What is History?

Persian Crisis
The pasts of mankind. Nasa ilalim ng kapangyarihan ng Ottoman
The scientific investigation of the past Empire ang Persia nooong panahon ng
because it relies heavily on facts, unang digmaan.
arguments, and evidences. Dahil dito, naatake ito ng Great Britain at
Russia na nagdulot ng malawakang
The scientific investigation of these facts pagkasira ng mga pamayanan, ari-arian,
proves that history is not merely a malawakang pagkagutom at libu-libong
collection of “dead” facts or data from Persian ang namatay.
events but an intellectually rigorous Umusbong ang Nasyonalismo ng mga
activity of searching for truth about the Persian dahil sa pagkaipit sa gulo.
past.
Historical knowledge is limited by the Nasyonalismo ng mga Persian
incompleteness of the records. The whole Balfour Declaration
history of the past is called history-as- Treaty of Versailles
actuality , and the records are known to be On the 11th hour of the 11th month of
history-as-records. 1918, the war has ended.
The Allied Forces WON
The process of critically examining and “The War to end all Wars”
analyzing the records of the past is called Armistice Day
historical method. CASUALTIES
WORLD WAR II
The imaginative reconstruction of the past September 1, 1939- September 2, 1945
from the data derived from that process is ALLIED FORCES
called historiography. France
Russia
“History is no the lifeless study of the United States
dead past; it is not about the Great Britain
memorization of dates, names, and places. AXIS Leaders
History is a living and evolving dialogue December 7, 1939
about the most important subject of all- Binomba ng Japan ang Pearl Habour bago
the human experience. And all of us are mag alas otso ng umaga
capable in taking part in that dialogue.” Tehran Conference 1943
“a man who does not know anything November 28, 1943- December 1, 1943
about the events that took place before he na naganap sa Tehran, Iran.
or she was born will remain forever a
child.” Downfall of Germany
-Herodotus Downfall of Japan
More than 50 nations
Pagkatuklas ng Langis sa Kanlurang Asya Fought each other
Natuklasan ang mina ng langis sa 19-28 million
Kanlurang Asya noong 1914 na naging Deaths from war-related famin and
dahilan upang maging interesado ang mga disease
Kanluraning bansa rito at magtatag ng 50- 56 million
sistemang mandato rito. Deaths directly caused by the war
Azerbaijan Crisis
Sistemang Mandato
Noong Mayo ng 1946, Sinimulang alisin
ng Russia ang kanyang tropa ngunit hindi
naisakatuparan at nagdulot ng Azerbaijan
Crisis.
Itinuring na hindi pagkakaunawaan ng
Security Council ng United Nations at
nagbigay-daan sa Cold War
Indian & Pakistani Independence 1947
Do you have any questions?
FACTORS AFFECTING HISTORICAL
NARRATIVES
TIME IT WAS WRITTEN
Historical narrative doesn’t only consider
what happened but also when it happened
and when it was written.
BIAS OF THE WRITER
Every narrative is written based on the
perspective of the writer.
Embodied subjectivity
INTENTION OF THE NARRATIVE
What story does the writer want to
convey?
Does the writer want to correct
something?
Maid in Malacanang
PROXIMITY TO THE EVENT
How close or how far was the writer from
the historical event?
Credibility and reliability of the author
HERODOTUS
Father of History
He narrated the Battle of Thermopylae
He recorded history through his book
“The Histories”
“a man who does not know anything
about the events that took place before he
or she was born will remain forever a
child”
THUCYDIDES
History of the Peloponnesian War
Wrote history using empirical data
Explains in a scientific and impartial
manner the intricacies and complexities of
the events he observed.
GIAMBATTISTA VICO
History of human being in the past
“comes to be at once a history of the
ideas, the customs, and the deeds od
mankind.”
4 Elements of History
Person
Time/Period
Place
Significance
Vico, Thucydides, and Herodotus are
POSITIVIST historian
GEORGE WILHELM FRIEDRICH
HEGEL
He believed that history has a TELOS
(Goal)
Goal is to teach the people on what is
happening to achieve human freedom and
that freedom allows humans to be just and
do what is right.
History is linear
KARL MARX
Father of Communism
History is only for the rich and the poor
He views history as history full of
struggles
Historical Materialism
FERNAND BRAUDEL
Founded the Annales School of History
Importance of economic, political, and
social context of the writer when writing
historical narratives.
Longue Duree
MICHAEL FOUCAULT
There is no standard definition of truth;
there is no objective truth
Truth depends on the ruler.
ELEMENTS OF HISTORY
1. Significance CAVITE MUTINY
2. Time/Period Account of JOSE MONTERO VIDAL
3. Place January 20, 1872, the rebels started the
4. Person mutiny
The soldiers wanted to assassinate their
Development of Philippine officers, their masters, and the escort of
Historiography the Captain General at Malacanang and
SPANISH WRITERS dispose the governor general.
Antonio Pigafetta
“Accounts of the Voyag of Account of RAFAEL IZQUIERDO
Magellan” the native clergy (GomBurZa) encouraged
Antonio de Morga the Indios to join the rebellion because
“Succesos de las Islas Filipinas” God was with them.
Account about the society and The rebels made the signal agreed upon
culture of Luzon by means of lantern, but the native
civilians in Bacoor although they tried it,
AMERICAN WRITERS failed because of the vigilance of the
Francis St. Claire Spanish Navy that had placed there a
“The Rise and Fall of Filipino gunboat and armed vessel.
Commune”
The Philippine Revolution failed because Account of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
of the lack of education and training of Few soldiers participated the attack
the Filipinos No further disturbances on peace or
David Barrows insubordination in any kind.
Former Secretary of Education The uprising among soldiers in Cavite
