Sharkawy Solution Manual

Solution Manual
Electric Energy
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi
Chapter 1
1.1. In your opinion, identify 10 of the most important innovations in electrical engineering, and name the
inventors of these innovations.
1.2. Thomas Edison has several innovative inventions, select one of them and write an essay on the history
of its development and the impact of the invention.
1.3. Nikola Tesla has several innovative inventions, select one of them and write an essay on the history of
its development and the impact of the invention.
1.4. The transformer is one of the major inventions in power systems. Why can’t we use it in dc systems?
1.5. State the advantages and disadvantages of using low voltage transmission lines.
1.6. State the advantages and disadvantages of using high voltage transmission lines.
1.7. In your opinion, what are the major developments in future power systems?
1.8. A simple power system consists of a dc generator connected to a load center via a transmission line.
The load resistance is 10 Ω. The transmission line is 50 km copper wire of 3cm in diameter. If the
voltage at the generator terminals is 400 V, compute the following:
a. The voltage across the load
b. The voltage drop across the line
c. The line losses
d. The system efficiency
Solution:
l 50000
a. Rwire = ρ = 1.678*10 −8 = 1.187 Ω
A π (0.015)2
V 400
I = = = 35.76 A
Rload + Rwire 10 + 1.187
Vload = I Rload = 357.6 V
b. Vline = V − Vload = 400 − 357.6 = 42.4 V
c. Ploss = I 2 Rwire = 35.76 2 * 1.187 = 1.518 kW
d. Pload = I 2 Rload = 12.79 kW
Pload Pload 12.79

η= = = = 89.4 %
Pinput Pload + Plosses 12.79 +1.518
Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

2
1.9. A simple power system consists of a dc generator connected to a load center via a transmission line.
The load power is 100 kW. The transmission line is 100 km copper wire of 3cm diameter. If the
voltage at the load side is 400 V, compute the following:
e. The voltage drop across the line Vline
f. Vsource
The voltage at the source side
g. The percentage of the voltage drop Vline / Vsource .
h. The line losses
i. The power delivered by the source
j. The system efficiency.
Solution:
l 50000
a. Rwire = ρ = 1.678*10 −8 = 1.187 Ω
A π (0.015)2
Pload 100
I = = = 250 A
Vload 400
Vline = I Rwire = 250 *1.187 = 296.75 V
b. Vsource = Vload + Vline = 400 + 296.75 = 696.75 V
Vline 296.75
c. = = 42.6 %
Vsource 696.75
The voltage drop of the line is very high due to the line’s low voltage
d. Ploss = I 2 Rwire = 250 2 * 1.187 = 94.88 kW
e. Psource = Vsource I = 696.75 * 250 =174.19 kW
Pload 100
f. η= = = 57.4 %
Psource 174.19
The system efficiency is very low due to the low voltage of the line.
1.10. Repeat the previous problem assuming that the transmission line voltage at the load side is 10 kV.
Solution:
l 50000
a. Rwire = ρ = 1.678*10 −8 = 1.187 Ω
A π (0.015)2
Pload 100
I = = = 10 A
Vload 10

3
Vline = I Rwire = 1*1.187 = 11.87 V
b. Vsource = Vload + Vline = 10,000 + 11.87 =10,011.87 V
Vline 11.87
c. = = 0.1187 %
Vsource 10,000
The voltage drop of the line is very small due to the line’s high voltage
d. Ploss = I 2 Rwire = 10 2 * 1.187 = 118.7 W
e. Psource = Vsource I = 10,011.87 *10 =100,118.7 W
Pload 100
f. η= = = 99.88 %
Psource 100.12
The system efficiency is very high due to the high voltage of the line.

4
Chapter 2
2.2. What is the function of a power plant turbine?
Answer: convert the thermal or the hydro kinetic energy into rotating mechanical energy that drives the
generator
2.3. What is the function of a power plant generator?

Answer: To convert the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy
2.4. What is the function of the hydro dam?

Answer: To increase the potential energy of the water behind the dam
2.5. Why transformers are used with transmission lines?

Answer: to increase the voltage of the transmission lines, so current can be reduced. Thus the
transmission lines can be made of a small cross section wires.
2.6. A 2-pole generator is to be connected to a 60 Hz power grid, compute the speed of its turbine
Solution:
f 60
n = 120 = 120 = 3600 rpm
P 2
2.7. A 2-pole generator is to be connected to a 50 Hz grid, compute the speed of its turbine.
Solution:
f 50
n = 120 = 120 = 3000 rev/min
P 2
2.8. Why insulators are used on power line towers?

Answer:
To prevent the conductors from touching the tower
2.9. Why the tower insulators are built as disk shapes?

Answer:
To increase the flashover distance between the conductor and the tower
2.10. Why the frequency of the airplane power system is 400Hz?

Answer:
To reduce the size of the magnetic components
2.11. Why there are different voltage and frequency standards worldwide?
Answer:
Competition prevented collaboration and different safety concerns
2.12. Why the transmission line towers are higher than the distribution line towers?

5
Answer:
Higher voltage
2.13. What are the various forces that an insulator must withstand?
Answer:
Wind storm, freezing rain, and earth movements

6
Chapter 3
3.1. Exclude the USA and compute the generation capacity of the rest of the world. Find the per capita
capacity.
Answer:
World capacity without USA= world capacity –USA capacity=16.1-4.027=12.073 Tera kWhr
World population without USA = 6.3-0.292=6.008 Billion
Per capita capacity=12.073*1012/6.008*109 = 2 MWhr
3.2. Compute the generation capacity per capita in the USA. Compare the result with the world average.
Answer:
USA capacity=4.027 Tera kWhr
USA population= 292 Million
Per capita capacity in the USA=4.027*1012/292*106 = 13.79 MWhr
Per capita capacity in the USA/ Per capita capacity in the world= 13.79/2 = 6.9 times
3.3. Exclude the USA and compute the annual world consumption of electrical energy per capita.
Compare the result with the US consumption per capita.
Answer:
USA consumption= 3.6 Tera kWhr
World consumption without USA= world consumption –USA consumption=14-3.6 = 10.4 Tera kWhr
USA population= 292 Million
World population without USA = 6.3-0.292=6.008 Billion
Per capita consumption of the world without US=10.4*1012/6.008*109 = 1.73 MWhr
Per capita consumption in the USA=3.6*1012/292*106 = 12.33 MWhr
Per capita capacity in the USA/ Per capita capacity in the world= 12.33/1.73 = 7.13 times
3.4. Find the ratio of the electrical energy capacity to the electrical energy demand (consumption) in the
USA. Identify the amount of surplus or deficit.
Answer:
USA capacity = 4.027 Tera kWhr

7
USA capacity/USA demand= 4.027/3.6 = 1.1186
Surplus = (4.027 – 3.6)/4.027=10.6%
3.5. Exclude the USA and find the ratio of the electrical energy capacity to the electrical energy demand
worldwide. Identify the amount of surplus or deficit.
Answer:
World consumption without USA= world consumption –USA consumption=14-3.6 = 10.4 Tera kWhr
World capacity without USA= world capacity –USA capacity=16.1-4.027=12.073 Tera kWhr
World capacity/world demand= 12.073/10.4 = 1.161
Surplus = (12.073 – 10.4)/12.073=13.86%
3.6. Assume the demand in the USA is increasing at a rate of 5% annually. For how long can the USA be
self sustained of electricity?
Answer:
USA capacity = 4.027 Tera kWhr
3.6 * (1.05) = 4.027

n
⎛ 4.027 ⎞
log⎜ ⎟
n= ⎝ 3 .6 ⎠
= 2.3 years
log(1.05)

