SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT

AT
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
A Project Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For The Award of the
Bachelor of Technology
TO
BHARATI VIDHYAPEETH (Deemed to be university)
College of Engineering Pune-4110043
BY
AMIT KUMAR
Under the guidance of
ANIL KUMAR

Department of Electronics Engineering

Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University)
College of Engineering, Pune – 4110043
Academic Year 2022-2023

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report undertaken by AMIT KUMAR having
PRN:1914110414 conducted at BSNL (PATNA), submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology TO BHARATI VIDHYAPEETH
(Deemed to be university) College of Engineering Pune-4110043. This is a record of bonafide
internship carried out under my supervision and guidance. She has attended the required
guidance sessions held. This report has not been submitted for the award of any other
degree/diploma/fellowship or similar titles or prizes.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
While conducting this report, I got support in many ways from many people. First, I am deeply
grateful to my project guide, Mr.ANIL KUMAR (BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED ,PATNA)
who helped me with full devotion and always supported me earnestly whenever it was
needed. Without his guidance, mental & moral support and academic inputs this report was
not possible. This Internship report could never have seen the light of the day without his co-
operation of those Clients who participated in this. I am thankful to all of them for giving me
their valuable time. My friends have been biggest support for me at every juncture of life.
They manifested their great interest in my research work also and always tried to make things
easy for me. A word of gratitude goes to my family members whose love; affection and
understanding have enabled me to complete this endeavour with ease. At the end, I thank
to Almighty for giving me courage and strength to conduct this project report.

AMIT KUMAR

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 CONTENTS
Sr.no Particulars
1. Industry Analysis
2. Company Profile
3. Product And Services
4. Call Setup
5. Telephone Exchange
6. Main Distribution Frame
7. Mobile Communication
8. Generations
9. Generations And Technology
10. Code Division Multiple Acess
11. CDMA Working
12. GSM
13. Working Of GSM
14. Broadband
15. Cables
16. Conclusion
17. References

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 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
India has a fast-growing mobile services market with excellent potential for the future. With
almost five million subscribers amassed in less than two years of operation, India's growth
tempo has far exceeded that of numerous other markets, such as China and Thailand, which
have taken more than five years to reach the figures India currently holds. The number of
mobile phone subscribers in the country would exceed 50 million by 2010 and cross 300
million by 2016, according to Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI).

According to recent strategic research by Frost & Sullivan, Indian Cellular Services Market,
such growth rates can be greatly attributed to the drastically falling price of mobile handsets,
with price playing a fundamental role in Indian subscriber requirements. Subscribers in
certain regions can acquire the handset at almost no cost, thanks to the mass-market stage
these technologies have reached internationally. The Indian consumer can buy a handset for
$150 or less. This should lead to increased subscribership. This market is growing at an
extremely fast pace and so is the competition between the mobile service providers.

With the presence of a number of mobile telephony services providers including market
leaders like Airtel, Reliance, Idea Cellular, BSNL etc. who are providing either of the two
network technologies such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA). In cellular service there are two main competing network
technologies: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA). Understanding the difference between GSM and CDMA will allow the user
to choose the preferable network technology for his needs.

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a new digital technology developed by
the European community to create a common mobile standard around the world. It helps
you achieve higher sell capacity and better speech quality and one can enjoy crystal clear
reception on ones mobile phone. It automatically solves the problem of eavesdropping on
ones calls. Before analyzing the telecom licensing framework in India, it is imperative that
one must examine what is a license. License issued by the government is an authority, given
to a person upon certain conditions to do something which would have been illegal or
wrongful otherwise. For example, a driver’s license issued by the government, gives the
authority to a person to drive a motor vehicle.

