CULTURE OF FILIPINO FROM THE
Sociological perspective has a global perspective,
PERSPECTIVES OF ANTHROPOLOGY
AND SOCIOLOGY
OBJECTIVE
Explain anthropological and sociological perspectives on
culture and society
Sociological perspective - Is a distinctive point of view
that the social world guides our actions, thinking, and
life choices. Maciones (1997).
Characteristics of sociological perspective
a. Seeing the general in the particular.
There are general patterns in the behavior of particular
individuals. Society acts differently on various categories
of people - Characteristics of sociological perspective
example:
children vs adults;
women vs men;
educated vs illiterate;
rich vs poor.
-The general categories into which we happen to fall
shape our particular life experiences.
b. Seeing the strange in the familiar
Society guides our thoughts and deeds. Human
behavior is not just simply a matter of what people
decide to do.
c. Human behavior is not as individualistic as we think,
but rather social forces affect human behavior
Example:
Durkheim’s study on suicide showed that some
categories of people were more likely than others to
choose to take their own lives.
Durkheim found: “Men, protestants, wealthy
people, and the unmarried had significantly higher
suicide rates compared to women, catholics & jews,
the poor and married people. He deduced that these
differences corresponded to people’s degree of social
integration.” Low suicide rates characterized categories
of people with strong social ties; high suicide rates were
found among those who were more socially isolated
and individualistic.
d.
the study of the larger world and our society’s place in
it.
Global awareness, seeing the world as a global village.
Where we are placed in our society profoundly affects
our individual experience. Our global village indicates:
that people, the world over are far from equal in their
quality of life.
Anthropological perspective
Area of Study
Culture
Socialization
Deviance
Inequality
Health and Illness
Family Pattern
Social Change
Race
Ethnic Group
Lesson: Anthropology
Anthropology
 People are really different. Our socio-economic
background, political and cultural behavior and
phenomenon vary. As the old saying goes, there
are different strokes for different folks. Society
across the globe are very different.
 As a species, we are social beings who live out
our lives in the company of other humans. We
organize ourselves into various kinds of social
groupings, such as nomadic bands, villages,
cities, and countries, in which we work, trade,
play, reproduce, and interact in many other
ways. Unlike other species, we combine
socialization with deliberate changes in social
behavior and organization over time.
 As a species, we are social beings who live out
our lives in the company of other humans. We
organize ourselves into various kinds of social
groupings, such as nomadic bands, villages,
cities, and countries, in which we work, trade,
play, reproduce, and interact in many other
ways. Unlike other species, we combine
socialization with deliberate changes in social
behavior and organization over time.
What is Anthropology?
It is the study of what makes us human.
Anthropologists take a broad approach to
understanding the many different aspects of the human
experience, which we call holism. They consider the
past, through archaeology, to see how human groups
lived hundreds or thousands of years ago and what was
important to them. They consider what makes up our
biological bodies and genetics, as well as our bones,
diet, and health
Anthropologists also compare humans with
other animals (most often, other primates like monkeys
and chimpanzees) to see what we have in common with
them and what makes us unique. Even though nearly all
humans need the same things to survive, like food,
water, and companionship, the ways people meet these
needs can be very different. It is the comprehensive
study of human development, culture, and change
throughout the world, past and present. The
comprehensiveness of anthropology stems from its
emphasis on context, reflected in the perspectives
offered by the discipline’s four fields
Cultural variation
 Refers to the differences in social behaviors that
different cultures exhibit around the world.
What may be considered good etiquette in one
culture may be considered bad etiquette in
another.
 There are many differences between the
various cultures across the planet. These
differences include the way people interact,
what they wear and what they eat. Many
cultural differences can be explained by the
environment and resources of the region.
Fields of Anthropology
1.Biological Anthropology
2. Cultural Anthropology
3. Linguistic Anthropology
4. Archaeology
1. Biological Anthropology
 Biological (or physical) anthropologists carry out
systematic studies of the non-cultural aspects of
humans and near-humans. Non-cultural refers
to all of those biological characteristics that are
genetically inherited in contrast to learned.
Near-human is a category that includes
monkeys, apes, and the other primates as well
as our fossil ancestors. The primary interest of
most biological anthropologists today is human
evolution--they want to learn how our
ancestors changed through time to become
what we are today. Biological anthropologists
also are interested in understanding the
mechanisms of evolution and genetic
inheritance as well as human variation and
adaptations to different environmental stresses,
such as those found at high altitudes and in
environments that have temperature extremes.