8
Chapter 4
4.1. Name three types of hydroelectric power plants
Answer: Impoundment, diversion and pumped storage
4.2. Why are cooling towers used in thermal power plants?
Answer: Heat sink, W=Q1-Q2
4.3. What are the two nuclear reactions?
Answer: Fission and fusion
4.4. What is the enrichment process of nuclear fuel?
Answer: A process by which the concentration of U235 is increased to 3-5%
4.5. How is the chain reaction controlled in nuclear power plants?
Answer: By control rods
4.6. What is the main difference between boiling water reactors and the pressurized water reactors?
Answer: Pressurized reactor has heat exchanger (steam generator) between the radioactive water and the
steam entering the turbine.
4.7. What is the heavy water? Why it is used in nuclear power plants?
4.8. Write an essay on the latest technology used to dispose the spent fuel.
4.9. A man owns a land that includes a low head water fall and wants to build a small hydro plant. He
used a tube of 3 m in length and 1 m in diameter as a penstock. He computed the speed of the
water inside the penstock by dropping a small ball at the entrance of the tube and measures the
time it takes to reach the other end of the tube. The ball traveled the penstock in 2 seconds.
a. Compute the mechanical power of the water
b. If the coefficient of performance of the turbine is 0.5 and the efficiency of the generator
is 90%, compute the expected generation of the site.
c. If the cost of building the small hydro system is $20K, compute the payback period if the
cost of electricity from the neighboring utilities is $0.2/kWh. Assume that the water flow
is always constant.
d. Is building this small hydro a good investment?
Answer:
length of penstock 3
a. Water velocity v= = =1.5 m/s
travel time 2

9
A * ρ * v 3 = (π * 0.5 2 )*1000 *1.53 = 1.325 kW
1 1
b. Pw =
2 2
Pout = Pw * C p *η generator = 1.325 * 0.5 * 0.9 = 596.25 W
c. Energy generated in one year = 596.25 * 24 * 365 = 5,223 kWh
Annual income = 5223 * 0.2 = $1,044.6
Payback period = 20,000 / 1,044.6 = 19.14 years
d. No, payback period is too long even though maintenance cost is excluded.
4.10. A hydro dam creates a reservoir of 10 km3. The head of the reservoir is 100 m. Compute the
potential energy of the reservoir.
Solution:
PE r = Vol * ρ * g * H = 10 *10 9 *1000 *9.81*120 = 1.177 *10 7 GJoules
4.11. A penstock is used to bring water from behind a dam into a turbine. The penstock is 6 m in
diameter and moves water at a rate of 500 m3/s. Compute the mechanical power entering the
turbine.
Solution:
Use Equation Error! Reference source not found.
vol = A v t
vol
= Av
t
500 = π 32 v
v = 17.68 m/s
Pw = 0.5 A ρ v 3
Pw = 0.5 * (π 32 ) *1000 *17.683 = 78.146 MW
4.12. The penstock of a hydroelectric power plant is 4 meter in diameter. The penstock efficiency is
95% and the water head is 60 m. Compute the mechanical power of the water at the exit of the
penstock. Also, compute the water flow inside the penstock.
Solution:
Use Equation Error! Reference source not found.

10
KE v2
ηp = =
PE 2 g H
v = 2 g H η p = 2 * 9.8* 60 * 0.9 = 32.53 m/s
Pw = 0.5* A* ρ * v 3 = 0.5* ( π 22 )* 1000* 32.533 = 216.29 MW
2 * Pw 2 * 216.29 * 106
f= = = 408.78* 103 kg/s
v 2
32.532
4.13. A hydroelectric dam has a penstock that discharges 105 kg/s of water. The head of the dam is
80m.
a. Compute the volume of the discharged water per second.
b. Assume the penstock efficiency is 85%, compute the power of the water entering the turbine.
c. Compute the speed of the water inside the penstock
d. Assume that the coefficient of performance of the turbine is 0.5 and the generator efficiency
is 92%, estimate the generated electrical power.
e. Compute the overall system efficiency.
Solution:
Vol m / t 10 5
a. = = =100 m3/s
t ρ 10 3
PE m
b. Input power to the penstock = Pin = = g H =10 5 * 9.81* 80 = 78.48 MW
t t
Output power of penstock Pw = η p Pin = 0.85 * 78.48 = 66.7 MW
c. Speed of water inside the penstock can be computed from Equation Error! Reference source not
found.
m 2
Pw = 0.5 f v 2 = 0.5 v = 0.5 *10 5 v 2
t
66.7 *10 6
v= = 36.52 m/s
0.5 *10 5
d. The generator power Pg
Pg = Pw * C p *η g
Pg = 66.7 * 0.5 * 0.92 = 30.68 MW

11
e. Overall efficiency η total =η p C p η g = 0.85 * 0.5 * 0.92 = 39.1%
4.14. A natural gas power plant has a condenser that extracts 18,000 Btu/kg of natural gas. Compute
the mechanical energy of the turbine and the overall system efficiency.
Solution:
According to Error! Reference source not found., natural gas has a thermal energy constant of 48,000
BTU/kg
The condenser extracts 18,000 BTU/kg
The mechanical energy of the turbine is
W = Q1 − Q2 = 48,000 − 18,000 = 30 ,000 BTU/kg
The ideal efficiency of the thermal turbine ηideal is
Ouput mechanical Energy W 30,000

ηideal = = = = 62.5%
Input thermal Energy Q1 48,000
4.15. An oil fired power plant has a condenser that extracts 18,000 Btu/kg of oil. Compute the
mechanical energy of the turbine and the overall system efficiency
Solution:
According to Error! Reference source not found., oil has a thermal energy constant of 45,000 BTU/kg
The condenser extracts 18,000 BTU/kg
The mechanical energy of the turbine is
W = Q1 − Q2 = 45,000 − 18,000 = 27 ,000 BTU/kg
The ideal efficiency of the thermal turbine ηideal is
Ouput mechanical Energy W 27 ,000

ηideal = = = = 60%
Input thermal Energy Q1 45,000
4.16. Compare natural gas to oil in terms of thermal power and efficiency. Use the results of the
previous two problems to verify your assessment.
4.17. Why heat sinks are used in thermal power plants?
4.18. Write an essay on the general design of oil fired power plants.
4.19. Write an essay on the storage of nuclear waste.
4.20. Write an essay on the disposal of the contaminated structure of nuclear power plant.

12
4.21. Write an essay on the nuclear accident of the Three Mile Island power plant. Show the sequence
of events and comment on the safety measures taken to prevent any subsequent catastrophic
failure.
4.22. Write an essay on the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Show why such accident is hard to happed in
the USA.
4.23. Estimate the amount of nuclear energy produced by 10kg of uranium-235.
Solution:
1 kg of uranium-235 has 25.4*1023 fission events
1 J requires 31 109 fission events
The energy per 10 kg =10* 25.4*1023/31*109 = 8.19 1014 J = 227.5 GWh

13
Chapter 5
5.1 Name three types of major power plants
Answer: Fossil, Hydro, Nuclear
5.2 How is acid rain produced?
Answer: Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides is absorbed by the clouds
5.3 What is the greenhouse effect?
Answer: When excessive greenhouse gases are discharged in the atmosphere. They prevent the heat from
escaping back to the outer space
5.4 State 4 drawbacks of hydroelectric power plant
Answer: flooding, silt buildup behind dam, lack of silt down steam, slow flow down steam, oxygen
depletion, nitrogen absorption, fish migration
5.5 What are the health effects of SO2?
Answer: Respiratory illness
5.6 Fill in the blanks in the following sentences
a. Sulfur dioxide SO2 emitted from power plants reacts with oxygen to form ________
b. When sulfur trioxide reaches the clouds, it reacts with water to form __________
c. When nitrogen dioxide reachs the clouds, it reacts with water and __________ is produced
Answer
a. sulfur trioxide SO3. 2 SO2 + O2 ⇒ 2 SO3
b. sulfuric acid H2SO4. SO3 + H 2 O ⇒ H 2 SO4
c. nitric acid HNO3. 3NO2 + H 2O ⇒ 2 HNO3 + NO
5.7 A coal fired power plant produce an average of 100 MW annually, estimate the sulfur dioxide
released daily and annually if no filtering system is implemented.
Answer
Coal fired power plant produces as much as 7 kg/MWh.
Daily release of SO2 = 7*100*24 = 16.8 Tons
Annual energy = 100*8760 = 8.76* 105 MWh

14
SO2 released = 7*8.76*105 = 6,132 tons
5.8 A Natural gas power plant produce an average of 100 MW annually, estimate the sulfur dioxide
released daily and annually if no filtering system is implemented.
Answer
Natural gas power plant produces as much as 5 g/MWh.
Daily release of SO2 = 0.005*100*24 = 12 kg
Annual energy = 100*8760 = 8.76* 105 MWh
SO2 released = 0.005*8.76*105 = 4.38 tons
5.9 If a 100 MW coal fired power plant is converted into natural gas, compute the annual percentage
reduction of SO2.
Answer
From the previous two problems
Natural gas power plant produces 4.38 tons of sulfur dioxide annually.
Coal fired power plant produces 6,132 tons of sulfur dioxide annually.
Sulfur dioxide reduction due to the conversion = (6132-4.38)/6132 = 99.9%
5.10 In 2002, the world consumed 13.86*1012 kWh of electricity, estimate the maximum amount of sulfur
dioxide released from the coal fired power plant worldwide.
Answer
As given in Chapter 4, coal fired power plants produce about 26% of the world’s energy =
13.86*109*0.26= 3.6*109 MWh
The maximum release of sulfur dioxide = 3.6*109 * 7 = 25.22*106 tons
5.11 Write an essay on an area with severe acid rain. Discuss the pH values and their effect on the local
environment.
5.12 How many moles of hydrogen ions are in a liquid with pH 5?
Answer
pH = − log H + = 5
H + = 10 −5
5.13 Choose a case study for hydroelectric power plant. Identify the pros and cons of the plant.
5.14 Write an essay on the impact of hydroelectric power plant on the fish populations.

