MINERALS

Anggun Rindang Cempaka, S.Gz, MS, RD

Basic Nutrition - 2021
Classification
MACROMINERALS MICROMINERALS TRACE ELEMENTS
(≥100 mg/day) (<15 mg/day) (<1 mg/day)

Need in large amounts and play major Often serve as catalysts in Minerals required by a typical
structural roles (such as calcium and
phosphorus) and function as electrolytes
enzyme reactions and are only human body in quantities of
(such as sodium and potassium) needed in small amounts less than 1 mg per day

Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Zn, I, Se, Mn, F, MICRO

Ca, P, S Mo, Co, Cr, Co, Br MINERALS
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Natrium (Na)
• Approximately 35 – 40% is in the
skeleton
• Bile and pancreatic juice contain
substantial amounts of sodium
Function
1. Major cation of extracellular water
2. Major regulator of extracellular water and
maintain acid-base balance
3. Nerve impulse transmission and muscle
contraction
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 Daily Needs Food Sources
1. Upper level: 2300 mg/day
2. 19-50 yo: 1500 mg/day
3. 51-70 yo: 1300 mg/day
4. >70 yo: 1200 mg/day Table Salt Instant Foods with
chemical preservatives

Canned foods
(sausages, corned, 4
sardines, etc.)
 Deficiency Toxicity
1. Diarrhea 1. Muscle cram, mental apathy, loss of
2. Vomiting appetite
3. Heavy sweating 2. Edema & hypertension

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Potassium (K)
• The major cation of
intracellular fluid
• Present in small amounts in
extracellular fluid
Function
1. Maintain body water and electrolytes
2. Cell integrity
3. Nerve impulse transmission
4. Muscle contraction
5. Heart rate stability
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 Daily Needs Food Sources
1. 4700 mg/hr

Meats Milk Legumes

Grains
 Deficiency Toxicity
1. Diabetic acidosis 1. Muscular weakness
2. Dehydration 2. Vomiting
3. Severe vomiting
4. Severe diarrhea

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 Function
Cloride (Cl)
• Major component of gastric 1. Maintenance of fluids, electrolytes, and
acid (HCl) acid-base balance in the body.
• Major anion in extracellular
2. Helps the blood carry carbon dioxide to
water
the lungs
3. Necessary during immune responses
when white blood cells attack foreign
cells.
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 Daily Needs Food Sources
1. ¾ spoonful of salt can fulfil
the daily needs of chloride
2. Upper level: 3600 mg/day
Table Salt Soy sauce Processed foods
3. 19-50 yo: 2300 mg/day
4. 51-70 yo: 2000 mg/day
5. > 70 yo: 1800 mg/day

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Meats Milk Eggs
 Deficiency Toxicity
1. Chronic diarrhea 1. Vomiting
2. Heavy sweating
3. Vomiting

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 Calcium (Ca)
The most abundant mineral in
the body → Approximately 99%
of the calcium exists in the bones
and teeth.
Function
• Optimal gains in bone mass and density in
the prepubertal and adolescent years
• Additional protection against osteoporosis
in the years after menopause
• Building and maintaining bones and teeth
• The transport functions of cell membranes
→ Ca affects membrane stability
• Nerve transmission and regulation of heart 12
muscle function.
 Daily Needs Food Sources
1. Adolescence (≤ 18 years
old): 1300 mg/day
2. Adult (19-50 years old): 1000
mg/day Small fish (with bones)
Milk and milk product
3. Geriatric: 1200 mg/day

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Tofu Broccoli Legumes

 Deficiency Toxicity
1. Stunted growth in 1. Constipation
children 2. Urinary stone formation
2. Osteoporosis in 3. Kidney dysfunction
adult
4. Organ calcification

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 Function
Phosphorus (P)
▪ Another essential element, 1. As part of phospholipids, phosphorus is
ranks second to calcium in
present in every cell membrane in the body
abundance in human tissues
▪ Approximately 700 g exists in
2. Acts as a secondary signal within cells
adult tissues and about 85% is following peptide hormone activation of
present in the skeleton and many membrane receptors
teeth as calcium phosphate
3. Part of bones and teeth
crystals
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 Daily Needs Food Sources
1. Upper level 4000 mg/day
2. Adult: 700 mg/day

Poultry Fish

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Meats Milk Eggs
 Deficiency Toxicity
1. Muscular weak Calcification in non skeletal tissues
2. Bone pain (kidney)

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Magnesium (Mg)
▪ Magnesium is the second-most
abundant (after potassium)
intracellular cation in the body.
▪ The adult human body contains
approximately 20 – 28 g of Mg
→ approximately 60% is found
in bone, 26% in muscle, and the
remainder in soft tissues and
body fluids.
Function
1. Stabilize the structure of ATP in ATP-
dependent enzyme reactions
2. A cofactor for more than 300 enzymes
3. Important in the formation of cAMP →
transmitting messages from outside the cells
in response to hormones
4. Neuromuscular transmission and activity
5. A stimulator and a relaxant in normal muscular
contraction 18
 Daily Needs Food Sources
1. Upper level 350 mg
nonfood/day
2. 19-30 yo: 400 mg/day (M)
Dark Green Veggies Whole Grains Chocolate
3. 19-30 yo: 310 mg/day (F)

