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APPENDICES & REFERENCES 585

APPENDIX C—EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SI-METRIC, MKS-METRIC, AND

U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS OF NONHOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS IN THE CODE

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
1 MPa NJIFP2 145 psi
fcƍ 03D fcƍ NJIFP2 fcƍ SVL
fcƍ 03D fcƍ NJIFP2 fcƍ SVL
fcƍ 03D fcƍ NJIFP2 fcƍ SVL
2
fcƍ 03D fcƍ NJIFP fcƍ SVL
2
fy = 280 MPa fy NJIFP fy = 40,000 psi
fy = 420 MPa fy NJIFP2 fy = 60,000 psi
2
fpu = 1725 MPa fpu NJIFP fpu = 250,000 psi
fpu = 1860 MPa fpu NJIFP2 fpu = 270,000 psi
f c′ in MPa 3.18 f c′ LQNJIFP2 12 f c′ in psi

0.313 f c′ in MPa f c′ LQNJIFP2 3.77 f c′ in psi

0.083 f c′ in MPa 0.27 f c′ LQNJIFP2 f c′ in psi

0.17 f c′ in MPa 0.53 f c′ LQNJIFP2 2 f c′ in psi

6.6.4.5.4 M2,PLQ = Pu(15 + 0.03h) M2,PLQ = Pu(1.5 + 0.03h) M2,PLQ = Pu(0.6 + 0.03h)
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞
7.3.1.1.1 ⎜⎝ 0.4 + 700 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0.4 + 7000 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0.4 + 100, 000 ⎟⎠

7.3.1.1.2 ±wc) ±wc) ±wc)

C Conv. Tables
bw s bw s bw s
7.7.3.5(c) 0.41 4.2 60
f yt f yt f yt

8.3.1.1 fr = 0.4 f c′ fr = 1.3 f c′ fr = 5 f c′

⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞
A n ⎜ 0.8 + ⎟ A n ⎜ 0.8 + A n ⎜ 0.8 +
8.3.1.2(b) ⎝ 1400 ⎠ ⎝ 14, 000 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 200, 000 ⎠⎟
h= •PP h = •FP h= •LQ
36 + 5β(α IP − 0.2) 36 + 5β(α IP − 0.2) 36 + 5β(α IP − 0.2)

⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞
A n ⎜ 0.8 + A n ⎜ 0.8 + A n ⎜ 0.8 +
8.3.1.2(d) ⎝ 1400 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 14, 000 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 200, 000 ⎟⎠
h= • 90 mm h= • 9 cm h= • 3.5 in.
36 + 9β 36 + 9β 36 + 9β

8.3.4.1 ft” f c′ ft” f c′ ft” f c′

0.17 f c′ 0.53 f c′ 2 f c′
8.6.2.3
0.50 f c′ 1.6 f c′ 6 f c′

0.37 f c′c2 d 1.2 f c′c2 d 4.5 f c′c2 d

As = As = As =
8.7.5.6.3.1(a) fy fy fy
and (b) 2.1c2 d 21c2 d 300c2 d
As = As = As =
fy fy fy

8.7.7.1.2 ࢥ f c′ ࢥ f c′ ࢥ f c′

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586 ACI 318-19: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞
9.3.1.1.1 ⎜⎝ 0.4 + 700 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0.4 + 7000 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0.4 + 100, 000 ⎟⎠

9.3.1.1.2 ±wc) ±wc) ±wc)

0.25 f c′ 0.80 f c′ 3 f c′
bw d bw d bw d
9.6.1.2(a) and fy fy fy
(b)
1.4 14 200
bw d bw d bw d
fy fy fy

9.6.3.1 Vu!ࢥȜ f c′ bwd Vu!ࢥȜ f c′ bwd Vu!ࢥȜ f c′ bwd

bw s bw s bw s
AYPLQ• f c′ AYPLQ• f c′ AYPLQ• f c′
f yt f yt f yt
9.6.3.4
bw s bw s bw s
AYPLQ• AYPLQ• AYPLQ• 50
f yt f yt f yt

bw bw bw
(Av + 2Ats• f c′ (Av + 2Ats• f c′ (Av + 2Ats• f c′
f yt f yt f yt
9.6.4.2(a) and
(b) bw bw bw
(Av + 2Ats• 0.35 (Av + 2Ats• 3.5 (Av + 2Ats• 50
f yt f yt f yt

