GENERAL EDUCATION  History has a Telos (Goal)

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Dialectics (Thesis-Antithesis=Synthesis)

 History can be universally understood by
HISTORIOGRAPHY looking at the DIALECTICS OF IDEAS
towards the realization of HUMAN
 The study of how history is written FREEDOM
 Involves how history is interpreted by the
various writers
 History is not totally OBJECTIVE; it has a
SUBJECTIVE side

Factors affecting historical narratives

 TIME it was written

 BIAS of the writer 5. KARL MARX
 INTENTIONS of writing narrative  MATERIALISTIC version of Dialectic
 PROXIMITY of the event  Production affecting the movements of
history
PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY  A history of CLASS STRUGGLE
 Towards a COMMUNIST SOCIETY
1. HERODOTUS
 FATHER OF HISTORY
 The origins and execution of the Greco-
Persian Wars (499-479B.C.) that he called
“THE HISTORIES”
 The Histories was a straightforward account
of the wars.
 He wrote the “BATTLE OF
THERMOPYLAE” (10 years after the
6. FERNAND BRAUDEL
event)
 Founded the Annales School History
2. THUCYDIDES
 Importance of economic, social, political
 History of PELOPONNESIAN WAR
and cultural context of the writing of
( Spartans vs. Athenians)
History
 His writing is condensed and direct, almost
 The subject matter of history changes
austere in places, and is meant to be read
because of the changes in time frame.
rather then delivered orally
 He explains in a scientific and impartial
7. MICHEL FOUCAULT
manner the intricacies and complexities of
 ARCHEOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE
the events he observed.
3. GIAMBATTISTA VICO  There is no such thing as OBJECTIVE
TRUTH
 “comes to be once a history of the ideas, the
customs, the deeds of mankind.  Everything is an interpretation
 The principles of the history of human  History is about power relation
nature, which we shall show to be the
principles of universal history, which 8. ZEUS SALAZAR
principle it seems hit her to the lacked  “PANTAYONG PANANAW” lamang
kung ang lahat ay gumagamit ng mga
ELEMENTS OF HISTORY konsepto at ugali na alam ng lahat ang
kahulugan, pati and relasyon ng mga
1. PEOPLE kahulugang ito sa isa’t-isa. Ito ay nangyayari
2. DATE lamang kung iisa ag code o
3. PLACE “pinagtutumbasan ng mga kahulugan. “
4. SIGNIFICANCE
MGA DALUMAT
4. GEORG WILHELM FREDRICH HEGEL
 1. Pasalaysay na kasaysayan - “A PHILIPPINE HISTORY”
2. Epiko - The Filipino failed because of the lack
3. Mito of training
4. Kwentong bayan - The true hero of the 1896 Revolution is
5. Biro Camilo Polavieja
6. Awit
7. Tula POST WAR ERA

HISTORICAL SOURCES 1. TEODORO AGONCILLO

- “THE REVOLT OF THE MASSES”
1. PRIMARY SOURCE - He authored the book “ the faithful
o
First- hand experience years”
o
Written during the event - Introduced Andres Bonifacio as the
o
Diarries, letter, pictures, and government hero of the Masses
documents - 1896 Revolution is the battle between
2. SECONDARY SOURCE the elite and the masses
o Interpretation of primary sources - Creative Reconstruction of the past
o Written at the time way beyond the event 2. RENATO CONSTANTINO
- “PAST REVISITED”
- Communist view of the 1896
Revolution
- The book centered the narrative of the
1896 revolution as the struggle of the
Masses against the elite.
3. REYNALDO CLEMENCIA ILETO
- “PASYON AND REVOLUTION”
- Towards the history from below
- Use the folk tales in discussing the
SPANISH ERA/WRITERS 1896 Revolution.
1. ANTONIO PIGAFETA
- “ACCOUNTS OF THE VOYAGE OF CONTROVERSIES IN PHILIPPINE
FERDINAND MAGELLAN” HISTORY
2. ANTONIO DE MORGA
- “SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS DE A. FIRST MASS
FILIPINAS”
- ACCOUNT ABOUT THE SOCIETY 1.ACCOUNTOF ANTONIO
AND CULTURE OF LUZON PIGAFETTA
3. FR. JUAN DE PLACENCIA • “ACCOUNTS OF THE VOYAGE OF
FR. PEDRO CHIRINO FERDINAND MAGELLAN”
- ACCOUNTS OF THE SPANISH • The island lies in a latitude of nine and two
FRIARS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINE thirds degrees toward the arctic pole and in a
SOCIETY DURING THE PRE longitude of one hundred and sixty two
COLONIAL ERA degrees from the line of demarcation. It is 25
FR. IGNACIO ALCINA leguas from the acquada (Humonhon) and is
- HISTORY OF PANAY ISLAND called MAZAUA( Limasawa, Leyte)

