Passive Components by Gayan Roshantha

Passive Components
RESISTORS
CAPACITORS
INDUCTORS
Gayan Roshantha
(E-NEST Engineering Institute)
INTRODUCTION
2
This chapter introduces several of the most common types of electronic

components
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Inductors.
There are often referred to as passive components and they do not want
to bias for normal operation.
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RESISTORS
3
• Resistors are one of the most common components in electronics.
• These devices offer opposition to current flow; they limit or set

the level of current in a circuit.
• The opposition to current flow is measured in ohms.

Resistor Parameters
4
1 Resistance
The required value quoted in Ω, kΩ, MΩ.
2 Power Rating
When an electrical current passes through a resistor, electrical energy is lost by

the resistor in the form of heat. This is known as the Resistor Power Rating. Every
resistor has a maximum power rating which is determined by its physical size.
0.125W, 0.25W, 0.5W, 1W, 2 W, 25W, 50W
3 Tolerance
The maximum allowable deviation from the marked value. (Quoted as a

percentage)

5
RESISTORS
FIXED VARIABLE
RESISTORS RESISTORS

Fixed Resistors
6
Common types of fixed resistors

Carbon Composition
Carbon Film
Metal Film
Metal Oxide
Wire wound

Carbon Composition Resistors
7
Carbon composition resistors are

cheap and general purpose resistor
and it comes with high tolerance.
Their resistive element is

manufactured from a mixture of
finely ground carbon dust or graphite
(similar to pencil lead) and a non-
conducting ceramic (clay) powder to
bind it all together

Carbon Film Resistors
8
The generic term "Film Resistor" consist of Metal Film, Carbon Film
and Metal Oxide Film resistor types, which are generally made by
depositing pure metals, such as nickel, or an oxide film, such as tin-
oxide, onto an insulating ceramic rod or substrate.

Metal Film Resistors
9
Metal Film Resistors have much better temperature stability than

their carbon equivalents, lower noise and are generally better for high
frequency or radio frequency applications.

Metal Oxide Resistors
10

Wire Wound Resistors
11
Another type of resistor, called a Wirewound Resistor, is made by

winding a thin metal alloy wire (Nichrome) or similar wire onto an
insulating ceramic former in the form of a spiral helix similar to the
film resistor above. These types of resistors are generally only
available in very low ohmic high precision values (from 0.01 to 100kΩ)
due to the gauge of the wire and number of turns possible on the
former making them ideal for use in measuring circuits and Whetstone
bridge type applications.

Wire Wound Resistor
12

Wire Wound Ceramic Resistors
13

14
Type/Property Carbon Carbon Film Metal Oxide wire wound

composition
01. Maximum Value 20MΩ 10MΩ 100 MΩ 270Ω

02. Tolerance ±10% ±5% ±2% ±5%
03 Power Rating 0.125W-1W 0.25W-2W 0.5W 2.5W
04. Stability Poor Good Very Good Very Good
05. Use General General Accurate work
Purpose Purpose (eg: small-
resistor applications signal and low-
suitable for including bias noise amplifier
uncritical load, and pull- stages)
applications up resistors
(eg: Power
supplies)

Resistor Colour Code
15
There are two types of resistor colour coding methods
- Four band colour code

- Five band colour code

4 band colour code system
16
The Resistor
Colour Code
Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
5 band colour code system
17

The BS 1852 Letter Coding for Resistors.
18
BS 1852 Codes for Resistor Values
0.47Ω = R47 or 0R47

1.0Ω = 1R0
4.7Ω = 4R7
47Ω = 47R
470Ω = 470R or 0K47
1.0KΩ = 1K0
4.7KΩ = 4K7
47KΩ = 47K
470KΩ = 470K or 0M47
1MΩ = 1M0

Tolerance Letter Coding for Resistors.
19
Tolerance Codes for Resistors (±)
B = 0.1%
C = 0.25%
D = 0.5%
F = 1%
G = 2%
J = 5%
K = 10%
M = 20%

Tolerance and E-series Table
20
E6 Series at 20% Tolerance - Resistors values in Ω's