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There are three main types of license fee which the government charges:
 initial license fee, which generally is non-refundable
 annual license fee
 additional fee for allocation of spectrum.
Licensing framework has been an integral part of India’s telecommunication law. Under the
Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, section 4 gives power to the government to grant license to any
person to establish, maintain or use a telegraph.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) describes a communication channel access principle
that employs spread spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each
transmitter is assigned a code). It is a spread spectrum signaling, since the modulated coded
signal has a much higher bandwidth than the data being communicated. CDMA is the current
name for mobile technology and is characterized by high capacity and small cell radius. It has
been used in many communication and navigation systems, including the Global Positioning
System and the omnitracs satellite system for transportation logistics.

Indian mobile telephony market is increasing day by day and there is more to happen with
technological up gradations occurring nearly every day and the ever-increasing demand for
easier and faster connectivity, the mobile telephony market is expected to race ahead.

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 NATIONAL TELECOM POLICY 1994 (NTP 1994)
The National Telecom Policy was announced in 1994 which aimed at improving India's
competitiveness in the global market and provide a base for a rapid growth in exports. This
policy eventually facilitated the emergence of Internet services in India on the back of
established basic telephony communication network. This policy also paved way for the
entry of the private sector in telephone services.
The main objectives of the policy were:
 To ensure telecommunication is within the reach of all, that is, to ensure availability
of telephone on demand as early as possible.
 To achieve universal service covering all villages, that is, enable all people to access
certain basic telecom services at affordable and reasonable prices .
 To ensure world-class telecom services. Remove consumer complaints, resolve
disputes and encourage public interface and provide a wide permissible range of
services to meet the demand at reasonable prices.
 To ensure that India emerges as a major manufacturing base and major exporter of
telecom equipment.
 To protect the defence and security interests of the nation.
The policy also announced a series of specific targets to be achieved by 1997 and further
recognized that to achieve these targets the private sector association and investment would
be required to bridge the resource gap.

Thus, to meet the telecom needs of the nation and to achieve international comparable
standards, the sector for manufacture of telecom equipment had been progressively
relicensed and the sub-sector for value-added services was opened up to private investment
(July 1992) for electronic mail, voice mail, data services, audio text services, video text
services, video conferencing, radio paging and cellular mobile telephone. The private sector
participation in the sector was carried out in a phased manner. Initially the private sector was
allowed in the value added services, and thereafter, it was allowed in the fixed telephone
services. Subsequently, VSAT services were liberalized for private sector participation to
provide data services to closed user groups.

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Establishment of TRAI
The entry of private players necessitated independent regulation in the sector; therefore,
the TRAI was established in 1997 to regulate telecom services, for fixation/revision of tariffs,
and also to fulfil the commitments made when India joined the World Trade Organization
(WTO) in 1995. The establishment of TRAI was a positive step as it separated the regulatory
function from policy-making and operation, which continued to be under the purview of the
DoT .
The functions allotted to the TRAI included:
 To recommend the need and timing for introduction of new service provider.
 To protect the interest of customers of telecom services.
 To settle disputes between service providers.
 To recommend the terms and conditions of license to a service provider.
 To render advice to the Central government on matters relating to the development
of telecommunication technology and any other matter applicable to the
telecommunication industry in general.

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NEW TELECOM POLICY 1999 (NTP 1999)
In recognition of the fact that the entry of the private sector, which was envisaged during
NTP-94, was not satisfactory and in response to the concerns of the private operators and
investors about the viability of their business due to non realization of targeted revenues the
government decided to come up with a new telecom policy.
The most important milestone and instrument of telecom reforms in India is the New
Telecom Policy 1999 (NTP 99). The New Telecom Policy, 1999 (NTP-99) was approved on 26th
March 1999, to become effective from 1st April 1999.Moreover, convergence of both
markets and technologies required realignment of the industry.
To achieve India’s vision of becoming an IT superpower along with developing a world class
telecom infrastructure in the country, there was a need to develop a new telecom policy
framework.
Accordingly, the NTP 1999 was framed with the following objectives and targets:
o Availability of affordable and effective communication for citizens was at the core of
the vision and goal of the new telecom policy.
o Provide a balance between provision of universal service to all uncovered areas,
including rural areas, and the provision of high-level services capable of meeting the
needs of the economy.
o Encourage development of telecommunication facilities in remote, hilly and tribal
areas of the nation.
o To facilitate India’s journey to becoming an IT superpower by creating a modern and
efficient telecommunication infrastructure taking into account the convergence of IT,
media, telecom and consumer electronics.
o Convert PCOs, wherever justified, into public telephone information centers having
multimedia capability such as ISDN services, remote database access, government and
community information systems etc.
o To bring about a competitive environment in both urban and rural areas by providing
equal opportunities and level playing field for all players.
o Providing a thrust to build world-class manufacturing capabilities and also strengthen
research and development efforts in the country.
o Achieve efficiency and transparency in spectrum management.
o Protect the defense and security interests of the country.
o Enable Indian telecom companies to become global players.