2. Cultural Anthropology
 Cultural (or socio-cultural) anthropologists are
interested in learning about the cultural aspects
of human societies all over the world.
They usually focus their research on such things
as the social and political organizations,
marriage patterns and kinship systems,
subsistence and economic patterns, and
religious beliefs of different societies. Most
cultural anthropologists study contemporary
societies rather than ancient ones.
3. Linguistic Anthropology
Linguistic anthropologists study the human
communication process. They focus their research on
understanding such phenomena as the physiology of
speech, the structure and function of languages, social
and cultural influences on speech and writing,
nonverbal communication, how languages developed
over time, and how they differ from each other.
4. Archaeology
 Archaeologists are interested in recovering the
prehistory and early history of societies and
their cultures. They systematically uncover the
evidence by excavating, dating, and analyzing
the material remains left by people in the past.
 Archaeologists are essentially detectives who
search through many thousands of pieces of
fragmentary pots and other artifacts as well as
environmental data in order to reconstruct
ancient life ways. In a sense, this makes
archaeology the cultural anthropology of the
past.
 Archaeology is also related to biological
anthropology in its use of the same methods in
excavating and analyzing human skeletal
remains found in archaeological sites
SOCIOLOGY  Sociology’s purpose is to understand how the
cultural and social structures shape human
action and thought; and, conversely, how
Sociology- It is the study of human social relationships human action and thought shape cultural and
and institutions. Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, social structures.
ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the
 The purpose of sociology is to study at all levels
state, from the divisions of race and social class to the
of human thought and activity, from the
shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social
individual and personal level to the global level.
stability to radical change in whole societies. Unifying
Human thought about race, romance, friend,
the study of these diverse subjects of study is
family or foe is studied at the interpersonal
sociology’s purpose of understanding how human
level, where the surrounding social structure,
action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by
family structure, community and legal system
surrounding cultural and social structures.
shape their beliefs and attitudes, and eventually
determine what is and is not allowed under the
Social differences
law.
 The differences among the individuals on the
 Furthermore, sociology can be to study in order
basis of social characteristics and qualities are
to classify, quantify, identify, and perform
known as social differences. Social differences
functions that are very anthropological in their
are the complex differences and they include
construct in observing societies in the whole.
class, race, culture, age, ability, sex etc. Social
 Finally, the ultimate purpose of Sociology is to
differences can create discrimination among the
formulate a discipline of thought and
individuals on the basis of their social
methodology that leads to objective,
characteristics.
comprehensive, effective, honest, and critical
 For example, if in a society, individuals with high
thinking when observing and describing human
status are given more respect and importance
thought, interaction, systems, structures, and
as compare to the poor or homeless people
action.
then it is a social difference. Social differences
can create a lot of problems in a society
Dynamics of Culture in the goals of Anthropology and
because discrimination always result in
Sociology
inequality, inferiority complex and other social
 Culture is dynamic and thus complex. Culture is
problems.
fluid rather than static, which means that
 Sociology is the systematic study of social
culture changes all the time, every day, in
behavior and human groups. It focuses primarily
subtle and tangible ways. Because humans
on the influence of social relationships upon
communicate and express their cultural
people’s attitudes and behavior and on how
systems in a variety of ways, it can be hard to
societies are established and change. Hence,
pinpoint exactly what cultural dynamics are at
social institutions are the major spheres of
play.
social life or societal subsystems, organized to
 Anthropology is the study of humans and the
meet human needs. Social stratification is a
ways they live. Sociology studies the ways
system by which a society ranks categories of
groups of people interact with each other and
people in a hierarchy. The 3 commonly
how their behavior is influenced by social
recognized systems of stratification are estate,
structures, categories (rage, gender, sexuality),
caste and class.
and institutions. While both fields study human
behavior, the debate between anthropology
What is the purpose of Sociology?
versus sociology is a matter of perspectives.
Sociology is a vast area of study, with hundreds
Anthropology examines culture more at the
of officially recognized sub fields which examine human
micro-level of the individual, which the
thought, actions, structures, and systems. Virtually
anthropologist generally takes as an example of
every type and purpose of human thought and activity
the larger culture.
and action is studied in one field of sociology or
 In addition, anthropology hones in on the
another.
cultural specificities of a given group or
The cultural and social structures that people have
community. Sociology, on the other hand,
around them are on the other side of the equation.
tends to look at the bigger picture, often
 studying institutions (educational, political,
religious), organizations, political movements,
and the power relations of different groups
with each other
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Political science
 Political science is that branch of the social
sciences that studies the state, politics, and
government. Political Science deals extensively
with the analysis of political systems, the
theoretical and practical applications to
politics, and the examination of political
behavior..