1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8
1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2
1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1,
5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.2, 8.2, 9.1
1.00, 1.02, 1.05, 1.07, 1.10, 1.13, 1.15, 1.18, 1.21, 1.24, 1.27, 1.30, 1.33, 1.37, 1.40,
1.43, 1.47, 1.50, 1.54, 1.58, 1.62, 1.65, 1.69, 1.74, 1.78, 1.82, 1.87, 1.91, 1.96,
2.00, 2.05, 2.10, 2.15, 2.21, 2.26, 2.32, 2.37, 2.43, 2.49, 2.55, 2.61, 2.77, 2.74,
2.80, 2.87, 2.94, 3.01, 3.09, 3.16, 3.24, 3.32, 3.40, 3.48, 3.57, 3.65, 3.74, 3.83,
3.92, 4.02, 4.12, 4.22, 4.32, 4.42, 4.53, 4.64, 4.75, 4.87, 4.99, 5.11, 5.23, 5.36,
5.49, 5.62, 5.76, 5.90, 6.04, 6.19, 6.34, 6.49, 6.65, 6.81, 6.98, 7.15, 7.32, 7.50,
7.68, 7.87, 8.06, 8.25, 8.45, 8.66, 8.87, 9.09, 9.31, 9.53, 9.76

Surface Mount Resistors
21
"103" = 10 × 1,000 ohms = 10 kiloΩ´s

"392" = 39 × 100 ohms = 3.9 kiloΩ´s
"563" = 56 × 1,000 ohms = 56 kiloΩ´s
"105" = 10 × 100,000 ohms = 1 MegaΩ
"390" = 39 × 1Ω = 39Ω´s
"470" = 47 × 1Ω = 47Ω´s

Resistors in Series
22

Resistors in Parallel
23
If only two resistors in parallel

Example 1:
24
Find the total resistance, RT of the following resistors in parallel network.

Solution:
25

Example 2:
26
Find the total resistance of the following circuit with only two resistors in a
parallel combination.

Solution:
27

Example 3:
28
Calculate the individual branch currents for the following resistors in parallel circuit.

Solution:
29
As the supply voltage is common to all the resistors in a parallel circuit, we can
use Ohms Law to calculate the individual branch current as follows.

Potential Divider Network
30

Example :-
31
Calculate the voltage across X and Y.
a) Without RL connected
b) With RL connected

Solution:
32

Example 2:
33
Following thermistor circuit has a resistance of 10KΩ at 25°C and a resistance of

100Ω at 100°C. Calculate the output voltage (Vout) for both temperatures.

Solution:
34
At 25°C
At 100°C
So by changing the fixed 1KΩ resistor, R2 in our simple circuit above to a variable
resistor or potentiometer, a particular output voltage set point can be obtained
over a wider temperature range.
Resistor Power Rating
35
The Resistor Power Triangle

36
[P=VxI] Power = Volts x Amps

[ P = I2 x R ] Power = Current2 x Ohms
[ P = V2 ÷ R ] Power = Volts2 ÷ Ohms

Example:
37
What is the maximum power rating in Watts of a

resistor which has a voltage of 12V across it and a
current of 50mA flowing through it.

Example 2:
38
Calculate the maximum safe current that can pass

through a 1.8KΩ resistor rated at 0.5W.

Variable Resistors
39
SYMBOL :-
There are two categories of variable resistors based on

the physical shape.
- Potentiometer
- Preset

Potentiometer (POT)
40
Rotary type
Sliding type

Preset
41
Preset Preset
(open style) (closed style)
Multi-turn preset
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
42
Light-dependent resistors (LDR) use a semiconductor material, whose electrical

characteristics vary according to the amount of incident light. The two
semiconductor materials used for the manufacture of LDRs are cadmium
sulphide (CdS) and cadmium selenide (CdSe).
circuit symbol
Darkness: maximum resistance, about 1M.

Very bright light: minimum resistance, about 100.
LDR – Practical Applications
43

Thermistors
44
Thermistors are thermally sensitive resistors and have, according to type, a

negative (NTC), or positive (PTC) resistance/temperature coefficient.
circuit symbol

45
Icy water 0°C : high resistance, about 12k.

Room temperature 25°C : medium resistance, about 5k.
Boiling water 100°C : low resistance, about 400.

Testing a Thermistor
46

Thermistor - Practical Application
47

Resistor Packages
48
SIL Package (Single In Line) DIL Package (Duel In Line)

49
Capacitors
(Condenser)

Introduction
50
The capacitor is a component which has the ability to

store Electric energy, much like a small rechargeable
battery.
Basic Capacitor consists of two parallel metal plates

which are not connected or touching each other.
They are electrically separated either by air or by

some form of insulating material such as paper,
mica, ceramic or plastic and which is commonly
called the Dielectric.
Capacitor construction
51

Factors that effects to the capacitance
52
Surface Area
Distance
Dielectric Material

53
If a capacitor is connected to a source of DC electric power,

electrons accumulate on the plate that is connected to the negative
supply terminal.

