UNIT), CHAPTER ~~ POLARISATION 4.1 Introduction * Experiment to Demonstrate Transverse Nature of Light 4.2 Plane of Vibration and Plane of Polarisation 4.3 Representation of Polarised and Unpolarised Light 4.4 Polarisation by Reflection 4.5 Malus Law 4.6 Double Refraction 4.7 Huygen's Theory of Double Refractions 4.8 Positive and Negative Crystals 4.9 Comparision Between Positive and Negative Crystals 4.10 Retardation Plates 4.11 Quarter Wave Plate 4.12 Half wave Plate 4.13. Elliptically and Circularly Polarised Light 4.14 Production of Circularly and Elliptically Polarized Light 1) Circularly Polarised Light 2) Elliptically Polarized Light ae OCLC42 2 4.15 Detection of Circularly and Elliptically Polarized Light on of Circularly Polarised Light 1) Detecti 2) — Detection of Elliptically polarized Light 3) _ Plane Polarized Light 4.16 Optical Activity Fresnel's Theory of Rotatory Polarisation 417 Analytical Treatment for Calcite 4.18 Specific Rotation # Worked Examples = Assignments ° Problems Chapter - 4 Polarisation Syllabus : M: ¥ x ew Huygen's theory of double 7 action. Positive and negative crystals. tif hen 7 lation plates. (i) Quarter wave plate u sears plate. Analysis of polarized ug te Production of circularly and iptically polarized light Setieal activity : Fresnel theory of _ TY polarization (qualitative). ob] lems 8+1=9HoursuNITy! CHAPTER a “@ POLARISATION -——__ 4,1 INTRODUCTION or ~~ after the observation of interference of light through Young's double slit, attempts were made to produce coherent sources by other methods. It is known that a beam of light incident on a calcite crystal emerged as a pair of beams travelling In different directions. Since the incident beam was obtained from a single source, the emergent beams were though to be coherent. When these two beams emerging from calcite crystal were superposed on a screen, the beams did not produce an interference pattern. Thomas Young gave the explanation for this observation on the basis of transeverse nature of light. According to him, the two beams can not interfere because their plane of vibrations are mutually perpendicular. In other words, in each beam, the vibrations are restricted to a particular plane and these planes are perpendicular to each other for the two beams. The phenomenon by which the vibrations of the waves ina beam are restricted to a particular plane is called polartsation. The phenomenon of polarisation can be understood only by using transverse nature of light. In an ordinary beam of light from a source, the vibrations of the waves occur normal to the direction of propogation in all possible planes. Such a beam of light is called Unpolarised light. If a beam of light is produced §m which vibrations are confined to only one plane. then it is called plane Polarised light. Polarisation is the phenomenon si Producing plane polarised light from unpolarised light.—_S= _- ur anovo suoneiqi ON “woRLBedoxd Jo won eae 2° 280d ay pure wonesaa yo sued 2x9 ey senda ay Sn : , ou one yet ee SHORE IAIN YOR cup st woreiah 30 aura yen sti, -uononat NEB Saya st qui Jo uoneBedoad Jo uonoamp pue suopesg Paes ayn Suruyesuoo oueyd ou URI postrefod sae oe ew woReZgTA, | Pee f I ae “NOLLVSRIVIOd |__40 aNvi1d GNV NOLLVHaIA 40 anvia cy “Taishan amy sre 2m 02 zefnorpuod.od axe suoReIqIA SH se paqiosae fapKluo St IYSt] OYL “V JO JIB Oo} TeTo;puadsad sj gq persAso a P Sixe at Woy ‘sosasap Aysuoyu! amp pure yPnosty s2esed SH amp 0} jelfesed suopesqi Jo syuouoduioo amp Atuo ‘pay g TeysKi0 am sy ‘spe Sif 0} Joffered axe suonesqra amp antl Ausuaquy wy aBteyp Aue jnotpL yom sossed wT a? emp oF farrered srxe spr up day ef TeysAz0 ouTEMLICH puodas anos sassed yy sry woyM ‘paspjod aunrd 5} ae ae Teyshzo a1 jo spxe atp 0} yorezed aed @ 0} PuTU oe a sey y feysA10 ourpemnos ayy wosy BunBsow WB Oa, “sive Sq} 0} TemoFpuadzed suonesqiA Jo SIOUOGLHO ag sassed 1 wayM ‘pastmjodun st w aust PU ea [re uy uopeSedosd yo uonoamp om OF eunson 7 dtp Jo suopeIqHA aif ‘somos w wHOss IBN JO. sv -pansasqo 24 speupnysuol ystraqur uy oBereqo OU ‘TE! ohoue ah nate} pre soatas USI FEU? caamee yo AuysuoyuT arp jo wonerres LL wre q pure y uous