Structural Mechanics Lecture 4: Outline

(CSE 20201)
• Chapter 4: Beams and 2-D Frames
– Internal forces
Lecture 4 – Shear force / Bending moment functions
– Relationship among internal forces
– Shear force / Bending moment diagram

Dr. Songye ZHU

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 2

Chapter 4 4.1 Types of Beams

Members that are slender and support loadings applied
• Beams and 2-D Frames perpendicular to their longitudinal axis are called beams.
Span

Cantilever Span

Cantilever Main Span

Beam over a number of supports is called

Reference: Mechanics of Materials – R.C. Hibbeler
Chapter 6: Bending Continuous beam
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 3 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 4
 4.2 Supports of Beams 4.2 Supports of Beams

• Roller Supports • Pinned Support

Not resist
Horizontal
load
x=0

y=0
y=0

y=0
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 5 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 6

4.2 Supports of Beams 4.3 Load on Beams

• Point Loads
• Fully Fixed Support
Rigid support Load
• Concentrated Moments

• Uniformly Distributed Loads (UDL)

x=0
=0 Beam
• Other Types of Distributed Loads
y=0

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 7 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 8

 4.4 Support Reactions 4.4 Support Reactions
• Cantilever Beam
Find R1 , R2 and R3? Find R1 , R2 and M?
P

m n
R3 L
m P
n R2

R1
L

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 9 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 10

4.5 Internal Resultant Forces 4.5 Internal Resultant Forces

Internal Resultant Forces • Sign convention

– Normal force, N
– Shear force, V The internal forces at a specified Axial Force: Tension is positive
– Bending moment, M point in a member can be determined
by using the method of sections
Bending Moment: To produce tension in bottom
fibers (“U” shape) is positive
(Clockwise on the left, counterclockwise on the right)
M M
N N Shear Force: To produce a clockwise spin is
positive
V V
(Upwards on the left, downwards on the right)

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 11 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 12

4.5 Internal Resultant Forces 4.5 Internal Forces in beams

• Sign convention • Internal Force in a Cantilever Beam

– Although the choice is arbitrary, the convention illustrated 2kN
has been widely accepted in structural engineering V (+)
M (-)
N=0
M M 5m 5m
N N 2kN
10 kNm
V V
10 kNm

2kN 2kN

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 13 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 14

4.5 Internal Resultant Forces Example 4-1

• Procedure for analysis
Find Internal Forces at section a-a and b-b.
– Determine the support reactions before the member is “cut”
– Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments & forces acting on the 20 kN
member in their exact location a b
– Pass an imaginary section through the member, perpendicular to its
axis at the point where the internal loading is to be determined
– Then draw a free-body diagram of the segment that has the least no.
of loads on it a
4m b 1m
– Indicate the unknown resultants N, V & M acting in their positive 8m 2m
directions
– Find the unknown internal forces

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 15 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 16

 Example 4-1 Example 4-2

Ax=0
20 kN
•Solution Find Internal Forces at section a-a
Support Reactions
FBD of entire beam
Ay=4 kN By=16 kN
a 2 kN/m

Cut Section a-a A B

20 kN
M M Show internal force according to
4m a
N N sign convention 10 m
V V
4 kN By=16 kN N=0
V = 4 kN
M = 16 kN-m

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 17 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 18

Example 4-2 Example 4-2

2 kN/mX10m = 20 kN •Solution 2 kN/mX4m = 8 kN

•Solution
2 kN/m
Support Reactions 2 kN/m Internal forces at the section
M
Ax
FBD of Left segment
FBD of entire beam 10 kN
N
Ay By
V
Equations of equilibrium
10 m
4m

2 kN/m
Cut Section
2 kN/m
Keep distributed load 24 kNm

10 kN 10 kN Show internal force according to 10 kN

sign convention 2 kN

2 kN/m
M M
24 kNm
N N
10 kN 10 kN
V V 10 kN
2 kN

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 19 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 20

4.6 Shear and Moment Diagrams 4.6 Shear and Moment Diagram

IMPORTANT NOTES
• Express V and M as functions of arbitrary position x along
• Beams are long straight members that carry loads perpendicular to their
axis.
longitudinal axis. • These functions can be represented by graphs called shear
• To design a beam, we need to know the variation of the shear and and moment diagrams
moment along its axis in order to find the points where they are
maximum
• Establishing a sign convention for positive shear and moment will allow
us to draw the shear and moment diagrams

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 21 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 22

4.6 Shear and Moment Diagrams 4.6 Shear and Moment Diagrams

Procedure for analysis • Shear and bending-moment functions must be determined

Support reactions for each region of the beam between any two
• Determine all support reactions acting on beam discontinuities of loading
• Resolve all forces into components acting perpendicular
and parallel to beam’s axis
– If no parallel component, No axial force .

