuous upper chord
memberU0 U1U2 at joint U1 . Members of truss are made of steel
A36.

U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5

10-ft
Axis of symmetry

L0 L1 L2
10 Panels @8-ft

Fig. 12- View of truss

structure.
 Truss Connections
Solution
:Determination of Pall per bolt

0.0 U1 121.6 2L6x6x3/8

109.5 85.2 2L6x4x3/8 2L5x21/2 x3/8

Fig. 13- Members and

forces at joint U1.

:For member U0 U1U2 Ps  nAb Fv  (2)(0.6)(30)  36 kips

3 7
Pp  td b (1.2 Fu )  ( )( )(1.2 x58)  22.84 kips
8 8

Pbolt  minimum of ( Ps & Pp )  22.84 kips

121.6
n  5.32  Take minimum 6 bolts
22.84
 Truss Connections
:Determination of Pall per bolt

:For member L0U1

Ps  nAb Fv  (2)(0.6)(30)  36 kips

3 7
Pp  td b (1.2 Fu )  ( )( )(1.2 x58)  22.84 kips
8 8
Pbolt  minimum of ( Ps & Pp )  22.84 kips
109.5
n  4.8  Take 5 bolts
22.84
 Truss Connections
:Determination of Pall per bolt

:For member L1U1

Ps  nAb Fv  (2)(0.6)(30)  36 kips

3 7
Pp  td b (1.2 Fu )  ( )( )(1.2 x58)  22.84 kips
8 8
Pbolt  minimum of ( Ps & Pp )  22.84 kips
85.2
n  3.73  Take 4 bolts
22.84
 Truss Connections

24-in
2L6x6x3/8

10-in
2L5x21/2 x1/4
2L6x4x3/8 10-in

½-in Gusset Plate

Shear-Flow
Connections
Example (2)

A built-up beam section composed of W21x147 covered by

top and bottom flange plates ( 3/4x16-in) as shown in the
figure. Beam is made of A36-steel. A325 bolts of 7/8 in
diameter in friction-type connection are used. Determine
the maximum pitch (pmax) between the bolts at top and
bottom flanges
PL 3/4x16

p
W21x147 p

PL 3/4x16
Elevation view
Plan view
 Shear-Flow
Connections
Solution
3
I x  3630  2(16 x )(11.045) 2  6752 in 4
4
 I N . A. ( Inertia about Neutral Axes)
3
(190,000)(16 x x11 .405)
VQ 4
q ( shear flow)    3851 lb / in
I x. 6752
:Determination of Pall per bolt
Ps (single shear )  (0.6)(17,500)  10500 lb
3 7
Pp  ( )( )(1.2 x58000)  45675.2 lb
4 8
Pbolt  10500 lb
The longitudinal shearing force acting in the shear
plane between the flange of the W-section and the
:flange plate is carried by two bolts, accordingly

2(10500)
pmax (maximum pitch )   5.45 in
3851

PL 3/4x16
Pmax
Pmax=5.45 in
W21x147

PL 3/4x16
Elevation view
Plan view
 2. BOLTS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC SHEAR
:Elastic Method

Bolts subject to eccentric shear = direct shear case +

.twisting moment case
Mt=P.e
e P P

P/nb
C.G.

Case (a) Case (b)

2. BOLTS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC SHEAR
Case (a): Direct shear Case (b): Twisting Moment
P rn Ht
d n d1 r1 Vt ri
P/nb di
d v
d3 C.G. 2 C.G.
r3 r2 h

P M t  P.e  r1 d1  r2 d 2  .........  rn d n
Vs 
nb r1 r2 rn
  ......... 
d1 d 2 dn
M t di
d1 d2 dn ri 
r1  r1 , r2  r1 ,.........., rn  r1 n
2
d1 d1 d1 d
i 1

ri H t Vt
 
di v h
2. BOLTS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC SHEAR
Case (a): Direct shear Case (b): Twisting Moment

P The horizontal and vertical Ht

Vs  components (Ht, Vt) of the
nb Vt ri
force (ri) acting on bolt (i) di v
:are given as C.G.
h
Mtv Mth
Ht  n
, Vt  n
2 2
d d
i 1 i 1

the resultant shear force acting on bolt (i)

VR  Vs  Vt , H R  H t
FR  H R
2
 VR
2
 P
bolt  Safety codition
2. BOLTS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC SHEAR
Example (3)
Check the safety of the given bolt group for the bracket
connection shown in figure. Bolts used are of A325 type of
diameter 7/8 in. (Ab=0.6 in2). Consider the case of bearing-
type connection with threads excluded from shear plane and
.holes are of standard size
P=30kips
Solution d 2 2
 2 2

