Communication and the WWW

The media: print

1. obituaries- a report in a newspaper that gives details about a person who has recently
died
2. leader (or editorial)- an article giving the newspaper editor’s opinion
3. classified ads- pages of advertisements in different categories
4. supplements- separate magazines included with the newspaper
5. feature- an article or set of articles devoted to a particular topic
6. agony columns- section in a paper or magazine that deal with reader’s private
emotional problems
7. agony aunt- person, typically a woman, who answers letters in the agony column
8. pamphlet- small book with a soft cover, dealing with a specific topic, often political
9. leaflet- single sheet or folder sheets of paper giving information about something
(synonym to flyer)
10. brochure- small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel
or a company(syn. booklet)
11. prospectus- small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information about a school,
college or university, or a company
12. flyer- single sheet giving information about some event, special offer, often given out in
the street (syn. leaflet)
13. booklet- small, thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something
(syn. brochure)
14. manual- book of detailed instructions how to use something
15. spine- the narrow strip where the cover of a book is joined to the pages, usually with the
title and writer's name printed on it
16. jacket- a cover to protect the book
17. subscription- an amount of money that you pay regularly to receive a product or service
18. foreword- a short piece of writing at the front of a book that introduces the book or its
writer
19. issue - the newspaper, magazine, etc that is produced on a particular day
20. binder - a strong cover for holding pieces of paper together
21. edition - a book, newspaper, etc that is one of several that are the same and were
produced at the same time
22. quarterly - produced or happening every three months
23. ghost writer - someone who writes a book or article, etc. for another person to publish
under his or her own name
24. desktop publishing - the production of finished designs for pages of books or
documents using a small computer and printer (= machine for printing)
25. facsimile - an exact copy
26. lists - a series of names, numbers, or items that are written one below the other
27. exposes - to make public something bad or something that is not honest
28. draws attention to - to make someone notice someone or something
29. gives you the lowdown on - to give the most important information about something
30. packed with - to fill something with things
31. small print - text in a formal agreement that is printed smaller than the rest of the text,
sometimes in the hope that it will not be noticed:
32. article - a piece of writing on a particular subject in a newspaper or magazine, or on the
internet:
33. magazine - a type of thin book with large pages and a paper cover that contains articles
and photographs and is published every week or month
34. newspaper - a regularly printed document consisting of large sheets of paper that are
folded together
35. tributes - something that you say, write, or give that shows your respect and admiration
for someone, especially on a formal occasion
36. art gallery - a building where works of art can be seen by the public
37. innovative- original and interesting

Advertising
38. unsurpassed- the best there is
39. leave someone standing- to be much better than other people, or things of the same
type
40. put/leave someone in the shade- to be so good that another person or thing does not
seem important or worth very much
41. rock-bottom- extremely low
42. slashed- dramatically reduced
43. bargains galore- a huge number of products on sale at ridiculously low prices
44. pamper yourself- treat yourself to something luxurious (by buying something)
45. indulge yourself- allow yourself something enjoyable
46. sumptuous- expensive-looking (mostly food and equipment)
47. opulent- expensive and luxurious:
48. in the lap of luxury- in a very luxurious way
49. scientific backing- some decision that is made is done in a way that takes scientific
methods and/or results into account.
50. scientifically designed- designed in a way that relates to science, or uses the methods
of science
51. proven- shown by research
52. state-of-the-art- use the very latest technology
53. stand out in the crowd- be noticed
54. tantalizingly appealing- temptingly
55. fetching- attractive
56. alluring- attractive
57. alliteration- repetition of a sound
58. Beneficial- helpful, useful, or good
59. Implicit- suggested but not communicated directly
60. Bombard- to attack a place with continuous shooting or bombs
61. Modern- existing in the present or a recent time, or using or based on recently
developed ideas, methods, or styles
62. Misleading- causing someone to believe something that is not true
63. Catchy jingle- a short, simple tune, often with words, that is easy to remember and is
used to advertise a product on radio or television
64. Hoarding- a very large sign in a public place on which advertisements are shown
65. to exploit something- to use something/someone, often unfairly, for your own
advantage
66. Hidden message- information that is not immediately noticeable, and that must be
discovered or uncovered and interpreted before it can be known
67. Watchdog body- a person or organization responsible for making certain that
companies obey particular standards and do not act illegally
68. Blatant- (of an action) obvious or intentional, and done without worry about what others
think
69. Price- the amount of money that you pay to buy something
70. Subtle- not loud, bright, noticeable, or obvious in any way
71. Brainwash (sb into sth)- to make someone believe something by repeatedly telling
them that it is true and preventing any other information from reaching them
72. Ubiquitous (advertising)- seeming to be everywhere
73. Advertising industry- is the global industry of public relation and marketing companies,
media services and advertising agencies
74. Informative- providing useful knowledge or ideas
75. Honesty- the quality of being honest
76. (to) discourage- to try to prevent something from happening
77. Subtle approach- not immediately obvious or noticeable attempt to obtain or attract
person’s interest
78. Advertisement- a paid notice that tells people about a product or service
79. Advertising- the business of trying to persuade people to buy products or services
80. Message- an advertisement on television or radio
81. Informative advertising- uses information to appeal to potential customers
82. Exploit- a brave, interesting, or unusual act
83. Product- something that is made to be sold
84. Implicit in sth- in the nature of something though not readily apparent
85. Misleading advertisement- an ad that has false or deceptive information
86. Inescapable- impossible to avoid or not to accept
87. Defender- a person who supports someone or something, esp. when attacked or
criticized
88. Industry- the companies and activities involved in the production of goods for sale, esp.
in a factory
89. Billboards - very large boards used for advertising
90. Trailers - brief excerpts from a film, TV or radio programme which are used to advertise
it
91. Sky-writing - words written in the sky using smoke from a plane
92. Sandwich boards - advertising posters hung at the back and front of a person who ten
walks around a busy area
93. Carrier bag - a plastic or paper bag with handles, especially one supplied by a shop to
carry goods purchased there.
94. Logo - a design or symbol used by a company to advertise its products
95. Plug- advertise