15
5.15 Identify a few ideas to reduce the effect of hydroelectric power plant on fish migrations.
5.16 Identify a few ideas to increase the silt in the upstream flow of hydroelectric power plants.
5.17 Write an essay on the Three Mile Island’s accident. Identify the sequence of events that led to the
accident. In your opinion, was the steps taken to correct the accident adequate?
5.18 Write an essay on the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Identify the sequence of events that led to the
disaster. In your opinion, can this accident occur in the USA? Why?

16
Chapter 6
6.1 A solar panel consists of 4 parallel columns of PV cells. Each column has 10 PV cells in series. Each
cell produces 2W at 0.5V. Compute the voltage and current of the panel
Answer:
V= 0.5*10=5V
P=2*4*10=80W
I=80/5=16A
6.2 State three factors that determine the amount of power generated by wind machines
Answer: Sweep area (Blade length), air density, and air velocity
6.3 What is the function of the reformer and co-conversion used in fuel cell technology?
Answer: To generate hydrogen from hydrocarbon
6.4 Compute the amount of sulfur dioxide produced when a coal fired power plant generate 50 MW of
electricity.
Answer:
As given in Chapter 4, 7 kg of SO2 per MWh is released from coal fired power plant.
Sulfur dioxide is reduced by = 7*50*24*365=3066 ton
6.5 A solar power density for a given area has a standard deviation of 3 hrs, and a maximum power of
200W at noon. Compute the solar energy in one day.
Answer:
Using Equation Error! Reference source not found., we get
ES = Pmax 2 π σ = 200 * 2 π * 3 = 1.5 kWh
6.6 An area located near the equator has the following parameters.
α dt = 0.82; α p = 0.92; β wa = 0.06
The solar power density measured at 11:00 AM is 890 W/m2, compute the solar power density at 4:00 PM.
Answer:
Since the location is near the equator, the maximum solar power density occurs at noon when the zenith
angle is zero.
ρ max = ρ o cos ξ (α dt − β wa )α p = 1353 * cos(0) * (0.82 − 0.06)* 0.92 = 0.946 kW/m2

17
− (11−12 )2
ρ 890 2σ 2
= = 0.941 = e
ρ max 946
log(0.941) −1
=
log e 2σ 2
σ = 2.867
At 4:00 PM, the solar power density is
− ( t −12 )2 − (16−12 )2
2σ 2
ρ = ρ max e = 946 e 2 ( 2.867 )2
= 357.44 W/m2
6.7 An investor wishes to install a wind farm in the Snoqualmie pass area located in Washington State,
USA. The pass is about 920 m above the sea level. The average low temperature of the air is -4oC,
and the average high is 18oC. Compute the power density of the wind in winter and summer
assuming that the average wind speed is 15 m/s
Answer:
Winter time
− 920
353
δ = e 29.3( −4+ 273) = 1.168 kg/m3
− 4 + 273
The power density by using Equation Error! Reference source not found. is
1 1
ρ= δ v 3 = 1.168 *153 =1.97 kW/m2
2 2
Summer time
− 920
353
δ = e 29.3(18+ 273) = 1.089 kg/m3
18 + 273
1 1
ρ= δ v 3 = 1.089 *153 =1.838 kW/m2
2 2
6.8 For the site in the above problem, compute the length of the blades to capture 200kW of wind energy
during the summer.
Answer:
Winter time

18
P = A ρ =π r 2 ρ
200 = π r 2 1.838
r = 5.88 m
6.9 A wind turbine with a gearbox ratio of 200 produces electric energy when the generator speed is at
least 910 rpm. The length of each blade is 5 m. The turbine has a variable tip speed ratio (TSR). At
a wind speed of 10 m/s, compute the minimum TSR of the wind turbine.
Answer:
Speed at the low speed side of the gearbox
910
n= = 4.55 r/min
200
⎛ 4.55 ⎞
vtip = ω r = ⎜ 2π ⎟ 5 = 2.382 m/s
⎝ 60 ⎠
vtip 2.382
TSR = = = 23.82%
v 10
6.10 Generate an idea to reduce the voltage flickers associated with wind energy.
6.11 What are the main advantages of direct fuel cells?
6.12 What are the main components used in fuel cell electric vehicles? Explain the operation of the
vehicle.
6.13 What are the different types of Fuel Cell?
Answer:
PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane), molten carbonate, alkaline, phosphoric acid, and solid oxide.
6.14 Which fuel cell type is suitable for high power
Answer: phosphoric acid, molten carbonate and solid oxide
6.15 Which fuel cell type is suitable for mobile energy?
Answer: PEM fuel cells are better suited for small-scale power generation, such as in a vehicle.
6.16 What are the advantages of using a fuel cell?
Answer: Fuel cells running on hydrogen produce no pollution; the only byproduct is pure water. Since
there are no moving parts, fuel cells can be very reliable and make almost no noise.
6.17 Is using hydrogen in fuel cells safe?

19
Answer: Hydrogen can actually be safer than gasoline. It is a light gas and tends to drift upward very
quickly. Hydrogen is also non-toxic.
6.18 Why not just burn hydrogen in thermal power plant instead of using it in fuel cells?
Answer:
When hydrogen is burned, it produces Nitrous Oxide NO, which is an air pollutant
Using hydrogen in fuel cells is a clean form of generating electricity; its only output, besides energy, is
water
When hydrogen is burned, it produces tremendous heat that cannot be efficiently harnessed by the turbines.
Thus, the system efficiency is substantially reduced to about 10%. However, when hydrogen is used in a
fuel cell, the overall efficiency is more than 50%.
6.19 A reservoir-type small hydro system has a penstock of 2m in diameter. The speed of water at the exit
end of the penstock is 10 m/s. Assume that the hydro efficiency is 0.5 and the generator efficiency is
92%, compute the output electric power of the generator.
Answer:
KE p−out
Pp−out = = 500 * A* v 3 = 500 * π * 53 = 196.35 kW
t
Pg = Pp−out * η h * η g = 42.41* 0.5* 0.92 = 90.32 kW
6.20 Assume that the penstock efficiency in the previous problem is 0.95%. Compute the water head.
Answer:
KE p−out v2
ηp = =
PE p−in 2* g * H
102
0.95 =
2* 9.8* H
H = 5.37 m
6.21 A man wants to build a reservoir-type small hydro system on his property. The site can accommodate
a penstock of 2m in diameter. In order for him to generate 1MW of electricity, compute the height of
the dam. Assume that the penstock efficiency is 95%, the hydro efficiency is 45%, and the generator
efficiency is 96%.
Solution:
Eg Pg
ηg = =
KEm Pm