0.42 f c′Acp ⎛A⎞ f yt 1.33 f c′Acp ⎛A⎞ f yt 5 f c′Acp ⎛A⎞ f yt

Al,PLQ” − ⎜ t ⎟ ph Al,PLQ” − ⎜ t ⎟ ph Al,PLQ” − ⎜ t ⎟ ph
fy ⎝ s⎠ fy fy ⎝ s⎠ fy fy ⎝ s⎠ fy
9.6.4.3(a) and
(b) ⎛ 1.75bw ⎞ 5 f c′Acp ⎛ 25bw ⎞ f yt
0.42 f c′Acp ⎛ 0.175bw ⎞ f yt 1.33 f c′Acp f yt
Al,PLQ” −⎜ ⎟ ph f Al,PLQ” −⎜ ⎟ ph f Al,PLQ” −⎜ ⎟ ph
fy ⎝ f yt ⎠ y
fy ⎝ yt ⎠
f y
fy ⎝ f yt ⎠ fy

bw s bw s bw s
9.7.3.5(c) 0.41 4.2 60
f yt f yt f yt

9.7.6.2.2 0.33 f c′ bwd 1.1 f c′ bwd 4 f c′ bwd

9.9.2.1 Vu”ࢥ f c′ bwd Vu”ࢥ f c′ bwd Vu”ࢥ f c′ bwd

bw s bw s bw s
AYPLQ• f c′ AYPLQ• f c′ AYPLQ• f c′
f yt f yt f yt
10.6.2.2 bw s bw s bw s
AYPLQ• AYPLQ• AYPLQ• 50
f yt f yt f yt

10.7.6.5.2 0.33 f c′ bwd 1.1 f c′ bwd 4 f c′ bwd

11.5.4.2 0.66 f c′ hd 2.12 f c′ hd 8 f c′ hd

Vn ĮcȜ f c′ ȡt fy)Acv Vn ĮcȜ f c′ ȡt fy)Acv Vn ĮcȜ f c′ ȡt fy)Acv

hw hw hw
Įc = 0.25 for ” Įc = 0.80 for ” Įc = 3.0 for ”
11.5.4.3 Aw Aw Aw

hw hw hw
Įc = 0.17 for • Įc = 0.53 for • Įc = 2.0 for •
Aw Aw Aw

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APPENDICES & REFERENCES 587

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
11.5.4.5 0.66 f c′ Acv 2.12 f c′ Acv 8 f c′ Acv
11.5.4.5 0.83 f c′ Acw 2.65 f c′ Acw 10 f c′ Acw
11.6.1 Vu”ࢥĮcȜ f c′ Acv Vu”ࢥĮcȜ f c′ Acv Vu”ࢥĮcȜ f c′ Acv
11.6.2 Vu•ࢥĮcȜ f c′ Acv Vu•ࢥĮcȜ f c′ Acv Vu•ࢥĮcȜ f c′ Acv
12.5.3.3 Vn = AcvȜ f c′ ȡt fy) Vn = AcvȜ f c′ ȡt fy) Vn = AcvȜ f c′ ȡt fy)

12.5.3.4 Vu”ࢥAcv f c′ Vu”ࢥAcv f c′ Vu”ࢥAcv f c′

14.5.2.1(a) Mn Ȝ f c′ SP Mn Ȝ f c′ SP Mn Ȝ f c′ SP

M u Pu M u Pu M u Pu
14.5.4.1(a) − ≤ φ0.42λ f c′ − ≤ φ1.33λ f c′ − ≤ φ5λ f c′
SP AJ SP AJ SP AJ

4
14.5.5.1(a) Vn Ȝ f c′ bwh Vn Ȝ f c′ bwh Vn = λ f c′ bwh
3
⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ 2⎤ 4
Vn = 0.11 ⎢1 + ⎥ λ f c′bo h Vn = 0.35 ⎢1 + ⎥ λ f c′bo h Vn = ⎢1 + ⎥ λ f c′bo h
14.5.5.1(b) ⎣ β⎦ ⎣ β⎦ ⎣ β⎦ 3
and (c) ⎛4 ⎞
Vn = 2 ⎜ λ f c′bo h⎟
Vn = 0.22 λ f c′bo h Vn = 0.71λ f c′bo h ⎝3 ⎠

Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj

Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj

15.4.2.3
Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj

C Conv. Tables
Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj
16.4.4.1 ࢥbvd) ࢥbvd) ࢥbvd)
⎛ Av f yt ⎞ ⎛ Av f yt ⎞ ⎛ Av f yt ⎞
λ ⎜1.8 + 0.6 bv d λ ⎜18 + 0.6 bv d λ ⎜ 260 + 0.6 bv d
⎝ bv s ⎟⎠ ⎝ bv s ⎟⎠ ⎝ bv s ⎟⎠
16.4.4.2
3.5bvd 35bvd 500bvd