because of the lack of training was used as powerful lever by the
The true hero of the 1986 Spaniards and the friars.
Revolution is Camilo Polavieja
CONTROVERSIES FRANCISCO ZALDUA
Witness that said GomBurZa was the
LOCATION OF THE FIRST MASS leader of the Cavite Mutiny
LIMASAWA VS BUTUAN First one to be killed
First Mass- Account of ANTONIO
PIGAFETTA CRY OF PUGADLAWIN
The island lies in a latitude of 9 2/3 Pio Valenzuela
degrees toward the Arctic Pole and in Mariano Alvarez
longitude of 162 degrees from the line of Gregoria de Jesus
demarcation. Guillermo Masangkay
It is 25 leguas from Acquada (Humonhon) Pio Valenzuela
and is called Mazaua. Mariano Alvarez
Gregoria de Jesus
First Mass- Account of FATHER Guillermo Masangkay
URDANETA
The ship stopped in Butuan and went to Account of PIO VALENZUELA
Bohol In August 22, 1896, 1,000 members of the
LOCATION OF THE FIRST MASS Katipunan attended the meeting in the
house of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora
Aquino.
In August 23 1896, debate and discussion
on whether or not the revolution against
Spain should be started in August 29,
1896.
In August 22, 1896, 1,000 members of the
Katipunan attended the meeting in the
house of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora
Aquino.
In August 23 1896, debate and discussion
on whether or not the revolution against
Spain should be started in August 29,
1896.
After the meeting, they tore their cedula
and shouted “Long Live the Philippines!”
Account of MARIANO ALVAREZ
In August 23, 1896, 500 members of the
Katipunan arrived in Sampukan,, barrio of
Bahay Toro, property of Melchora
Aquino.
In August 24, 1896, about 1,000
katipuneros arrived and attended the
meeting at 10:00 am
In the 12 noon of August 24, 1896, they
tore their cedula and shouted “Long Live
the Philippines”
Account of GEGORIA DE JESUS
In August 25, 1986, the first cry for
freedom happened
“Through my friends, I learned that I will
be arrested by the Spanish soldiers. At 11
pm, I left our home and fled to rice field
of Laloma.”
Account of GUILLERMO
MASANGKAY
In August 26, 1896, the meeting was held
in Balintawak house of Apolonio Samson
At about 9 am, the meeting was with
Andres Bonifacio as presiding and Emilio
Jacinto as secretary.
The topic is about whether to start the
revolution or not.
In August 26, 1896, the meeting was held
in Balintawak house of Apolonio Samson
At about 9 am, the meeting was with
Andres Bonifacio as presiding and Emilio
Jacinto as secretary.
The topic is about whether to start the
revolution or not.
Kartilla ng Katipunan
Emilio Jacinto - Brains of the Katipunan
He wrote “Kartilla ng Katipunan” as a
guidebook provided a code of Conduct
with fourteen “teachings”
Mga Aral ng Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan
1. ang kabuhayang hindi ginugol sa isang
Malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy
na walang lilim, kundi damong
makamandag.
2. ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa
pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang
nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di
kabaitan.
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang
pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapwa
at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t
pangungusap sa talagang katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng
balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay:
mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong,
sa yaman, sa ganda, ngunit di mahihigtan
sa pagkatao.
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban, inuuna
ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may
hamak na kalooban, inuuna ang pagpipita
sa sarili sa puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y
panunumpa.
7. Huwag mong sayangin ang panahun:
ang yamang nawala’y mangyayaring
magbalik; ngunit panahung nagdaan na’y
di na muli pang magdadaan.
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi; kabakahin
ang umaapi.
9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may
pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong
ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.
tao, kahit laking gubat at walang
nababatid kun di ang sariling wika, yaon
may magandang asal, may isang
pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaon di
nagpapaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong
marunong magdamdam at marunong
lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
14. Paglagalap ng mga aral na itoat
maningning na sumikat ang araw ng
mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang
Sangkapuluan, at sabugan ng matamis
niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang
magkakalahi’t magkakapatid na ligayang
walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na
buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y
labis nang natumbasan.

10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki

ay siyang patugot ng asawa’t mga anak:
kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang
pagtutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamaan
din.

11. Ang babai ay huwag mong tignang

isang bagay na libangan lamang, kun di
isang katuang at karamay sa mga
kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo
nag boong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang
kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang
pinagbuhatan at nagiwi sa iyong
kasanggulan.

12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa

mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong
gagawin sa asawa, anak at kapatid ng iba.

13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa

pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti
ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili
ng Dios, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa
balat ng lupa: wagas at tunay na mahal na