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Seafoods Nuts Legumes
 Deficiency Toxicity
1. Weakness (nonfood only)
2. Confusion 1. Diarrhea
2. Alkalosis
3. Dehydration

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Sulfur (S)
• Necessary to all body tissue
and is found in all body cells
Function
1. Maintenance of protein structure
2. For building hair, nails, and all body tissues
3. Constituent of all body cells
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 Daily Needs Food Sources
• Unknown

Eggs

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Poultry Fish
 Deficiency Toxicity
Unknown Unknown

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 Function
Iron (Fe)
1. Participate in oxidation and reduction reactions
▪ Two major forms of iron in the – Iron must be tightly bound to proteins to prevent these
body: potentially destructive oxidative effects.

1. Ferrous (+2)
2. Red blood cell function, myoglobin activity, and the
2. Ferric (+3)
roles of numerous heme and nonheme enzyme
▪ High in Fe: hemoglobin &
3. Blood and respiratory transport of oxygen and carbon
myoglobin
dioxide

4. Immune function and cognitive performance

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5. Oxidative production of ATP within the mitochondria –
cell respiration
 Daily Needs Food Sources
1. Upper level 45 mg/day
2. Male: 8 mg/day
3. Female: 18 mg/day (18-50 Legumes Fish Shellfish
yo); 8 mg/day (51+ yo)

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Red meats Eggs Poultry
 Deficiency Toxicity

Iron deficiency 1. Iron overload syndrome

anemia 2. Heart disease
▪ Vulnerable stage: 3. Cancer
women, pregnancy,
4. Iron poisoning
infant & young children,
adolescent

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 Function
Zinc (Zn) 1. Metalloenzim
2. Immune function
• Abundantly distributed through-
3. Growth & development
out the human body and is
4. Synthesis, storage & release insulin
second only to iron among trace
5. Blood clothing
element 6. Thyroid hormone function
• The human body has approxi- 7. Cognitive function and behavior
mately 2 to 3 g of zinc → highest 8. Produce active form of vitamin A & Retinol Binding Protein
for vitamin A transport
concen-trations in the liver,
9. Normal taste perception
pancreas, kidney, bone, and
10. Wound healing
muscle
11. Sperms formation 27

12. Fetal development

 Daily Needs Food Sources
1. Upper level 40 mg/day
2. Male: 11 mg/day
3. Female: 8 mg/day
Red meats Shellfish

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Whole Grains
 Deficiency
1. Growth retardation
2. Delayed sexual maturation,
3. Impaired immune functions
4. Hair loss
5. Eye and skin lesion
6. Loss of appetite
Toxicity
1. Loss appetite
2. Impaired immunity
3. Low HDL, copper & iron deficiency
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Iodine (I)
• The component of the thyroid
hormones, thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3).
Function
Necessary for the normal functioning of the
thyroid gland which determines:
– The rate of metabolism
– Body temperature
– Reproduction and growth
– Red blood cell production
– Nerve and muscle function 30
 Daily Needs Food Sources
1. Upper level 1100 g/day
2. Adult 150 g/day
3. Additional needed during
Breads Dairy products Iodized salt
pregnancy and lactation
• Plant grown in iodine-rich soil
• Animals fed with those plants

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Seafoods
 Deficiency Toxicity
1. Hypertrophy of thyroid gland Elevated Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
2. Myxedema (hypothyroidism)
in adults
3. Cretinism (retarded physical
and mental development) in
children whose mother
lacking sufficient iodine

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Selenium (Se)
a component of an enzyme that
acts as an antioxidant.
Function
1. Protects cells against oxidation
(antioxidant function)
2. Spares vitamin E
3. Needed for fat metabolism
4. Constituents of most body tissue
5. Selenium supplements appear to be
effective in treating Keshan disease.
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 Daily Needs Food Sources
Adult male: 70 µg
Adult female: 70 µg

Kidney and Liver Muscle Meat

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Seafoods Grains
 Deficiency Toxicity
• Unclear, but related to • High doses (1 mg or more daily) are toxic
Keshan disease and can cause vomiting, loss of hair and
• Muscle weakness nails, and skin lesions.

Keshan disease

Muscular dystrophy, loss

of appetite, nausea 35
 Question:
The potassium requirement for Mr. Smith (39 years
old) is 4700 mg daily. What kind of foods and how
many grams of food can fulfill this requirement?
Mineral
conversion Answer:
into foods 1. List of potassium-rich foods:
a. Avocado : 487 mg/100 g
4700 mg of potassium

965 g
b. Sweet potato : 541 mg/120 g 1042 g
c. Spinach, raw : 558 mg/100 g 842 g
d. Watermelon : 640 mg/572 g 4200 g
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You have to know how to get this!

Thank You for
Your Attention
☺☺☺
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