0.55bvd 5.6bvd 80bvd

bw s bw s bw s
AYPLQ• f c′ AYPLQ• f c′ AYPLQ• f c′
f yt f yt f yt
16.4.6.1 bw s bw s bw s
AYPLQ• AYPLQ• AYPLQ• 50
f yt f yt f yt
(3.3 + 0.08fcƍbwd (34 + 0.08fcƍbwd (480 + 0.08fcƍbwd
16.5.2.4(b)
and (c)
11bwd 110bwd 1600bwd
⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ a ⎞
16.5.2.5(b) 5.5 − 1.9 v ⎟ bw d 55 − 20 v ⎟ bw d 800 − 280 v ⎟ bw d
⎝⎜ d⎠ ⎝⎜ d⎠ ⎝⎜ d⎠

Nb = kcȜa f c′ hef1.5 Nb = kcȜa f c′ hef1.5 Nb = kcȜa f c′ hef1.5

17.6.2.2.1
kc = 10 or 7 kc = 10 or 7 kc = 24 or 17
17.6.2.2.3 Nb Ȝa f c′ hef Nb Ȝa f c′ hef Nb Ȝa f c′ hef

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588 ACI 318-19: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
17.6.4.1 Nsb = 13ca1 Abrg Ȝa f c′ Nsb = 42.5ca1 Abrg Ȝa f c′ Nsb = 160ca1 Abrg Ȝa f c′

τ uncr τ uncr τ uncr

17.6.5.1.2b 10d a 10d a 10d a
7.6 76 1100
0.2 0.2 0.2
⎛A ⎞ 1.5 ⎛A ⎞ 1.5 ⎛A ⎞
17.7.2.2.1a Vb = 0.6 ⎜ e ⎟ da λ a f c′(ca1 ) Vb = 1.9 ⎜ e ⎟ da λ a f c′(ca1 ) Vb = 7 ⎜ e ⎟ da λ a f c′(ca1 )1.5
⎝d ⎠ a ⎝d ⎠ a ⎝d ⎠ a

f c′ (ca1 ) f c′ (ca1 ) f c′ (ca1 )

1.5 1.5 1.5
17.7.2.2.1b Vb Ȝa Vb Ȝa Vb Ȝa
0.2 0.2 0.2
⎛A ⎞ ⎛A ⎞ ⎛A ⎞
17.7.2.2.2 Vb = 0.66 ⎜ e ⎟ da λ a f c′(ca1 )1.5 Vb = 2.1⎜ e ⎟ da λ a f c′(ca1 )1.5 Vb = 8 ⎜ e ⎟ da λ a f c′(ca1 )1.5
⎝ da ⎠ ⎝ da ⎠ ⎝ da ⎠

⎛ 350 − h[ ⎞ ⎛ 35 − h[ ⎞ ⎛ 14 − h[ ⎞
18.7.5.3 so = 100 + ⎜ so = 10 + ⎜ so = 4 + ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠

f c′ f c′ f c′
18.7.5.4(a) kf = + 0.6 ≥ 1.0 kf = + 0.6 ≥ 1.0 kf = + 0.6 ≥ 1.0
175 1750 25, 000

Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj

18.8.4.3 Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj

Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj Ȝ f c′ Aj

18.8.5.1 A dh = f y db λ f c′ A dh = f y db λ f c′ A dh = f y db λ f c′

18.10.2.1 Ȝ f c′ Acv Ȝ f c′ Acv Ȝ f c′ Acv

18.10.2.2 Ȝ f c′ Acv Ȝ f c′ Acv Ȝ f c′ Acv

f c′ f c′ f c′
18.10.2.4 0.50 1.6 6
fy fy fy

Vn = AcvĮcȜ f c′ ȡtfy) Vn = AcvĮcȜ f c′ ȡt fy) Vn = AcvĮcȜ f c′ ȡt fy)

hw hw hw
Įc = 0.25 for ” Įc = 0.80 for ” Įc = 3.0 for ”
18.10.4.1 Aw Aw Aw

hw hw hw
Įc = 0.17 for • Įc = 0.53 for • Įc =2.0 for •
Aw Aw Aw

0.66 f c′ Acv 2.12 f c′ Acv 8 f c′ Acv

18.10.4.4
0.83 f c′ Acw 2.65 f c′ Acw 10 f c′ Acw

18.10.4.5 0.83 f c′ Acw 2.65 f c′ Acw 10 f c′ Acw

δc 1 ⎛ 1 ⎛ lw ⎞ ⎛ c ⎞ Vu ⎞ δc 1 ⎛ 1 ⎛ lw ⎞ ⎛ c ⎞ Vu ⎞ δc 1 ⎛ 1 ⎛ lw ⎞ ⎛ c ⎞ Vu ⎞
18.10.6.2b = ⎜ 4 − ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ − ⎟ = ⎜ 4 − ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ − ⎟ = ⎜ 4 − ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ − ⎟
hwcs 100 ⎝ 50 b b 0.66 f c′Acv ⎠ hwcs 100 ⎝ 50 b b 2.1 f c′Acv ⎠ hwcs 100 ⎝ 50 b b 8 f c′Acv ⎠