 8(1.5)  4 (1.5)  (4.5)  108 in 2
3 in 6 in

M  P.e  30 x7.5  225 kips  in

30
Vs   3.75 kips  3 in
8
3 in
225 x1.5 12 in
Vt   3.13 kips 
108 3 in
Bracket Plate
VR  3.75  3.13  6.88  kips t=1/2 in
225 x 4.5
Ht  9.38 kips  For bearing-type connection
108
FR  (9.38) 2  (6.88) 2  11 .63 kips Pbolt  18 kips  (single shear case)

FR  11.63  18 kips  O.K. safe

Design of Bracket Plate
•Check for moment

:The net section modulus (Snet) is obtained as

P=30kips

t ph 2
b n(n  1)t p d h
2 2 3 in 6 in

S net  
6 6h
3 in
.tp =Plate thickness, in
12 in 3 in
.h = Plate depth, in
3 in
n = Number of fasteners in one vertical row Bracket Plate
.b’ = Fastener spacing vertically, in t=1/2 in

(0.5)12 2 (3 2 )(4)(4 2  1)(0.5)(1)

S net  
6 6(12)
S net  12  3.75  8.25 in 2
M  P.e  (30)(7.5)  225 kips  in
M 225
fb    27.27 ksi  0.6 Fy  21.6 ksi  (unsafe) N.G.
S net 8.25
 Design of Bracket Plate
•Check for shear
b
3 in 6 in≈0.6b P=30kips

3 in

12 in 3 in

3 in
Bracket Plate
t=1/2 in

V1 (at gross sec tion )  0.4 Fy Ag  0.4(36)(12 x0.5)  86.4 kips

V2 (at net sec tion )  0.3Fu An  0.3(58)[(12 x0.5)  4(1)(0.5)]x 2  139.2 kips
Vall (allowable shear force )  86.4 kips  P  30 kips  O.K .

Check shear at position of solid section at the load position

3.BOLTS SUBJECTED TO DIRECT TENSION
Before Tension (Pre-tension only)

To Case (a)
Co

:Equilibrium equation in case (a) To  C o

After Tension

P/2 P/2 P/2

T
Case (b)
P/2 P/2 P/2 C

:Equilibrium equation in case (b) T  PC

 3.BOLTS SUBJECTED TO DIRECT TENSION
If the axial strain due to increase of bolt length due to
increase of bolt tension is set equal to axial strain due to
increase of plate thickness due to decrease of compression
:between plates, then

P
T  To C o  C T  To 
 Substituting for Co and C  Ap E p 
Ab Eb Ap E p 1  
 Ab Eb 
,where
,Ab = nominal area of bolt
,Eb = elastic modulus of bolt
,Ap= net area of plate
.Ep = elastic modulus of plate  A E 
If the connection opens up T  To 1  b b 
,(i.e. C= 0)  A E 
 p p 
3.BOLTS SUBJECTED TO DIRECT TENSION
P
T  To  for C  0 2
 A E  d 2
1  p p  A p  plate net area  (3d b ) 2  b  8.2146d b
 Ab Eb  4
Ap
 Ab Eb   10.46, E p  Eb

T  To 1  for C  0 Ab
 AE 
 p p 
T  To  0.09 P  for C  0
Using the following T  1.1To  for C  0
dimensions for the connection

1.5db Graphically
T
1.5db
T=P
3db
Point of plate separation
T=1.1To
T=To+0.09P at C=0

To

P
Prying Action
Prying action occurs in the case of thin and
flexible flange connections, but if flanges are
thick enough or stiffened with plates this
effect will be negligible

Thin and flexible flanges. Stiffened flanges.

 A plastic hinge has been
Prying Action developed at section (I-I)

F
Mp

Free body diagram for forces
Q a T acting on critical section (I-I)
Co Co b
To To

M2=Mp
P
Bending moments
M1

I
I
Q Q
T T Loaded tributary-area for
w
each bolt.
Prying Action F
Mp
From the free body diagram at 
Free body diagram for forces
section (I-I) and taking moments acting on critical section (I-I)
about centerline of the bolt Q a T
b

T  F Q
Q b  M p /T

 

