AY 2021-2022

INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT

Compiled by:

Daniel P. Dellosa
CCS Faculty
ER- Model
Learning Outcome
At the end of the topic session, the students should be
able to:

• Define ERD, concepts and terminologies.

• Construct an ER diagram of a system.
ERD- Entity Relationship Diagram

The Entity-Relationship data model is based on a

perception of a real world which consists of a set
of basic objects called entities, along with the set
of rules which define the association of one object
to another called relationships.
ENTITIES

An object that exists and is distinguishable

from other objects within the database.

Used to represent concrete objects such as

a person or a book, or it may be used to
represent abstract objects such as a holiday
or a certain status.
ENTITIES
• An entity can be of two types:
• Tangible Entity: Tangible Entities are those
entities which exist in the real world
physically.
• Example: Person, car, etc.

• Intangible Entity: Intangible Entities are those

entities which exist only logically and have no
physical existence.
• Example: Bank Account, etc.
TYPES of ENTITY TYPES
Strong/Regular Entity Type:
Strong entity are those entity types which has a key
attribute.
The primary key helps in identifying each entity
uniquely.
It is represented by a rectangle.
Note: An entity is regular if it is
independent (existence-wise)
from other entities.
TYPES of ENTITY TYPES
Strong/Regular Entity Type:
In the example figure below, Roll_id identifies each
element of the table uniquely and hence, we can
say that STUDENT is a strong entity type.
TYPES of ENTITY TYPES

Weak Entity Type:

Weak entity type doesn't have a key attribute.

Weak entity type can't be identified on its own.

It depends upon some other strong entity for

its distinct identity.
TYPES of ENTITY TYPES

Weak Entity Type:

This can be understood with a real-life example.

There can be children only if the parent exists. There can

be no independent existence of children.

There can be a room only if building exists. There can be

no independent existence of a room.
TYPES of ENTITY TYPES

Weak Entity Type:

A weak entity is represented by a double outlined
rectangle.

The relationship between a weak entity type and strong

entity type is called an identifying relationship and
shown with a double outlined diamond instead of a
single outlined diamond.
 TYPES of ENTITY TYPES

Weak Entity Type:

This representation can be seen in the diagram
below.
Note: An entity is
weak when its
existence depends on
some other entity.
RELATIONSHIPS
Defined as an association among several
entities.

Chen originally defined a relationship as “an

association among entities”.

Entities involved in a relationship are called

participants.
PROPERTIES

Entities and relationships have properties.

Synonymous to attributes in many aspects.

SUPERTYPE AND SUBTYPE
 SUPERTYPE AND SUBTYPE
It can be said that any given entity is of at least
one entity type; but an entity can be of several
types simultaneously. For instance, if some of
the students in the entity set STUDENTS are
members of the school choir with entity set
CHOIR (which means that all choir members
are students), then it can be said that CHOIR is
a subtype of the STUDENTS supertype.
ER DIAGRAMS
1. RECTANGLES
- Are used to represent entity sets
2. ELLIPSES/OVAL
- Are used to represent properties/attributes
3. DIAMONDS
- Are used to represent relationships
4. LINES
- Are used to link properties to entity sets
and entity sets to relationship sets.
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
References
• What is an Entity, Entity Type, and Entity Set. afteracademy.com.
URL: https://afteracademy.com/blog/what-is-an-entity-entity-type-
and-entity-set
Activity for today
Construct the ERD of the following
Tables:
1. TEACHER TO ADVISORY CLASS

2. BOOKS TO AUTHOR

3. PRODUCT ITEM TO CATEGORY

4. SUBJECT TO STUDENT