54
If the capacitor is removed from the supply, it remains charged.
Because of the insulating layer, current can not flow through the capacitor.
The capacitor remains charged indefinitely.
For this reason, capacitors are useful for storing charge.

55
The ability of a capacitor to store charge is called its capacitance, symbol C.
The unit of capacitance is the farad, symbol F.
The farad is defined as the amount of charge stored (in coulombs) per volt:
Capacitance = Charge / Voltage

Parameters of the Capacitor
56

57
1. Nominal Capacitance ( C )
The nominal value of the Capacitance, C of a

capacitor is the most important of all capacitor
characteristics. This value measured in pico-Farads
(pF), nano-Farads (nF) or micro-Farads (µF) and is
marked onto the body of the capacitor as numbers,
letters or coloured bands.

58
2. Working Voltage ( WV )
This defines the maximum continuous DC

voltage that can be applied to the capacitor without
failure during its working life and it is printed onto the
side of a capacitors body.
Common working DC voltages are 10V, 16V,
25V, 35V, 50V, 63V, 100V, 160V, 250V, 400V
and 1000V and are printed onto the body of the
capacitor.

59
3. Tolerance, ( ±% )
As with resistors, capacitors also have a

Tolerance rating expressed as a plus-or-minus value

60
4. Leakage Current
The dielectric used inside the capacitor
to separate the conductive plates is not a
perfect insulator resulting in a very small
current flowing or "leaking" through the
dielectric due to the influence of the powerful
electric fields built up by the charge on the
plates when applied to a constant supply
voltage.
This small DC current flow in the
region of nano-amps (nA) is called the
capacitors Leakage Current.
61
5. Working Temperature ( T )
Changes in temperature around the capacitor
affect the value of the capacitance because of changes
in the dielectric properties. If the air or surrounding
temperature becomes to hot or to cold the capacitance
value of the capacitor may change so much as to affect
the correct operation of the circuit.

62
6. Polarization
Capacitor Polarization generally refers to the

electrolytic type capacitors but mainly the Aluminum
Electrolytic's, with regards to their electrical
connection.

63
8. Equivalent Series Resistance ( ESR )
The Equivalent Series Resistance or ESR, of a

capacitor is the AC impedance of the capacitor.

Capacitor Types
64
There are two main types of capacitors
1 Fixed Capacitors
2 Variable Capacitors

1. Fixed Capacitors
65
1.Non - Polarized Type

2.Polarized Type

Film Capacitor
66
Radial Lead Type Axial Lead Type

67
Fixed Capacitor types

Ceramic capacitor
68
The ceramic capacitor is a type of capacitor that is

used in many applications from audio to RF.
Values range from a few picofarads to around 0.1

microfarads.

Electrolytic capacitor
69
Electrolytic capacitors are a type of capacitor that is

polarized.
They are able to offer high capacitance values - typically

above 1µF, and are most widely used for low frequency
applications - power supplies, decoupling and audio
coupling applications as they have a frequency limit if
around 100 kHz.
Tantalum capacitor
70
Like electrolytic capacitors, tantalum capacitors are

also polarised and offer a very high capacitance level
for their volume.

Silver Mica Capacitor
71
Silver mica capacitors are not as widely used these

days, but they still offer very high levels of stability,
low loss and accuracy where space is not an issue.
They are primarily used for RF applications and and
they are limited to maximum values of 1000 pF or
so.
Polystyrene Film Capacitor
72
Polystyrene capacitors are a relatively cheap form of

capacitor but offer a close tolerance capacitor where
needed.
Polyester Film Capacitor (Myler)
73
Polyester film capacitors are used where cost is a

consideration as they do not offer a high tolerance.
Many polyester film capacitors have a tolerance of
5% or 10%, which is adequate for many applications.
Metallized Polyester Film Capacitor:
74
This type of capacitor is a essentially a form of

polyester film capacitor.

Polycarbonate capacitor:
75
The polycarbonate capacitors has been used in applications

where reliability and performance are critical.
Reliability is high (capacitance over time)
Stable over a wide temperature range. (-55°C to +125°C)

Polypropylene Capacitor:
76
The polypropylene is sometimes used when a higher

tolerance is necessary than polyester capacitors offer.
As the name implies, this capacitor uses a polypropylene
film for the dielectric.
Paper capacitors:
77
Dielectric used Paper or oil-impregnated paper

Glass Capacitors
78
As the name implies, this type of capacitor uses glass

as the dielectric.
Use in RF applications.

Super Capacitors:
79
Made from carbon aerogel, carbon nanotubes, or

highly porous electrode materials. Extremely high
capacity. Can be used in some applications instead
of rechargeable batteries.