 The Greek thinker, Aristotle, defined political
science as the study of the state. Many political
scientists view themselves as being engaged in
fleshing out the connections between political
events and conditions, and by this
understanding they hope to construct a system
of general principles that posit the way the
world of politics works.
 Political science is not a standalone field and it
intersects many other branches like sociology,
economics, history, anthropology, public policy
among others.
 Political scientists are much sought after these
days because of the changing landscape of
politics across the world and since the society
wants to understand how the political world
works, they need someone to explain the
nuances of the political economy. Any casual
perusal of the newspapers and the television
channels reveals that political scientists are at
the forefront of debates and discussions for
their knowledge and expertise
 maintaining the social order. Non-Marxist
Scope of political science
The scope of political science is vast and experts have
divided the field of political science into five sub-
disciplines that are political theory, public
administration, comparative politics, international
relations, and public law. The study of the matters
concerning the allocation and distribution as well as the
transfer of power is one of the main preoccupations of
political scientists.
The success or otherwise of the governance structures
is gauged by political scientists who examine the
multifaceted and multi-layered factors at work that
contribute to good or bad governance. The scope of the
political scientists has now been broadened to include
the realm of the study of the democratic elections
across the world.
In other words, with the explosion in the political
systems all over the world, political scientists, and their
scope of study has been considerably enhanced.
The Importance of Political Science
 The importance of political science lies in the
fact that all of us live within political systems
and we are affected by the changes in the
global political economy. With the advent of
globalization, there has been a concomitant rise
in the interest taken by the people of the world
in understanding the political systems of other
countries. Hence, political scientists become
valued and important as they provide the lens
through which we can understand the global
political economy.
Political ideology
 A political ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs,
values, and opinions, exhibiting a recurring
pattern, that competes deliberately as well as
unintentionally over providing plans of action
for public policy making in an attempt to justify,
explain, contest, or change the social and
political arrangements and processes of a
political community..
 The concept of ideology is subject to partly
incompatible conceptual interpretations. The
Marxist tradition views it pejoratively as
distorted consciousness, reflecting an
exploitative material reality, that can be
overcome through unmasking; or, more
recently, as a fictitious narrative necessary to
approaches split into three perspectives.
 The first sees ideology as abstract, closed and
doctrinaire, largely impervious to empirical
evidence and superimposed on a society.
 The second sees ideology as a series of
empirically ascertainable attitudes towards
political issues that can be explored by means of
behavioral methods.
 The third views ideologies as indispensable
mapping devices of cultural symbols and
political concepts that constitute a crucial
resource for understanding and shaping
sociopolitical life. They compete over the
 ‘correct’ and legitimate meanings of political
words and ideas, and by means of that control,
over the high ground of politics.
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AND
STYLES OF GOVERNMENT
1. Absolutism- System where the rulers have unlimited
control.
2. Anarchism- Society without government, laws, police
or other authority. A system of self-control.
3. Aristocracy- The privilege of social class whose
members possess a disproportionately large percentage
of society's wealth, prestige and political influence.
4. Autocracy- Supreme political power is in the hands of
one person whose decisions are unregulated
5. Communism- Extreme left-wing ideology based on
the revolutionary socialist teachings of Marx. Collective
ownership and a planned economy. Each should work
to their capability and receive according to their needs
6. Conservatism- Governmental system where the
existing institutions are maintained, emphasising free-
enterprise and minimal governmental intervention.
7. Democracy- Government by the people, usually
through elected representatives.
8. Dictatorship- Government by a single person with
absolute control over the resources of the state
USCP LONG QUIZ 1 - 09/2/22
1. We are social beings who live out our lives in
the company of other humans. We organize
ourselves into various kinds of social groupings,
such as nomadic bands, villages, cities, and
countries, in which wo work, trade, play,
reproduce, and interact in many other ways.
