URP 313: INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

INTRODUCTION
 What is an Industry
large-scale production: organized
economic activity connected with
the production, manufacture, or
construction of a particular
product or range of products
 TYPES OF INDUSTRY

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Extracting Industries Manufacturing industry Service Industry
Petroleum, mining, Bakery, automobile, Educational Institutions,
Agriculture processing Transport Industry,
tourism Industry,
Healthcare Industry
 TYPES OF INDUSTRY
There are three Major types of industry:
1. Primary sector of the economy
(the raw materials industry)
2. Secondary sector of the economy
(manufacturing and construction)
3. Tertiary sector of the economy
(the "service industry")
a. Quaternary sector of the economy (information
services)
b. Quinary sector of the economy (human services)
 What is Industrialization
It is the process by which an economy is
transformed from primarily
agricultural/extracting to one based on
the manufacturing of goods.

Here individual manual labour is replaced

by mechanized mass production. It is the
development of industries in a country or
region on a wide scale.
ROLE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

(Economic Growth, Social Change and

Physical Development)
Industrial development is necessary for
modernisation of agriculture.

Research reveal that all the developed countries

of the world broke the vicious circle of
underdevelopment by industrialization.
 to practice modern agriculture, we need tractors,
threshers, pump sets, harvesters etc.

To increase productivity, we need fertilizers,

pesticides, weedicides etc.

These are all industrial products.

Without industrial development, these goods cannot

be produced.
Agricultural products like, cotton, sugarcane etc. are
raw materials.

We need industrialisation to prepare finished

products like, textiles and sugar etc..

The role of industrialization in economic

development Brings about the following;
1. Rise in Agricultural Production
Provides machinery like tractors, threshers
harvesters, bulldozers, transport, aerial spray etc, to
be used in the farm sector.

The use of this modern inputs brings about increase

in the yield of crops.

:. increase in the income of farmers will bring about

increase in economic development of Nigeria.
2. Industrialization Increase saving and
investment.

It increases the income of workers.

It enhances their capacity to save.

The voluntary savings, stimulate industrial

growth and by cumulative effect lead to further
expansion of industry.
3. Development of markets.

Industrialization brings about increase in the use of

raw materials as well as increase in finished goods.

The finished products also finds its way throughout

the country and beyond.
4. Industrialization brings about Increase in
Government revenue.
Increase in supply of goods at the internal and
external markets.

The export of goods provides foreign exchange.

The customs excise duties and other taxes levied
on the production of goods increase the revenue of
the State.
The tax received from the industrialists adds
to the revenue stream of the Government.

This is also spent for the welfare of the

citizens
5. Industrialization Ensures Economic stability.
A nation which depends upon the production and
export of raw material alone cannot achieve a rapid
rate of economic growth.
The uncertainties of Nature, fluctuating demand of
the agricultural raw material hampers economic
progress and leads to an unstable economy.
6. It brings about Higher standard of living.

It increases the value of output per worker.

The income of the workers increases due to higher

productivity.

The rise in income raises the living standard of the

people.
7. Improvement in balance of payments.

It increases the export of manufactured goods and

thus earn foreign exchange.

It reduces the import of goods and thereby helps

in conserving foreign exchange.

This leads to balance of payment.

8. Increase in national income.

It helps in optimum utilization of the scarce

resources of a country.

It increases the quantity and quality of various

kinds of manufactured goods and thereby make a
larger contribution to gross national product.
(GNP).
9. Stimulates progress in other sectors.
A developments of one industry leads to the
development and expansion of other industries.
i.e The construction of a transistor radio plant,
develops the small battery industry (backward
linkage).
The construction of milk processing plants adds to its
line of production ice cream. cone cream plants etc..
(forward linkage).
10. Promotes specialization.

It promotes specialization of labour.

The division of work increases the

marginal value product of labour.
11. Increased employment opportunities.

Industrialization provides increased employment

opportunities in small and large scale industries.