Shear and moment functions

• Specify separate coordinates x having an origin at beam’s
left end, and extending to regions of beam between
concentrated forces and/or couple moments, or where
there is no discontinuity of distributed loading

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 23 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 24

4.6 Shear and Moment Diagrams
Procedure for analysis
Shear and moment functions
• Section beam perpendicular to its axis at each distance x
• Draw free-body diagram of one segment
• Make sure V and M are shown acting in positive sense,
according to sign convention
• Sum forces perpendicular to beam’s axis to get shear
• Sum moments about the sectioned end of segment to get
moment
4.6 Shear and Moment Diagrams
Procedure for analysis
Shear and moment diagrams
• Plot shear diagram (V vs. x) and moment diagram (M vs. x)
• If numerical values are positive, values are plotted ABOVE
axis, otherwise, negative values are plotted BELOW axis
Draw Moment Diagram on Compression Side
• It is convenient to show the shear and moment diagrams
directly below the free-body diagram

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 25 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 26

Example 4-3 Example 4-3

• Solution
Find Internal Forces at section a-a 2 kN/m Support Reactions
FBD of entire beam
10 kN 10 kN Cut Section
a 2 kN/m Keep distributed load, and Show
internal force
2 kN/m
A B M Internal Forces
10 kN
N FBD of Left segment
x a V
10 m

2 x kN

M
N
10 kN
x/2
V

x
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 27 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 28
Example 4-3 Example 4-3

Shear-force and bending

Shear Force Diagram Bending Moment Diagram moment diagrams for a
V (kN) M (kN-m) simple beam with a uniform
load

24 25 Maximum Moment

.
qL
10 2 + Maximum moment occurs at
+ + 2 V
- qL the centre span and equals
- qL2/8
10 2
qL2
8
+ M

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 29 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 30

Example 4-3 Example 4-4

Some Observations: Solution:
 When the loading is uniformly distributed, the shear force slopes down at Support Reaction
a uniform rate and the slope is equals to the distributed load.

 The bending moment is a quadratic function of x (parabola). FBD

 The maximum bending moment occurs at where shear force is equal to 0.

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 31 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 32

Example 4-4 Example 4-4
Shear-force and bending
moment diagrams for a simple
Some Observations:
beam with a concentrated load.  There is a step change in SFD at the position of the
point load. The amount of drops is equal to the point load.
Special Case – P at mid-span  The moment at the pinned end is zero.
Pb When a=b=0.5L, maximum  The moment increases linearly from the left support, and
L
+ moment occurs at the centre reaches a maximum at the position of the point load and
0
- V span and equals PL/4. then decreases linearly on the right side of the point load.
Pa

Pab
L
 The slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to
L
the shear force.
+ M
0

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 33 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 34

Example 4-5 Example 4-6

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for beam shown
Shear-force and bending
below.
moment diagrams of a
cantilever beam with a
uniform load.

0
Maximum Moment:
- Maximum moment
V qL occurs at the support and
equals qL2/2.
0
-
M qL2
2
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 35 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 36
Example 4-6 Example 4-6

Support reactions 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 5 m,
…… +↑  Fy = 0; ... V = 5.75 N

Shear and moment functions +  M = 0; ... M = (5.75x1 + 80) kNꞏm

Since there is a discontinuity of
distributed load and a concentrated load
at beam’s center, two regions of x must 5 m ≤ x2 ≤ 10 m,
be considered.
+↑  Fy = 0; ... V = (15.75  5x2) kN

+  M = 0; ...
M = (2.5x22 + 15.75x2 +92.5) kNꞏm

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 37 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 38

Example 4-6

_
The End
of the Session
+

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 39 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 40