TRUE
2. Anthropologists take a broad approach to
understanding the many different aspects of the
human experience, which we call holism. They
consider the past, through archaeology, to see
how human groups lived hundreds or
thousands of years ago and what was important
to them. TRUE
3. The comprehensiveness of anthropology stems
from its emphasis on context, reflected in the
perspectives offered by the discipline’s six
fields. FALSE
4. Cultural variation is refers to the differences in
social behaviors that different cultures exhibit
around the world. TRUE
5. There are many differences between the
various cultures across the planet. These
differences include the way animals interact,
what they hear and what they see. Many
cultural differences can be explained by the
condition and resources of the universe. FALSE
6. Biological (or physical) anthropologists carry
out systematic studies of the non-cultural
aspects of humans and near-humans. TRUE
7. Cultural (or socio-cultural) anthropologists are
interested in learning about the cultural aspects
of human societies all over the world. TRUE
8. Archeologists study the human communication
process. They focus their research on
understanding such phenomena as the
physiology of speech, the structure and function
of languages, social and cultural influences on
speech and writing, nonverbal communication,
how languages developed over time, and how
they differ from each other. FALSE
9. Linguistic anthropologists are interested in
recovering the prehistory and early history of
societies and their cultures. FALSE
10. The differences among the individuals on the
basis of social characteristics and qualities are
known as social distance. FALSE
Test 2. Identification
1. The government by a single person with absolute
control over the resources of the state. DICTATORSHIP
2. It is the government by the people, usually through
elected representatives. DEMOCRACY
3. It is the governmental system where the existing
institutions are maintained, emphasizing free enterprise
and minimal governmental intervention. 15. These are interested in recovering the prehistory
CONSERVATISM and early history of societies and their culture.
ARCHEOLOGISTS
4. This is an extreme left wing ideology based on the
revolutionary socialist teachings of Marx Collective
ownership and a planned economy. COMMUNISM USCP LONG QUIZ 2
1. A new perception/aspect of reality that
5. The supreme political power is in the hands of one
already exists – DISCOVERY
person whose decisions are unregulated. AUTOCRACY
2. A combination of new use of existing
knowledge to produce something that
6. The privilege of social class whose members possess a
didn’t exist before – INVENTION
disproportionately large percentage of society's wealth,
3. Spreading of cultural traits from
prestige and political influence. ARISTROCACY
group to another group – DIFFUSION
4. Cultural modification of a group or
7. The society without government, laws, police or
individual / borrowing traits from another culture –
other authority. A system of self-control. ANARCHISM
ACCULTURATION
5. Process of combination of two
8. A system where the rulers have unlimited control.
cultures into one culture – ASSIMILATION
ABSOLUTISM
6. Relation between culture
& its actual habitat – CULTURAL AREAS
9. It is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions,
7. Relationship between culture &
exhibiting a recurring pattern, that competes
topographic area – CULTURAL TYPES
deliberately as well as unintentionally over providing
8. Unit of culture – CULTURAL TRAITS
plans of action for public policy making in an attempt to
9. Way of life shared by a group of people
justify,
namely ideas, traditions, art, music, language,
food, clothing, government, religion
explain, contest, or change the social and political
- ASPECT OF CULTURE
arrangements and processes of a political community.
10. Man’s oldest philosophy & doctrine that
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
everything is alive & possesses mental faculties
like desire, will, purpose, anger, love, and life –
10. Deals extensively with the analysis of political
ANIMISM
systems, the theoretical and practical applications to
11. Diverse set of mostly intangible aspect of social
politics, and the examination of political behavior.
life, shared pattern of behavior and interactions,
POLITICAL SCIENCE
cognitive construct and understanding that are
learned by socialization – CULTURE
11. He defined political science as the study of the state.
12. Differences in social behaviors that different
ARISTOTLE
cultures exceeded around the world – CULTURAL
VARIATION
12. It is the study of humans and the ways they live by
13. Lifelong social expression by which people
social structures, categories. ANTHROPOLOGY
develop their human potential on learned culture
(other term of SOCIALIZATION) –
13. It studies the ways groups of people interact with
ENCULTURATION
each other and how their behavior is influenced.
14. Occurs due to the fusion of ideas from one society
SOCIOLOGY
to another (sometimes clauses a backlash with
more traditional social views) – CULTURAL
14. The differences among the individuals on the basis
CHANGE
of social characteristics and qualities. SOCIAL
15. Process that an individual can create a large story
DIFFERENCES
and wave a narrative based on materials, rules
and materials provided by social and cultural
 environment (OTHER TERM OF ENCULTURATION) ___2. Cultural relativism, the opposite of the idea that
– SOCIALIZATION moral truth is ____________ and objective, contends
16. Process that makes continuity of culture possible – there is no such thing as absolute right and wrong.
EDUCATION a. general b. valid
17. Culture also defines values, influences personality c. assuming d. universal
development and influences career choice, ___3. Within a particular society, a standard of right and
considered right and wrong within society – wrong can be _____________.