In an agrarian economy, industry absorbs

underemployed and unemployed workers of
agricultural sector and thereby increases the
income of the community.
 LECTURE TWO

Design Standards In Physical Planning;

The Industrial Component
Introduction
 Planners are regarded as people who lay out
streets, Parks, neighbourhoods etc.

 Traditional planning focused on buildings

however the emphasis have changed over time.

However planning is beyond this.

The planner is concerned with critical socio-
economics, environmental and political problems
that affect the wellbeing and equilibrium stand of
the city.
Planning elements usually considered answer to this five (5) Ws

i. Where people live - residence, shops etc

ii. Where people work - Offices, farms, market etc

iii. Where people play - Stadia, fields, gymn etc

iv. Where people and goods move - Roads, rails, Motorway etc

v. What people use - Water, light, communication etc

 Planning is therefore more involving.

Planning is for the people;

 Children
 Men
 Women
 Aged
 Living & non living things

Individual welfare is the chief concern in planning.

Therefore, design standard
should be determined by needs,
interest and wishes of the social
groups concerned.
what is Planning standard
 Requirements approved by laws to guide physical
development in a particular area at a particular time.

Planning standards are set to prevent the development

of slum and urban blight.
JUSTIFICATIONS FOR EFFECTIVE PLANNING STANDARDS
Planning Standards vary across space and are constantly
being reviewed to accommodate changing trends and
needs.
 Houses in desert are different from that of the forest region so their
standards
 Plot sizes also vary from place to place

 Gadgets used in houses varies from region to region. E.g A.C in

tropical region and warmer in temperate region

The essence of design standards in physical planning

varies among areas
Importance of standard in Planning
The essence of setting standards vary across space and are
constantly being reviewed to accommodate changing trends and
needs.

i. Standard in planning enhance the quality of buildings and spaces.

ii. Address the need for different users sympathetically.

iii. It ensures sustainable development

iv. Standards are set to safeguard public welfare through the

promotion of health, safety and livability.
v. It protect us from nuisance that may be generated from
uncomplimentary land uses.
vi. Check land crowding and City decay
vii Promote uniformity
viii. Bring development in line with general planning anticipations.
ix. Control large population shift (Rural-Urban migration).
ENFORCING STANDARDS FOR DESIGN CONTROLS

this is better achieved by the operation of the development

control unite, using various land use controls, mechanisms and
techniques.

Different degrees of control standards are put in place.

Some are technically desirable, some are desirable and some
do arise because of a number of intermediating problems.

you enforce regulatory patterns to ensure sanity.

To enforce design and planning controls, information about
community resources, potentials etc needs be acquired.
The land use plan need be acquired and soil types and cadastral
survey put in place.

Compliance with design standard could be achieve by adopting

Public regulatory mechanism:

By positive actions by Government or
By Negative actions by government as well as
Public or Government action that include both positive and
negative actions
a. Positive Control Techniques
1. Provision of infrastructures such as good roads. This encourage
land use control, investment is encouraged, and land
development becomes complimentary.

2. land acquisition to provide layout schemes. Government may

finance land developers to achieve this

3. Tax incentives could be used to guide development e.g tax

relieve for specific locations.
b. Nagative Control Techniques
1. Complete bulldozing of slums, though not very popular.

2. Zoning- it is seen as a method by which the

development plan segregate parcels of land or areas of
town and ascribes to them broad classification for
appropriate uses.
divides the community into use areas. This can be done
through segregation of conflicting land uses into residential,
Commercial or residential areas. Zoning laws often work
within the area for which it is designed.
Zoning could be:
1. Restrictive: restrictions are placed on new developments. It
does not allow best economic use of land. It does interfere with
land allocation or distribution of activities that would better be
located by economic processes
2. Indicative Zoning: This are development proposed by the
master plan.
3. Building codes: this are imposed by different municipalities to
protect occupants from hazards of fire, epidemics, and other
forms of discomfort.
4. Permission: It could be withheld to develop an area
5. Taxation: This could be selective and used to grant lee ways e.g
tax holidays or heavy taxes to restrict unwanted development
c. Public or Government action that include both positive and
negative actions
 LECTURE TWO
LECTURE THREE
ASSESSMENT OF LAND FOR INDUSTRIAL LANDUSE

1. Accessibility to labour in the needed quality and quantity,

Communication routes,

2. Power and sewage disposal facilities

3. The site must be geographically separated from residential

neighbourhoods.