wnUNTXeU ~rresed ureBe 2: as oqur ayy ‘poyejos soupy St I eas oe waym oraz Sout099q Mr yo yno Sur0w> BH 30 AarsuoyT oD ‘oueid e oe TanempesB st a Teas4u0 tp ue pax 3dox St V pest ro Buco 1 Jo AIST! ax UF paaso=ge moet eno wove 0} roTesed sKeanTe ane Saxe OW JM ‘inate ss payejox aze @ pure v sTeys0 ot THOd IT Ks Co ¥ Wr og 4 Jo no Fi Bam ws op gs ea Pred grep o V Bhomy payrusuen UB] aU “y Jo ra imu N78 Yons posed st peISAr0 at MON, mae Rishig om Sa Su St 9490p ‘spxe se ureag quaproUT ot. aang, 22 Aqua vy ca 4O 'V Whoxy poypusueN st yRH anatase stip ain Uo Atfewiou Tey 01 pamorye st S mo >a. MBIT "some orydesBomeysi39 94D PUTTeEWLINO} OMY JapIsuCD Sma 9, SPASUBRY, oyERSuOMIOG 0} jwOUTOdET vw yy TPH V se Say~~ Unpolarised light Is represent (b) plane polaris the figure 1s 4 ted as shown In figure (a) aig ed light with vibrations parallel to the plane of s shown in figure (c). Plane polarised light with ndicular to the plane of the figure 1s as shown s perpen vi ¢ of vibration and the plane of polarisation jg in figure (4) plan ave perpendicular to eacl other, PI Or eed Nigh ear ~ Mieco, @) in ploneyy Paper _ 7) () ° S pices polewivd \ oO @ Wohl haueng 1} “AD pl Ong oly At Ww thods. < qmethods. e Ong me Plane polarised light can be produced by the following 1) Polarisation by reflection. 2) Polarisation by refraction. 3) Polarisation by double refraction. 4) Selective absorption or dichroism. 5) Polarisation by scattering of light. 4.4 POLARISATION BY REFLECTION Polarisation of light by reflection from the surface of glass was discovered by Malus in 1808. He found that polarised lift 4s obtained when ordinary light is reflected by a plane sheet | ass. Constder the light incident along the path AB on he surface. Light is reflected along BC. In the path of BC, plat! ng crystal and rotate it slowly. It will be observed ight {s completely polarised only at one particular anél°< | Incidence. This angle of incidence is equal to 57.5° for 4 oe ee ao is known as the polarizing angle. “The angle) nce at whi ar called! poli gals aa lght is completely P®worsen 47 qhe production of polarised light by glass is explained as lows. ThE vibrations of the incident light can be resolved into components parallel to the glass surface and perpendicular to surface light due to the components parallel to the gas surface is reflected whereas light due to the components perpendicular to the glass surface is transmitted. Thus the light reflected by glass is plane polarised and can be detected by a tourmaline crystal. WEES SS 4.5 MALUS LAW | When a beam of light, polarised by reflection at one plane surface is allowed to fall on the second plane surface at the Polarizing angle, the intensity of the reflected light from the second plane surface varies with the angle between the planes of the two surfaces. In the Biot's polariscope it was found that the intensity of the reflected light from the second plane surface ismaximum, when the two planes are parallel and the intensity / ‘8 zero when the two planes are perpendicular. The same is 7 ‘ue for the twice transmitted beam from the polarizer and if analyzer, a48 The Malu’s law states that the intensity of the light transmitted through the analyser varies as the the cosine of the angle between the plane of transmis analyser and the plane of polarizer. Here the two plane surfaces are represented as polarizer and an; Polar; Square ‘ton of th Telectin ‘alyzer, Le. I cos” @ The proof of the Jaw is based on the fact that any polars vibration may be resolved into two rectangular components 1) Parallel to the plane of transmission of the analyse 2) Perpendicular to the plane of transmission, Let OP=a be the amplitude of vibrations transmitted reflected by the polarizer and 0 is the angle between the plan of the polarizer and the analyzer. Resolve OP into two components, 1) acos@ along OA and 2) asin@ along OB, only th acos@ component is transmitted through the analyser. :. Intensity of the transmitted light through the analysey = (acos 6)” = a? cos? @ But Ip = a” Where I, is the intensity of incident polarised light « I=I9cos2@ and I « cos? 6 When 0=0 that is the two