20
Pg 1000
Pm = = = 1.042 MW
ηg 0.96
Compute the output power of the penstock
Pm 1.042
Pp−out = = = 2.32 MW
ηh 0.45
Compute the velocity of the water that yield 105.26 kW of power.
KE p −out = 500 A * v 3 * t
Pp −out = 500 A * v 3
Hence,
Pp−out 2320000
v=3 =3 = 11.39 m/s
500 A 500 π
Compute the head of water
KE p −out v2
ηp = =
PE p −in 2g H
v2 11.392
H = = = 6.97 m
2 g η p 2* 9.8* 0.95
Hence, the height of the dam should be at least 7 m
6.22 A person wishes to build a diversion-type small hydro system on his property. To measure the speed
of the water, he dropped a ping-pong ball in the river and found the ball to travel 10 meters in 4
seconds. He also selected a turbine with a sweep diameter of 0.8m. Assume that the hydro
conversion efficiency is 45% and the efficiency of the generator is 96%. Compute the output power
of the plant and the energy generated in one year. If the price of the energy sold to the neighboring
utility is $0.06/kWh, compute the annual income from this small hydro plant.
Solution:
10
v= = 2.5 m / s
4
Pt = 500 * As * v 3 = 500* ( π * 0.4 2 )* 2.53 = 3.927 kW
Pg = Pt ( η h η g ) = 3.927 * ( 0.45* 0.96 ) = 1.7 kWh
The energy generated in one year

21
E g = 1.7* ( 24 * 365 ) = 14.861 MWh
Income from the plant is
Income = 0.06 * 14861 = $891.66
6.23 What are the benefits of using geothermal energy?
Answer:
It is cleaner than fossil fuel power plants. Geothermal fields produce only about one-sixth of the carbon
dioxide that a natural-gas-fueled power plant, and very little of nitrous oxide or sulfur-bearing gases.
Geothermal energy is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Geothermal power plants have average
availabilities of 95% or higher, compared to 60%-70% for coal and nuclear plants
6.24 Why is geothermal energy renewable resource?
Answer: Because its source is the almost unlimited amount of heat generated by the Earth's core.
6.25 What are the environmental effects of geothermal power plants?
Answer:
Emissions are low. Only excess steam is emitted by geothermal flash plants. No air emissions or liquids are
discharged by binary geothermal plants, which are projected to become the dominant technology in the
near future.
Salts and dissolved minerals sometimes contained in geothermal fluids. Some geothermal plants do
produce some solid materials, or sludge, that require disposal in approved sites. Some of these solids are
now being extracted for sale (zinc and sulfur, for example), making the resource even more valuable and
environmentally friendly.
6.26 What makes a geothermal site good for power generation?
Answer:
Hot geothermal fluid with low mineral and gas content, shallow aquifers for producing, proximity to
existing transmission lines or load, and availability of make-up water for evaporative cooling. Geothermal
fluid temperature should be at least 300 F, although plants are operating on fluid temperatures as low as
210 F.
6.27 What is biomass?
Answer: Biomass is the organic matter produced by plants.
6.28 How electricity is generated from biomass?
Answer: Direct combustion is the simplest and most common method of capturing the energy contained
within biomass. Usually these facilities (boilers) produce steam to use either within an industrial process,
or to produce electricity directly. They can also produce heat, which is then captured for one purpose or
another.

22
6.29 Is Biomass a renewable source of energy? Why?
Answer: Yes. If biomass is cultivated and harvested in a way that allows re-growth without depleting
nutrient and water resources, it is a renewable resource that can be used to generate energy on demand,
with little or no net contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions.

23
Chapter 7
7.1 Given the following two vectors:
A = 12 + j12
,
B = − 6 + j10
Compute A + B , A − B , A B and A / B
Solution:
A + B = 12 + j12 − 6 + j10 = 6 + j 22
A − B = 12 + j12 + 6 − j10 = 18 + j 2
A =12 + j12 = 16.97 ∠45o

B = − 6 + j10 =11.66 ∠121o
A B = (16.97 ∠45o ) (11.66 ∠121o )= 197.87 ∠166o
16.97 ∠45o
A/B= = 1.455 ∠ − 76o
11.66 ∠121o
7.2 The voltage and current equations of an electric load are
v = Vmax sin ωt
i = I max cos (ωt − 30 0 )
Compute the phase shift of the current.
Solution:
v = Vmax sin ω t
i = I max cos (ω t − 300 )
i = I max sin (ω t + 600 )
i lead v by 60o
7.3 The voltage and current of an electric load can be expressed by the following equations
v = 340 sin (628.318 t + 0.5236)

i = 100 sin (628.318 t + 0.87266)

24
Calculate the following:
a. The rms voltage

b. The frequency of the current
c. The phase shift between current and voltage in degrees
d. The average voltage
e. The load impedance
Solution:
340
a. V= = 240.41 V
2
b. ω = 2π f = 628.318 rad/sec
628.318
f= = 100 Hz
2π
c. Phase shift
θ = 0.5236 − 0.87266 = − 0.3491 rad
180
θ = − 0.3491 = − 20o
π
d. Average voltage is zero (the voltage waveform is sinusoidal)
e. Load impedance
Z= =
(
V 340 / 2 )
∠ − 20o = 3.4 ∠ − 20o Ω
(
I 100 / 2 )
7.4 The current and voltage waveforms of an electric circuit are
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
i (t ) = 25 sin ⎜ 377t + ⎟ A; v(t ) = 169.7 sin ⎜ 377t − ⎟ V
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
Compute the following
a. The rms voltage

b. The rms current
c. The frequency of the supply voltage
d. The phase angle of the current with respect to voltage (indicate leading or lagging)
e. The real power consumed by the circuit
f. The reactive power consumed by the circuit
g. The impedance of the circuit
Solution:

25
169.7
a. = 120 V
2
25
b. = 17.68 A
2
377
c. = 60 Hz
2π
d. 60+30 = 90o Leading
e. zero
f. 120*17.68 = 2.122 kVAr (capacitive)
120∠ − 30o
g. = 6.787∠ − 90o Ω
17.68∠60o
7.5 An electric load consists of a 4 Ω resistance, 6 Ω inductive reactance and 8 Ω capacitive reactance
connected in series. The total impedance of the load is connected across a voltage source of 120
V.
a. Compute the power factor of the load
b. Compute the source current
c. Compute the real power of the circuit
d. Compute the reactive power of the circuit
Solution:
a. Z = 4 + j (6 − 8) = 4 − j 2 = 4.47 ∠ − 26.56o Ω
pf = cos (26.56) = 0.894 leading
120
b. I= = 26.85 ∠26.56o A
4.47 ∠ − 26.56o
c. P = I 2 R = 26.852 * 4 = 2.883 kW
d. Q = I 2 X = 26.852 * 21.442 kVAr Capacitive
7.6 A load impedance consists of 25Ω resistance in series with 38Ω inductive reactance. The load is
connected across a 240 V source. Compute the real and reactive powers consumed by the load.
Solution:
Z = 252 + 382 = 45.5 ohm

26
V 240
I = = = 5.28 A
Z 45.5
R 25
pf = cos(θ ) = = = 0.55
Z 45.5
P = V I cos(θ ) = 240 × 5.28 × 0.55 = 696.96 W
XL 38
sin(θ ) = = = 0.8352
Z 45.5
Q = V I sin(θ ) = 240 × 5.28 × 0.8352 = 1.058 kVAr
7.7 V = 120 ∠30o is connected across a circuit consisting of R = 3.5 Ω in series

A voltage source
with L = 0.0833 H. If the circuit is energized in the USA, compute the following:
a. The load current

b. The load power factor
c. The real power consumed by the load
d. The reactive power consumed by the load.
Solution:
X L = 2 π f L = 2 π 60 × 0.0833 = 31.42 Ω
V 120 ∠30o
a. I= = = 3.8 ∠ − 53.65o A
Z 3.5 + j 31.42
⎛ ⎛ 31.42 ⎞ ⎞
pf = cos⎜⎜ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = cos(83.64 ) = 0.11 lagging
o
b.
⎝ ⎝ 3.5 ⎠⎠
c. P = V I cos θ = 120 × 3.8 × cos 83.64o = 50.51 W
d. P = V I sin θ = 120 × 3.8 × sin 83.64o = 453.19 VAr
7.8 A voltage source V = 120 ∠30o is connected to a circuit consisting of R = 3.5 Ω in series with
L = 0.0833 H. If the circuit is energized in Europe, compute the following:
a. The load current

b. The load power factor
c. The real power consumed by the load
d. The reactive power consumed by the load.
Solution:
X L = 2 π f L = 2 π 50 × 0.0833 = 26.17 Ω