SOCIAL DISCORD a. inviolate b. fradaulent
18. Means of social regulation and control of effective c. unsuitable d. vulgar
compliance with itself to render effective conduct ___4. Who stated that, “The notion of the mask over the
social life possible – CUSTOM face of nature is….what I have called “relativism”.
19. Govern by the relationship of the individual to the a. Plato b. Karl Marx
will being of society and this etiquette should c. Aristotle d. John Grote
regulate class structure being requiring ___5. Although the term “relativism” is of recent coinage,
individuals to conform to their respective classes doctrines and positions, with some of the hallmarks of
– CODE OF ETHICS
contemporary relativism, date back to the very beginnings
20. Understanding and accepting other culture is
of ____________ philosophy.
about keeping your mind open and learning –
a. Chinese b. Japanese
TRUE
c. Western d. Eastern
21. No matter what culture a people r part of, one
___6. In the Philippines, premarital sex is morally
thing is certain, it will change – TRUE
____________.
22. Culture appears to be crucial in our intersected
a. acceptable b. unacceptable
world – TRUE
c. ignored d. defined
23. Differences set us apart but we often forget we
are all humans and our culture represents our
___7. Cultural relativism teaches us that, _________
different patterns are cultural options, not objective truth.
environment than truly different people – a. burial b. marriage
TRUE c. bethrotal d. food
24. Culture is important because society is ___8. Who is often considered the first overt champion of
constructed by culture – FALSE relativism.
25. Horton, changes in culture is called cultural a. Plato b. Horace
change – TRUE c. Protagoras of Abdera d. Karl Marx
26. Occupational lines, sex lines – ECONOMIC SYSTEM ___9. ____________________ warns us, quite rightly,
27. Self-regulation & self-control – SOCIOECONOMIC about the danger of assuming that all of our practices are
SYSTEM based on some absolute rational standard.
28. Institutional structure and function – GROUP OR a. Cultural relativism b. Ethnocentrism
ORGANIZATION c. Culture lag d. Xenocentrism
29. Human being’s relationship to power – POLITICS ___10. Cultural relativism doesn’t mean that
___________ can’t be compared.
a. feelings b. language
Pre-Test (Cultural Relativism) c. cultures d. symbols

___1. Cultural relativism wrongly claims that each culture 1. The practical application of knowledge in converting raw
has its own distinct but equally valid mode of perception, materials into finished products -Technology
thought, and _____________.
a. feelings b. ideas 2. It is anything held to be relatively worthy, important,
c. choice d. lesson desirable, or valuable. -Values
3. The set of ethical standards and moral obligations as VI. PHILIPPINES DO NOT CEASE TO DEBATE ON
dictates of reason that distinguishes human acts as right or THE MORAL ACCPETABILITY OF
wrong or good from bad. -Mores CONTRACEPTIVES. IN ANOTHER COUNTRY,
ABORTION IS PERFECTLY NORMAL, MORE
4. These are the patterns of repetitive behavior which becomes SO ON THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL
habitual and conventional part of living -Folkways CONTRACEPTIVES.
VII. ONE SOCIETY MAKES ANY PROHIBITIONS
5. It refers to any information received and perceived to be
ON WOMEN; WHILE ANOTHER SOCIET
true. -Knowledge
ALLOWS WOMEN TO HAVE OPPORTUNITIES
AND OBLIGATIONS.
6. The perception of accepted reality, refers to the existence of
things whether material or nonmaterial -Belief CULTURAL REALTIVISM WRONGLY CLAIMS THAT EACH
CULTURE HAS ITS OWN DISTINCT BUT EQUALLY VALID
7. These are established expectations of society as to how a MODE OF PERCEPTION THOUGHT AND CHOICE. IT
person is supposed to act depending on the requirements of
CONTENDS THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS ABSOLUTE
the time, place, or situation. -Social Norms
RIGHT AND WRONG.