18.10.6.5(a) Ȝ f c′ Acv Ȝ f c′ Acv Ȝ f c′ Acv

18.10.6.5(b) fy fy fy

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APPENDICES & REFERENCES 589

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
18.10.7.2 Ȝ f c′ Acw Ȝ f c′ Acw Ȝ f c′ Acw

18.10.7.4 Vn = 2Avd fyVLQĮ” f c′ Acw Vn = 2Avd fyVLQĮ” f c′ Acw Vn = 2Avd fyVLQĮ” f c′ Acw

bw s bw s bw s
AYPLQ• f c′ AYPLQ• f c′ AYPLQ• f c′
f yt f yt f yt
18.12.7.7
bw s bw s bw s
AYPLQ• AYPLQ• AYPLQ• 50
f yt f yt f yt

18.12.9.1 Vn = AcvȜ f c′ ȡt fy) Vn = AcvȜ f c′ ȡt fy) Vn = AcvȜ f c′ ȡt fy)

18.12.9.2 0.66 f c′ Acv 2.12 f c′ Acv 8 f c′ Acv

18.14.5.3 0.29 f c′ 0.93 f c′ 3.5 f c′

19.2.2.1(a) Ec = wc1.50.043 f c′ Ec = wc1.50.14 f c′ Ec = wc1.533 f c′

19.2.2.1(b) Ec = 4700 f c′ Ec = 15,100 f c′ Ec = 57,000 f c′

19.2.3.1 fr Ȝ f c′ fr Ȝ f c′ fr Ȝ f c′

f c′ f c′ f c′
fse + 70 + fse + 700 + fse + 10,000 +
100ρ p 100ρ p 100ρ p
fse + 420 fse + 4200 fse + 60,000
20.3.2.4.1
f c′ f c′ f c′
fse + 70 + fse + 700 + fse + 10,000 +
300ρ p 300ρ p 300ρ p

C Conv. Tables
fse + 210 fse + 2100 fse + 30,000
⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞
21.2.3 Ɛtr = ⎜ se ⎟ db Ɛtr = ⎜ se ⎟ db Ɛtr = ⎜ se ⎟ db
⎝ 21 ⎠ ⎝ 210 ⎠ ⎝ 3000 ⎠

0.05 ( f c′ − 28) 0.05 ( f c′ − 280) 0.05 ( f c′ − 4000)

22.2.2.4.3(b) 0.85 − 0.85 − 0.85 −
7 70 1000

22.5.1.2 Vu”ࢥVc + 0.66 f c′ bwd) Vu”ࢥVc + 2.2 f c′ bwd) Vu”ࢥVc + 8 f c′ bwd)

⎛ Nu ⎞ ⎛ Nu ⎞ ⎛ Nu ⎞
22.5.5.1(a) ⎜ 0.17λ f c′ + 6 A ⎟ bw d ⎜ 0.53λ f c′ + 6 A ⎟ bw d ⎜ 2λ f c′ + 6 A ⎟ bw d
⎝ g ⎠ ⎝ g ⎠ ⎝ g ⎠

⎛ 1
Nu ⎞ ⎛ 1
Nu ⎞ ⎛ 1
Nu ⎞
⎜ 0.66λ (ρw ) f c′ + ⎜ 2.1λ (ρw ) f c′ + ⎜ 8λ (ρw ) f c′ +
3 3 3
22.5.5.1(b) bw d bw d bw d
⎝ 6 Ag ⎟⎠ ⎝ 6 Ag ⎟⎠ ⎝ 6 Ag ⎠⎟

⎛ 1
Nu ⎞ ⎛ 1
Nu ⎞ ⎛ 1
Nu ⎞
⎜ 0.66λ s λ (ρw ) f c′ + ⎜ 2.1λ s λ (ρw ) f c′ + ⎜ 8λ s λ (ρw ) f c′ +
3 3 3
22.5.5.1(c) bw d bw d bw d
⎝ 6 Ag ⎟⎠ ⎝ 6 Ag ⎠⎟ ⎝ 6 Ag ⎟⎠

22.5.5.1.1 0.42λ f c′bw d 1.33λ f c′bw d 5λ f c′bw d

2
2 2 λs = ≤ 1.0
22.5.5.1.3 λs = ≤ 1.0 λs = ≤ 1.0 d
1 + 0.004 ⋅ d 1 + 0.04 ⋅ d 1+
10