27
V 120 ∠30o 120 ∠30o
a. I= = = = 4.55∠ − 52.38o A
Z 3.5 + j 26.17 26.4 ∠82.38o
⎛ ⎛ 26.17 ⎞ ⎞
pf = cos⎜⎜ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = cos(82.38 ) = 0.132 lagging
o
b.
⎝ ⎝ 3.5 ⎠⎠
c. P = V I cos θ = 120 × 4.55 × 0.132 = 72.07 W
d. P = V I sin θ = 120 × 4.55 × sin 82.38o = 541.18 VAr
7.9 An inductive load consists of R1 = 3 Ω in series with X L1 = 4 Ω . The load is connected in

parallel with another load of unknown impedance. The voltage source of the system is 120 V.
The total real and reactive powers delivered by the source are 3 kW and 2 kVAr, respectively.
Compute the impedance of the unknown load.
I1 I2
R1=3 R2
120 V
VS
XL1=4 X2
Load
Solution:
120
I1 = = 24 ∠ − 53.13o A
3 + j4
P1 = I12 R1 = 242 × 3 = 1728 W
Q1 = I12 X L = 242 × 4 = 2304 VAr
P2 = Ptotal − P1 = 3000 − 1728 = 1272 W
Q2 = Qtotal − Q1 = 2000 − 2304 = − 304 VAr
(1272) 2 +(304) 2
I2 = = 10.9 A
120
P2 1272
R2 = = = 10.7 Ω
I2
2
(10.9)2
Q2 304
X2 = = = 2.56 Ω
I2
2
(10.9)2
28
X2 is a capacitor since its reactive power is negative
7.10 The rms voltage and current of an inductive load are 110V and 10A, respectively. The frequency
of the voltage waveform is 60 Hz. The instantaneous power consumed by the load has no average
value. Calculate the following:
a. The real (active) power consumed by the load

b. The reactive power consumed by the load
c. The power factor
d. The frequency of the reactive power
Solution:
a. v(t ) = 2 110 sin ω t
i (t ) = 2 10 sin (ω t − θ )
The instantaneous power is
ρ (t ) = v(t ) i (t ) = VI cos(θ ) − VI cos(2ωt − θ )
For zero average power, cos θ = 0
Since the load is inductive, θ = − 90o
Hence, real power consumed by the load is 0.
b. Q = V I sin θ = 110 × 10 (−1) = − 1100 VAr
c. Power factor
pf = cos θ = 0
d. frequency of reactive power is double the frequency of the voltage. i.e. 120 Hz
7.11 An electric load consists of 5Ω resistance, 20Ω capacitive reactance and 10Ω inductive reactance,
all connected in parallel. A voltage source of 100V is applied across the load. Compute the
following:
a. The real power of the load

b. The reactive power of the load
c. The current of the load
Solution:
100 2
a. = 2 kW
5

29
100 2 100 2
b. − = 500 VAr
10 20
c. S = 2000 2 + 500 2 = 2.062 kVA
2062
I = = 20.62 A
100
7.12 An inductive load consists of 1 Ω resistance and 1.0 mH inductance connected in series. The load
is connected across 120V, 60 Hz source.
a. Compute the power factor of the load
b. A capacitor is connected in parallel with the entire load so that no reactive power is
delivered by the source. Compute the value of the capacitance.
Solution:
a. X L = 2π f L = 2π * 60 * .001 = 0.377 Ω
⎛ 1 ⎞
pf = cos ⎜ tan −1 ⎟ = 0.353 VAr
⎝ 0.377 ⎠
120
b. I= = 112.3 A
1 + 0.377 2
QL = I 2 X L = 112.32 * 0.377 = 4.753 kVAr
V2
QC =
XC
V 2 120 2
XC = = =3 Ω
QC 4753
1 1
C= = = 884.2 μf
ω * X C 377 * 3
7.13 The power consumption of an electric load is represented by
⎛ −t
⎞
P (t ) = 100 ⎜⎜1 − e 10 ⎟⎟ kW, where t is the time of the day in hours.
⎝ ⎠
Compute the energy consumed by the load in 24 hr period.
Solution:

30
24
24
⎛
24 −t
⎞ ⎡ −t
⎤
E = ∫ P dt = 100 ∫ ⎜⎜1 − e 10 ⎟⎟ dt =100 ⎢t + 10 e 10 ⎥
0 0⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦0
⎛ − 24
⎞
E = 100 ⎜⎜ 24 + 10 * e 10 −10 ⎟⎟ = 1.49 kWh
⎝ ⎠

31
Chapter 8
8.1. A person is standing on a wet organic soil; compute his/her ground resistance.
Solution
Rg = 1.5 ρ = 1.5 ×10 = 15 Ω
8.2. Compute the resistance of a 10m wide soil that is 2m away from the edge of a grounded
hemisphere. The radius of the hemisphere is 0.5m. Assume that the soil is dry.
Solution
Conductor I
Surface of earth
r
a Vab
b
Equipotential
surface Va
Vb
ρ ⎡1 1⎤
Rab = ⎢ − ⎥
2π ⎣ a b⎦
a = r + 2 = 2.5 m
b = r + 2 + 10 =12.5 m
ρ ⎡1 1 ⎤ 1000 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
Rab = ⎢⎣ a − b ⎥⎦ = 2π ⎢⎣ 2.5 − 12.5 ⎥⎦ = 50.1 Ω
2π
8.3. A person working on a steel structure while standing on ground. An accident occurred where 5A
pass through the structure to the ground. The structure is grounded by a metal rod of 6cm in
diameter. The rod is dug 2m into the ground. The surrounding soil is dry type. Assume the
resistance of the man’s body is 2000Ω. Compute the current through the man.
Solution
Use Error! Reference source not found.
ρ ⎛ 2l + r ⎞ 1000 ⎛ 4 + 0.03 ⎞
Rg = ln⎜ ⎟= ln⎜ ⎟ = 390 Ω
2π l ⎝ r ⎠ 2π 2 ⎝ 0.03 ⎠

32
Rg 390
I man = I =5 = 501 mA
Rg + Rman + 0.5R f 390 + 2000 + 0.5 * 3 *1000
8.4. Compute the survival time of the man in the previous problem by using Dalziel formula. Assume
that the weight of the man is 80kg.
Solution
2
⎛ k ⎞
2
⎟⎟ = ⎛⎜
157 ⎞
t = ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 98 ms
⎝ I man ⎠ ⎝ 501 ⎠
8.5. Repeat Problems 3 and 4 for wet organic soil.
8.6. During a weather storm, an atmospheric discharge hits a lightning pole. The pole was grounded
through a hemisphere. The maximum value of the lightning current through the pole was 10kA.
The soil of the area was moist. A man was walking 20 meter away from the center of the
hemisphere experienced excessive step potential. The man body resistance was 1500Ω. Compute
the current through his legs, and his step potential.
Solution
Iρ ⎡1 1 ⎤ 10,000 *100 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
Vth = ⎢ − ⎥= ⎢ − = 231.78 V
2π ⎣ ra rb ⎦ 2π ⎣ 20 20.6 ⎥⎦
Vth 231.78
I man = = = 128.7 mA
Rman + 2 R f 1500 + 600
Vstep = I man * Rman = 128.7 *1500 = 188.55 V
8.7. During a weather storm, an atmospheric discharge hit a lightning pole that was grounded through
a hemisphere. The maximum value of the lightning current through the rod was 20kA. The soil
of the area was moist. A man was playing golf 50m away from the center of the hemisphere. At
the moment of the lightning strike, the distance between his two feet was 0.4m. Compute the
current through the person’s body assuming that his resistance was 1500Ω.
Solution
Compute the Thevenin’s voltage between the club and the feet
I ρ ⎡1 1 ⎤ 20,000 *100 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
Vth = ⎢ − ⎥= ⎢ − = 50.52 V
2π ⎣ ra rb ⎦ 2π ⎣ 50 50.4 ⎥⎦
Vth 50.52
I man = = = 24 mA
Rman + 2 R f 1500 + 600