8. These are two or more people who identify with and interact IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF CULTURE THAT CONTRIBUTE
with one another. -Social Group TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAN’S SOCIAL
INTERACTION
9. A structured ranking of entire groups of people that
perpetuates unequal economic rewards, power, and prestige in
a society. -Social Stratification
I. DYNAMIC, FLEXIBLE AND ADAPTIVE
10. It refers to a group of people sharing a common culture II. SHARED AND CONTESTED
within territorial boundaries. -Society III. LEARNED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION OR
ENCULTURATION
IV. PATTERNED SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
CULTURAL RELATIVISM V. INTEGRATED AND AT TIMES UNSTABLE
VI. TRANSMITTED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION;
CULTURAL RELITIVISM IN PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY
AND
I. ACCORDING TO KHAN ACADEMY (2020), IT VII. REQUIRES LANGUAGE AND OTHER FORMS
REFERS TO NOT JUDGING A CULTURE TO OF COMMUNICATION
OUR OWN STANDARDS OF WHAT IS RIGHT
OR WRONG, STRANGE OR NORMAL. ETHNOCENTRISM
II. INSTEAD, WE SHOULD TRY TO
I. When people find cultural practices and
UNDERSTAND CULTURAL PRACTICES OF
values not their own as disturbing and
OTHER GROUPS IN ITS OWN CULTURAL
threatening, that can be regarded as
CONTEXT
ethnocentrism.
III. CONCEPT OF CULTURAL RELITIVISM
II. A literal meaning of ethnocentrism is the
UNDESCORES THE IDEA THAT THE CULTURE
regard that one’s own culture and society is
IN EVERY SOCIETY SHOULD BE
the center of everything and therefore far
UNDERSTOOD AND REGARDED ON ITS OWN
more superior than others.
TERMS.
III. Such a perspective can harden into
IV. SOCIETIES ARE QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT
chauvinism, a position that everything
FROM ONE ANOHTER, SUCH THAT EACH
about the other culture is wrong,
ONE HAS ITS OWN “UNIQUE INNER LOGIC”
unreasonable, detestable, and even
(ERIKSEN 2001:14)
wicked. From this perspective, the practices
V. PREMARITAL SEX IS MORALLY
and institutions of people from other
UNACCEPTABLE IN THE PHILIPPINES
societies are regarded as inferior, less
 intelligent, and even vicious. An
ethnocentric attitude can be an obstacle to
understanding each other culture and foster
tensions within or between societies.
TERMS
I. Human Cultural Variation: It refers to the
differences in social behaviors that different
cultures exhibit around the world. What
may be considered good etiquette in one
culture may be considered bad etiquette in
another.
II. Social Differences: The differences among
the individuals on the basis of social
characteristics and qualities.
III. Religion: ‘Religare’ a Latin word – ‘to bind
together’. Is a system of beliefs and
practices as well as systems of actions
directed toward entities which are above
men. Is an organized system of ideas about
the spiritual sphere or the supernatural.
IV. Ethnicity: It is the expression of the set of
cultural ideas held by a distinct ethics or
indigenous group.
V. Nationality: It is the legal relationship that
binds a person and a country. • It allows the
state to protect and have jurisdiction over a
person.
VI. Gender: It is the socially-constructed
characteristics of being male of female. 
SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION
I. Theories of cultural and social evolution
that describe how cultures and societies
change over time
II. Sociologist Gerhard Lenski(1924-) defined
societies in terms of their technological
sophistication. As a society advances, so
does its use of technology.
SOCIOLOGISTS HAVE CLASSIFIED THE DIFFERENT TYPES
OF SOCIETIES INTO SIX CATEGORIES, EACH OF WHICH
POSSESSES THEIR OWN UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS:
1. HUNTING & GATHERING
(EARLIEST SOCIETIES)
These are the earliest form of society, The
members survive primarily by hunting, trapping fishing,
and gathering edible plants
- The majority of the members' time is spent looking for
and gathering food.
FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF HUNTING & GATHERING
SOCIETIES:
1. Family is the society’s primary institution family
determines the distribution of food and how to socialize
children
2. These societies are small compared to the others.
They generally have less than 50 members
3. Hunting and gathering societies are nomadic which
means that they move constantly in order to find food
and water
II. PASTORAL SOCIETIES
Pastoral societies rely on the domestication of animals
as resource for survival. Pastoral groups were able to
breed livestock for food, clothing, and transportation,
and they created a surplus of goods, Herding, or
pastoral, societies remained nomadic because they
were forced to follow their animals to fresh feeding
grounds
III. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Horticultural societies forred in areas where rainfall and
other conditions allowed them to grow stable crops,
They were similar to hunter-gatherers in that they
largely depended on the environment for survival, but
since they didn't have to abandon their location to
follow resources, they were able to start permanent
settlements.
