CHAPTER q FRAUNHOFFER DIFFRACTION ee 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 Introduction Composition of ‘N’ Number of SHMs of Same Amplitude and Period Having Their Phases Increasing in Arithmatic Progression Fraunhoffer Diffraction at a Single Slit Intensity Distribution in the Diffraction Pattern due to a Single Slit Diffraction Grating Theory of Plane Transmission Grating = Condition for Secondary Maxima and Minima ° Width of Central Maxima Width of Principal Maxima Absent Spectra Dispersive Power of Grating Resolving Power Resolving Power of Prism3.3 uNIT | CHAPTER Q| @ FRAUNHOFFER DIFFRACTION INTRODUCTION The diffraction effects in which the source of light and the screen on which the pattern is observed are effectively at infinite distances from the aperture or obstacle called Fraunhoffer class of diffraction. This phenomenona is easy to observe and simple to treat because here we have to deal with incident wave-fronts which are plane at the aperture, so that the secondary wavelets are initially in the same phase. The incident light from a source is rendered parallel by a colimating lens and after passing through the diffracting aperture it is again focussed on the screen by another lens. This type of arrangement effectively removes both the source and the screen to infinity. 3.2 COMPOSITION OF ‘N’ NUMBER OF SHMS _SAME AMPLITUDE AND PERIOD HAVING THEIR PHASES INCREASING IN. ARITHMATIC PROGRESSION Let us consider the interference pattern produced due to ‘he superposition of N vibrations of the same period and amplitude and phase varying in arithmatical progression. Such “Situation may arise as for example while considering the iifaction pattern due to N identical and uniformly spaced sits. Let N be the number of slits ‘D' distance from first to the "stl and ‘a’ be the width of each identical suts. Then, i () ‘lets D=(n-1)d ave h Each of the slits act as a source of cecereteeee ie ing the same amplitude and some initial phase-Physics . esultant effect of all the secondary wavelets alg der the r° Seam @ to the axis of the system at a distant field Point p the distance between the slits and field point p jg jation of amplitude of successive disturbance t P is neglected. For example, if we consider the i slit, the phase of the corresponding disturbance an arrival at P will depend upon the distance x, between the slit and the field point. In this case, the disturbances itself will be the real part of since large, the var! reaching the point y, = acto (2) Where the symbols have their usual meaning, From the figure that on arrival at P the phase difference between waves form successive slits is given by 2n a = O44 ~ 04 = =-(dsin 8) 8) Similarly, the phase difference between the waves from extreme slits is given by, on - 41 = 2 (p sind) A) From equations (1) and (4) ox 41 = E(N - Did sin 2n = F(a sin on -1) wl) =(N-l)o 0Frounhotfer Diffraction 36 The problem thus Teduces to the ¢, alculation of th resultant disturbance at P due to the Superposition of N wave of the same amplitude A and Phase given by equation (3) the resultant displacement is @lven by. y= ae™™(elt + elf2 4 Qlts tect) zi a] 19, 16) = ae telts 1427 ,e"%, “ el "elt ei = ae tei, (1 + ello) eNO, elem) (6) from equation (3) « = 141 ~ “. equation (6) can be written as y = aegis, (I tel 4 eta, e824, gle) Na -tot,19, © —1 em £1 1. (7) Pn (2) Where the fraction on the RHS of equation (7) is the sum of the Geometiric progression (GP) of ratio e* enclosed within the square brackets, Further equation (7) can be simplify that = ae Na -Na tN e2 -e2 e2 a sia te e2-e2 e2 Na _INa. 2 fo(n-1) —T £ ..