33
Vstep = I man * Rman = 24 *1500 = 36 V
8.8. Repeat the previous problem and assume the person is 5m away from the center of the
hemisphere. What is the effect of the proximity of the man to the grounding hemisphere?
Solution
Compute the Thevenin’s voltage between the club and the feet
Iρ ⎡1 1 ⎤ 20,000 *100 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
Vth = ⎢ − ⎥= ⎢ − = 4.715 KV
2π ⎣ ra rb ⎦ 2π ⎣5 5.4 ⎥⎦
Vth 4.715
I man = = = 2.24 A
Rman + 2 R f 1500 + 600
Vstep = I man * Rman = 2.24 *1500 = 3.36 V
The closer the person to the hemisphere, the higher is the step potential
8.9. A power line insulator is partially failed and 10A passes through the structure to the tower’s
ground. The tower ground is a hemisphere with a radius of 0.5 meter. The soil resistivity is
100Ωm. Assume that a man touches the tower while standing on the ground. Compute the
current going through the man, assuming his body resistance is 3000 Ω.
Solution:
ρ 100
Rg = = = 31.83 Ω
2π r 2π * 0.5
R f = 3ρ = 300 Ω
Rg 10 * 31.83
I man = I = = 100 mA
Rg + 0.5 R f + Rman 31.83 + 150 + 3000
8.10. An electric circuit is powered by unpolarized 120V, 60Hz outlet. The circuit is inside ungrounded
chassis. A 100 nf capacitance exists between the circuit and the chassis. If a man touches the
chassis, compute the current through his body. Assume that the body resistance of the man plus
his ground resistance is 3000Ω.
Solution
V∠0 120
I man = =
1 1
Rman − j 3000 − j
ωC 377 ×10 −7

34
I man = 4.5 mA
8.11. An electric circuit is powered by a two-prong polarized outlet through a feeder. The resistance of
the neutral wire is 0.2Ω. The chassis of the circuit is metallic and is connected to the neutral
terminal of the outlet. A current of 200A is drawn from the outlet through the hot wire. If a
person with 2kΩ resistance (including ground resistance) touches the chassis, compute the current
through his body. Also state the type of hazard the person is exposed to.
Solution
Rneutral 200 * 0.2

I man = I = ≈ 20 mA
Rneutral + Rman 0.2 + 2000
The hazard is primary shock
8.12. State 6 factors that determine the severity of the electric shock when a person comes into contact
with an energized conductor.
Answer:
The voltage level of the gripped or touched equipment

The amount of current passing through the person’s body
The resistance of the person’s body
The pathway of the current inside the body
The duration of the shock
The frequency of the source
8.13. Compute the survival time of a heavy man receiving an electric shock of 100 mA.
Answer:
2 2
⎛ K ⎞ ⎛ 157 ⎞
t=⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 2.46 s
⎝ I ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
8.14. A lineman working on a de-energized line used only two ground wires as shown in Figure Error!
No text of specified style in document..1. One of the ground wires is connected between the
tower and the conductor, and the other between the bucket and the conductor. Assume an accident
occurred where the de-energized line became in contact with another high voltage circuit. This
resulted in a fault current of 5 kA. Assume the following data:
Ground resistance of the rod (Rrod) = 30 Ω
Ground resistance of the tower (Rgt) = 15 Ω
Ground resistance of the static wire including the wire resistance (Rstatic) = 0.01 Ω
Resistance of any ground wire (Rgw) = 0.002 Ω
Body resistance of either man (Rman) = 3000 Ω
Ground resistance (foot resistance) of the man on the ground (Rf) = 3000 Ω
Assume that the lineman failed to remove the high-resistance oxide layer at the connection point where
ground wire 2 is attached to the tower. This resulted in 1Ω contact resistance. Ignore the resistance of the
tower structure, and evaluate the grounding system

35
Istatic
I I2
2
Iman1
1
I1
Ig Itruck
Irod
Iman2
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..1 Hazard to workers on the ground due to poor
grounding method*******man
Solution:
The equivalent circuit of the system in Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..1 is
R2 R1 Rman
Iman1
Rcontact
Iman2 Rman2
Rrod
Rstatic Rgt 0.5 Rf
The current of lineman inside the bucket is
I man1 = 0.11 mA
The current of lineman on the ground
I man 2 = 1.4 A

36
The voltage across the man on the ground touching the truck
Vman 2 = 4.9 kV
Although the man inside the bucket is safe, the man on the ground will receive a lethal shock. Hence, the
grounding system in Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..1 does not establish an
equipotential zone. This is because the equipotential zone must protect all workers at the site.
8.15. Repeat the previous problem assuming that the man on the ground is standing on a ground mat
attached to the truck through a ground cable of 0.02Ω
Solution:
Adding a resistance
I man1 = 0.11 mA
The current of lineman on the ground
I man 2 = 9.8 mA
The voltage across the man on the ground touching the truck
Vman 2 = 9.8 * 0.002 = 19.6 mV

37
Chapter 9
9.1. A Y-connected balanced three-phase source is feeding a balanced three-phase load. The phase voltage
and phase current of the source are
v(t) = 340 sin (377 t + 0.5236) V

i(t) = 100 sin (377 t + 0.87266) A
a. The rms phase voltage
b. The rms line-to-line voltage
c. The rms phase current
d. The rms line current
e. The frequency of the supply
f. The power factor at the source side, state leading or lagging
g. The three-phase real power delivered to the load
h. The three-phase reactive power delivered to the load
i. If the load is connected in delta configuration, calculate the load impedance.
Solution:
340
a V ph = = 240.4 V
2
b Vll = 240.4 3 = 416.4 V
100
c I ph = = 70.7 A
2
d I l = I ph = 70.7 A
377
e ω = 377 = 2 π f ; f = = 60 Hz
2π
f pf = cos (0.5236 − 0.87266) = 0.94 Leading
g P = 3 V ph I ph cosθ = 3 * 240.4 * 70.7 * 0.94 = 47.93 kW
h Q = 3 V ph I ph sin θ = 3 * 240.4 * 70.7 * 0.341 = 17.387 kVAR
Vll 3 416.4
i Z= = = 10.2 Ω
Il 70.7
3
Z = 10.2 (cosθ + j sin θ ) = 10.2 (0.94 + j 0.341) = 9.59 + j 3.478 Ω
9.2. The current and voltage of a Y-connected load are: Vca = 480 ∠ − 60 V, I b = 20 ∠120 A.
o o
a. Compute Van
b. Compute I a
c. Compute the power factor angle
d. Compute the real power of the load
Solution:

38
a. Vab = Vca ∠ − 120 o = 480 ∠ − 180 o V
Vab
Van = ∠ − 30 o = 277 ∠150 o V
3
b. I a = I b ∠120o = 20 ∠240 o = 20 ∠ − 120 o A
c. θ = ∠Van − ∠I a = 150 o − 240 o = − 90 o
d. P = 0 , since the power factor angle is 90o
9.3. A three-phase, 480-volt system is connected to a balanced three-phase load. The line current Ia is 10 A,
and is in phase with the line-to-line voltage Vbc. Calculate the impedance of the load for the following
cases:
a. If the load is wye-connected
b. If the load is delta-connected
Solution:
480∠0
a Van = = 277.1∠0
3
I a = 10∠ − 90 (Same angle as that of Vbc )
Van
Z= = 27.71∠90
Ia
Z Van
b = = 27.71∠90
3 Ia
Z = 83.13∠90
9.4. The waveforms of the line-to-line voltage and line current of a three-phase, delta-connected load are
vll =Vmax sin ωt
il = I max sin (ωt − 50 0 )
Calculate the power factor angle.
Solution:
V ph = Vll = Vll ∠0o

Il I ∠ − 50 o I
I ph = ∠30 o = l ∠30 o = l ∠ − 20o
3 3 3
The power factor angle is the angle θ between the phase voltage and the phase current. Hence,
θ = − 20 0
9.5. A balanced wye-connected load with a per-phase impedance of (4+j3) Ω is connected across a three-
phase source of 173V (line-to-line).

39
a. Find the line current, the power factor, the complex power, the real power, and the reactive
power consumed by the load.
b. With Vab as the reference, sketch the phasor diagram that shows all voltages and currents.
Solution:
(173 / 3 )
a Il = = 19.97∠ − 36.86
4 + j3
pf = cos(36.86) = 0.8 lagging
173
S = 3× × 19.97 = 5983.9VA
3
P = S × cos(36.86) = 4787.125W
Q = S × sin(36.86) = 3590.3VARS
b
Vca
Ic
36.87o
Ib Vab
Ia
Vbc
9.6. Two three-phase wye-connected loads are in parallel across a 3-phase supply. The first load draws a
phase current of 20A at 0.9 power factor leading, and the second load draws a phase current of 30A at 0.8
power factor lagging. Calculate the following
a. The line current from the source side and its power factor.
b. The real power supplied by the source if the supply voltage is 400V.
Solution
a I l = 20∠ arccos(0.9) + 30∠ − arccos(0.8) = 43.01∠ − 12.4 A
pf = cos(12.4) = 0.9766 lagging
b P = 3 × 400 × 43.01× 0.9766 = 29100.924W
9.7. The line-to-line voltage of a three-phase system is Vbc = 340∠20 V .

o
a. Calculate the phase voltage Van .