planes are parallel I lo _| because cos 0 = 1 When 8 =5 the two planes are at right angle other,49 6 DOUBLE REFRACTION poorer L —— ~~ when a beam of unpolarised light from a source is all ss through certain crystals like calcite, quartz, tiles foe acted rays emerge from the crystal. This phenomenon is called doubly refraction. The crystals having this property are gaid to be double refracting or to exhibit birefringence. This phenomenon was discovered by Erasmus Bartholinus in 1669. ne two refracted rays are called ordinary ray and catraordinary Tays:) ‘the refracted ray which obeys the laws of refraction is aaled the ordinary ray\(O-ray))while the(refracted ray which does s not obey the law of refraction is called extraordinary ray (E-ray)- Ina doubly refracting crystal, the ordinary rays have equal yelocity in all directions, but the extraordinary rays have different velocities along different directions. In a positive crystal like quartz, the velocity of ordinary ray is more than that of extraodinary ray (v, > v,). Hence refractive index of the crystal for ordinary ray is Jess than that for extraordinary ray (o,n,). But for a double refracting crystal, there will be one or more directions along which the velocities of ordinary ray and extraordinary ray are equal. The direction along which the velocities of ordinary ray and extraordinary ray are equal is called optic axis of the crystal and there is no double refraction along the optic axis Crystals such as quartz, calcite and tourmatline have one optic axis and they are called uniaxial crystals. Crystals such as selenite, mica, and borax have two optic axes and they are called biaxial crystals. A plane containing the optic axis of the crystal and Perpendicular to the opposite faces of the crystal. is called the Principal section of the crystal. double refracting When an object is viewed through 2 e to ordinary tY cyystal, two images are seen. One image is duPhyeey que to the extraordinary rays, As the crystaj Is i and Ce one node due to ordinary re feria ns ed a a6 rays rotates round the first, image due f© extraordinary | = yor’, ae & @) 4.10 ) It has been found that both the ordinary and the extraordinary rays are plane polarised, their plane of vibrations being at right angles to each other. The ordinary ray has vibrations perpendicular to the principal section of the crystal and the extraordinary ray has vibrations parallel to the principal section. Thus polarised light can be obtained by eliminating one of the refracted beams. 7 * 4.7 HUYGEN'S THEORY OF DOUBLE REFRACTIONS Huygen's explained the phenomenon of double refraction by extending his theory of secondary wavelets in suitable manner. According to his theory. i) Every point on the crystal surface is disturbed by the incident wavefront and becomes the origin of wavefronts-one the ordinary and other the extraordinary to account for the ordinary and lf extraordinary rays. ii) The ordinary ray always obeys both the laws # sete. The refractive index of crystal M, '§ y, = velocity nab ve sin Iq velocity of o - ray i It is thus independent of the direction oy Propagation within the crystal. This !s only P' > ny = SIL _ velocity in air (vaccum) __Y voan if v, the velocity of o-wave is directions. the same in all tii) The E-ray does not obey ordinary laws of refraction. sini The ratio SOT for the E-ray has value which varies with the direction of its propagation relative to the optic axis. The velocity of E-ray is the same as that of O-ray along the optic axis and differs most from this value in a direction perpendicular to the optic axis. The E-wavefront is, therefore, not spherical but is on ellipsoid in nature. iv) The properties of uniaxial crystals are perfectly symmetrical about the optic axis. Hence E-ray is propagated with equal velocity in directions which are equally inclined to optic axis. Thus ellipsoid of revolution is symmetrical about the optic axis through the point of origin of the wavelets. vy) As velocity of E-ray is equal to the velocity of O-ray along the optic axis, uniaxial crystals do not show double refraction along the optic axis. The two wavelets