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 In line with the above objectives, some of the specific targets of the NTP 1999 were:
 Make available, telephone on demand by 2002 and achieve a tele density of 7% by
2005 and 15% by 2010.
 Encourage development of telecom in rural areas by developing a suitable tariff
structure so that it becomes more affordable and by also making rural
communication mandatory for all fixed service players and thus o Achieve a rural
tele density of 4% by 2010 and provide reliable transmission o media in all rural
areas.
Players in the market
 BSNL is the market leader with a 67.7 per cent share followed by MTNL with 11.5 per
cent market share. Next is Bharti Airtel at 10.9% followed by Tata and Reliance at 5%
and 4.1% respectively.
o BSNL as a company is growing and showed annual revenues of approximately
$4.5 billion as of 2014. BSNL is serving more than 125 million customers across
the country and is catalyst in checking the price point for telecom services.
o Also, with the government intensifying its rural focus, only BSNL can turn into
reality the next wave of rural telecom penetration.
o BSNL is a 100% Central Government entity and employees with BSNL are
entitled to get salaries and perks as decided by Government of India and not by
BSNL .
o However both, MTNL and BSNL are plagued by declining revenues coupled with
high costs. BSNL has massive infrastructure, manpower, systems, and 80 per
cent of landlines and 90 per cent of broadband connections in India are
operated by it.
 “Vodafone is investing nearly US$ 3 billion over the next two years in India in
expanding its network infrastructure and distribution channel in the country,” as per
Vittorio Colao, CEO, Vodafone Plc.
 BlackBerry plans to set up enterprise solutions centres to educate corporate
customers about various BlackBerry Enterprise Service (BES) 10 solutions. "India is one
of the fastest growing markets in terms of smartphone and mobile data adoption,”
said according to Sunil Lalvani, Managing Director (MD), BlackBerry India.
 Tata Teleservices plans to set up nearly 4,000 wi-fi hotspots in nine cities across the
country in the next two years.

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Booming sectors
 The tide has turned for the telecom sector in India, as growth and profitability has
accelerated in recent times. Tower companies are reaping benefits of a
turnaround in the sector as operators have started investing in networks to boost
data penetration.
 However it is in the country’s booming mobile segment in which the major battles
are being fought. Three major private players – Bharti airtel, Reliance and
Vodafone - with a formidable 54% share of the market between them, lead a large
field of mobile operators. State-owned enterprises –BSNL and MTNL – have also
been making their presence felt with a combined market share of 12%. Page 8 A
look ahead .
 According to Craig Wigginton, vice chairman and U.S. Telecommunications leader,
Deloitte & Touche LLP, the big challenge for the telecom industry in 2016 – which
also presents a major growth opportunity for the sector – is that consumers are
getting addicted to connectivity and high speed.
 The ongoing expansion of the mobile ecosystem, coupled with demand for high-
bandwidth applications and services such as video and gaming, is keeping pressure
on the industry to increase the availability and quality of broadband connectivity.
 What does this mean for players in the sector?
Carriers will continue to pursue technological advancements to handle demand,
including offloading some mobile bandwidth needs to Wi-Fi, which is proving an
effective complement to mobile networks. At the same time, long-term
spectrum availability, spectrum efficiency, small cells and continued backhaul
improvements are likely to be a key focus to assure continued mobile broadband
momentum.