Zwroty:
96. Colossal discounts - extremely large reduction in price
97. Fit for a king - highest quality
98. Eye-catchingly elegant- something very attractive or noticeable that is attractive in
appearance
99. To spoil yourself- to give yourself or something nice as a treat
100. Developed - to cause to grow and become more advanced
101. Outshine - to be much more skilful and successful than someone
102. Flatteringly fashionable - wearing something that is popular and makes you feel
great
103. Outstanding - something much better than what is usual, excellent

The news: gathering and delivering

104. Pressure group - people trying to influence what other people think about a
particular issue
105. Air views - express opinions
106. Seek publicity- want to reach a wider audience
107. Press conference - meetings to give information to and answer questions from the
pres
108. Issue a statement/press release - give a formal announcement to the press
109. Sound bite- short memorable sentence or phrase that will be repeated in news
bulletins and articles
110. Silly season - time of year, summer in the UK when there is not much happening
and trivial stories end up on the front page
111. Tapping useful sources- making use of people or organisations which regularly
provide news
112. Monitoring- regularly checking
113. Column inches- space
114. Put own gloss/spin on a story- present a story in a particular way
115. Muck Racking- collecting scandal (informal and disapproving)
116. Rag- informal word for a newspaper
117. Gutter press- the type of newspapers that pay more attention to shocking stories
about crime and sex than to serious matters
118. Glossy- expensive magazine printed on a good quality paper
119. Copy- something that has been made to be exactly like something else
120. Deadline- a time or day by which something must be done
121. Go to press- to be printed
122. Stop press- particular space on the front or back page of a newspaper that contains
very recent news added to the newspaper after the printing process starts
123. Hot off the press- A very new newspaper or story
124. Exclusive- (a story) only found in one newspaper
125. Scoop- story discovered and published by one newspaper before all the others
126. Hit the headlines- to appear in the news suddenly or receive a lot of attention in
news reports
127. Story breaks- to release important information or distribute a news story for the first
time.
128. Receive a lot of coverage - the reporting of a particular important event or subject
129. Libel/defamation of character- a piece of writing that contains bad and false things
about a person
130. Back copies- a newspaper or magazine of an earlier date than the one now on sale
131. Cuttings- an article that has been cut from a newspaper or magazine