touch each other at points where the optic axis through the point of origin of the wavelets intersects them. Thus according to Huygen’s each point on a doubly refracting surface becomes the source of two wavefronts O- wavefront and the E-wavefront. The O-wavefront is spherical and E-wavefront ellipsoidal of revolution about the optic axis. ‘The two wave surfaces touch along the extremities of optic axis through the point of origin. Both the wave surfaces are plane polarised. seQ @ po* Physics 412 ATIVE CRYSTALS SITIvE AND NEGATIVE CRYSTALS 4.8 PO enn res within the ordi wavefront ies within the ordinary The extraordinary wavefront and such crystals are called positive crystals. They are positive because the refractive index for the extraordinary of O-ray: i ray is greater than that The spherical wavefront of O-ray may be enclosed by the ellipsoidal wavefront of E-ray in one type of crystals. Such crystals are known as negative crystals. They are called negative crystals because the refractive index of extraordinary ray is less than that of ordinary- Tay. Opticaxis edry Opricanis O-ray- O-Wavesurface E-Wavesurface, x 4.9 COMPARISION BETWEEN POSITIVE AND | I NEGATIVE CRYSTALS Positiy ive Crystals | Negative Crystals ) In re uniaxiall) In negative uniaxial + ellipsoid of| crystals, the ellipsoid of revolution co) in Yel Stays isos revolution for E-ray lies contained witht a completely outside the sphere corresponding a oo corresponding -ray. the O-ray, MW) E-ra y has ‘ a maximum| II) E-ray has minimu™ velocity ali 0 : axis and ae optic] —_velocity along the opt” value in aqeceaatcns axis and a maximu pendicular to doneaee value in direction Pe is. pendicular to optic ax: eeSAS portion wt) E-ray travels slower than o-ray in all directions except along the optic axis. V.=V0 parallel to optic axis V,N, vy) The amount of double refraction of a crystal is measured as An=n,-n, Hence An is positive (2 n>) ANS I) Ovray travels slower than E-ray in all directions except along the optic axis. V.=V, parallel to optic axis v,>V, other directions. IV) The refractive index of O- ray is larger than the refractive index of E-ray. n >n, Vv) The amount of double refraction of a crystal Is measured as, An=n,-n, Here An is negative (+ n>) [ It is a plate cut from a doubly refracting uniaxial crystal with its optic axis parallel to the refracting faces. It can introduce a given phase difference between O-ray and E-ray which travel through it. The phase difference, § = F (ng — ng) Where 2 is the wavelength of light. ‘t the thickness of the Plate, n, and n, the refractive index of ordinary and extraordinary ray. This relation shows that for a given materfal and wavelength phase difference is proportional to the thickness of the plate. There are two types of retardation plates. 1) Quarter wave plate. 2) Half wave plate. ————~ Bee WAVE PLATE _———G:ll QUARTER 1 of doubly refracting uniaxial crystal of calcie or quartz of suitable thickness whose refracting faces are cy; parallel to the direction of the optic axis. The incident plane polarised light is perpendicular to its surface and the ordinar; and the extraordinary rays travel along the same direction with different velocities. if the thickness of the plate is ‘t’ and the refractive indices for the ordinary and the extraordinary rays are n, and 0, respectively then the path difference introduced between the two rays is given by, For negative crystals, path difference = (nt For positive crystals, path difference = (n,-n,)t a To produce a path difference of qm calcite. t-—* _ 4(no - ng) and in the case of quartz, fae 4(ng ~ np) If ele ve, plane polarised light. Whose plane of vibration § | quarter wave oe ol 45° to the optic axis, is meident O18 € plate, the emergent light is circularly polaris a.This plate is also made from a doubh y refracting ur = ‘Oubly refracting untaxial crystal of quartz or calcite with its refracting faces a Parallel to the optic axis. The thickness of the plate is such that the ordinary and the extraordinary rays have a path difference - 2, 2 after passing through the crystal. For negative crystal, path difference = (n,-n,)t = (n-n,)t For positive crystals, path difference a To produce a path difference of 2 in calcite a (1p - ng)t = 2 t-_+_. 