22.5.6.2 0.17λ f c′bw d 0.53λ f c′bw d 2λ f c′bw d

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590 ACI 318-19: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa
⎛ Vu d p ⎞
Vc = ⎜ 0.05λ f c′ + 4.8
⎝ M u ⎟⎠
22.5.6.2(a),
(b), and (c) Vc = (0.05λ f c′ + 4.8)bw d
mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2
⎛ Vu d p ⎞
bw d Vc = ⎜ 0.16λ f c′ + 49
⎝ M u ⎟⎠
Vc = (0.16λ f c′ + 49)bw d
pounds per square inch (psi)
⎛ Vu d p ⎞
bw d Vc = ⎜ 0.6λ f c′ + 700 bw d
⎝ M u ⎠⎟
Vc = (0.6λ f c′ + 700)bw d

Vc Ȝ f c′ bwd Vc Ȝ f c′ bwd Vc Ȝ f c′ bwd

Vi M cre Vi M cre Vi M cre

22.5.6.3.1a Vci = Ȝ f c′ bwdp + Vd + Vci = Ȝ f c′ bwdp + Vd + Vci = Ȝ f c′ bwdp + Vd +
M PD[ M PD[ M PD[

22.5.6.3.1b Vci = Ȝ f c′ bwd Vci = Ȝ f c′ bwd Vci = Ȝ f c′ bwd

22.5.6.3.1c Vci = Ȝ f c′ bwd Vci = Ȝ f c′ bwd Vci = Ȝ f c′ bwd

⎛ I⎞ ⎛ I⎞ ⎛ I⎞
22.5.6.3.1d Mcre = ⎜ ⎟ Ȝ f c′ + fpe±fd) Mcre = ⎜ ⎟ Ȝ f c′ + fpe±fd) Mcre = ⎜ ⎟ Ȝ f c′ + fpe±fd)
⎝ yt ⎠ ⎝ yt ⎠ ⎝ yt ⎠

22.5.6.3.2 Vcw Ȝ f c′ + 0.3fpc)bwdp + Vp Vcw Ȝ f c′ + 0.3fpc)bwdp + Vp Vcw Ȝ f c′ + 0.3fpc)bwdp + Vp

22.5.6.3.3 Ȝ f c′ Ȝ f c′ Ȝ f c′

22.5.8.6.2(b) Vs = 0.25 f c′ bwd Vs = 0.8 f c′ bwd Vs = 3 f c′ bwd

22.6.5.2(a) vc ȜsȜ f c′ vc ȜsȜ f c′ vc ȜsȜ f c′

⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
22.6.5.2(b) vc = 0.17 ⎜1 + ⎟ λ s λ f c′ vc = 0.53 ⎜1 + ⎟ λ s λ f c′ vc = ⎜ 2 + ⎟ λ s λ f c′
⎝ β⎠ ⎝ β⎠ ⎝ β⎠

⎛ α d⎞ ⎛ α d⎞ ⎛ α d⎞
22.6.5.2(c) vc = 0.083 ⎜ 2 + s ⎟ λ f c′ vc = 0.27 ⎜ 2 + s ⎟ λ f c′ vc = ⎜ 2 + s ⎟ λ f c′
⎝ bo ⎠ ⎝ bo ⎠ ⎝ bo ⎠

22.6.5.5a vc Ȝ f c′ + 0.3fpc) + Vpbod) vc Ȝ f c′ + 0.3fpc) + Vpbod) vc Ȝ f c′ + 0.3fpc) + Vpbod)

⎛ α d⎞ ⎛ α d⎞ ⎛ α d⎞
vc = 0.083 ⎜1.5 + s ⎟ Ȝ f c′ vc = 0.27 ⎜1.5 + s ⎟ Ȝ f c′ vc = ⎜1.5 + s ⎟ λ f c′
22.6.5.5b ⎝ bo ⎠ ⎝ bo ⎠ ⎝ bo ⎠
+ 0.3fpc + Vpbod) + 0.3fpc + Vpbod) + 0.3fpc + Vpbod)
22.6.6.1(a)
ȜsȜ f c′ ȜsȜ f c′ ȜsȜ f c′
and (e)
22.6.6.1(b) ȜsȜ f c′ ȜsȜ f c′ ȜsȜ f c′

⎛ 0.33 ⎞ ⎛ 1.06 ⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
22.6.6.1(c) ⎜⎝ 0.17 + β ⎠⎟ λ s λ f c′ ⎜⎝ 0.53 + β ⎟⎠ λ s λ f c′ ⎜⎝ 2 + β⎠⎟ λ s λ f c′