Censorship
132. Moral standards- are values that a society uses to determine reasonable, correct, or
acceptable
133. Unscrupulous- willing to lie or cheat to succeed
134. Counter-productive- having an opposite effect to the one that was wanted, and
therefore harmful
135. Perverted- considered strange and unpleasant by most people
136. Excessive- too much or too many
137. Infringes- to break a rule, law, etc.
138. Banned- something forbidden, especially officially
139. Degrade- to spoil or destroy the beauty or quality of something
140. Corrupting- making someone or something become dishonest or immoral
141. Masquerading- behavior that is intended to prevent the truth about something
unpleasant or not wanted from becoming known
142. Safeguard- a law, rule, or something that is done to protect someone or something
from harm or damage
143. Gratuitous- not necessary; with no reasonable cause
144. Offensive material- any published or broadcast content (such as articles,
photographs, films, or websites) that is likely to be upsetting, insulting, or objectionable
to some or most people
145. Censorship- the action of preventing part or the whole of a book, film, work of art,
document, or other kind of communication from being seen or made available to the
public
146. Corrupting influence- harmful to the mind or morals
147. Masquerading as sth- to pretend or appear to be as sth
148. Unscrupulous people- people prepared to act in a dishonest or immoral way in
order to get what they want
149. Gratuitous scene- a scene in a film, novel or TV series that is unnecessary and
simply inserted to appeal to the baser human instincts.
150. Infringe on (/upon) something- to take away or limit the rights or freedom of
someone
151. Freedom- the condition or right of being able or allowed to do whatever you want to,
without being controlled or limited
152. Society- people in general
153. Minority- any small group in society that is different from the rest
154. Be exposed to- not covered; able to be seen
155. Choice- an act or the possibility of choosing
156. (to) protect- to keep someone or something safe from injury, damage, or loss
157. Story- a description of events that actually happened or that are invented
158. Insert (in)- to put something inside something else
159. Human instinct- the way people naturally react or behave, without having to think or
learn
160. (to) cater to sth/sb- to provide what someone or something needs or wants
161. Innocence- the fact that someone is not guilty of a crime
162. Merely- used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing
more
What are the benefits of Internet communication?
163. Spreadsheet- an electronic document in which information is arranged in rows and
columns, and can be used to do financial calculations and plans
164. Cloud Collaboration- a type of collaboration that allows employees to work together
on documents and other data types
165. communication platform- a method of communication or entertainment, for
example television, radio, or the internet
166. a (whole) host of people/things- a very large number or collection of people or
things
167. Pinpoint- to discover or establish something exactly
168. effective communication- the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions,
knowledge, and data so that the message is received and understood with clarity and
purpose
169. Externally- in a way that relates to the outside of something, or that is on or comes
from the outside
170. Internally- inside a person, organization, place, country, etc.
171. Burnout- extreme tiredness or a feeling of not being able to work any more, caused
by working too hard
172. Work-life balance- the amount of time you spend doing your job compared with the
amount of time you spend with your family and doing things you enjoy
173. one-on-one meeting- If two people discuss something one-on-one, they discuss it
directly, without involving anyone else
174. Supplier- a person, company, or country that provides goods of a particular kind
175. face-to-face meeting- used to describe a situation in which you talk directly to
another person, not by phone, email, online, etc.
176. fraction of sth- a small part of something, or a small amount
177. Feasible- able to be made, done, or achieved
178. End-to-end encryption- used to refer to a system of communication where only the
people communicating can read the messages
179. Host- someone who sets up a meeting or call in which people can talk to each other
over the internet using their computers
180. Versatile- (of people) able to do many different things or to adjust to new conditions,
or (of things) able to be used for many different purposes
181. Desktop- the screen area of a personal computer when no programs are being
used, or the top of a desk
182. Participant- someone who takes part in an event or activity
183. Input- to put information into a computer or other piece of electronic equipment
184. Breeding ground- a place or condition that produces or causes a lot of something,
esp. something bad
185. Device- a machine, for example a phone or computer, that can be used to connect to
the internet
186. Efficiency- the good use of time and energy in a way that does not waste any
187. Workflow- the way that a particular type of work is organized, or the order of the
stages in a particular work process
188. Software- the instructions that control what a computer can do; computer programs

Communication process: importance, types, barriers.