4. The terrain should be flat and even. (this enhance stability and
ease of construction of buildings, slope of not more than 5%,
capable of being easily graded.
 SPACE NEEDED

Ratio of 4 acres per thousand population (4 acres/1000 pop).

Or
1 hectare per 1,500 population and

Industrial workers

30 people per acre or 75 per hectare.

due to unpredictability of industrial land allocation. A generous

reserve is often put in place
 Ten Principles of the New Environmentalism
A quiet revolution has been under way during the 1990s as
environmental sustainability has gradually become an important
theme in policymaking Around the world.
RE C E N T years have witnessed a profound change in our understanding of
the links between economic Development and the natural environment.

The key propositions of sustainable development laid out in the Brundtland

Commission Report in 1987 and in the RiodeJaneiro Earth Summit’s Agenda
21 in 1992 were controversial at the time but are now broadly accepted—
even among mainstream economic policy makers.
Among such propositions are the following:
1. there is a crucial and potentially positive link between
economic development and the environment

2. the costs of inappropriate economic policies on the

environment are very high;

3. addressing environmental problems requires that

poverty be reduced;

4. economic growth must be guided by prices which

incorporate environmental values; and
5. since environmental problems pay no respect to
borders, global and regional collaboration is
sometimes needed to complement national and
regional actions.

Broad acceptance of these propositions, however, has

not assured their effective implementation.

Most environmental problems continue to intensify,

and in many countries there are few grounds for
optimism.
About 100 countries have now prepared national environmental strategies,
and tangible changes in addressing environmental issues are apparent in
about half this number.

Sixty-eight (68) countries are currently receiving financial and technical

support from the World Bank for environmental policy reforms and
associated investments.
A recent review of the World Bank’s environmental lending portfolio
identified ten principles undergirding this “new environmentalism.”

Although these principles may seem straightforward and uncontroversial

today, a decade ago they were not.

And they stand in sharp contrast to most environmental policymaking in

member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) over the past thirty years.
Principle 1: Set priorities carefully:

The seriousness of environmental problems and the

scarcity of financial resources have required tough
prioritization and the phasing of remedial actions.

The Eastern European Environmental Action Plan—

prepared by the World Bank, the European Union, and all
of the countries in the region—was a pioneering and
influential effort in this regard.
Principle 2: Make every dollar count.
Most environmental policies, including the successful ones, have
Been un-necessarily expensive.

Developing countries cannot afford the high-cost approaches

traditionally used in industrial countries, and a new emphasis on cost-
effectiveness is therefore taking root.

The new emphasis on cost-effectiveness is allowing much more to be

achieved with limited resources.

It requires a multidisciplinary approach—one that calls for

environmental specialists and economists to work together to identify
the lowest-cost methods of addressing key environmental problems.
Principle 3: Harness “win-win” opportunities.
Win-win principle is about Reducing subsidies on the use of natural
resources.

this can be reduce on the following:

Pesticide: Bangladesh and Indonesia have done so

irrigation water, which accounts for more than 80 percent of all water use: a
number of countries, including China and India have embraced this.

Fuel: Nigeria is also contemplating on removing fuel subsidy.

Clarifying and reallocating property rights is often another “win-win” policy.