(8) “y= aeMeltie We know that Me oie 15, Ne e2 -¢2 _ an 2 ee in & e? -e2 sing Second and third term of equation (5) can be taken as,36 : ae I =6,+1(o -6)<2 tty (Naam +5 (On 1) = 5 (n +6) Hence the equation (8) becomes, 1 ain No = ageing anton) SET a” ‘ sin ++(9) 2 1 git + én) ts in fact the average of the phase of the try and N* wave on arrival at the point PR This average will in ty depend upon the average of the distance of the point p i m the two extreme slits. Hence the equation (9) can be aii «Na m— 2 = ae Me iav 2 sin = 2 y +»-(10) Taking the real part out, we find that the resultant disturbance at P is given by sin N& 2 cos(wt - dav) (ll) sin— 2 Substituting the value of o the resultant amplitude is seea to be sin| 2 n(2}a sin | aNG Amplitude = a————.——- sin| 4 (=): sin a] 2a ya = Masind h si Wasine| mT) peel Epa aS T =|dsin® wel(} | D_ gubsiitute™ From equation D=(N-1)d That is d= wo a equation (12) : =aFreunhoffer Diffraction z sin Nx Dsin °) = ru —ANal a sin( 2 Dame N-1° 4 This formula is of general application for any number of slits starting from N=2 -+-(13) FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION AT ___A SINGLE SLIT ~~ To obtain a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern, the incident wave front must be plane and diffracted light is collected on the screen with the help of a lens. Thus the source of light should be at large distance form the slit or lens is used to produce parallel beam of light. : x S is a narrow slit illuminated by monochromatic light. L, 's the collimating lens and AB is a slit of width ‘a’ XY is the ‘Incident spherical wavefront. The light passing through the slit AB is incident L, and the final refracted beam is observed on le Screen MN. The screen is perpendicular to the plane of - Paper. The line SP is perpendicular to the screen L, and L, ar chromatic lenses. h point A plane wavefront is incident on the slit AB Lee ae Thie °n this wavefront is a source of secondary disturae. a Phiysicg avelling in the direction parallel to OP viz, A oe . P and a bright central a, observed. The secondary waves from points equidistant from O and situated in the upper and lower halves OA and OB of the wavefront travel the same distance in reaching P and hence the path difference is zero. The secondary waves reinforce one another and P will be a point of maximum intensity. 38 Now consider the secondary waves travelling in the direction AR inclined at angle @ to the direction OP All the secondary wave travelling in this direction reach the point P on the screen. The point P' will be of maximum or minimum intensity depending on the path difference between the secondary waves originating from the corresponding points of the wavefront, Draw OC and BL perpendicular to AR. Then in the A® ABL sing = AL _ AC AB a AL =asing oe ‘a is the width of the slit and AL is the path nae ies the secondary waves originating from A a0d used, th pany lfference is equal to A the wavelength of the ligit Fon will be a point of minimum intensity. The whol wavefront can be oe 4 and if the path diff nsidered to be of two halves OA and 0 “rence between the secondary waves from A and B ndary waves ae - spas Path difference between the secondaY UPPEF half OA thes vl be V2, similarly for every point is 4 OB, and the path aan 2 © esPonding point in the lower hel Path difference between the secondary waves from these points is 7/ 2.7 and the point P’ wil) Sepa tese interference takes pla a Points of the upper hair wuY Waves from the correspon Points of the lower half aim S!Milarly from the correspon alf differ j wed the position of minimys: 7 Path by 1/2 and this again é Nm Intensity. In generalFraunhofier Diffraction | 3.9 j asin6, = e[S S sin®@, = Where 6, gives the direction of the n® minimum, Here n is an integer. If however the path difference is odd multiple of , : the direction of the secondary maxima can be obtained. asin@, = (2n+ ys _ (2n+I)a Qa sin6, = | Where n = 1,2,3,.... Thus, the diffraction pattern due to a single slit consists of a central bright maximum at P followed by secondary maxima and minima on both sides. The intensity distribution } on the screen is shown in fig R Corresponds to the position of the central bright maximum and the points on the screen for which the path difference between the points A and B is A, 2A, | 3,. ete. Correspond to the position of secondary minima. The secondary maxima are of much less intensity. The intensity of Secondary maxima decreases as move away from the central maxima. wal If the lens L, is very near the slit or the sereen 1s for away from the lens L, then. .