MEDIEVAL:

- Middle ages

- 476 to 1400 A.D.

Roman Catholic Church- center of musical activity

A Capella- singing w/o instrumental

- Does not use instruments because they were used in some

pegan rituals.

Secular- non-religious

Non-Secular- religious

Gregorian Chant (non secular/religious)

- St. Gregory I

- Latin and sacred text

- Unmetered/free meter- free from musical time and time signature

- Music of the church

- Monophony- single structure or sung played by a single instrument player.

- A capella

- Neume- note/group of notes

Text setting
 - Syllabic- 1 syllable, 1 note

- Neumatic- 1 syllable, few notes

- Melismatic- 1 syllable, many notes

- Psalmodic- many syllable, 1 repeated note

Secular Music (non-religious)

1. Monophonic

2. More theme and topic

3. Native languages

4. Syllabic

5. Triple meter

Poets and Musicians: traveling musicians

1. Troubadour

- Poetry, ballads

- Secular music

a. Chivalry- knights/warriors, devotion to church

b. Court love- knights for girls/noble women, sometimes to

forbidden love

- w/ musical accompaniment, carries musical instrumental

2. Trouveres- poets, France 11th – 14th century

 3. Minstrels- heroic poetry to a musical accompaniment for the
nobility

Adam de la Halle

- Church but eventually married

- Chanson and poetic debate in compositions

- Polyphony

RENAISSANCE:
- 1450-1600

- “rebirth”

- Sacred to secular (not religious) orientation

- Church less powerful

- Exploration and learning period

- Martin Luther- founded protestant church

- Central figure- man

Characteristics of Music

1. Polyphonic- echoing of music by another voice or instrument.

2. Imitation of voices is common.

3. Word painting- the music/words illustrated the meaning of text.

 4. Melodic lines move in a flowing manner

Vocal Music

1. Motet- religious texts but not used in mass

2. Mass- sacred, intended for mass, polyphonic, a

capella/orchestral, syllabic/neumatic/melismatic

3. Madrigal- social gatherings, important secular music, from Italy, a

capella, polyphonic (3-6 voices)

Composers:

1. Giovanne Pierluigi da Palestrina- Rome, greatest master of

Catholic Church

2. Thomas Morley- England, famous composer of secular (not

religious), imitate Byrd but changed composing madrigals.

3. Josquin Des Prez- France, influential composers, admired bc of

mastery of expression and technique.

4. William Byrd- greatest English composer, introduced madrigal to

England

Instruments

1. Strings- lute, violin, harp

2. Wind- saxophone, clarinet, flute

3. Percussion- triangle, drum, tambourine

Ensemble

1. Consort- musical instruments played together

a. Broken- instruments from diff families

b. Whole- instruments from one family

BAROQUE:
- French word from Portuguese, “irregularly shaped pearl”

- Baroque- used for art works created during this period

Characteristics:

1. Melodies- elaborate and ornamental

2. Melodies- not easy to sing and remember

3. Contrapuntal (2 or more independent melodic lines) texts w/ some

homophony (like monophonic)

4. Dynamic contrast- loud and soft

5. Music genres- operas, oratorios, suites, tocatas, concerto grosso,

fugue

6. Orchestra- strings and continuo (bass [keyboard])

7. Harpsichord and organ- commonly used keyboard

8. Binary-AB, Ternary-ABC, ground bass, fugue

Music Genre
 1. Concerto- solo instrument accompanied by orchestra

2. Concerto Grosso- small group of solo instruments “concertino”,

whole orchestra “tutti”

3. Fugue- contrapuntal piece

- 3 to 4 parts, main theme “subject”

- Single brief tune of strong musical character

4. Oratorio- no scenery, costumes, dramatic actions

- Uses narrator, soloists, chorus, orchestra

- Performed in churches and concert halls

- Meditative rather than dramatic

Composers

1. Johann Sebastian Bach

- Germany

- Family of musicians

- Taught violin by his father

- Soprano

- Religious man shown in his sacred music

- Know compositions for organ, orchestra, oratorio

- Cantor- important and long term position

2. Antonio Vivaldi

- Italy
 - “the red priest”- because of his hair

- Composer, catholic priest, virtuoso violinist

- Known Concertos, especially violin and choral works

- Give strings a major role in his compositions

- “the four seasons”- “spring”, ”summer”, ”autumn”

3. George Frideric Handel

- Germany

- Secretly taught himself to play harpsichord

- 7 y/o played organ

- Duke gave him formal music education

Poly start in renaissance

- accompaniment

Poly + instrumental,vocal= baroque

- Basso continuo- w/ melody

CLASSICAL:
- Post baroque and pre-romantic

- Development of classical symphony

Characteristics:
 - Clarity

- Motific rather than melodic

- Easy to follow (clarity over complexity)

- Movement- diff part/sections of composition (verse 1)

- Monophonic- single structure

- Reduce the basso continuo

Development- music style (?)