M p  Fb  Qa 
F  a  M p / T 
P
F = applied external force on each bolt, in kips F
nb
Q = prying force, in kips
T = tension in the bolt, in kips
2
wt f
The plastic moment (Mp) M p  Fy
4
Fy = yield stress of flange, in ksi
w = length of flange tributary to each bolt, in inches
tf = thickness of tee flange or leg of angle, in inches.
Prying Action
100b(d b ) 2  18w(t f ) 2 
A325 -bolts Q  F 2 2 
70 a ( d )  21w(t ) F
 b f  Mp

100b(d b )  14 w(t f )
2 2

A490 -bolts Q  F 2 2  Q a T
 62a (d b )  21w(t f )  b
M2=Mp

Design Considerations
M1
1. Each bolt must be designed to Ft = allowable tensile stress for
carry a combined force: bolts in bearing-type
T  F  Q  Ab Ft connections, in ksi

M 1  Qa
2. Bending stresses in the flange
(or leg) resulting from M 2  Tb  Q(a  b)  ( P  Q)b  Q(a  b)
bending moments M1 and M2 in M max  max imum of ( M 1&M 2 )
the flange, as illustrated in
the figure above, should not
M max 6M max
fb   2
 0.75Fy
exceed 0.75 Fy S wt f
Prying Action
Example
(4)
Determine the prying force and the bending moments in the
flange of the tee-stub cut from a W18x65 section and made of
steel A36. A total of six A325 bolts of diameter 7/8 in. are
used, which are arranged in two gage lines, three bolts per line.
Spacing between bolts is 4.5 in
Solution
For W18x65:
tf = 0.75 in., tw = 0.45, bf =7.59 in. 7.59 in
1.045 in 1.045 in
P 60 5.5 in
Force per bolt ( F )    10 kips
nb 6
2t f  2(0.75)  1.5 in.
a  1.045 in.  2t f  use a  1.045 in
5.5 0.45 1 P=60 kips
b    2.4625 in.
2 2 16 Fig. 29
7
d b   0.875 in., w  4.5 in.
8
Prying Action

Prying force
 (100)(2.4625)(0.875) 2  (18)(4.5)(0.75) 2 
Q  10   13.1 kips
2 2
 (70)(1.045)(0.875)  (21)(4.5)(0.75) 

T  F  Q  10  13.1  23.1 kips

Allowable tension force in a bolt  Ab Ft  (0.6)( 44)  26.4 kips  T  23.1 kips  O.K. safe

Bending Stresse

M1  Qa  ( 13.1 )( 1.045 )  13.67 kips  in.

M 2  Tb  Q(a  b)  ( 23.1 )( 2.4625 )  13.1( 1.045  2.4625 )  10.94 kips  in.
( 6 )( 13.67 )
fb   32.4 ksi  ( 0.75 x36 )  27 ksi  N .G. Unsafe
2
( 4.5 )( 0.75 )

.Connection is unsafe
 4.BOLTS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED
SHEAR AND TENSION
Example
(5)
Check the safety of the shown
knee-bracing member V=67.1 kips
connected to a column. Eight T=150 kips
bolts of A325 of diameter 7/8 Gusset Plate
in. are used, four bolts per
H=134.2 kips
gage line. The knee-bracing
member is composed of double-
angle section (2L 6 x 3 ½ x ½ )
and the column section is 2L 6 x 3 ½ x ½
W12x65. and both are made of
steel A36. Consider two cases: Fig. 30- Knee-bracing joint.
a) Bearing-type connection with 2L 6 x 3 ½ x ½
threads excluded from shear W12x65
plane, b) Friction-type
connection
 4.BOLTS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED
SHEAR AND TENSION
Solution
Bolts connecting gusset plate
to column are subjected to
direct shear force and a direct a. Bearing-type connection
:tension force, hence

ft 
134.2
 27.96 ksi
Ft  442  2.15(13.98) 2  38.93 ksi
8(0.6) (as indicated in ASD-Table J 3.3)

67.1 Fv  30 ksi  ( see ASD-Ta ble J 3.2)

fv   13.98 ksi
8(0.6)

f t  Ft , f v  Fv  O.K. safe
 4.BOLTS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED
SHEAR AND TENSION
Solution

b. Friction-type connection

134.2 Ft  44 ksi  ( see ASD-Ta ble J 3.2)

ft   27.96 ksi
8(0.6)

 f A 
fv 
67.1
 13.98 ksi Fv  1  t b  Fv ksi
8(0.6)  Tb 
 (27.96)(o.6) 
Fv  1  (17.0)  9.68 ksi
 39 

f t  Ft , f v  Fv  N.G. unsafe

 5.BOLTS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED SHEAR
AND MOMENT
.Two cases; separation and no separation cases
1.No Separation Case P
e b
Assuming the neutral axis ' f1 f2
(N.A.) at the middle of fave
S +
contact area N.A. S