() x sin @ = +Physics 3.10 where ‘f’ be the focal length of the lens L,, wnt = From equations (1) and (2) xk foa a x=— a Where ‘x’ is the distance between central maximum to the first minima, Therefore the width of the central maximum= 2x 2x =— a ‘The width of the central maximum is proportional to 2, that is the wavelength of the light and inversely proportional to the slit width. The diffraction pattern consist of alternate bright and dark bands with monochromatic light. With white light the central maximum is white and the rest of the diffraction bands are coloured. INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE IF FRACTION PATTERN DUE TO A SINGLE SLIT} sin anion, variation in the difraction pattern due toa arnt én theselt we lained as follows. The incident plane wav momaber at nb imagined to be divided into a laré* between the secondary we, small strips. The path difference A and B ts ‘aging ees Coming from the extreme points ZABL = 6. For a parallel ba ‘tte the width af the allt me of vibration of the walel beam of incident light, the amplitude the same. As one co; ves from each strip can be taken to bé inclined at an angle "sider the secondary waves in a direction difference ch: from the point B upwards. As the pat points B and A of the slit the secondary waves from the large number of string pr the Wavefront is divided into * Ps, The resultant amplitude due to all the sod eth aster strip OM, isth slit,Diffraction fromotier 3.1 individual small strips can be obtained by the vector polygon method. Here the amplitudes are small and the phase difference increases by infinitesimally small amounts from strip to strip. Ky Thus the variation polygon coincides with the circular arc OM, OP gives the direction of the initial vector and NM the direction of the final vector due to the secondary waves from A. K is the centre of the circular arc. ZMNP = 20 « ZOKM = 20 In the A OKL sina = oe “ OL = rsina r Where'r is the radius of the circular arc +. chord OM = 2.OL = 2rsina zax(I) The length of the arc OM is proportional to the width of the slit Where K is a constant and ‘a’ is the width of the slit. ArcOM _ Ka Radius sr or = Ka .Q) 20, = But OM=A Where ‘W is the amplitude of the resultant From equation (1), A = (Ka) Si a sino. +(3) a A=Ay' Physics 3.12 int is given by, and the intensity I at the pol 2 a gsin?a _y sino 1=A' =A a 0 a 4) Aphase difference of 2 corresponds to a path difference of }. Therefore a phase difference of 20. is given by, au = Fasind Where ‘asin@’ is the path difference between the secondary waves from A and B. a= Fasind -»-(5) Thus, the value of a depends on the angle of diffraction 0. 2 The value of = © for different values of 8 gives the intensity @ at that point. 1) For Central Maximum: For the point P on the screen @=0° a=0 ‘in The value of = when a — 0 is equal to 1. Hence the sina \? s ) =I, which is maximum. 2) For Secondary Maxima : sing, - Gaon (6) as a= Fasing, v.(1) intensity at p = | Substitute sind, in equation (7) (2n +1) Ba a ea (2n +1) a= 8) ;Se frestfier fraction 3.13 substitute n= 1, 2, 3, ....the value of o are given by, 3n 5n 70 a= — jsut 2° 2°2" a) For the first secondary maximum 3u a= 2 2 I= to 222) 2 2 o(Z) “\2)) 2, /a| = Alo _ = tS 13m) on? 2 2 ! b) For the second, secondary maximum Sn geet x 2 2. sin I=] (A) ie a : sin 2 =I 2)| _,|1| -4-2 =lol—se | ~°| Sn) 25m? 6) 2 2 9) For Secondary Minima: The direction of the secondary (0 minima are given by the equation asin6 = nd au Substituting the value of asin® from equation a= Mag wT ora==m Where n = 1.23. 