- Rococo (rest,post)

· France

· Style/taste from baroque pero unti-unting nawala

- Empfindsamer Stil

· Style gallant=empfindsamer stil

· Used by two sons of Bach

- Pre-Classical Style

· From harpsichord to piano

· Changes in concepts of form, style, and medium

Elements:

- Texture

· Homophonic – 1 melodic line w/ non-melodic or less

accompaniment

- Melody
 · Arrangement of notes

· More diatonic-arrangement of pitches

· Consonant-pleasant

· Dissonant- unpleasant

· Easy to sing

- Harmony

· Blending of voices

· Simpler than baroque

· Has time signature

- Dynamics and Ornamentation

· Forte (loud)

· Piano (soft)

· Harpsichord to piano

- Form

· ABA- structure

· Binary-AB

· Ternary-ABC

- Improvisation

· Basso continuo-less important, reduced (cello &

harpsichord)

· Alberti bass- broken chord, Domenico Alberti

Instrumental Music:

- Sonata- large instrumental, has several movements/sections

· First movement-

· Second movement- more melodic quality, slow tempo,

rounded binary (AABA) and ternary (ABA)

· Third movement- triple meter, moderate tempo, ternary

(ABA)

- Symphony- longer, 4 sections/movements

· First movement- fast and vigorous, duple meter

· Second movement- slow, nagbabago yung theme

· Third movement- dance –like movement

· Fourth movement- lively, brilliant, fast, public concert halls

- Chamber music

· Performed in small room/place

· 2-9 players, 1 instrument to a part

· 2 violins, 1 viola, 1 cello

· Ensemble- string quartet

· Four movements (fast,slow,minuet,fast)

· Divertimo- small chamber ensemble/small orchestra

Composers:

- Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck (Glok)

 · Germany-France

· Master of opera (instrumental & voice) & Father of modern

opera

· Opera- dramatic act w/ set of music for singers and

instrumentalist

· Alexander Johannes and Maria Walburga (parents)

· Combined Italian opera & French national genre

· Wrote 8 operas

· Iphigenie en Tauride- most excellent

· Echo et Narcisse- Not successful

- Franz Joseph Haydn

· Austria

· Prolific composer (numbers of works)

· Father: Mathias Haydn- wheelwright

· Mother: Maria nee Koller- cook in Harrach

· Sent to a relative- Johann Matthias Frankh- choirmaster in

Hainburg

· George von Reutter- musical director brought him for further

training

· Worked 9 years in Vienna after training

· Esterhaza- private lab & his development of classical forms

· “Father of the symphony” & “Father of string quartet”

 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

· Austria

· Father: Leopold Mozart- composer & teacher

· Anna Marie nee Pertl- teacher

· World’s greatest musical geniuses

· 3- played harpsichord

5- began writing minuets

6- performing for aristocrats

- Ludwig Van Beethoven

· Germany

· Johann and Maria Beethoven (parents)

· Musically trained by his father

· Studied under Haydn, spent most of his life in Vienna

· First Period-learning years

· Second Period- began breaking musical conventions, pieces

became longer, 3-8 symphonies

· Third period- became deaf, 9th symphony-longest, giants of

classical music

- Fur Elise (composition)

ROMANTIC PERIOD:

● The Romantic movement in music coincides with a general Romantic

movement in all arts.

● The arts of literature and painting began to influence music.

● Music acquired poetic or philosophical meaning.
● Antiquity, folklore, history and exotic cultures were examined as
possible sources of inspiration.

Characteristic:

● Music is not as reliant on repetition as in Classical music

● The music often directly tells a story
● Exploration of tone colors
● Much bigger orchestras (70-100-100+)
● Characteristics
● Romantic Period Music
● Popularity of chamber music
● Music is highly emotional
● Poetry and music are intimately fused

Musical Innovations:

● Invention of the song cycle

● Invention of the symphonic poem
● Great works written for solo piano
● Composers stretched the listeners ear by creating a great
● deal of dissonance using chromatic notes, and extensions
● of the triad.
● Composers began to drift away from the strong sense of
● tonality heard in Classical music.
● Founding of conservatories
● Composers gradually left the patronage system and became free
● agents of their own works.
● This meant that the composer, their music and their livelihood
● depended on the public’s approval.
● For the first time, a composer’s work might not be publicly
 ● performed during his or her lifetime.
● Romantics saw themselves as outsiders, isolated from mainstream
society, struggling to express their creative ideas.
● In general, composers held higher social status than in the Classical
period.