Countries such as Azerbaijan, Colombia, the Philippines, and South Africa are
now embarked upon market-based and negotiated land reform.
Principle 4: Use market instruments where feasible.
This is an innovative approach which involve emissions and effluent charges.

market-based extraction charges, and tradable permits (a license, such as a

permit allowing a company to pollute up to a particular level). Polluter pay
principle

For example, Chile and Peru have recently introduced new fishing laws
involving tradable harvesting permits.

China is enforcing new charges on sulfur dioxide emissions.

Thailand is experimenting with performance bonds for hazardous waste.

Malaysia has recently strengthened its system of effluent charges.

Principle 5: Economize on administrative and regulatory capacity.
In developing countries, administration and enforcement is often a problem.

This principle recognized that nongovernmental and community groups can

help foster compliance.

It believed that when the public is Informed they can expose and hold
accountable private firms and government agencies that abuse the
environment.

consequently embracing more self-enforcing policies (such as deposit-refund

schemes and performance bonds) and blunter instruments (such as fuel
taxes or import bans on certain types of pesticide)
Principle 6: Work with the private sector, not against it.

many governments are switching from a control-dominated attitude toward the

private sector to one that involves dialogue and negotiated, monitorable
programs.

Governments should working with private sector, environmental leaders to

encourage environmental improvements throughout the value chain (including
supplying industries). Self-enforcement and independent.

Private finance is also being channeled into environment-improving activities,

such as waste-treatment facilities and energy-efficiency improvement.
The World Bank Group is helping to encourage this trend by providing partial risk
guarantees and other instruments.
Principle 7: Involve citizens thoroughly.
The Chances of reducing environmental problems are greatly enhanced if local citizens are
involved.

This is why a growing number of concerned governments are investing in public awareness
campaigns and fostering a vibrant nongovernmental environmental movement.

Such involvement is needed for four reasons.

First, local citizens are often better able than government officials to identify the priorities
for action.
Second, members of local communities often know about cost-ffective solutions that are not
available to governments.
Third, the motivation and commitment of communities are often what sees an
environmental project through to completion.
The fourth reason for citizen involvement is that it can help build constituencies for change.

Most environmental reforms will be opposed by those who have benefited from the right to
pollute and degrade Without penalty.
Principle 8: Invest in partner ships that work.
Studies has shown that environmental issues are best solved when
tackled in partnerships.

Most countries now involve Nongovernmental specialists in their priority-

setting exercises, and tripartite relationships i.e

the government, the private sector, and community organizations.

Effective partnerships are also becoming more common at the

transnational level. E.g One encouraging recent ex a m p l e : the 12
countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC)
recently signed a protocol for managing the 18 international rivers in their
region.
Principle 9: Remember that management is more important than
technology.
The old-fashioned, technology-driven approach to the
environment is giving way to a recognition of the crucial role of
good management.

Improved management practices are always a complement to, and

sometimes a substitute for, Investment in equipment.

Good managers can achieve large improvements in the

environment at little cost.
Principle 10: Incorporate the environment from the start.
When it comes to protecting the environment, prevention is much
cheaper and more effective than cure.

Most countries now seek to assess and mitigate potential damage from
new infrastructural investment. But it is now becoming clear that such
activities may be carried out too late in the cycle to have optimum
impact.

The World Bank, for example, recently launched an important learning

exercise entitled “global overlays” in which issues of biodiversity and
climate change will be factored into sectoral policies in agriculture,
energy, transportation, and infrastructure.
The unfinished agenda
The ten principles outlined above are helping to guide a new generation of
environmental policymaking around the world.

The new environmentalism is characterized by;

-greater rigor In factoring environmental costs and benefits into policymaking
-puts local people at the center of environmental strategies,
-diagnoses and addresses behavioral causes of environmental damage, &
-recognizes the political dimensions of environmental reform.
The Unfinished Agenda

This revolution in environmental management is not complete.

Rather, it is just beginning.

In most countries, environmental conditions are continuing to deteriorate,

in many instances in an irreversible manner. Pursuing the new
environmentalism is therefore a very urgent challenge
END