UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION
 PRESENTATION OUTLINE

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CONCEPT OF HISTORY
 HISTORY
Derived from the Greek word historia
which means “knowledge acquired
through inquiry or investigation” or means
“the narration of the events in the past and
the exposition of a memorable work either
successful or not; may it be a private
information or a public knowledge so long
that it can be a subject for study and
research.”
HISTORIA
Became known as the account of the past
of a person or of a group of people through
written documents and historical
evidences.
HISTORIOGRAPHY
Is the history of history. The object of study
is history itself. It answers the questions
How was a certain historical text written?
Who wrote it? What was the context of its
publication? What particular historical
method was employed? What were the
sources used?
IMPORTANCE OF
HISTORY
History became an important discipline. This
paved the way to write about the lives of
important individuals like monarchs, heroes,
saints and nobilities. This also focused on
writing about wars, revolutions and other
important breakthroughs.
History played various roles in the past. States
uses history to unite a nation. It can be used as
a tool to legitimize regimes and forge a sense
of collective identity through collective
memory.
HISTORY AND THE
HISTORIAN
Despite the fact that historians
cannot ascertain absolute
objectivity, the study of history
remains scientific because of rigor
of research and methodology that
historian employ.
Historian is a person of his own who
is influenced by his own context,
environment, ideology, education
and influences among others. His
interpretation of the historical fact
is affected by his context and
circumstances.
Comprises certain techniques and
rules that historian follow in order
to properly utilizes sources and
historical evidences in writing
history.
HISTORICAL SOURCES
 Sources – an object from the past or testimony
concerning the past on which historians
depend in order to create their own depiction
of that past.
Howell and Prevenier, From Reliable Sources an Introduction to Historical Method
1. Published materials
 Books, magazines, journals,
 Travelogue
 Transcription of speech
2. Manuscript [any handwritten or typed record that
has not been printed]
 Archival materials
 Memoirs, diary
 -

 Oral history
 Artifacts
 Ruins
 Fossils
 Art works
 Videorecordings
 Audiorecordings
 A primary source is a document or physical object
which was written or created during the time
under study.
 Primary sources provide first-hand testimony or
direct evidence concerning a topic under
investigation. They are created by witnesses or
recorders who experienced the events or
conditions being documented.
 Written sources
 Images
 Artifacts
 Oral testimony
WRITTEN SOURCES
IMAGES
ARTIFACTS
 ORAL TESTIMONY

“My first day was a scary one. There was a

patient whose earlobes were so long…he had
no nose, only two holes on his face, and no
fingers, only the palm of his hands…the other
patients were in different stages of deformity.”

Sr. Maria Luisa Montenegro, SPC 1940

 A secondary source interprets and analyzes
primary sources. These sources are one or more
steps removed from the event.
 Examples:
History textbook
Printed materials (serials, periodicals which
interprets previous research)
 In order for a source to be used as evidence in
history, basic matters about its form and content
must be settled.

1. External Criticism
2. Internal Criticism
 The problem of authenticity
 To spot fabricated, forged, faked
documents
 To distinguish a hoax or
misrepresentation
 TESTS OF AUTHENTICITY
1. Determine the date of the document to see whether they are
anachronistic
e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th Century

2. Determine the author

e.g. handwriting, signature, seal

3. Anachronistic style
e.g. idiom, ortography, punctuation
Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History
 TESTS OF AUTHENTICITY
4. Anachronistic reference to events
e.g. too early, too late, too remote

5.Provenance or custody
e.g. determines its genuineness

6.Semantics – determining the meaning of a text or word

7.Hermeneutics –determining ambiguities

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History
 The Problem of Credibility
 Relevant particulars in the document –
is it credible?
 Verisimilar – as close as what really
happened from a critical examination
of best available sources
 TESTS OF CREDIBILITY
1.Identification of the author
e.g. to determine his reliability; mental processes, personal
attitudes

2.Determination of the approximate date

e.g. handwriting, signature, seal

3. Ability to tell the truth

e.g. nearness to the event, competence of witness, degree of
attention
Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History
 TESTS OF CREDIBILITY
4. Willingness to tell the truth
e.g. to determine if the author consciously or unconsciously
tells falsehoods

5. Corroboration
i.e. historical facts – particulars which rest upon the
independent testimony of two or more reliable witnesses

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

 Three Major Components to
Effective Historical Thinking

1.Sensitivity to Multiple Causation

2.Sensitivity to Context
3.Awareness of the interplay of continuity and
change in human affairs
THEORIES AND APPROACHES IN
UNDERSTANDING PHIL. HISTORY
 CHALLENGE AND 01
RESPONCE THEORY

EXCHANGE THEORY
02

ROLE OF
03

HISTORUCAL MAN

MATERIALISTIC
04

CONCEPT OF HISTORY

METHOD OF
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HISTORIOGRAPHY
ANALYZING CONDITIONS
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OF THE MASSES
THEORIES/APPROACHES IN
UNDERSTANDING PHILIPPINE HISTORY
POSITIVISM- emerged between the
eighteenth and nineteenth century. This
thought requires empirical and observable
evidence before one can claim particular
knowledge is true.
POSTCOLONIALISM- emerged in the early
twentieth century when formerly colonized
nations grappled with the idea of creating their
identities and understanding their societies
against the shadows of their colonial past.
 MILESTONES OF THE
PHIL. GOVERNMENT
/CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
 Philippine History and Timeline

Chinese
Explorer Ferdinand Magellan lands on
establish Cebu and claims the region for Spain.
coastal trading Lapu Lapu (Rajah Cilapulapu), in
posts over the defending his island of Mactan, slays
next 300 years. late 14th Magellan.
century 1872
c.40,000 BC AD 900 1521
Migrants cross land Uprising in Cavite, south of Manila.
bridge from Asian Muslim clergy start to Spain executes Filipino priests

mainland and settle bring Islam to the Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and
Jacinto Zamora, martyrs to the
in the archipelago. Philippines from cause of nationalism.
Indonesia and Malaya.
 Philippine History and Timeline

The United States defeats

Spain in war. Treaty
between the United States
and Spain grants the US
authority over the On July 4, the Philippines is
Philippines. granted independence.

1896 1898 1941 1946 1972–81

Migrants cross land bridge from
Asian mainland Spanish Martial law imposed.
colonists imprison and kill
Japanese land on Luzon, President Marcos
hundreds of Filipinos in Manila. overrun Manila. accumulates a vast fortune.
Bonifacio and the Katipunan His wife, Imelda, dominates
launch the Philippine revolution.
Roosevelt rejects Manila government.
Rizal is executed and and settle Philippine neutrality.
in the archipelago.
 Philippine History and Timeline

Dramatic eruption of Mt Benigno Aquino III, wins the

Pinatubo. Americans pack presidential race; a year
up and leave the later his government holds
Philippines. landmark talks with Muslim
rebels.
1986 1991 2002 2010 2012
Violence escalates
China and the Philippines
before elections, at US military joins the Philippines in clash over Scarborough
least 30 are killed on large-scale exercises in the Shoal in the contested South
election day. southern Philippines to rescue China Sea, seeding a high-
level diplomatic dispute
kidnapped American tourists.