If the load impedance is connected in Y, and the impedance per phase is Z =10 ∠60 Ω ,
o
b.
Calculate the current I b .
c. Calculate the current in the neutral line I n .
Solution:

40
Vbc 340 ∠20 o
a Vbn = ∠ − 30 o = ∠ − 30 o =196.3 ∠ − 10 o V
3 3
Van =Vbn ∠120 =196.3 ∠ − 10 o ∠120 o =196.3 ∠110 o V
o
van vbc
vab
20o
Reference
30 0
n vbn
vcn
vca
Vbn 196.3 ∠ − 10 o
b Ib = = =19.63 ∠ − 70 o A
Z 10 ∠60 o
c The neutral current is zero for balanced three-phase system
9.8. A three-phase motor is rated at 5.0 hp. What is the power of the motor per phase in kW.
Solution:
3.0 hp is the power rating is for three-phase.

5
The power per phase is * 0.746 = 1.243 kW
3
9.9. The waveform of an ac voltage can be expressed by V =180 sin (300t + 3) .

a. Calculate the rms value of the voltage.
b. Calculate the frequency of the supply.
c. Calculate the phase shift in degrees.
Solution:
180
a. V (rms) = =127.3 V
2
b. 2πf = 300
300
f= = 47.75 Hz
2π

41
180
c. θ = 3* = 171.9 o
π
9.10. The following are the voltage and current measured for a Y-connected load.
Vab = 200 ∠50 o
I c =10 ∠140 o
a. Calculate the power factor angle
b. Calculate the real power consumed by the load
Solution:
a I a = I c ∠ − 120 o = 10 ∠140 o ∠ − 120 o = 10 ∠20 o A

Vab 200 ∠50o
Va = ∠ − 30 o = ∠ − 30 o = 115.47 ∠20 o V
3 3
θ = ∠I a − ∠Va = 0 o
b P = 3 Vll I l cosθ = 3 200 *10 cos 0 o = 3.464 kW
9.11. A delta-connected source is energizing two parallel loads. One of the loads is connected in delta
and the other in wye. The line-to-line voltage of the source is 208 V. The delta load has a phase
impedance of Z Δ =10 ∠ − 25 Ω . The wye load has a phase impedance of Z Y = 5 ∠40 Ω .
0 0
Compute the line current of phase a.
Solution:
Convert Z Y to delta
Z Δ 2 = 3 Z Y = 15 ∠40 0 Ω
Add both loads in parallel
Zt =
ZΔ ZΔ2
=
(
10 ∠ − 25o 15 ∠40o)( )
= 7.0570 + j 0.0294 = 7.0571∠0.24o Ω
ZΔ + ZΔ2 (
10 ∠ − 25 + 15 ∠40
o
) (
o
)
Compute the phase current I ab
Vab 208 ∠0
I ab = = = 29.47 ∠ − 0.24 o A
Z t 7.0571∠0.24 o
Calculate the line current

I a = 3 I ab ∠ − 30 o = 51.04 ∠ − 30.24 o A
9.12. A three-phase Y-connected source is energizing a delta-connected load. The phase voltage of the
source is Vbn = 120∠0 o V and the phase impedance of the load is Z = 9 ∠30 o Ω . Compute I a
and the power consumed by the delta load.
Solution:

42
Convert delta into Y
9∠30o
ZY = = 3 ∠30o Ω
3
120∠0
Ib = = 40 ∠ − 30o A
3 ∠30 o
I a = I b ∠120o = 40 ∠90o A
P = 3 Vl I l cos θ = 3 ( )
3 120 40 cos 30 o = 12.47 kW

43
Chapter 10
10.1. A bipolar transistor is connected to a resistive load as shown in Error! Reference source not
found.. The source voltage VCC = 40V and RL = 10 Ω. In the saturation region, the collector-
emitter voltage VCE = 0.1V and β = 5. While the transistor is in the saturation region, calculate the
following:
a. Load current
b. Load power
c. Losses in the collector circuit
d. Losses in the base circuit
e. Efficiency of the circuit
Solution:
VCC −VCE 40 − 0.1

a. IC = = = 3.99 A
RL 10
b. PL = I C2 RL = 159.2 W
c. PCE = I C VCE = 3.99 * 0.1 = 0.399 W
IC 3.99
d. PBE = I B VBE = VBE = 0.7 = 0.56 W
β 5
e. Total input power
Pin =VCC I C + PBE = 40 * 3.99 + 0.56 = 160.16 W
Pout PL 159.2
η= = = = 99.4%
Pin Pin 160.16
10.2. For the transistor in the previous problem, compute the load power and the efficiency of the
circuit when the transistor is in the cutoff region. Assume that the collector current is 10 mA in
the cut off region.
Solution:
PL = I C2 RL = 0.012 * 10 = 1 mW
Total input power is from VCC only since the base current is zero
Pin = VCC I C = 40 * 0.01 = 400 mW
Pout P 1
η= = L= = 0.25%
Pin Pin 400

44
10.3. A bipolar junction transistor operating in the saturation region has a base current of 10A and a
collector current of 50A. Compute the following:
a. The current gain of the transistor in he saturation region
b. The losses of the transistor.
Solution
I C 50
a. β= = =5 A
I B 10
b. The base-emitter losses
PBE = I B * VBE = 5 * 0.7 = 3.5 W
. The collector-emitter losses is
PCE = I C * VCE = 50* 0.1 = 5 W
Total losses = 8.5W
10.4. Compute the rms voltage of the following waveform
10V
1ms
3ms
Solution:
v =10 t
1
1 100 10
3 ∫0
Vrms = (10t ) 2 dt = = = 3.33 V
3*3 3
10.5. A half-wave rectifier circuit converts a 120V (rms) into dc. The load of the circuit is 5Ω
resistance. Compute the following:
a. The average voltage across the load
b. The average voltage of the source
c. The rms voltage of the load

45
d. The rms current of the load
e. The power consumed by the load
Solution
a. Vave−hw =
Vmax
=
( 2 120 ) = 54 V
π π
b. The average voltage of the source is zero since the source waveform is symmetrical across the x-
axis.
Vmax 2 * 120
c. Vrms − hw = = = 84.85 V
2 2
Vrms−hw 84.85
d. I rms−hw = = = 16.97 A
R 5
Vrms
2
e. Phw = −hw
= 1.44 kW
R
10.6. A half-wave SCR converter circuit is used to regulate the power across a 10Ω resistance. When
the triggering angle is 30o, the power consumed by the load is 500W. Compute the rms voltage of
the source, the average and rms currents of the load.
Solution:
Using Equation Error! Reference source not found.
Phw
V2
= max [2(π − α ) + sin( 2α )] =
2 * Vs (
[2(π − 30
)
2
π
) + sin( 60)] = 500
8π R 8π * 10 180
Vs = 101.5 V
Vave − hw =
Vmax
2π
(1 + cos α ) = 2 * 101.5
2π
( )
1 + cos 30o = 42.63 V
Vave − hw
I ave− hw = = 4.263 A
R
by the resistance of the load. Another simpler method is to use the power formula in Equation Error!
Reference source not found..
Phw
I rms = = 7.07 A
R