8 SR ON oy = tt Sth: Fas a—E—_—_—_—_——r—s—(——F—FeFeFeFeF Pos 3.14 When these values of a are substituted in the equation for the intensity, 2 sin & - t= 12) |1=0 Le a=, 2n, 3m, { 3.5 DIFFRACTION GRATING: J A diffraction grating is an arrangement consisting of a larg number of parallel slits of equal width and separated form each other by equal opaque spaces. It is made by ruling a large number of fine, equidistant and Parallel lines with a diamond point on an optically plane glass plate. The ruled lines are opaque to light. The space between any two lines is transparent. Such a grating is called transmission grating. Then light is reflected from the position of the mirror it between any two lines and such surfaces are called reflectioo gratings. Ifthe spacing between the lines is of the order of wavelengi of light then an apprectable deviation of light is produced. Gratif weed in the study of spectrum of visible light may contain 600! éonst: 00 lines per centimeter. Due to the difficulties in the nstruction of such gratings, its replicas are made and used practice Diffraction gratings are used in experiments to stut! 'pectrum of light and determine wavelength of spectral lines- wat vs Bea Width of the transparent part (slit) and ‘b' 1s ane opaque part (line drawn), (a+b) 1s call clement. If there are N lines per metre in the gr (a+b) = i N i, N Width of central maximum = 949 = 2% N Benin angular width of a principal maxima is the angie een the two first minima lying on either side of it.reunhotfer Diffraction In a diffraction grating, the di “se in a » the direction th ven by of the nt Principal (a+b)sino, = na () Let 6,+d@ and @-d@ 8lves the directions of the first secondary minima on the sides of the n Primary maxima. ‘Then, : (a+b)sin(0, + d6) = maz A +--(2) Where N is the total number of the lines on the grating surface. Dividing equations (2) by (1) we get, a (a+b)sin(o, to) At (a+b)sine, nA sin(@, + dé) =16 2. sin 8, nN Expanding the equation, sin(8,’ + d0) = sin@, cos d0 + cos @, sin dO . Sin ®, cos d0 + cos@, sind® _ , 1 ee cos en SiN ne sin 0, nN For small values of d@, cosd0=1 and sind0=d@ Sin@,1#cosO,d0_), 1 sin 0, nN. 1 £ e144 14 cot 0,d0 = 1+ == 1 or cot 0,d0 = ——Physics n (3) d0 refers to half angular width of th, mum. The half width d@ Is (1) inverse f lines and (11) Inve; al to N, the total number o! rely Ee titoaal to ncot®,. The value of ncot®, is more for higher arate because the increase in the value of cot, is less than the increase in the order. Thus the half width of the Principal maximum Is less for higher orders. 3.20 In equatio! principal maxi [ 3.8 ABSENT SPECTRA | In the equation (a+b)sin0=A if (a+b)1. But this is not possible. Hence the first order spectrum is absent similarly, the second, the third etc. order spectra will be absent if (a+b)<2A, (at+b)<3A, etc. In general, if (a+b) 2 __6x107 aN 4x5x10" _ 6x107 ~ 2x108 3x103m 3) A diffraction grating with 6x10‘ lines/m is set # normal incidence. Calculate dispersive power of Grating in the first order spectrum eos Solution ; Given that, For normal incidence 9 = 0:cos@ =1 N = 6 x10¢ lines /™ Dispersive Power of the grating 40 _ nn : ao |Wheren =1 = 1x6 x104 cos > = 6 x104 ee b>_ . iffraction 3.29 ast : sodium doublet have wavelengths 5890A° and The : 589GA° calculate the resolving power of grating. (00-2009) BES 7 solution = Given that ®, = 5890A° ; hy = 5896A° Resesolving power of grating = * « RP. of grating ze 5808 = 982 5) In a Fraunhoffer diffraction at a single slit, the screen is at a distance of 2m from the slit and the slit is illuminated by a light of wavelength 5600A°. The width of the slit is 0.14x10m calculate q) ‘The linear distance of the second dark band b) The width of the central band. (iov-2009) Solution : s sé ag” Given that D = 2m; A= 5600A° = 5.6 x 107m oi - a=014x10°m a) asn@=n\ 5 nh A [5D sin@ = — oO: a : —?7—~ ol? _2%86x107 014 x10 = 80x10 Where 0 is the very = 0.0080 small sind = tan i ————Prey 3.30 gak med x = Dtand 2x 0.008 = 0.016m b) For width of the central maximum, consider the point on the first minimum. asin@ = nA;n=1 for first