AMERICAN ERA 2. ACCOUNT OF FR. URDANETA

1. FRANCIS ST. CLAIRE • The Spaniard’s next attempted call was at
- “THE RISE and FALL of FILIPINO Camiguin… but they met the same reception
COMMUNE” at MASAVA. Then the ships made for Butuan
- Philippine revolution failed because of but contrary currents drove them northwards,
the lack of education and training of to Bohol.
the Filipinos.
2. DAVID BARROWS
 NOTE: THE FIST MASS WAS house of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora
HAPPENED/CELEBRATED IN Aquino.
LIMASAWA, LEYTE • In August 23, 1896, debate and discussion
on whether or not the revolution against
B. CAVITE MUTINY Spain should be started in August 29, 1986.
• After the meeting they tore their cedula and
1. ACCOUNT OF JOSE MONTERO shouted “long live the Philippines”.
VIDAL
• Events: the soldiers wanted to assassinate their 2. ACCOUNT OF MARIANO ALVAREZ
officers, their masters and the escort of the • In August 23, 1896, 10 AM, 500 members
Captain General at Malacanang and dispose of the Katipunan arrived in Sampaukan,
the governor general. The rebels will start the barrio of Bahay Toro, property of Mlechora
rebellion upon the firing of the rockets from Aquino.
the walls of the city. • In August 24, 1896, about 1000
2. ACCOUNT OF JOSE MONTERO Katipuneros arrived and attended the
VIDAL meeting at 10:00 AM.
• January 20, 1872- the rebels started the • In 12 noon of August 24, 1896, they tore
mutiny their cedula and shouted “long live the
• The assault headed by P. Felipe Ginoves in Philippines”.
January 22 1872
• The rebellion failed because the people of 3. ACCOUNT OF GREGORIA DE JESUS
Cavite mistook the fireworks in the fiesta in • In August 25, 1896, the first cry for
Sampaloc, Manila as the signal to start the freedom happened.
rebellion. • Through my friends, I learned that I will be
arrested by the Spanish
3. ACCOUNT OF RAFAEL • Soldiers. At 11 pm, I left our home and fled
IZQUIERDO to rice filed of Laloma
• The native clergy encouraged the indios to 4. ACCOUNT OF GUILLERMO
join the rebellion because God was with them. MASANGKAY
• The rebels made the signal agreed upon by • In august 26, 1896, the meeting was held in
means of lanterns, but the native civilians in Balintawak house of Apolonio Samson.
Bacoor although they tried it, failed because • At about 9 am, the meeting was open with
of the vigilance of the Spanish Navy that had Andres Bonifacio as president and Emilio
placed there a gunboat and armed vessels. Jacinto as secretary.