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 COMPANY PROFILE

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

BSNL Headquarters, New Delhi, India

Type Central Public Sector Undertaking

Industry Telecommunications

Founded September 15, 2000; 22 years ago

Headquarters New Delhi, India

Area served India

Key people  Ashwini Vaishnaw (Cabinet Minister for Communications)

 Pravin Kumar Purwar, ICFS (Chairman & MD)
Services  Fixed line telephone, Mobile phone ,Broadband, Internet television, IPTV

Revenue ₹18,595 crore (US$2.3 billion) (2020-21)

Operating income ₹15,499 crore (US$1.9 billion) (2020)
Net income ₹7,441 crore (US$930 million) (2021)

Total assets ₹133,840 crore (US$17 billion) (2020-21)

Total equity ₹32,500 crore (US$4.1 billion) (2020-21)

Owner Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of

Communications , Government of India
Number of 63,966 (1 June 2021)
employees
Divisions  Bharat Fiber, BSNL Broadband, BSNL Mobile, Bharat Net ,
 BSNL Towers Limited
Subsidiaries  Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited

Website www.bsnl.co.in

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Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (d/b/a BSNL) is a central public sector
undertaking headquartered in New Delhi, India. It is under the ownership of Department of
Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications, Government of India. It was incorporated
on 1 October 2000 by the Government of India. Its top official is designated as Chairman and
Managing Director who is a central government civil servant of the Indian Communication
Finance Service cadre or a central government engineer of the Indian Telecommunications
Service cadre. It provides mobile voice and internet services through its
nationwide telecommunications network across India. It is the largest government-owned-
wireless telecommunications service provider in India.
Products and services
 Telephone and Mobile
BSNL provides both fixed line telephones and mobile telephony services on GSM
platform.
 BSNL Mobile
BSNL Mobile is a major provider of GSM network under brand name CellOne and BSNL
all over India. It has wide network coverage in both urban and rural areas of India. It
has over 121.82 million customers across India.
BSNL Mobile offers prepaid, postpaid services and value-added services such as Free
Phone Service (FPH), India Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC),
Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting, Premium Rate Service (PRM). It also offers
the IPTV which enables customers to watch television through the Internet and Voice
and Video Over Internet Protocol (VVoIP).
 BSNL Landline
BSNL Landline was launched in early 1990s. It was the only fixed-line telephone serving
for whole country before the New Telecom Policy was announced by the Department
of Telecom in 1999. Only the Government-owned BSNL and MTNL were allowed to
provide land-line phone services through copper wire in the country. BSNL Landline is
the largest fixed-line telephony in India. It has over 9.55 million customers and 47.20%
market share in the country as of 28 February 2021.
 Internet
BSNL is the fourth largest ISP in India, with having presence throughout the country. It
also has the largest fibre-based telecom network in the country, around 7.5 lakh
kilometers, among the four operators in the country.