2 (Mo - Be) > and in the case of quartz g a Kd ~ {mg = M0) Z ae eeeEa" Physics ae it on a half-wave pl: polarized ight is incident plate mal a an angle of 45° with the optic axis, a path su difference of A. is introduced between the extraordinary and 2 The emergent light is plane polarized and dinary rays: tie rf larization of the linear incident light is the direction of pi rotated through 90°. | 4.13 ELLIPTICALLY AND CIRCULARLY I POLARISED LIGHT Let monochromatic light be incident on the nicol prism N,. After passing through the nicol prism N, it is plane-polarised and is incident normally on a uniaxial doubly refracting crystal P(calcite or quartz) whose faces have been cut parallel to the optic axis. The vibrations of the plane polarised light incident on the crystal are shown in figure. The plane polarised light on entering the crystal is split up into two components ordinary and extraordinary. Both the rays travel along the same direction but with different velocities when the ray travel through the crystal of thickness ‘t' a phase difference 5 is introduced between them. quartz Plane or calcite Polarised Nicol ot ‘ y os roe ({ Polarised! Light Theory : Syj light onidtigtani ns of the incident plane polarised axis. Therefore the ne it makes an angle 6 with the optic along PO is Asind and ence OF the ordinary ray vibrating vibrating along me id the amplitude of the extraordinary FJ introduced betwee: is Acos®. Since a phase difference 5} n the two rays after passing through thickness ‘t’ of a crystal, the Tays after coming out of the crysWRB Fe polarisation 47 can be represented interms of two simple harmonte motions at right angles to each other and having a phase difference. f 9 B a E For the extraordinary ray x = Acos0. sin (wt+8) For the ordinary ray, y = Asin@. sinot Take Acosé=a ; Asind=b asin(at + 8) ---(1) bsinat nse x 0 " & y From equation (2) - = sinat 2 cos at = yi - sin? ot = 1-3 From equation (1) x = = sin(ot + 8 = sin(ot +8) = sinwt cos + cost sind «+-(3) Substitute sinot and cosat in equation (3) sind pix = cosd + b x y y? 27 poe caren’ Squaring on both sides 2 2° gh 2: y 2 xy 25 _ 29) cosh = 1-3) 6 aa toe 5 ab cos be ow.Physics 2 ay? ag 2% cos6 = sin?5 - sin? + Geos s-4* pz in 2xy = win? XH (om?s +cos? 8) - 8 = sin? a? oxy 2 _ 287 cos& = sin? & ae ab (4) ‘Special Cases : 1) When 6=0 ; sind=0 and ; cosd=1 Equation (4) becomes @-4- This is the equation of a straight line. Therefore the emergent light will be plane polarised. 2) When, § = ; cos6 = 0; sing 1 Equation (4) becomes =1 This represents the equation of a symmetrical ellipse. The emergent light in this case will be elliptically polarised provided a # b. 3) When, §=4;a=b Equation (4) becomes X+y*=a? This represents the equation of a circle of 441" a. The emergent light will be circularly polarise® a?poansavon 4.19 incident plane- polarized an angle of 45° with the Here the vibrations of the light on the crystal make direction of the optic axis, [4.14 PRODUCTION OF CIRCULARLY AND _____ELLIPTICALLY PoLARizeD LicitT 1) Circularly Polarised Light —_ To produce circularly polarized light, the two waves vibrating at right angles to each other having the same amplitude and time period should have a phase difference of a : ora path difference of [. For this purpose a parallel beam of monochromatic light is allowed to fall on a nicol prism N. The beam after passing through the prism N, is plane polarized. The nicol prism N, is placed at some distance from N, so that N, and N, are crossed. The field of view will be dark as viewed by the eye in this position. A quarter wave plate P is mounted on a tube A. The tube A can rotate about the outer fixed tube B introduced between the nicol prisms N, and N,. The plane polarized light from N, falls normally on P and the field of view may be bright. The quarter wave plate is rotated until the field of view is dark. Keeping P fixed. A is rotated such that the mark S on P coincides with zero mark on A. Afterwards, by rotating the quarter wave plate p, the