4. ACCOUNT OF DR, TRINIDAD RETRACTION OF RIZAL

PARDO DE TAVERA
It was found by Fr. Manuel A. Garcia at the
• Few soldiers participated the attack
Catholic heirarchy’s archive in Manila. But the
• No further disturbance on peace or
original document was never shown to the
insubordination in any kind. public, only reproductions of it.
• The uprising among soldiers in Cavite was
used as powerful lever by the Spaniards and Fr. Pio Pi, a Spanish Jesuit, reported that as
by the friars. early as 1907, the retraction of Rizal was copied
verbatim and published in Spain, and reprinted
FEBRUARY 17, 1872- THE EXCUTION OF THE in Manila.
GOMBURZA
Both the document had the date of the signing
C. CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN of “December 29, 1890”. Later, another
supposedly original document surfaced, it bears
1. ACCOUNT OF DR. PIO the date “December 29, 189C”.
VALENZUELA
• In August 22, 1896, 1000 members of the The number “0” was evidently altered to make
Katipunan attended the meeting in the it look a letter C. then still later, another
supposedly original version came up. It has the
 date “December 29, 1896”. This time, the “0”
became a “6”.
ORAL HISTORY
1. NATURE OF ORAL HISTORY
Unwritten sources couched in a form suitable
for oral transmission and that their preservation
depend on the power of memory of successive
generations of human beings.
2. DANGER OF ORAL HISTORY
The products is conditioned both by the
historians’ social position vis-à-vis the informant,
and by the terms in which he/she learned to analyse
the past and which may well be communicated to the
informant.
3. INTERPRETATION OF ORAL
HISTORY
It requires critical evaluation and that it must
be deployed in conjunction with all other available
sources.
Transcriptions of testimonies is needed.
LOCAL HISTORY
1. NATURE OF LOCAL HISTORY
• Narrative in the local context
• Concentrated in the local community
Important in building the National History
• Local History is study of history in a local
context, often concentrating on events that
affected the local community.
STATE
1. NATURE
A community of persons, more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory, having a
government of their own to which great
body of inhabitants render obedience, and
enjoying freedom from external control.
2. ELEMENT
A. People
B. Territory
C. Government
D. Sovereignty
3. POWER OF THE STATE
A. Power of Eminent Domain
- Power of the state to buy private
property given for public welfare
B. Power of Taxation
C. Police Power
D. Fiscal power
- The power of handling the cashflow of
the state
CONSTITUTION
A. MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
 January 21, 1899
 Philippine Revolution against Spain and
declaration of Independence.
 Chairman of the commission: FELIPE
CALDERON
 President of the Philippines: EMILIO
AGUINALDO
 Form of the Government: REPUBLICAN
 Form of Legislature: UNICAMERAL
 Term of the President: 4 years with re-
election
 Suffrage: Male, 21 yrs. Old, well -educated
and had properties and annual tax amounting
to 500 pesos.
Significant provisions of Malolos
Constitution
1. Legality of the Declaration of Independence
2. Division of Government into three branches:
Legislative, Judiciary and Executive
3. The separation of church and the state
4. Freedom of religion
5. National Assembly approve rules for its
international government.
6. To approve a bill, only ¼ of the vote of the
members of the legislative body is required.
7. The Chief Justice and the Solicitor-General
shall be chosen by the National Assembly
8. The Executive Committee, headed by the
prime Minister, as hereinafter provided,
shall exercise the powers and discharge the
duties of the president until a President shall
have been elected and qualified.
9. If the Batasang Pambansa withdraws its
confidence in the Prime Minister, the
Speaker shall preside over the Executive
Committee.
10. In the absence of an executive committee,
the speaker of the batasang pambansa shall
act as President until a President shall have
been elected and qualified.
B. 1935 CONSTITUTION
May 14, 1935
 Ratification of Tydings Mcduffie Law by
Philippine Assembly:
Chairman of the commission: CLARO M.
RECTO
President of the Philippines: MANUEL L.
QUEZON
Form of government:
COMMONWEALTH
Form of legislature: UNICAMERAL
Terms of the President: 4 years with re-
election
Notable provisions:
1. The government established by this
Constitution shall be known as the
Commonwealth of the Philippines
2. The public debt of the Philippines and its
subordinate branches shall not exceed limits
now or hereafter fixed by the Congress of the
United States.
C. 1973 CONSTITUTION