⎛ 0.083α s d ⎞ ⎛ 0.27α s d ⎞ ⎛ αsd ⎞

22.6.6.1(d) ⎜⎝ 0.17 + b ⎟⎠ λ s λ f c′ ⎜⎝ 0.53 + bo ⎟⎠
λ s λ f c′ ⎜⎝ 2 + b ⎟⎠ λ s λ f c′
o o

Av b Av b Av b
22.6.6.2(a) ≥ 0.17 f c′ o ≥ 0.53 f c′ o ≥ 2 f c′ o
s f yt s f yt s f yt

Av b Av b Av b
22.6.6.2(b) ≥ 0.17 f c′ o ≥ 0.53 f c′ o ≥ 2 f c′ o
s f yt s f yt s f yt

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 #Qr#ixuwkhu#uhsurgxfwlrq#ru#glvwulexwlrq#lv#shuplwwhg1
Frs|uljkwhg#pdwhuldo#olfhqvhg#wr#Xqlyhuvlw|#ri#Wrurqwr#e|#Fodulydwh#Dqdo|wlfv#+XV,#OOF/#vxevfulswlrqv1whfkvwuhhw1frp/#grzqordghg#rq#534<038064#49=3;=64#.3333#e|##Xqlyhuvlw|#ri#Wrurqwr#Xvhu1
APPENDICES & REFERENCES 591

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
22.6.6.3(a) ࢥ f c′ ࢥ f c′ ࢥ f c′

22.6.6.3(b) ࢥ f c′ ࢥ f c′ ࢥ f c′

⎛ Av ⎞ ⎛ bo ⎞ ⎛ Av ⎞ ⎛ bo ⎞ ⎛ Av ⎞ ⎛ bo ⎞
22.6.8.3 ⎜⎝ s ⎟⎠ ≥ 0.17 f c′ ⎜ f ⎟ ⎜⎝ s ⎟⎠ ≥ 0.53 f c′ ⎜ f ⎟ ⎜⎝ s ⎟⎠ ≥ 2 f c′ ⎜ f ⎟
⎝ yt ⎠ ⎝ yt ⎠ ⎝ yt ⎠

⎛ Acp2 ⎞ ⎛ Acp2 ⎞ ⎛ Acp2 ⎞

22.7.4.1(a)(a) Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ pcp ⎠ ⎝ pcp ⎠ ⎝ pcp ⎠

⎛ Acp2 ⎞ f pc ⎛ Acp2 ⎞ f pc ⎛ Acp2 ⎞ f pc

22.7.4.1(a)(b) Tth = 0.083λ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+
λ f c′
Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+ Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+
⎝ cp ⎠
p 0.33 ⎝ cp ⎠
p λ f c′ ⎝ pcp ⎠ 4λ f c′

⎛ Acp2 ⎞ Nu ⎛ Acp2 ⎞ Nu ⎛ Acp2 ⎞ Nu

22.7.4.1(a)(c) Tth = 0.083λ f c′ ⎜ p ⎟ 1 +
0.33 Ag λ f c′
Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+ Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+
⎝ cp ⎠ ⎝ cp ⎠
p Ag λ f c′ ⎝ cp ⎠
p 4 Ag λ f c′

⎛ Ag2 ⎞ ⎛ Ag2 ⎞ ⎛ Ag2 ⎞

22.7.4.1(b)(a) Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Pcp ⎠ ⎝ Pcp ⎠ ⎝ Pcp ⎠

⎛ Ag2 ⎞ f pc ⎛ Ag2 ⎞ f pc ⎛ Ag2 ⎞ f pc

22.7.4.1(b)(b) Tth = 0.083λ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+ Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1 + Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1 +
⎝ cp ⎠
P 0.33 λ f c′ ⎝ Pcp ⎠ λ f c′ ⎝ Pcp ⎠ 4λ f c′

⎛ A2 ⎞ N ⎛ Ag2 ⎞ Nu ⎛ Ag2 ⎞ Nu
22.7.4.1(b)(c) Tth = 0.083λ f c′ ⎜ P ⎟ 1 + Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1 + Tth Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1 +
g u

⎝ cp ⎠ 0.33 Ag λ f c′ ⎝ cp ⎠
P Ag λ f c′ ⎝ cp ⎠
P 4 Ag λ f c′

C Conv. Tables
⎛ Acp2 ⎞ ⎛ Acp2 ⎞ ⎛ Acp2 ⎞
22.7.5.1(a) Tcr Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ Tcr Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ Tcr Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ pcp ⎠ ⎝ pcp ⎠ ⎝ pcp ⎠

⎛ Acp2 ⎞ f pc ⎛ Acp2 ⎞ f pc ⎛ Acp2 ⎞ f pc

22.7.5.1(b) Tcr = 0.33λ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+ Tcr Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+ Tcr Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+
⎝ cp ⎠
p 0.33λ f c′ ⎝ pcp ⎠ λ f c′ ⎝ pcp ⎠ 4λ f c′

