1. How to read ceramic capacitor?

 Ceramic disc capacitors have two to three digits code printed on them
 The first two numbers describe the value of the capacitor and the third number is the
number of zeros in the multiplier
 When the first two numbers are multiplied with the multiplier, the resulting value is the
value of the capacitor in picofarads.
Ex: 105 = 1,000,000 pF
107 = 100,000,000 pF
205 = 2,000,000 pF
207 = 200,000,000 pF
295 = 2,900,000 pF
209 = 20,000,000,000 pF
256 = 25,000,000 pF q
102 = 1000 pF
101 = 100 pF
302 = 3000 pF

2. What is the difference between ceramic resistor, film resistor and surface mounted resistor
device? Give at least 7 examples of the usage of each resistor.
- Ceramic resistors are made of a combination of finely powdered carbon and ceramic
material. Ceramic is an excellent electrical insulator as well as a superb heat conductor. This
property of Ceramic allows the cores of these resistors to endure low to moderate power
electrical current flowing through them without overheating and becoming damaged.
Ceramic resistors are chemically inert. They can withstand high-energy and high-voltages at
high temperatures, such as those encountered in the protection of high voltage surge
equipment, discharge banks, and in high frequency radiation suppression.
- Film resistors are available in different types like metal film, carbon film, metal oxide film,
thick film, and thin-film resistors. They are generally manufactured by depositing pure
metals such as nickel or oxide film such as tin-oxide onto an insulating ceramic or substrate.
The function of a film resistor is to restrict some amount of current within a circuit. The
resistive value of the resistor is controlled by increasing the desired thickness of the
deposited film giving them the names of either “thick-film resistors” or “thin-film resistors”.
- A surface mount resistor is a tiny rectangular ceramic body with silver conductive edges on
either end. These resistors are manufactured using metal film or metal oxide. By using a
metal oxide film, these resistors will give a good temperature coefficient. Surface mount
technology enables the components to be placed onto the printed circuit board and then
directly soldered to it. Surface mount resistors are used in large quantities and are the
preferred resistor for use in electronics equipment, because of the small size and high
reliability

Usage of each resistor:

Ceramic Film Surface Mount
1. Motor Drive 1. Bridge Circuits 1. Communication
Discharge 2. Filter Circuits System
2. High load testing 3. Low-noise analog 2. Automotive
systems signal circuits Electronics
3. Engine Braking and 4. High voltage power 3. Medical equipment
 Crowbar supplies 4. Displays
4. Neutral Grounding 5. Surge or discharge 5. Personal devices
Resistors protection 6. Test and
5. Linear Accelerator 6. Precision controls Measurement
Slab 7. Stable feedback Equipment
6. Electrostatic loops 7. Advanced research
Precipitator instruments
7. High Temperature
Operation

In summary, the ceramic, film, and surface mounted resistor differ in their construction,
materials used, and usage/application.

3. What are the types of diodes and give at least 5 applications of the specific type of diode. Give
at least 10 examples of the component na naa sa type of diode (ex: 1N4001).
Types of Diodes
1. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
- LED are commonly applied in electronic devices, decorative lighting, automotive Lighting,
Display and Signage, and Traffic and Safety Signals.
2. Laser Diode
- Lase diode are commonly used in barcode reader, laser printing, laser scanning, defense and
security, and fiber optic communications.
3. Avalanche Diode
- These diodes are used as white noise generator, overvoltage protection, microwave
frequency detection, single photon detector, and noise sources in radio equipment.
4. Zener Diode
- Zener diodes are commonly used in voltage regulation, surge suppression, protection circuit,
voltage stabilizer, and wave-shaper.
5. Schottky Diode
- Some of the applications of Schottky diode are reverse current protection, discharge
protection, voltage clamping application, solar cell application, and switched-mode power
supplies.
6. Photodiode
- These diodes are used in consumer electronics, medical devices, solar cell panels, optical
communication system, and photo detection circuits.
7. PN Junction Diode
- PN Junction Diode can be used as a photodiode when reverse-biased, led lighting
application if forward biased, voltage-controlled oscillator in varactors, can be used as a
solar cell, and rectifier.

4. Transistor -Give the types of the transistor; explain what is the difference between the MOSFET,
FET and the BJT. -Example for the application of the BJT the MOSFET the JMOSFET and JFET.
 The transistor is composed of two types: BJT and FET.
 BJT is a current-controlled device. It is composed of three terminals called base, emitter, and
collector. It also got two types of configurations NPN (made by placing a p-type material
between two n-type materials) and PNP (made by placing a n-type material between two p-
type materials).
  FET, on the other hand, is a voltage-controlled device. The FET is a unipolar device, which
means that it is made using either p-type or n-type material as the main substrate. Unlike
BJT, the three terminals of FET are called gate, source, and drain.
 There are two classifications of Field Effect Transistor (FET): JFET and MOSFET. JFET operates
only on depletion mode, its conductivity is controlled by reverse biasing of the gate, and it is
mainly used in low noise application. Unlike JFET, MOSFET operates in both enhancement
and depletion mode. Its conductivity is controlled by the carriers induced in the channel,
and it is mainly used in high noise application.