IV. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Agricultural societies relied on permanent tools for
survival. Farmers learned to rotate the types of crops
grown on their fields and to reuse waste products such
as fertilizer, which led to better harvests and bigger
surpluses of food. New tools for digging and harvesting
were made of metal, human settlements grew into
towns and cities, and particularly bountiful regions
became centers of trade and commerce.
This is also the age in which people had the time and
comfort to engage in more contemplative and
thoughtful activities, such as music, poetry, and
philosophy. This period became referred to as the
“dawn of civilization” by some because of the
development of leisure and humanities. Craftspeople
were able to support themselves through the
production of creative, decorative, or thought-
provoking aesthetic objects and writings.
V. FEUDAL SOCIETIES
Thee societies contained a trice hierarchical system of
power based around land ownership and protection The
nobility, known an lords placed vassals in charge of
pieces of land, In return for the resources that the land
provided, vassals promised to light for their lords
VI. POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Information societies, sometimes known as
postindustrial or digital societies, are a recent
development. Information societies are based on the
production of information and services. Digital
technology is the steam engine of information societies,
and computer moguls such as Steve Jobs and Bill Gates
are its John D. Rockefellers and Cornelius Vanderbilts.
Since the economy of information societies is driven by
knowledge and not material goods, power lies with
those in charge of storing and distributing information.
Members of a postindustrial society are likely to be
employed as sellers of services—software programmers
or business consultants, for example—instead of
producers of goods. Social classes are divided by access
to education, since without technical skills, people in an
information society lack the means for success
VII. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Steam power began appearing everywhere. Instead of
paying artisans to painstakingly spin wool and weave it
into cloth, people turned to textile mills that produced
fabric quickly at a better price and often with better
quality. Rather than planting and harvesting fields by
hand, farmers were able to purchase mechanical
seeders and threshing machines that caused agricultural
productivity to soar.
Products such as paper and glass became available to
the average person, and the quality and accessibility of
education and health care soared. Gas lights allowed
increased visibility in the dark, and towns and cities
developed a nightlife.
WHAT'S MORE!
i. Societies are classified according to their
development and use of technology
For most of human history, people lived in
preindustrial societies characterized by
limited technology and low production of
goods.
ii. After the Industrial Revolution, many
societies based their economies around
mechanized labor, leading to greater profits
and a trend toward greater social mobility.
At the turn of the new millennium, a new
type of society emerged. This post-
industrial, or information, society is built on
digital technology and nonmaterial goods
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CULTURAL,
SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES
i. Cultural practices are the manifestation of a
culture or sub-culture, especially concerning
the traditional and customary practices of a
particular ethnic or other cultural group. It
plays an important role for a civilization and
character of its citizens and society. It helps
in striking the balance with Mother Nature,
conservation of natural resources and
respecting each other.
ii. Economic system or practices are the
means by which societies distribute
resources and trade goods and services.
They are used to control the five factors of
production, including: labor, capital,
entrepreneurs, physical and information
resources.
iii. The examples of cultural practices are
i. religious and spiritual practices,
ii. medical treatment practices,
iii. forms of artistic expression,
iv. culinary practices,
v. housing and construction
vi. childcare practices.
Social Practices refer to everyday practices and the way III. E.G IN EDUCATION: TOGA, DIPLOMA,
these are typically and habitually performed in a BOOKS
society. It shapes everyday life and are familiar to all IV. E.G MARITAL STATUS, VEIL, GOWN,
members of the community, even if not everybody FLOWERS, HEART, LEGAL CONTRACT
participates in them. V. E.G ACCOMPLISHMENTS BADGES,
CERTIFICATES, TROPHIES,
They are relevant to community and help reinforce a
sense of identity and continuity with the past. ECONOMIC SYMBOLS

Economic system or practices are the means by which
societies distribute resources and trade goods and
services. They are used to control the five factors of
production, including: labor, capital, entrepreneurs,
physical and information resources.
Political practices is a set of activities that are
associated with making decisions in groups, or other
forms of power relations to individual such as the
distributions of resources.
I. USED IN PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND
SELLING OF GOODS AND SERVICES LIKE
CURRENCY, MARKET, LABOR, DEMANDS
AND OTHER.