mark S is the made to coincide with 45° mark on A. The quarter wave plate is in the desired position. In this case the vibrations of the plane-polarized light falling on the quarter wave plate makes an angle 45° with the direction of the optic axis of the quarter wave plate. The polarized light is split up into two rectangular components (ordinary and extraordinary) having equal amplitude and time period and on Coming out of the quarter wave plate, the beam is circularly Polarized. If the nicol prism in intensity similar to the ordinary ght passing N, is rotated at this stage, the field of view Is Uniform through the nicol prism. —a——— ,:Physics 4,20 plane polarized Ugnt circularly polarized P 2) Elliptically Polarized Light To produce elliptically polarized light, the two waves vibrating at right angles to each other having on equal t amplitudes should have a phase difference of 2 or a path aR difference of a A parallel beam of monochromatic light is allowed to fall on the nicol prism N,. The prisms N, and N, are crossed and the field of view is dark. A quarter wave plate is introduced between N, and N,. The plane polarized light from the nicol prism N, falls normally on the quarter waveplate. The field of view is illuminated and the light coming out of the quarter wave plate is elliptically polarised. When the nicol prism N; is rotated, it is observed that the intensity ° illumination of the field of view varies between a maximum am a minimum. This is just similar to the case. When a beat consisting of a mixture of plane-polarized light and ordinaty light is examined by a nicol prism.posrsston 74.18 DETECTION OF CIRCULARLY AND ELLIPTICALLY POLARIZED LIGHT Eo y) petection of Circularly Polarised Light The beams is allowed to fall on a nicol prism. The intensity of the beam remains uniform when the nicol prism is rotated. The beam, in this case, is either circularly polarized or unpolarized because both show the same result when allowed to pass through a rotating nicol prism. To distinguish between the two, the beam is allowed to fall onaquarter wave plate and then on a nicol prism. If the beam s circularly polarized, after passing through the quarter wave plate, the ordinary and extraordinary rays will undergo a 421 LS further path difference of r The beam after passing through the quarter wave plate become plane polarized. When the nicol prism is rotated, light is completely extinguished twice in each rotation of the nicol prism, therefore, the original beam is circularly polarized. On the other hand, when the beam after passing through the quarter wave plate is not extinguished. When the Nicol prism is rotated, the original beam is unpolarised. To conclude, if the original beam after passing through the quarter wave plate is extinguished twice in each Totation of the nicol prism, it is circularly polarized. 2) Detection of Elliptically polarized Light The beam is allowed to fall on a nicol prism. If the beam ‘s elliptically polarised, the intensity varies from a maximum or minimum value when the nicol prism is rotated. The Maximum or minimum intensity depends on the condition Whether the principal plane of the nicol prism is parallel to the ™ajor axis or to the minor axis of the ellipse. This is just Similar to the case when a beam consisting of a mixture of “npolarized light and polarized light is allowed to pass through 4Totating nicol prism. nal beam is non a nicol nary and the 1 To distinguish between the two, the origi ‘lowed to fall on a quarter wave plate and the Prism. If the beam is elliptically polarized the ordiPhysics 2 4.2: rays will undergo a further path difference of 1y after passing through the quarter wave plate Jane-polarized and is completely extinguished twice becomes pl {the nicol prism. Therefore the original beam each rotation 0! ts eliptically polarized, on the other hand, when the original beam after passing through the nicol prism is not completely extinguished when studied by a rotating nicol prism. The orignal beam is a mixture of plane polarized and unpolarized Ught. 3) Plane Polarized Light The beam is allowed to fall on a nicol prism. The