SMD Capacitors
80

Capacitor Letter Codes Table
81

Capacitor Tolarance Letter Codes Table
82

Colour Code Method
83

02. (Variable Capacitors)
84
Tuning Condenser
Variable Capacitor Symbol
Trimmer Capacitor
Trimmer Capacitor

Use of Capacitors
85
To separate the AC from DC circuit by coupling or decoupling
To smooth the out put of the power supply by storing the energy.
To tune a radio receiver.
For Time delay circuits.
To control the frequency of an oscillator.

Capacitors in Parallel and Series Circuits
86
Capacitors in series connection
1 1 1 1
= + +
C C1 C2 C3
C1 C2 C3
1 1 1 1 C 2 + C1
=
C = C + C C C1 C2
C1 C2 1 2
Capacitors in series connection

C1
C1
C2
C3
C2
C = C1 + C2
C = C1 + C2 + C3
Charging a capacitor
87
time constant = R × C
where:
time constant is in seconds (s)

R = resistance in ohms (Ohm)
C = capacitance in farads (F)

Capacitor charging curve
88

Discharging curve
89

90
Example:
If R = 47k and C = 22µF,

then the time constant, RC = 47k × 22µF = 1.0s.
If R = 33k and C = 1µF,

then the time constant, RC = 33k × 1µF = 33ms.

Capacitance in AC Circuits
91
AC Capacitor Phasor Diagram

Capacitive Reactance Formula
92
Where:
Xc = Capacitive Reactance in Ohms, (Ω)
π (pi) = a numeric constant of 3.142 (or 22÷7)
ƒ = Frequency in Hertz, (Hz)
C = Capacitance in Farads, (F)
AC Capacitance
93
Find the current flowing in an AC capacitive circuit when a 4uF capacitor is

connected across a 880v, 60Hz supply.

Capacitive Voltage Divider
94
Example No1

95
Capacitive Reactance of 10uF capacitor
Capacitive Reactance of 22uF capacitor
Then the voltage drop across each capacitor in series capacitive voltage divider will
be:

96
Inductors

Introduction
97
Purpose - Storing Electromagnetic Energy.
Unit - Henry (H)

98

Reactance of a Inductor ( XL )
99
π = 3.14
f = Frequency (Hz)
L = Inductance (H)
Example:- f = 50 kHz
L=2 mH

Magnetic flux
100

Reverse Voltage of a Inductor
101

LC charge pump circuit
102

Connection of Inductors
103
Inductors in series
Inductor in parallel

Transformers
104
Various models of transformers

Transformers
105
Transformers
Step up Step down Isolation

Transformers Transformers Transformers

106
Transformer core types
1.Air Core
2.Ferrite Core
3.Iron Core

Transformer Equation
107

108
Voltage & Turns
Current & Turns

Relay
109
Magnetic Switch
coil

110
Circuit symbol for a relay
The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:
COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on

Protection diodes for relays
111
Freewheeling
diode

112
THE END
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Passive Components

This chapter introduces several of the most common types of electronic

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

• Resistors are one of the most common components in electronics.

• These devices offer opposition to current flow; they limit or set

• The opposition to current flow is measured in ohms.

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

The required value quoted in Ω, kΩ, MΩ.

When an electrical current passes through a resistor, electrical energy is lost by

0.125W, 0.25W, 0.5W, 1W, 2 W, 25W, 50W

The maximum allowable deviation from the marked value. (Quoted as a

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

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Common types of fixed resistors

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Carbon composition resistors are

Their resistive element is

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

Metal Film Resistors have much better temperature stability than

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

Another type of resistor, called a Wirewound Resistor, is made by

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

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Type/Property Carbon Carbon Film Metal Oxide wire wound

01. Maximum Value 20MΩ 10MΩ 100 MΩ 270Ω

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There are two types of resistor colour coding methods

- Four band colour code

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

BS 1852 Codes for Resistor Values

0.47Ω = R47 or 0R47

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

Tolerance Codes for Resistors (±)

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E6 Series at 20% Tolerance - Resistors values in Ω's

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

"103" = 10 × 1,000 ohms = 10 kiloΩ´s

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

If only two resistors in parallel

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

Find the total resistance, RT of the following resistors in parallel network.

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

Calculate the voltage across X and Y.

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

Following thermistor circuit has a resistance of 10KΩ at 25°C and a resistance of

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

The Resistor Power Triangle

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

[P=VxI] Power = Volts x Amps

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE

What is the maximum power rating in Watts of a

E-NEST ENGINEERING INSTITUTE