Column
SD
S '
f1  f 2 f2
B
'
Double-angle
 Tb
f1   compressive stress
BD Fig. 31- Schematic representation of stress-distribution in case
M 6 Pe of no end-plate separation
f2    tensile stress
S BD 2
 SB  Pt
Pt (tension force)  f ave  
 2  Pv
P Fig. 32-Forces acting on the upper-
Pv (shear force)  most bolt.
nb
 5.BOLTS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED SHEAR
AND MOMENT
2. Separation Case
b e fmax
Assuming the neutral axis '
fb1
(N.A.) at the middle of S +
fb2
contact area S fb3 d1
S D d2
fb4 d3
.N.A d4
S
y
e
B
f2-stress distribution
 Tb
f1   compressive stress Fig. 33- Schematic representation of stress-distribution
BD .in case of end-plate separation
M 6 Pe
f2    tensile stress
S 2 Determine the new position
BD f1  f 2
of the neutral axis (N.A.):

y n
( By )( )   Ab d i
2 i 1
 By 3  n
I N . A. (moment of inertia)      Ab d i2 2 n
 3  i 1 y    Ab d i
 B  i 1
 5.BOLTS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED SHEAR
AND MOMENT

2. Separation Case

Md1
ft  Pt
I N . A.
Pv
P
Pt  Ab f t , Pv  Fig. 32-Forces acting on the upper-
nb most bolt.

Example (6)
Check the safety of the bolt-group as used in Fig. 31. The applied force
P=150 kips with eccentricity e=3 in is acting on a seat double-angle
(2L4x4x1/2). Ten A325-bolts of 1-in nominal diameter are used with
threads excluded from shear-plane. The pretension force in the bolt is
.51 kips. Section depth D=20 in, and spacing between bolts S=4 in
 5.BOLTS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED SHEAR
AND MOMENT
Solution
 Tb (10)(51)
f1    3.19 ksi  compressive stress
BD (8)(20)
M 6 Pe 6(150)(3)
f2     0.844 ksi  tensile stress
S BD 2 2
(8)(20)
f1  f 2 ( No seperation case)

8
f ave   0.844   0.675 ksi
 10 
 SB   (4)(8) 
Pt (tension force)  f ave    0.675   10.8 kips
 2   2 
P 150
Pv (shear force)    15 kips
nb 10
5.BOLTS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED SHEAR
AND MOMENT
d 2 (1) 2
Ab    0.785 in 2
4 4
15
f v (shear stress)   19.108 ksi
0.785
10.8
ft   13.758 ksi
0.785

Fv  30 ksi  Table J3.2

(Threads excluded from shear plane).

Ft  442  2.15 f v2  442  2.1519.1082  33.926 ksi  44 ksi  Table J3.3

f v  19.108 ksi  Fv O.K.

10.8
ft   13.758 ksi  Ft O.K.
0.785
Connection is safe.
 6.BEAM SPLICES
Four-Plate Beam Splice
In general, the splice must not have less than 50% of the capacity of the
.spliced material

Example (7)
Design a rolled beam splice (four-plate type) for a W24x84 beam made of A36-
steel to be located at a service moment M= 270 kips-ft and shear value V= 70
kips. Use A36-steel and a ¾ in diameter A325 bolts in a bearing-type connection
.(A325-X) with threads excluded from shear plane. Use ASD method

V=70 kips

W24x84 W24x84

M=270 kips-ft
Fig. 36

W24x84
 V=70 kips
6.BEAM SPLICES
W24x84 W24x84

Solution
M=270 kips-ft
Fig. 36
The total capacity of W24x84

(0.66)(36)(196)
M R  Fb S x   388.1 kips  ft W24x84
12
Vall  0.4 F y dt w  164kips

:Design conditions
W 24 x84 properties
Actual M  270 kips  ft  50% of M R  194.05kips  ft d  24.1 in, t w  0.47in,
M d (design moment)  270 kips  ft b f  9.02 in, t f  0.77 in
Actual V  70 kips  50% Vall  82 kips
Vd (design shear)  82 kips

1. Design of web plates

V Vd 82
Ag (required )  d    5.69 in 2
Fv (0.4 F y ) (0.4 x36)
 flange plates 2
6.BEAM SPLICES
1. Design of web plates W24x84
Web 2
plates
V Vd 82
Ag (required )  d    5.69 in 2
Fv (0.4 F y ) (0.4 x36)