Nicol prism is rotated. If on rotating the nicol prism light is completely extinguished twice in each rotation of the nicol prism, the beam is plane polarised. * 4.16 OPTICAL ACTIVITY } ‘When two nicols are placed such that their optic axis are parallel, now the polarised light is emerge out from both the nicols. If N, is fixed and N, is rotated such that their axes are right angle, no light is emerge out from N,, the nicols are said to be crossed. When a quartz plate cut with its faces parallel to the optic axis is introduced between N, and N, such that light falls normally upon the quartz plate, the light emerges out of N,. N Ns OTHE42a . uartz plate have the property of rotating the the 7 the plane polarised light. The amount of rotation 0 ch the plane of vibration ts rotated depends upon weckness of the quartz plate and the wavelength of light * roperty of rotating the plane of vtbratton in the me light by certain crystals or solutions ts known as qe activity” and the substance !s known as an optically oe substance. pomple : Sugar crystals, sugar solution, turpentine, sodium ‘orate and cinnabar. The substance which rotate the plane {bration to the right called dextro-rotatory (The plane of eration is rotated in a clockwise direction) The substances tatrotate the plane of vibration to the left (anti-clockwise) are ‘gown as Iaevo-rotatory. It has been found that quartz crystals zedextro-rotatory while others are laevorotatory. The rotation the plane vibration in a solution depends upon the cmcentration and length of the solution. 4.17 FRESNELS THEORY OF ROTATORY | POLARISATION | A linearly polarized light can be considered as a resultant “two circularly polarized vibrations rotating in opposite “rections, with the same angular velocity. Fresnel assumed “ta plane polarized light on entering a crystal along the optic S's resolved into two circularly polarized vibrations rotating ,{PPosite directions with the same angular velocity or Sgueney,Pong ite, the two circularly po), In a crystal like calcite, Polatzy vibrations travel with the same angular velocity. In figure OL ts the circularly polarised vector otating the clockwise direction and OR is the circularly polarize, vector rotating in the clockwise direction. The resultant veg, of OR and’ OL is OA. According to Fresnel, when linea, polarized light enters a crystal of calcite along the optic axis the circularly polarised vibrations, rotating in opposite directions have the same velocity. The resultant vibration will be along 4g Thus crystals like calcite do not rotate the plane of vibration In the case of quartz, the linearly polarised light, on entering the crystal is resolved into two circularly polarised vibrations rotating in opposite directions. In the case of aright handed optically active crystal, the clockwise rotation travels faster while in a left-handed optically active crystal the anticlockwise rotation travels faster. 4.24 the clockwi* anticlockwis* ‘The resul! ie Considering a right- handed quartz crystal component travel a greater angle 5 than the component, when they emerge out of the crystal. of these two vectors OR and OL is along OA’. Therefore resultant vibrations are along A'B'. Before entering the or the plane of vibration is along AB and after emerging out of crystal it is along A'B'. Therefore, the plane of vibration the rotated through on angle 8/2. The angle through re Plane of vibration is rotated depends upon the thekness° crystal.4.25 cal Treatment for Calcite circularly polarised light is the resultant of two angular components having a phase difference of 7/2. for clock wise circular vibrations, X, = acos ot y, =asinat For anticlockwise circular vibrations X_ = —acos ot yo = asinot Therefore, the resultant vibrations along the x-axis is given bx =X) +X_ = acosat - acosat = 0 and along the y-axis y = y, + Yo = asinat + asinat = 2asinot Thus, the resultant vibration has an amplitude 2a and is plane polarized. The plane of vibration is along the original direction. For Quartz : In the case of right-handed optically active quartz crystal, lhe clockwise vibration travels faster. Therefore on emerging Out of the crystal, the clockwise vibrations start from R and the auttclockwise vibrations start from L. The phase difference between them=8. For clockwise vibrations X; = acos(wt + 8) Yi = asin(ot + 8) For anticlockwise vibrations X2 = -acos ot Yo =asinat wo axes 7 Therefore the resultant displacement along the mmh 426 ms x =X) +X2 = acos(wt + 6) - acos at 8 & = = sin| wt + > asin’ § ( 5) y=yitYa = asin(ot + 8) + asinat 8 & = 2a.cos $ sin( at + 5) ++.