II. E.G SIGNAGE, BANNER, STICKERS, POSTERS,
BILLBOARDS, DIGITAL FORMS, BROCHURES,
FLYERS, PICTURES, RED FLAGS BY
SOCIALISTS, LEFT-WING RADICALS
POLITICAL SYMBOLS

I. USED TO REPRESENT A POLITICAL

CULTURAL, SOCIAL & POLITICAL STANDPOINT, THE SYMBOLISM CAN OCCUR
SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES 13/10/2022 IN VARIOUS MEDIA.
II. E.G PESO SIGN
SYMBOLS – OFTEN GET NOTICED WHEN USED OUT OF
CONTEXT. USED UNCONVENTIALLY AND CONVEY
STRONG MESSAGE. TEAM QUIZ
- Symbols often get noticed when they are used ___1. Which of the following cultural symbols of
out of context. Used unconventionally, symbols Philippines represents nationalism?
convey strong messages. a. Sandata b. Baybayin
- A symbol is an object, word, or action that c. Philippine Flag d. Mungul Jar
stands for something else with no natural ___2. An object, word, or action that stand for
relationship that is culturally defined. something else with no natural
relationship that is culturally defined.
CULTURAL SYMBOLS
a. culture b. practices
I. PHYSICAL MANIFESTATION THAT SIGNIFIEIS c. symbols d. belief
THE IDEOLOGY OF PARTICULAR CULTURE ___3. What is the best-known symbol used to
II. COULD HAVE THE ACTUAL SYMBOLS OR represent Islam?
SIGNS BUT ALSO CAN BE GESTURES SUCH a. Cross b. Star and Crescent c. Aum
AS HANDSHAKES AND HAND SIGNALS d. Pratik
(PAGMAMANO, PRAYER, SOMETIMES ___4. A symbol that is perceived visible, external
FACIAL EXPRESSION) denotation of one’s social position and perceived
indicator of economic or social status.
SOCIAL SYMBOLS
a. Political symbol b. economic symbol
I. ARE RELATING TO HUMAN SOCIETY AND ITS c. social symbol d. cultural symbol
MODE OF ORGANIZAITON ___5. An object made by a human being, typically
II. E.G SOCIAL CLASSES, SOCIAL PROBLEMS OR an item of cultural or historical interest.
SOCIAL ISSUES. A SYMBOL THAT PEOPLE a. Symbol b. Culture
WANT TO HAVE OR VIEW TO BE TAKEN FOR c. Artifacts d. Dove
RESPECT AND ADMIRATION.
 ___6. An american sociologist who argued that c. Pastoral society
human society undergoes transformation and d. Industrial society
evolution and in the process develops technological ___14. The type of human society where people
advancement. learned to use human muscle power and handheld
a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. tools to cultivate fields. It is also classified as
Max Weber d. George Herbert Mead subsistence farming and surplus farming.
___7. It is the change that occurs in a population a. Agricultural society b. Horticulture
over time. society
a. culture b. evolution c. Pastoral society d. Industrial society
c. politics d. society ___15. The species name known as the “Wise Man”
___8. Type of societies that grow crops with simple that appeared form 200,000 years ago. The present
tools and raise livestock. human race belongs to this species.
a. Hunting and gathering b. a. Homo erectus b. Homo
Horticultural and pastoral habilis
c. Industrial d. c. Homo sapiens d.
Postindustrial Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
___9. All human cultures evolve over time. Which
of the following things is responsible for this? ___16. The species name means “Upright Man”
a. culture is an adaptive mechanism b. with body proportions similar to that of modern
culture is instinctive humans. Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago; adapted
c. culture is cumulative to hot climate and mostly spread in Africa. They
d. all of the above were the first hunters with improvised tools such
___10. It is the communication of thoughts and as axes and knives, and were the first to produce
feelings through a system of arbitrary symbols. fire.
a. tools b. language c. culture a. Homo erectus b.
d. symbols Homo habilis
___11. The earliest form of human society and c. Homo sapiens d.
People are survived by foraging for vegetable foods Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
and small game, fishing, hunting larger wild
animals, and collecting shellfish.
a. Hunting and food gathering societies
b. Surplus farming
c. Pastoral farming
d. Industrial farming
___12. It relied on herding and the domestication
of animals for food and clothing to satisfy the
greater needs of the group. It was organized along
male-centered kinship groups.
a. Hunting and food gathering societies
b. Horticulture society
c. Pastoral society
d. Industrial society
___13. This is characterized by more than just the
use of mechanical means of production. It
constitutes an entirely new form of society that
requires an immerse, mobile diversity specialized,
high skilled, and well-coordinated labor force.
a. Hunting and food gathering societies
b. Horticulture society