Applications:
BJT MOSFET JFET
- switching - amplifiers - switch
- amplification - regulation for DC motors - chopper
- demodulator and - construction of chopper - buffer
modulator amplifiers - oscillatory circuit
- temperature sensor - switching and amplifying - cascade amplifiers
- oscillation circuit signals

5. What transistor use in CMOS.

 CMOS transistors are based on metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)
technology.

6. Why does MOSFET are used mostly in IC.

 MOSFETs are typically used for higher-current applications. They use less power and have
higher switching speeds than other transistor types. They can also be easily miniaturized
and packed into high densities making them perfect for integrated circuits.

7. Define and expound D-MOSFET and E-MOSFET (the different between them).

8. Why does or mostly of the industry uses Surface Mounted Devices (SMD)?
- SMD is part of the electronic assembly that deals with the mounting of electronic
components to the surface of a PCB. It supports microelectronics by allowing more
components to be placed closer together on the board. This leads to designs that are more
lightweight and compact, resulting in shorter signal paths. The heat dissipated is also lesser.
In conclusion, mostly of the industry uses Surface Mounted Devices (SMD) as it was
developed to minimize manufacturing costs while making efficient use of board space.

9. STEP-BY-STEP ON HOW TO MAKE A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:

i. Prepare all the materials (Magnetic Wire #17, Magnetic Wire #25, core, bobbin, duplex
wire #16, male plug, AWG #12 Wire, fish paper, sand paper, masking tape, heat shrink
tubing, lighter, pliers/wire stripper, soldering iron, soldering lead)
ii. Get the desired number of turns on primary and secondary winding.
 Divide the constant 42 to the area of the bobbin; then
 Multiply the answer to the input voltage and output voltage to get the number of
turns on primary and secondary respectively
iii. Connect the primary winding to a #12 AWG Wire with a soldering lead and iron. Do not
forget to remove the insulation of the magnetic wire with a sand paper.
 iv. Make sure that the two wires are properly connected. Secure the connections with a
heat-shrink tubing.
v. Place the wire in the bobbin. After placing the wire, cover the first layer with a masking
tape. Make sure that it is fully covered to avoid losses.
vi. Begin the primary winding at the edge of the bobbin, wind it properly and firmly to
maximize the space of the bobbin.
vii. For every 100 turns, mark the wire with a masking tape to serve as a guide in the
succeeding turns. Do this until you reach the desired number of turns of your primary
winding.
viii. When primary winding is finished, get a digital multimeter to check its continuity or if
the two wires are connected properly.
ix. To finalize the primary winding, cover the whole area with a masking tape. To avoid
electrical losses, cover the whole assembly with a fish paper/waxed paper.
x. Follow the steps for the secondary winding.
xi. Insert the letter ‘E’ cores to the bobbin until the space is maximized.
xii. Insert the remaining letter ‘I’ cores to the transformer.
xiii. Connect the plug to a 220 V AC source and use a digital multimeter to check if you have
the desired output voltage.

10. STEP-BY-STEP ON HOW TO MAKE A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER:

i. Use a large steel bolt as the transformer’s magnetic core. Test the bolt first for
magnetization by holding it against a kitchen magnet. If the magnet sticks, the steel bolt is
usable as a core.
ii. Wrap the bolt with insulating tape to isolate the windings from the “core”. Cut the coated
copper wire into two unequal lengths, and strip them at the ends. Using the same wire will
help you ensure that the coil winding counts are comparable.
iii. Wind the two copper wires several times (at least 12 turns) around the ends of the “core”
(steel bolt). These wire coils will act as the primary and secondary windings of the
transformer. Make sure the bare ends of the wires are kept free. Also, maintain a space
between the primary and secondary windings. Secure with insulating tape.
iv. Now, connect the bare ends of the secondary coil to the contact terminals of the resistive
element (bulb). Make sure they don't touch each other at the bulb contacts, because a short
will prevent the bulb from lighting. You can use electrical insulation tape to hold the wires in
place if necessary.
v. Finally, connect the bare ends of the primary coil to an AC power supply. Selecting an AC
power supply with a power switch, adjustable voltage setting and a fuse on the input will
help provide safety and isolation from “the wall” power. Start with the AC power at its
lowest level and steadily increase to see the brightness of the bulb change. The bulb should
illuminate upon switching on the power supply. If not, check the connections and try again.
vi. In case you smell burning, remove the primary coil ends from power supply immediately.
However, this is an unlikely situation, since the transformer should provide enough
resistance to prevent too high of a current to pass.
vii. If you do smell burning, check if the cause of a short circuit is due to the contact between
bare wires. Cover the bare wires with electrical insulation tape and try again.
viii. Notice that the luminosity of the bulb will go up in the step-up configuration. Moreover, the
transformer core will start functioning as an electromagnet. This can be checked by placing
metallic objects against it.