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 BSNL Broadband
BSNL Broadband provides telecom services to enterprise customers including MPLS,
P2P and Internet leased lines. It provides fixed-line services and landline using CDMA
technology and its own extensive optical fiber network. BSNL provides Internet access
services through dial-up connections as prepaid, NetOne as postpaid , and DataOne as
BSNL Broadband.
 BSNL Bharat Fiber
BSNL Bharat Fiber (FTTH) was launched in February 2019. It offers TV over IP (IPTV),
Video On-Demand (VoD), Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Audio On-Demand
(AoD), Bandwidth On-Demand (BoD), remote education, video conferencing services,
interactive gaming, Virtual Private LAN services. BSNL said that, its huge optic fiber
network provides fixed access to deliver high-speed Internet up to 300 Mbps.
 Bharat Net
With effect to Govt. of India's policy decision to provide state-owned BSNL with
another revival package worth 1.64 lakh crore rupees, the struggling PSU was merged
with Government's special purpose vehicle BBNL. This gave the struggling PSU a boost
and an additional advantage of additional 5.67 lakh kilometre of optical fibre which
has been laid across 1.85 lakh village panchayats in the country using the Universal
Service Obligation Fund (USOF). Currently, it has an optical fibre cable network of over
6.83 lakh kilometre.
 BSNL 4G
BSNL started 4G service in some parts of India since January 2019 such as Bihar,
Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh, but is limited to a few cities or towns. Most of 4G
services are currently available in Southern India. However, BSNL is trying to launch
pan India 4G services upto September 2022. The telecom minister said that BSNL will
launch it's 4G services all over India on 75th Independence day of india along with
various other projects.
 BSNL 5G
On behalf of the Govt. of India, the hon'ble Minister of Communications Ashwini
Vaishnaw announced that the State-Owned Telco would start its 5G operations by 15th
August 2023. He also added that the 4G and 5G network of the state-owned BSNL
would be a completely home-grown indigenous 4G and 5G network technology; thus,
emphasising more on Govt. of India's Atmanirbhar Bharat.

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IP services
 BSNL Wing Services
On 16 August 2018, BSNL has launched "BSNL Wings Services" in 22 telecom circles in
which, there is no need of SIM card or cable wiring as is a VoIP service through an app.
It offers unlimited free calling for one year throughout India.

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CALL SETUP

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TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
 A telephone exchange, telephone switch, or central office is a telecommunications
system used in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or in large enterprises.
 It interconnects telephone subscriber lines or virtual circuits of digital systems to
establish telephone calls between subscribers.
 The Public Switched Telephone Network is a wired system through which landline
telephone calls are made and received and the circuit is based on successful circuit
switching.
 In order to connect one phone to another, a phone call will be routed through a
number of switches which operate on local, regional, national or international systems.
 Connections which are established between the two phones is referred to as a circuit.
 The public telephone exchange All lines within a certain area are connected to a local
exchange. Your office is connected to a local exchange via a copper or fibre-optic line,
depending on what type of line is available. In basic terms, this is how your phone call
travels from your telephone to your receiver’s telephone.

 For international calls, there are few additional stages. Instead of travelling straight
from one exchange to another, the call has to travel via a long distance telephone
carrier. On a basic level, it looks a bit like this:

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MAIN DISTRUBUTION FRAME

 A main distribution frame (MDF or main frame) is a signal distribution frame for
connecting equipment (inside plant) to cables and subscriber carrier equipment
(outside plant).
 The MDF is a termination point within the local telephone exchange where exchange
equipment and terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires at the MDF.
 All cable copper pairs supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated
at the MDF and distributed through the MDF to equipment within the local exchange
e.g. repeaters and DSLAM.
 Cables to intermediate distribution frames (IDF) terminate at the MDF.
 Trunk cables may terminate on the same MDF or on a separate trunk main distribution
frame (TMDF).

MOBILE COMMUNICATION
 Mobile Communication is the use of technology that allows us to communicate with
others in different locations without the use of any physical connection (wires or
cables).
 Mobile communication makes our life easier, and it saves time and effort.
 A mobile phone (also called mobile cellular network, cell phone or hand phone) is an
example of mobile communication (wireless communication).
 It is an electric device used for full duplex two way radio telecommunication over a
cellular network of base stations known as cell site.

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GENERATIONS

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GENERATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACESS

Code-division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio
communication technologies.
CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send
information simultaneously over a single communication channel.
This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth).
To permit this without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs spread
spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned
a code).