⎛ Acp2 ⎞ Nu ⎛ Acp2 ⎞ Nu ⎛ Acp2 ⎞ Nu

22.7.5.1(c) Tcr = 0.33λ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+
0.33 Ag λ f c′
Tcr Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+ Tcr Ȝ f c′ ⎜ ⎟ 1+
⎝ pcp ⎠ ⎝ cp ⎠
p Ag λ f c′ ⎝ cp ⎠
p 4 Ag λ f c′

2 2 2 2 2 2
⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ ⎛ Vc ⎞ ⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ ⎛ Vc ⎞ ⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ ⎛ Vc ⎞
22.7.7.1a ⎜⎝ b d ⎟⎠ + ⎝⎜ 1.7 A2 ⎠⎟ ≤ φ ⎜⎝ b d + 0.66 f c′⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ b d ⎟⎠ + ⎝⎜ 1.7 A2 ⎠⎟ ≤ φ ⎜⎝ b d + 2 f c′⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ b d ⎟⎠ + ⎝⎜ 1.7 A2 ⎠⎟ ≤ φ ⎜⎝ b d + 8 f c′⎟⎠
w oh w w oh w w oh w

⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ ⎛ Vc ⎞ ⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ ⎛ Vc ⎞ ⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ ⎛ Vc ⎞
22.7.7.1b ⎜⎝ b d ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 1.7 A2 ⎟⎠ ≤ φ ⎜⎝ b d + 0.66 f c′⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ b d ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 1.7 A2 ⎟⎠ ≤ φ ⎜⎝ b d + 2 f c′⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ b d ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 1.7 A2 ⎟⎠ ≤ φ ⎜⎝ b d + 8 f c′⎠⎟
w oh w w oh w w oh w

(3.3 + 0.08fcƍAc (34 + 0.08fcƍAc (480 + 0.08fcƍAc

22.9.4.4(b),
11Ac 110Ac 1600Ac
(c), and (e)
5.5Ac 55Ac 800Ac
23.4.4 Vu ≤ φ0.42 tan (θ) λλ s f c′bw d Vu ≤ φ1.33 tan (θ) λλ s f c′bw d Vu ≤ φ5 tan (θ) λλ s f c′bw d

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592 ACI 318-19: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
⎛ 280 ⎞ ⎛ 2800 ⎞ ⎛ 40, 000 ⎞
s = 380 ⎜ ±cc s = 38 ⎜ ±cc s = 15 ⎜ ±cc
⎝ f s ⎟⎠ ⎝ f s ⎟⎠ ⎝ f s ⎟⎠
24.3.2
⎛ 280 ⎞ ⎛ 2800 ⎞ ⎛ 40, 000 ⎞
s = 300 ⎜ s = 30 ⎜ s = 12 ⎜
⎝ f s ⎟⎠ ⎝ f s ⎟⎠ ⎝ f s ⎟⎠

ft” f c′ ft” f c′ ft” f c′

0.62 f c′ < ft” f c′ 2 f c′ < ft” f c′ 7.5 f c′ < ft” f c′

24.5.2.1
ft > 1.0 f c′ ft > 3.2 f c′ ft > 12 f c′

ft” f ci′ ft” f ci′ ft” f ci′

0.50 f ci′ 1.6 f ci′ 6 f ci′

24.5.3.2
0.25 f ci′ 0.8 f ci′ 3 f ci′

⎛ f yψt ψe ⎞ ⎛ f yψt ψe ⎞ ⎛ f y ψt ψe ⎞
25.4.2.2 ld = ⎜ ⎟ db ld = ⎜ ⎟ db ld = ⎜ ⎟ db
⎝ 2.1λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 6.6λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 25λ f c′ ⎠

fy ψt ψeψ s fy ψt ψeψ s 3 fy ψt ψeψ s

ld = db ld = db ld = db
25.4.2.3a 1.1λ f c′ ⎛ cb + K tr ⎞ 3.5λ f c′ ⎛ cb + K tr ⎞ 40λ f c′ ⎛ cb + K tr ⎞
⎜⎝ d ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ d ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ d ⎟⎠
b b b

25.4.2.3 (top ⎛ f yψt ψeψ g ⎞ ⎛ f yψt ψeψ g ⎞ ⎛ f yψt ψeψ g ⎞

left) ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db
⎝ 2.1λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 6.6λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 25λ f c′ ⎠

25.4.2.3 (top ⎛ f yψt ψeψ g ⎞ ⎛ f yψt ψeψ g ⎞ ⎛ f yψt ψeψ g ⎞

right) ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db
⎝ 1.7λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 5.3λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 20λ f c′ ⎠