189. Communication - the act of communicating with people
190. Management - the control and organization of something
191. Manager - The person who is responsible for managing an organization
192. Communication skills - the abilities you use when giving and receiving different
kinds of information
193. Irrelevant - not related to what is being discussed or considered and therefore not
important
194. Subordinates - People who have a lower or less important position
195. Sender - The sender, or the communicator generates the message and conveys it to
the receiver. He is the source and the one who starts the communication
196. Message - It is the idea, information, view, fact, feeling, etc. that is generated by the
sender and is then intended to be communicated further.
197. Encoding - The message generated by the sender is encoded symbolically such as
in the form of words, pictures, gestures, etc. before it is being conveyed.
198. Media - It is the manner in which the encoded message is transmitted. The message
may be transmitted orally or in writing. The medium of communication includes
telephone, internet, post, fax, e-mail, etc
199. Decoding - It is the process of converting the symbols encoded by the sender. After
decoding the message is received by the receiver.
200. Receiver - He is the person who the message was sent to by the sender
201. Feedback (informacja zwrotna) - the receiver confirms to the sender that he has
received the message and understood it
202. Noise - any obstruction that is caused by the sender, message or receiver during the
process of communication. (For example, bad telephone connection, faulty encoding,
faulty decoding, inattentive receiver, poor understanding of message)
203. Co-ordination/coordination - the act of making all the people involved in a plan or
activity work together in an organized way
204. Fluent Working - smooth and efficient working
205. Decision making - the action or process of making important decisions.
206. Managerial - relating to a manager or management
207. Morale- the amount of confidence felt by a person or group of people, especially
when in a dangerous or difficult situation
208. Mutual understanding - understanding between people, they are friendly towards
each other and trust each other
209. Relations - the relationships that exist between two people, organizations, or
countries, and whether these are good or bad:
210. Efficient - working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way
211. Motivate - to make someone want to do something well
212. Influence- the power to have an effect on people or things
213. Formal Communication - exchanging official information between two or more
people within the same organization, by following rules and using official channels of
communication
214. Vertical Communication - a business communication strategy in which information,
tasks, and requests move upward and downward between senior management and
lower-level employees
215. Upward communication- lower-level company employees can directly
communicate with upper management
216. Downward communication - the act of relaying important information in a company
or organization from higher levels to lower levels.
217. Horizontal communication - takes place between one division and another for
example brainstorming sessions, department-wide meetings and group discussions with
your coworkers

Types of communication networks in formal communication:

218. Single chain: In this type of network communications flows from every superior to
his subordinate through a single chain.
219. Wheel: In this network, all subordinates under one superior communicate through
him only. They are not allowed to talk among themselves.
220. Circular: In this type of network, the communication moves in a circle. Each person
is able to communicate with his adjoining two persons only.
221. Free flow: In this network, each person can communicate with any other person
freely. There is no restriction.
222. Inverted V: In this type of network, a subordinate is allowed to communicate with his
immediate superior as well as his superior’s superior also. However, in the latter case,
only ordained communication takes place.
223. Informal Communication - Any communication that takes place without following
the formal channels of communication
224. Grapevine network- The communication network used in Informal Communication

Types of Grapevine network

225. Single strand: In this network, each person communicates with the other in a
sequence.
226. Gossip network: In this type of network, each person communicates with all other
persons on a non-selective basis.
227. Probability network: In this network, the individual communicates randomly with
other individuals.
228. Cluster Network: In this network, the individual communicates with only those
people whom he trusts.

229. Unofficial Communication - employee communication outside of the workplace on

matters unrelated to work. (Friendly meetings, dinner outings, and social gatherings)
Barriers of communication
230. Communication barriers - anything that prevents or disables communicators to
deliver the right message to the right person
231. Semantic barriers- obstacles in communication that distort the meaning of a
message being sent
232. Psychological barriers - a condition of mind that may prevent a person from
effective communication
233. Organizational Barriers - restrictions on employee communication that could lead
to a company's commercial failure
234. Personal barriers - factors which are personal that negatively impact effective
communication

Communication Channels
235. Communication channels - means by which people in a company communicate
and interact with one another
236. Digital communication channels - variety of online tools that employees utilize to
stay in touch with one another and stay up to date on corporate news and developments
237. Face- to-face communication channels - when two or more people interact and
communicate while visible to one another
238. Written communication channels - textual messages (ex. memos, proposals,
emails, letters)
239. Verbal communication - oral communication with words that you or others speak
out loud
240. Intonation – Intonation defines how the pitch of your voice increases and falls during
a speech. A shift or variation in pitch can have an impact on the meaning of what we say.
241. Stress – Stressing is the process of emphasizing a word or statement in order to
bring attention to it
242. Pauses – The pause allows the speaker to gather his or her thoughts before making
the final argument.
243. Pace – Pace is the rate at which you speak.
244. Nonverbal communication - the technique of transmitting meaning without the use
of written or spoken words. Non-verbal communication refers to any communication
between two or more people that involves the use of facial expressions, hand motions,
body language, postures, and gestures.
245. Signals - movements that are used to express to others one’s wants, desires, and
feelings.
246. Signs- movements that are used to express your wants, desires, and feelings to
others
247. Symbols - any device that can be used to create an abstraction. Symbols are visual
representations of an event, activity, object, person, or location
248. Icons - visual representation of an application, a capability, or another concept or
distinct thing that has meaning for the user. Icons are typically thought to be dense
collections of linked and unconnected symbols.
249. Gestures- A gesture is a movement of the hand, arms, or other bodily part meant to
express or accentuate something, most often while speaking
250. Proxemics- Proxemics is the study of how people from diverse cultures use time
and space, as well as body positions and other elements, to communicate