 January 17, 1973
 Martial Law
 Ferdinand Marcos ( chairman of the
commission)
 Ferdinand Marcos ( President)
 Parliamentary (form of gov’t.)
 Unicameral ( form of legislature)
 6 years without re-election
Notable provisions
1. Suffrage shall be exercised by citizens of
LAND REFORM
the Philippines not otherwise disqualified
by law, who are eighteen years of age or
over.
2. No literacy, property, or other substantive
requirement shall be imposed on the
exercise of suffrage.
3. The legislative power shall be vested in a
Batasang Pambansa
4. The prime minister may advise the
President in writing to dissolve the the
Batasang Pambansa whenever the need
arises for a popular vote of confidence on
fundamental issues, but not on a matter
involving his own personal integrity.
5. The incumbent President shall continue to
exercise the legislative powers until
martial law.
D. 1987 CONSTITUTION
 February 2, 1987
 EDSA REVOLUTION I
 CECILIA MUNOZ-PALMA (chairman
of the Commission)
 CORAZON AQUINO (president)
 REPUBLICAN (form of gov’t)
 BICAMERAL (form of legislature)
 6 years without re-election
Important provisions
1. The state shall pursue an independent
foreign policy.
2. The state shall develop a self-reliant and
independent national economy effectively
controlled by Filipinos.
3. In case of serious illness of the President,
the public shall be informed of the state of
his health.
4. Military bases of other countries are not
allowed in the country.
5. In case of invasion or rebellion, when the
public safety requires it, he may for a
period not exceeding sixty days, suspend
the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
or place the Philippines or any part
thereof under martial law.
6. The Congress voting joints, by a vote of
atleast a majority of all its Members in
regular or special session, may revoke
such proclamation or suspension.
7. The Congress may, in the same manner,
extend such proclamation or suspension.
8. There is hereby created an independent
office called the Commission on Human
Rights.
A. AGRICULTURAL TENANCY ACT OF
1954
 RA No. 1199
 President: RAMON MAGSAYSAY
 It allows tenants to shift from share
tenancy to leasehold.
 This act prohibited the ejection of the
tenants, unless the Court of Agrarian
Relations found a just cause.
B. LAND REFORM ACT OF 1955 RA No.
1400
 President : RAMON MAGSAYSAY
 Provided for the expropriation of private
agricultural land over 300 hectares of
contiguous area if owned by private
individual.
 It allows for the expropriation of the land
regardless of the hectares in the place
where there were justified agrarian
unrest.
C. RA No. 3844
  President: DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL  The tax reform for acceleration and
 This code provided the purchase of inclusion (TRAIN) under the
private agricultural land with the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program seeks
intention of distributing them to the to correct a number of deficiencies in the
landless tenants in easy term payments. tax system to make it simpler, fairer, and
 It lowered the retention limit to 75 more efficient.
hectares.  Those with annual taxable income below
 It formulated the bill of rights for the Php 250,000 are now exempt from paying
agricultural workers. personal income tax.
D. AGRICULTURAL LAND REFORM
CODE OF 1971
 President: FERDINAND MARCOS
 Abolition of personal cultivation or the
conversion of agricultural land to
residential land as reasons for the
ejection of the tenants.
 Automatic conversion of the share-
tenants to leasehold tenants with some
exemptions and qualifications.
 Creation of the Department of Agrarian
Reform.
E. CARP OR COMPREHENSIVE
AGRARIAN REFORM RPOGRAM or
RA 6657
Except as otherwise provided in this act, no
person may own or retain, directly or
indirectly, any public or private agricultural
land, the size of which shall vary according
to factors governing a viable family-size
farm, such as commodity produced, terrain,
infrastructure, and soil fertility as
determined by the Presidential Agrarian
Reform Council (PARC) created hereunder,
but in no case shall retention by the
landowner exceed five (5) hectares.
Three (3) hectares may be awarded to each
child of the landowner.

TYPES OF TAXATION

A progressive tax imposes a higher percentage rate

on taxpayers who have higher incomes.

A regressive tax is a tax imposed in such a manner

that the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to
taxation increases.

A proportional tax is a tax imposed so that the tax

rate fixed, with no change as the taxable base
amount increases or decreases.

TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

TRAIN