Available depth (h)  21 in

Ag 5.69 1
t req    .135in  Take t  in ( a practical min imum)
2h 2( 21) 4
1
Use 2 Plates x 21 in
4

2. Design of flange plates

A f (area flange of W 24 x84)  b f t f  9.02(0.77)  6.95 in 2
270
Percentage of full capacity required  ( 100 )  69.6%
388.1
A f (required)  0.696( 6.95 )  4.84in 2

AISC requires deduction for area of holes

exceeding 15% of gross flange area
 6.BEAM SPLICES
2. Design of flange plates
9
Try 2 Plates x9 in, A g  5.06 in 2
16

3 1 9
Ah (area of holes)  2(  )( )  0.984 in 2
4 8 16
15% of Ag  0.15(5.06)  0.76 in 2

Excess of area flange to be deducted  0.984 - 0.76  0.224 in 2

Effective area provided  5.06 - 0.224  4.84 in 2  A f (required )  4.84 in 2 OK .

3. Check of flange plates for bending stress

0.25( 21) 3
I w ( web plates )  2  386 in 4
12
I f ( flange plates )  2(4.84)(12.326) 2  1471 in 4

I (total )  1857 in 4
My (270 x12)(12.61) 9
fb    22 ksi  0.66 F y  23.76 ksi OK . Use 2 Plates x9 in
I 1857 16
6.BEAM SPLICES
4. Design of bolts
:Flange bolts
Ps.s  (0.4418)(30)  13.25 kips
3 9
Pp  1.2(58)( )( )  29.36 kips
4 16
Pbolt  13.25 kips
d   depth of beam sec tion  thickness of flane plate  24.1  0.5625  24.6625 in
M ( 270 x12)
P( force in flange plate)    131.4 kips
d  24.6625
131.4
n( number of bolts )   4.96  Take 5 bolts in each line ( 10 bolts per flange)
2(13.25)

:Web bolts
d 
Web plates are designed to carry shear M w   1  M total
force V=82 kips and moment (Mw) which  d2 
can be determined as: d1  h/ 2  10.5 in, d 2  d / 2  12.33 in
 10.5 
Mw   (873.4)  743.8 kips  in
 12 .33 
Mw  SFb  (386 / 10.5) x(0.66 Fy )
 6.BEAM SPLICES
:Web bolts
Try 2 rows of 4 bolts in each Force in the upper - most bolt :
one (total 8 bolts on each side n n

of the splice). d
i 1
i
2
  ( xi  yi )  8(1.5) 2  4(3) 2  4(9) 2  378 in 2
i 1
2 2

Mt (743.8)(1.5)
Vt  n
xi   2.95 kips 
378
d i 1
i
2

Mt (743.8)(9)
Ht  n
yi   17.71 kips 
378
d i 1
i
2

Vd 82
Vp    10.25 kips 
n 8
VR(resultant shear force)  Vt  V p  2.95  10.25  13.2 kips
R  VR2  H R2  (13.2) 2  (17.71) 2  22.1 kips

:Allowable force per bolt is determined as

Pds  2(0.4418)(30)  26.51 kips
3
Pp  1.2(58)( )(0.47)  24.53 kips
4
Pbolt  24.53 kips  22.1 kips  OK Safe
 6.BEAM SPLICES :Check of adequacy of net web plate section

Check of adequacy of net web plate section in shear

 1 7 
Anet  2 21x  4( )(0.25)   10.062 in 2
 4 8 
Vnet  0.3Fu Anet  0.3(58)(10.062)  175.08 kips  Vd  82 kips O.K .

Check of adequacy of top web bolts:

Pf (total forc e in two flange bolts )  2 Pss  2(13.25)  26.5 kips
The allowable force in the upper-
Pf=26.5 kips
most two web bolts is obtained as:

d2=12.05 in
d3 N.A. W24x84
d3= 9 in
Pw (horizontal force in two web bolts )  Pf ( )
d /2
9
Pw  26.5( )  19.8 kips  H t  17.71 kips  OK . safe
12.05
Use 2 rows of 4 bolts in each one Fig 37- Force distribution in flange and web bolts.
(total 8 bolts on each side of the
splice).
6.BEAM SPLICES
Axis of symmetry
PL 9/16x9x2’-6”

1 1
1 4@ 3”=1’-0 1
2 2

W24x84
2PLs 1/4x21x1’-1”
3 @ 6”=1’-6” N.A.

¾ Φ A325 bolts

PL 9/16x9x2’-6”

Fig 38- Detailed drawing of design example (7) .

THE END