25.4.2.3 ⎛ f yψt ψeψ g ⎞ ⎛ f yψt ψeψ g ⎞ ⎛ 3 f yψt ψeψ g ⎞

(lower left) ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db
⎝ 1.4λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 4.4λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 50λ f c′ ⎠

25.4.2.3 ⎛ f yψt ψeψ g ⎞ ⎛ f yψt ψeψ g ⎞ ⎛ 3 f yψt ψeψ g ⎞

(lower right) ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db
⎝ 1.1λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 3.5λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 40λ f c′ ⎠

⎛ f y ψ e ψ r ψ o ψ c ⎞ 1.5 ⎛ f y ψ e ψ r ψ o ψ c ⎞ 1.5 ⎛ f y ψ e ψ r ψ o ψ c ⎞ 1.5

25.4.3.1 ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db
⎝ 23 f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 23 f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 55 f c′ ⎠

⎛ f y ψ e ψ p ψ o ψ c ⎞ 1.5 ⎛ f y ψ e ψ p ψ o ψ c ⎞ 1.5 ⎛ f y ψ e ψ p ψ o ψ c ⎞ 1.5

25.4.4.2(a) ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db
⎝ 31 f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 32 f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 75 f c′ ⎠

⎛ 0.19 f y ψ e ⎞ ⎛ 0.06 f y ψ e ⎞ ⎛ 0.016 f y ψ e ⎞

25.4.4.2(a) ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db
⎝ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ f c′ ⎠

f c′ f c′
25.4.4.3 0.01fcƍ + 0.6 + 0.6
1055 15, 000

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APPENDICES & REFERENCES 593

Provision U.S. Customary units stress in

number SI-metric stress in MPa mks-metric stress in kgf/cm2 pounds per square inch (psi)
⎛ f y − 240 ⎞ ⎛ f y − 2460 ⎞ ⎛ f y − 35, 000 ⎞
25.4.6.3(a) ⎜
⎝ f y ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ fy ⎟
⎠
⎜
⎝ fy ⎟
⎠

⎛ f y ⎞ ⎛ Ab ⎞ ⎛ f y ⎞ ⎛ Ab ⎞ ⎛ f y ⎞ ⎛ Ab ⎞
25.4.7.2(b) 3.3 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ 0.27 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠

25.4.8.1(a) ⎛ f se ⎞ d + ⎛ f ps − f se ⎞ d ⎛ f se ⎞ d + ⎛ f ps − f se ⎞ d ⎛ f se ⎞ d + ⎛ f ps − f se ⎞ d
⎜⎝ 21 ⎟⎠ b ⎜⎝ 7 ⎟⎠
b
⎜⎝ 210 ⎟⎠ b ⎜⎝ 70 ⎟⎠ b ⎜⎝ 3000 ⎟⎠ b ⎜⎝ 1000 ⎟⎠ b

⎛ 0.24 f y ⎞ ⎛ 0.075 f y ⎞ ⎛ fy ⎞
25.4.9.2(a) ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db ⎜ ⎟ db
⎝ λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ λ f c′ ⎠ ⎝ 50λ f c′ ⎠
25.4.9.2(b) (0.043fy)db (0.0044fy)db (0.0003fy)db
25.5.5.1(a) 0.071fydb 0.0073fydb 0.0005fydb
and (b) (0.13fy±db (0.013fy±db (0.0009fy±db
db f yt db f yt db f yt
25.7.1.3(b) 0.17 0.053 0.014
λ f c′ λ f c′ λ f c′
25.7.1.7 Abfyt”1 Abfyt”NJI Abfyt”OE
25.9.4.5.1 fps = fse + 70 fps = fse + 700 fps = fse + 10,000
26.12.5.1 0.62 f c′ 2 f c′ 7.5 f c′

A.10.2b(ii) Ɛp = 0.08hw + 0.022fydb Ɛp = 0.08hw + 0.0021fydb Ɛp = 0.08hw + 0.00015fydb

A.11.3.2.1.1 Vne = 1.5Acv(0.17 λ f c′ ȡt fye) Vne = 1.5Acv(0.53 λ f c′ ȡt fye) Vne = 1.5Acv(2 λ f c′ ȡt fye)

C Conv. Tables
1.0Acv f ce′ 3.2Acv f ce′ 12Acv f ce′
A.11.3.2.1.2
1.25Acv f ce′ 4.0Acv f ce′ 15Acv f ce′

A.11.3.2.2 2.1Acv f ce′ 6.6Acv f ce′ 25Acv f ce′

A.12.3.4 0.33Acv λ f c′ 1.1Acv λ f c′ 4Acv λ f c′

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