Performers:

● Rise of virtuosic performers

● the public was captured by virtuosity and showmanship

Conductor:

● Resulted from the orchestras growth in numbers and complexity

● Became necessary to have one person to lead and control the
orchestra

General Characteristics:

● Individuality
● Expressive Aims and Subjects
● Nationalism and Exoticism
● Rise and Importance of Program Music

Elements:
Melody

● Age of lyricism – unending melody

● Melodies appealed to the emotions
● Phrases tended to be longer and irregular in length
● Themes were more complex and utilized chromaticism
● Advent of theme transformation (Berlioz, Wagner)

Music:

Program Music

● Music that tells a story

Incidental Music

● Music specially composed to be heard at certain points during the

performance of a play (to set the mood, to cover the scenery changed or
as background music.) (parang commercial break hahagege)

Suites

● Several pieces of incidental music gathered together intended for a play

Music for Piano

● The piano gained a richer sound, and gradually, a wider range of notes.
They wrote sonatas and short pieces.

Harmony

● Basically tonal
● By end of the 19th century chromaticism (movement by half
● steps) stretched tonality to the breaking point
● Chromaticism imbued greater dissonance and tension into the sound

Rhythm

● Rhythmic effects were used for “color” – rubato

● Articulations in the instruments tended to be heavy and
● intense
● A new vocabulary of music terms arose that indicated how to achieve
the composer’s desired sound – cantabile, dolce, con amore, allegro
agitato. These designations produced a more emotional sound and
response.

Texture

● Essentially homophonic
● Tended to be thick, heavy and lush

Dynamics

● Gradual
● Much wider range – extremes of dynamic variation
 ● Used extensively throughout the compositions

Timber/Ornamentation

● This period saw a full exploration of the instrumental families.

● Instruments were used for both their individual and collective
● color potential.
● Instrumental timbre was used to convey mood and atmosphere.
● The orchestra became much larger – from 70 players to more
● than 100 (resulting in the necessity of a conductor).
● Instruments could play louder and carry farther.
● Instruments were capable of major changes in dynamics.

Opera

● Very popular during the Romantic era.

● Composers focused on melodies and themes.
● Huge interest in songs written as part of a cycle: a complete story told with
related songs.

Strings

● String sections increased in size and were given more difficult

accompaniment parts (scales, arpeggios)

Woodwinds

● Development of new instruments

- saxophone (baritone and tuba) were invented by Adolf Sax
- piccolo, bass clarinet and English horn were added.
●

● Important improvements in wind instruments

- Boehm system” of fingering for flutes and clarinets achieved better
facility and intonation for the performer and greater musical range

Brass

● Addition of valves and improvement to valves on brass instruments

allowed the playing of a full chromatic compass for the first time and to
more easily play quick runs of notes
 ● Tubas and Trombones were added

Percussion

● Expanded to include bass drum, snare drum, cymbals and other exotic
percussion instruments (gong, castanets)

Famous Composers:

Frederic Chopin

- Polish (Poland) composer and pianist

- Paris
- Completely oriented his creative around the piano
- Piano compositions are generally dances or free-from works
(impromptus, noctrenes, etudes, preludes)
- Night piece (composition)

Franz Liszt

- Hungarian composer
- Virtuosic pianist (highly skilled)
- Harmonically and formally
- Used complex and unusual chords
- Transcendental Etude No, 10 in F Minor, 1851 (composition)

Hector Berlioz

- French
- Most of his works call for huge instrumental and vocal forces
- Very influential in his technique and writing about orchestration
- Symphonie fantastique, 1830 (composition)
- Fourth movement: march to the scaffold (composition)
- Program symphony in five movements
- Uses idee fixe- thematic transformation
Johannes Brahms

- German composer
- Classicist---criticized for being “out of step” with the music of his time
- Avoided newly invented forms (program symphony, tone poem)
- Preferred new things within traditional forms
- Symphony No. 4 in E minor, 1885

Modest Mussorgsky

- Russian
- Utilize russian folk song--- often based on church modes, irregular in
meter
- 10 pieces with descriptive titles
- Great Gate of Kiev (composition)

Felix Mendelssohn

- Hamburg, Germany
- Pianist, composer, musical conductor, and teacher
- One of the most-celebrated figures
- largely observed Classical models and practices while initiating key
aspects of Romanticism
- Overture to A Midsummer Night’s Dream ( composition)

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

- Russian
- Wrote 11 operas, 4 concertos, 6 symphonies, 3 ballets
- Most remembered: Sleeping Beauty and Swan Lake (compositions)
- Music is intense: melancholy & emotional
- Speculated that he committed suicide
Richard Wagner
- 17 y/o- began composing
- 3 stages of opera creations: early, middle, third
- Primary legacy is his creation of operas
- Tristan and Isolde (composition) (one of his greatest operas)
Kung wala kang
naintindihan…..

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