minimum m 1x5.6x107 == = 40107 sind = ~~ “94x10 = 0.0040 x = Dtan@ = 2x 0,004 |sin@ = tan@ = 0.008 Width of the central maximum = 2x. = 2x 0.008 . = 0.016m 6) Find the resolving power of a prism having base of Sems and = = 1200 / cm (ov-2007) Solution ; Given that t = Sem ; a. 1200 / cm Resolving power of a prism aan ae ah =5x1200 = 6000 7) In the yt rene | ane diffraction with a length 4 wavelenge oa, the diffracting angle for! ; . Find the numb: lines pA centimeter of the grating, = (oow007); power 3.31 golutlon + ° s Given that 4 = 6000A" = 6x10°cm 6 = 30° (a+ b)sin®, = nd For the first order n=1 sing = 4 = a a+b _ sind py o « = as = 82 x 10° = 0.08333 x 10° x ie, 8333 lines / cm §) Find the number of lines per cm of a diffraction grating which gives angle of 45° in the second order Sor the light of wavelength 5893A°, incident normally on it, (KUD-95) Solution : Given that @ = 45° ; n=2 2 = 5893 x10%em (a+b)sine, = md n=2 (a+b)sino = 20 sing = —2% a+b sin@ = 2AN Where N = —— a+b n= sine _ sin 45° _ 0.7071 108 2. 2x5893x10% 11786 = 0.5999 x 10* = 5999 lines / cm ~ 6000 lines / cmPres 3.32 . 0 lines per inch. Fing ating has 15,00 i a < Planes separation of the line 5048A° and BOLe4s fires of helium in the second order spectrum sri Solution : Given that N = 15,000 lines per inch 2, = 5048 ; Ag = 5016 dA =A, - ¥y = 5048 - 5016 = 324° n=2 The dispersive power of a grating is given by ao __aN’ dA cos ao = ON dh cos ® _ 2x 15000 x 32 x 10% “254 x 0.8043 = 2X92x15 x10* “254 x 0.8043 = 46.99 x10 = 0.004699 radian (a+b)sin@ = na mh a+p 7 Sm - _ 15000 Sea 8 ea * 2% 5032 x10 sin@ = Where A = A au = 15x 2x 0.5032 SS 254 0.5943 con = isin? = ft (05043) = Vi- 03681 = Jo6a69 = 0.8043Fy ett firecti0n 333 plane transmission grating has 4000 lines per cm. mA the angular separation in the second order rum between H, and H, lines. Wavelength ct re g560A° and H,=4100A° wen of A golution + Given that N = 4000 lines /eom n= 2; 2; = 6560A° ; A = 4100A° (a+ b)sin@ = nA sin®@ = a+b =nNr |~ =N a+b wheren = 22 t42 _ 8560 xai0e = 5330A° sin @ = 2x 4000 x 5330 x 10% = 2x 0.4 x 0.5330 = 0.4264 cosd = yi—sin?0 = yi - (04264)" = ¥1- 01818 = 8182 = 0.9045 Dispersive power of grating is given by 0 _ aN a’ cos d@ = nN'cos @dA = 2x 4000 x 0.9045 x 2460 x 10* sdk = Ag - . = 6560 - 4100 = 2460A°Phynica 3.34 = 2x04 x 0.9045 x 0.2460 = 01780 radian 11) Monochromatic light wavelength 6.28x10~cm fat, normally on a grating consisting of parallel wire, equidistant from one another. The first order spectrum is observed at 15' from zero position calculate Grating element (XUD-98) Solution : Given that 4 = 6.28 x 10™°cm n=1;0=15' (a+b)sin6 = nA : nk _ 1x 628x10% sin@ sin15' _ 6.28 x 10% 0.0044 = 1427.3 x 10% (a+b) = = 14273 x 10%em or = 0.014273 cm In a Fraunhoffer diffraction pattern due to a single slit, the screen is at a distance of 1m from the slit and the slit is illuminated by monochromatic light 589nm. The width of the slit is 0.1x10°. Calculat? the separation between the central maximum and the first secondary minimum jet Solution ; ‘ 12) Given that D = 1m = 589nm = 589 x 10m = 5.89 x 107m a=01x10%m asin@ = nvpifiraction 3.35 for the first secondary minimum n= il “asiné =A nie A _ 5.89 x107 a olxlo® 0 is very small, sin @ = tan@ = 5,89 x 10° iP ae In figure tan @ = > —rv— |, x = Dtané 1x 5.89 x 10m 5.89 x10°m = 589mm Two Mark Questions 1) What is diffraction of light. 2) What is Fresnel's diffraction. 3) What is Fraunhofer diffraction. 4) What ts the path difference for minima tn case of diffraction at a single slit. 5) What ts the path difference for secondary maxima incase of diffraction at a single slit. 6) Write the expression for intensity of diffraction pattern in case of single slit. 7) What ts diffraction grating. 8) What ts grating element. 9) Write the expression for the wtdt case of plane transmission grating. 10) Write the expression for the width of case of plane transmission grating- h of central maximum in principal maxima in