CDMA WORKING

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 GSM
 GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication.
 GSM is an open and digital cellular technology used for mobile communication.
 It uses 4 different frequency bands of
o 850 MHz,
o 900 MHz,
o 1800 MHz and,
o 1900 MHz .
 It uses the combination of FDMA and TDMA.
 GSM is having 4 different sizes of cells are used in GSM :
o Macro : In this size of cell, Base Station antenna is installed.
o Micro : In this size of cell, antenna height is less than the average roof level.
o Pico : Small cells’ diameter of few meters.
o Umbrella : It covers the shadowed (Fill the gaps between cells) regions.

WORKING OF GSM

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BROADBAND
Broadband is wide bandwidth data transmission which transports multiple signals at
a wide range of frequencies and Internet traffic types, that enables messages to be
sent simultaneously, used in fast internet connections.
The medium can be coaxial cable, optical fiber, wireless Internet (radio), twisted pair
or satellite.
In the context of Internet access, broadband is used to mean any high-speed Internet
access that is always on and faster than dial-up access over traditional analog or ISDN
PSTN services.

CABLES
 Networking cables are networking hardware used to connect one network device to
other network devices or to connect two or more computers to share devices such as
printers or scanners.
 Different types of network cables, such as:
o coaxial cable,
o optical fiber cable, and
o twisted pair cables,
used depending on the network's topology, protocol, and size.
 The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Ethernet) or nearly unlimited
distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet).

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  While wireless networks are more easily deployed when total throughput is not an
issue, most permanent larger computer networks utilize cables to transfer signals
from one point to another.

COAXIAL CABLE
 This cable contains a conductor, insulator, braiding, and sheath.
 The sheath covers the braiding, the braiding covers the insulation, and the insulation
covers the conductor.
 The following image shows these components.

TWISTED-PAIR CABLES
The twisted-pair cable was primarily developed for computer networks.
This cable is also known as Ethernet cable.
Almost all modern LAN computer networks use this cable.
This cable consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires.
Every two wires are twisted around each other to form pair.
Usually, there are four pairs.
Each pair has one solid color and one stripped color wire.
Solid colors are blue, brown, green, and orange.
In stripped color, the solid color is mixed with the white color.

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FIBER OPTIC CABLE
 This cable consists of a core, cladding, buffer, and jacket.
 The core is made from thin strands of glass or plastic that can carry data over a long
distance.
 The core is wrapped in the cladding, the cladding is wrapped in the buffer, and the
buffer is wrapped in the jacket.
 Core carries the data signals in the form of light.
 Cladding reflects light back to the core.
 Buffer protects the light from leaking.
 The jacket protects the cable from physical damage.
 Fiber optic cable is completely immune to EMI and RFI.
 This cable can transmit data over a long distance at the highest speed.
 It can transmit data up to 40 kilometers at the speed of 100Gbps

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 CONCLUSION
During training period, a lot of experience, knowledge and exposure that I have handy . All
disclosures were awaken myself in a boost of self-confidence to face life more challenging
now. Practical is a complement to the science or theory learned.
This is clearly the concept of science and charity, where they have learned without practice
will be lost and will not give anything - what effect. So if we do without the knowledge of
course there will be problems in terms of grip and stance ever - changing. During my
industrial training, there are many changes from the point of learning environments and
discussion among colleagues. It can directly increase the dedication and rational attitude
toward myself.
However, there are still some weaknesses that can be improved in the future. Therefore I
conclude that the industrial training program has provided many benefits to me even if there
are minor flaws that are somewhat disfiguring condition , so that this weakness can be
rectified in the future. I can conclude that this industry is through training I received a lot of
exposure in the communication world. I would like to thank also the BSNL PATNA giving me
their own experience with having Industrial Training like this.

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Reference
 https://www.slideshare.net/subhashtak77/bsnl-training-report-37354497
 https://www.aicte-
india.org/sites/default/files/stdc/opportunity/ALTTC.pdf
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited
 https://www.learntelecom.bsnl.co.in/
 https://logo-studio.blogspot.com/bsnl-logo-vector

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