(2) The resultant vibrations along the x-axis and y-axis have the same phase. Therefore, the resultant vibration is plane polarized and it makes an angle 5/2 with the original direction, Therefore, the plane of vibration has rotated through an angle 8/2 on passing through the crystal. Dividing equation (1) and (2) tnd = * zy Also taking the refractive index of clockwise vibrations=n, and the anticlockwise vibration = n,, the optical path difference in passing through a thickness ‘t’ of the crystal =(n,-n,)t- If the wavelength of light =A Then, phase difference, 5 = 2% x (path difference) a The plane of vibration is rotated through an angle & on 2 7 —Ng)t In the case of lefthanded optically active crystals 7" lo Tv 7 (r ~ nyta WT ) The specific rotation of a solution at a givent “a 4 a given tem; t for light of given wavelength ts defined as fie ene of rotation of the plane of vibration produced by a solution of unit length and unit concentration. It is measured in rad m*kg* 8 LeS = i Where ‘6’ be the angle of ratation of the plane of vibration, ‘l’ be the length of the solution, ‘C’ be the concentration of the solution. i WORKED EXAMPLES) 1) Calculate the difference in the refractive index of ordinary and extraordinary rays, whena wavelength of 5000A° falls on half wave plate with thickness 2.7778ym (002011) Solution : Given that 4 = 5000A° = 5 x10%m t = 27778 x10%m t a No - ng) ya 5x10" (Mo - Me) = 9 ~ 9% 2.7778 x10 5x10 __05_ _ 9.0899 =G5556 5.5556 2) Determine the concentration of solution of length 0.25m. Which produces an optical rotation of 30°, The specific rotation of the solution |i 0.0209 rad kgm’. m Solution : Given that, | = 0.25m = = 0,0209 rad m*kg™ @ = 30°428 “® 430° = oe = 0.5236 In radian = 780 ding to the relation, @ aa) ‘Accor c= Blo _ 05236 ~ 0.25 x 0.020.2 _ 0.5236 ~ (0.0052 = 100.69 kg / m® 3) Calculate the thickness of quarter wave plate fora light of wavelength 6000A°, Given n,=1.544, 1,=1.533 (Dean Solution : Given that 2 = 6000A° = 6 x1077m n, = 1544 ; no = 1533 Thickness of the quarter wave plate is given by = x , © fa, = 9) ___6x107 4(1.544 - 1.533) 6x10” 4x 0011 6 0.044 = 136.36 x 10°7 = 13,636 x10°™ x107 = 13.636umpolarisation 4.29 4) Sugar solution of length 0.2m d 200kgm~ rotates the plane of polarisation Tengen 24°, Calculate the specific rotation of the sugar, ug) (002009) Solution : Given that | = 0.2m ; C = 200kg / m* 6 = 24° Inradian 9 = vi Ts0 x24 3142 x 24 180 = 0.4189 ‘Specific rotation of sugar solution is given by, IC. 02200 40 = 0.0105rad m?kg™ 5) The rotation in the plane of polarazation in a certain solution is. 12°em calculate the difference between the refractive index for right and left circularly polarised light, Given 1=5893A°. (00-2012) Solution : Given that 2 = 12° /em ; 2 = 5893A° = 5.893 x 10cm O_n Np - D,)t OR =" (or ~ ny) xn nm. 5893 x10° = x ——— % 180 © _ 12 5898 105 180 _ 70.716 x10% 7 180 = 0393 x 10° ee eed6) Physics uarter wave plate for alculate the thickness of aq tant of wavelength 6000A°. The refractive indices for ordinary and extraordinary rays are 1.55 and 1.50 respectively: (wup-95) Solution : Given that A = 6000A° = 6 x107m Ng = L553 Me = 1.50 ‘The thickness of quarter wave plate is given by the expression. a __ 6x 1077 (aoe) 4(.55 - 1.50) _ 8x10" _ 6 x107 4x 0.05 0.20 =30x107 =3x10°m OR 3pm If the plane of vibration of the incident beam makes an angle of 30° with the optic axis. Compare the intensities of extraordinary and ordinary light. Solution : Intensity of the extraordinary ray, I, = A? cos” 6 a Intensity of the ordinary ray Ip = A? sin? 6 2) dividing equation (1) and (2) ° Ip _ cos?@ _ cos” 30 Io sin?@ sin” 30 _ (0.866) _ 0.7499 “sr 025— = 2.999'=:8