SOCIAL STUDIES

Prepared by: Ms. Revilla

Week 1
The Circular Flow of Goods and Services
Macroeconomics- a branch of economics dealing with performance, structure, behavior, and
decision-making of an economy as a whole,
Our economy is complex.
Household-consist of an individual in an economy who own the productive resources, including land, labor,
and capital. They sell labor services such as knowledge, skills, talents, etc. Using their income, they buy
goods and other services in the output market.
Firms- a business organization such as a corporation that produces and sells goods and services with the
aim of generating revenue and making a profit.

SAVINGS AND INVESTMENTS IN CIRCULAR FLOW

Investment is another form of expenditure of goods and services in the output market.
Saving- defined as income not used for current consumption, but for future consumption. It can be a cause
of disequilibrium because the money cannot flow.

Week 2
Agricultural Sector
Agriculture- as the science and art of crop and livestock production.
Factors affecting agriculture are climate, soil, topography, nearness to market, transportation facilities, land
costs, and other economic variables.

Major Patterns of Agricultural Development

-Traditional Agriculture
-Modern Agriculture
-Modernizing Agriculture
Traditional Agriculture-is also known as subsistence farming.
It is defined as a primitive style of farming that involves the intensive use of indigenous knowledge,
traditional tools, natural resources, organic fertilizers, and cultural belief of the farmers.
Modern Agriculture- it specialized and is characterized by a large portion of the product being produced for
commercial purposes.
Modernizing Agriculture- increased importance of commercial production in farming.

Roles of Agriculture in the Economy:

● Develop and contribute to our economy.
● Source of food and raw materials.
● Market for the products of other industries.
● Source of foreign exchange.
● Additional resources to other sectors of the economy.

Land Tenure-refers to the way in which land is held by an individual from the government. It shows the
relationship between the land holder and the state.
Five classification of land tenure in the Philippines
● Full owners
-own all the land which they work on.
● Part owners
-A farm operator who own part of the land they work on while they hold remaining portion of as tenant.
● Tenants
-A farm operator who rent or lease from others land.
● Farm managers
-These individual supervise the day to day operations of large arid and receive wages, a salary, or part of the
harvest for their services.
● Other condition forms of land tenure
-Farm operators under the other condition of land tenure. They operate farms under the condition other
than those previously mentioned.

Week 3
Land Reform in the Philippines
Land Reform- most often refers to transfers of ownership from a relatively small number of privileged
owners with extensive land holdings to individual ownership by those who work the land.
Examples: Plantation, large ranches, or agribusiness plots
Agrarian Reform- promote social justice and industrialization providing the mechanism for its
implementation and for other purposes.
● Pres. Diosdado Macapagal \
-Land Reform Program initiated on August 8, 1963
 ● Pres. Ferdinand Marcos
-He declared the entire country a land reform area on October 21, 1972
● Pres, Cory Aquino
-Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law was signed into law on June 10, 1998.

Major Programs of the Agrarian Reform

➔ Operation Land Transfer (OLT)-involves the orderly and systematic transfer of lands planted to rice
and corn to the tenant/ tillers.
Five stages of the process:
Identification of tenants, landowners, and land cover.
Mapping the actual area cultivated by the tenants.
Printing and issuance of certificates of land transfer.
Valuation of the land transferred.
Issuance of emancipation patents to farmers who have completed payments for the land.

➔ Lease Operations- an intermediate stage of land tenure whereby tenant-farmers are given protection
by the law from the harassment, ejection, and other practices which characterize share-crop tenancy.
➔ Leasehold Agreement- requires the lessee(the tenant-farmer) to pay a mixed rent of not more than
25% in cash or kind of the average normal harvest for the three crop years.
➔ Land Consolidation- a process by which comparatively irregular, small fragmented, and scattered
farm lots are concentrated and restricted.
➔ Compact Forms- involves the voluntary grouping of farmers to enable them to properly combine and
utilize their resources for greater productivity and efficiency.

Agrarian Reforms and Cooperatives

Cooperatives- a group of persons who combine their resources under the principle of equality in order to
attain objectives to their mutual benefits.

Week 4
Industrial Sector
Industrial sector- part of the economy engaged in various economic activities, including manufacturing,
mining and quarrying, construction and the provision of public utilities.
Manufacturing- it is engage in diverse activities, including the processing of basic agricultural products.

Types of manufacturing:
● Food Manufacturing
-refers to industrial processes that turn fresh produce into consumable food product.
● Textile Product Mills
-this subsector produces clothing for men, women, and children, including fabric accessories, such as hats,
gloves, and neckties.
● Apparel Manufacturing
-a process where fabric is being converted into garments.
● Chemical Manufacturing
-based on the transformation of organic and inorganic raw materials by a chemical process and the
formulation of product.
● Computer and Electric Product Manufacturing
-engages in the production and assembly of computers, computer peripherals, (including items like
printers, monitors and storage devices) communications equipment.

Mining and Quarrying- engaged in the extraction of precious metals and other minerals from the natural
and mining resources of the country. Mining is the extraction of minerals from underground, while
quarrying is the extraction of minerals from the surface of the land.

Construction- refers to the building of factories, commercial structures, and residential buildings.
Utilities- refers to economic activities that provide electricity. Gas, water, and sanitary services to household,
business firms, and other sectors of the country.

ROLE OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN THE GROWTH OF AN ECONOMY

Industrialization- contribute to economic growth by enhancing productive capacity, job creation,
innovation, and optimal resources use. Trade openness enhances foreign direct investment (FDI), global
market integration, technological advancement and countries’ productive capacity.

Types of industries in the Philippines:

● Cottage or Household Industries
-enterprises which produce limited amounts of a variety of commodities from handicrafts to processed
foods.
● Small and Medium Industries
-these type of industries employ more than 40% of the workers in the Philippines manufacturing sector.
● Large scale
-these require a large capital investment and employ more and enjoy more workers.