46
10.7. An AC/DC half wave SCR circuit is used to energize a resistive load. At a triggering angle of
30o, the average voltage across the load is 45V.
a. Compute the source voltage in rms
b. If a full-wave circuit is used, while the triggering angle is maintained at 30o, compute the
average voltage across the load.
Solution:
Vmax
Vave − hw = ( 1 + cos α )
2π
a.
2 π Vave− hw 2 π 45
Vrms = = = 107.14 V
1 + cos α 1 + cos 30
b. Vave − fw = 2 Vave − hw = 90V
10.8. A 120V full-wave SCR battery charger is designed to provide 1.0A of charging current. The
battery has 1Ω internal resistance. At the beginning of the charging process the voltage of the
batter set is 60V. Compute the triggering angle of the converter.
Solution:
Check Error! Reference source not found..
⎛ Vb ⎞ ⎛ 60 ⎞
β = 180o − α min = 180o − sin −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =180o − sin −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ =159.3o
⎟
⎝ Vmax ⎠ ⎝ 2 * 120 ⎠
I ave =
1
[Vmax (cos α − cos β ) − Vb (β − α )]
Rπ
1⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
1.0 = ⎢ 2 * 120(cos α − cos 159.3) − 45⎜159.3 − α ⎟⎥
π⎣ ⎝ 180 ⎠⎦
By iteration α ≈152.13o
10.9. A full-wave, AC/DC converter is connected to a resistive load of 5Ω. The voltage of the ac
source is 120V(rms). If the triggering angle of the converter is 90o, compute the rms voltage
across the load and the power consumed by the load.
Solution:
Vmax ⎡ α sin( 2α ) ⎤
Vrms − fw = 1
⎢⎣ π− + = 120 0.5 = 84.85 V
2 2π ⎥⎦
Vrms
2
− fw ( 84.85 )2
P= = = 1.44 kW
R 5

47
10.10. A Boost converter is used to step up 25V into 40V. The switching frequency of the transistor is
1kHz, and the load resistance is 100Ω. Compute the following:
a. The current ripple when the inductor is 30mH.

b. The average current of the load.
c. The power delivered by the source.
Solution:
⎛ t ⎞
a. vt = Vs ⎜1 + on ⎟
⎜ t ⎟
⎝ off ⎠
⎛ t ⎞
40 = 25 ⎜1 + on ⎟
⎜ t ⎟
⎝ off ⎠
ton = 0.6 * t off
Since the switching frequency is 1kHz
ton + toff = 1 ms
Then,
ton = 0.6 * t off = 0.6 (1.0 − ton )
ton = 0.375 ms
Δ ion
Vs = L
ton
Δ ion
25 = 0.03
0.375
Δion = 312.5 mA
vt 40
b. I ave = = = 0.4 A
R 100
c. P = vt * I ave = 40* 0.4 =16 W
10.11. A Buck-Boost converter with an input voltage of 40V is used to regulate the load voltage from
10V to 80V. The on-time of the transistor is always fixed at 0.1ms and the switching frequency is
adjusted to regulate the load voltage. Compute the range of the switching frequency.
Solution:
For 10V

48
Vs 40
toff = ton = 0.1 = 0.4 ms
vt 10
1
f = = 2 kHz
ton + toff
For 60V
Vs 40
toff = ton = 0.1 = 0.05 ms
vt 80
1
f = = 6.67 kHz
ton + toff
The range is 2-6.67 kHz
10.12. A three-phase DC/AC converter is used to power a three-phase, Y-connected, resistive load of
50Ω (per phase). The dc voltage is 150V. Compute the following:
a. The frequency of the ac waveform if the time interval is 100μs.
b. The current of the dc source
c. The rms current of the load
d. The rms of the line-to-line voltage across the load
Solution:
1 1
a. f= = = 1.67 kHz
6 ti 6* 100
50 * 50
b. Rtotal = 50 + = 75 Ω
50 + 50
Vs 150
I= = =2 A
Rtotal 75
⎛ 2 ti 2 4 ti 2
⎞
⎜ I dt + I dt ⎟ = I (3ti ) = I =1.414 A
2
1
⎜∫ ∫0 4 ⎟ 6 ti
a. Ia =
6 ti ⎝0 ⎠ 2
c. The rms phase voltage of the load is
Van = I a R = 1.414 * 50 = 70.7 V
The line-to-line voltage
Vab = 3 Van = 122.46 V

49
10.13. A full-wave AC/DC SCR converter circuit is used to power a resistive load of 10Ω. The ac
voltage is 120V (rms), and the triggering angle of the SCR is adjusted to 600. Calculate the
following:
a. The conduction period

b. The average voltage across the load
c. The average voltage across the SCRs
d. The rms voltage across the load
e. The average current
f. The load power
Solution:
a. γ = β − α =180 − 60 =120o
b. Vave − fw =
Vmax
π
(1 + cos α ) = 2 * 120
π
(1 + cos 60 )= 81 V
o
c. Vave − SCR = − Vave − fw = − 81 V
Vmax ⎡ α sin( 2α ) ⎤
Vrms − fw = ⎢1 − π + = 96.53 V
2π ⎥⎦
d.
2 ⎣
Vrms − fw
e. I= = 9.653 A
RL
f. P = I 2 RL = 931.8 W
10.14. A DC/DC converter consists of a 100 V dc source in series with 10 Ω load resistance and a
bipolar transistor. For each cycle, the transistor is turned on for 200 μs and turned off for 800 μs.
a. The switching frequency of the converter

b. The average voltage across the load.
c. The average load current.
d. The rms voltage across the load
e. The rms current of the load
f. The rms power consumed by the load
Solution:
1
a. f= = 1 kHz
200 + 800
ton 200
b. Vave =Vs =100 = 20 V
τ 1000

50
Vave
c. I ave = =2 A
RL
ton
d. V = Vs = 44.72 V
τ
V
e. I= = 4.472 A
RL
f. P = I 2 RL = 200 W
10.15. A DC/DC Buck converter has an input voltage of 100V and a duty ratio of 0.2. Compute the
following:
a. The load voltage

b. The switching frequency of the converter if the on-time is 0.1ms.
Solution:
a. Vload = K Vs = 0.2 *100 = 20V
ton 0.1
b. τ = = = 0.5 ms
K 0.2
1
f = = 2 kHz
τ
10.16. The load of the full-wave SCR circuit in Error! Reference source not found. consumes 130 W.
The rms voltage across the load is 80 V, and its average voltage is 50V.
a. Compute the average voltage across any SCR.
b. The triggering circuit of one SCR failed and that SCR is not conducting anymore. If the
triggering angle of the rest of the SCRs is unchanged, compute the average voltage of the
load and the load power.
Solution:
a. Since 2 SCRs are always in series, the average voltage across each SCR is -50/2 =25 V
b. After any SCR is failed, the circuit is half-wave circuit. The average voltage is half of the full-wave
voltage. 50/2 =25V
The power of the load is half of the full-wave power
Phw = 0.5 Pfw = 0.5* 130 = 65 W

51
10.17. A resistive load of 5 Ω is connected to an ac source of 120 V (rms) through a back-to-back SCR
circuit (two parallel SCRs with the anode of each one is connected to the cathode of the other).
The triggering angle of the forward SCR (the one that conducts at the positive half of the cycle) is
30o. The triggering angle of the other SCR is (180o + 30o). Calculate the following:
a. Average voltage across the load

b. The power consumed by the load.
Solution:
a. The average voltage is zero since the waveform is symmetrical around the time axes
b. The power consumed by the load is the same as the case of full wave.
Pfw
V2
= max [2(π − α ) + sin( 2α )] =
( 2 * 120)
2
[2(π − 0.524 ) + sin( 60 )] = 2.796 kW

4π R 4π * 5

52
Chapter 11
11.1. A single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 10000/5000. A direct current voltage of 30V is
applied to the primary winding, compute the voltage of the secondary winding.
Solution:
Zero! There is no induced voltage in the secondary windings since the flux of the core is direct current
flux.
11.2. A single-phase transformer is rated at 2kVA, 240/120 V. The transformer is fully loaded by an
inductive load of 0.8 power factor lagging.
a. Compute the real power delivered to the load.
b. Compute the load current.
Solution:
a. P = S cosθ = 2 * 0.8 = 1.6 kW
2000
b. I2 = = 16.67 A
120
11.3. A single-phase transformer is rated at 10 KVA, 220/110 V.
a. Compute the rated current of each winding.

b. If a 2Ω load resistance is connected across the 110 V winding, what are the current in the
high voltage and low voltage windings?
c. What is the equivalent load resistance referred to the 220V side.
Solution:
10 × 103
a. I1 = = 45.45 A
220
10 × 103
I2 = = 90.90 A
110
110V
b. I2 = = 55 A
2Ω
55
I1 = = 27.5 A
2
2
⎛N ⎞
c. 2 × ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 8Ω
⎝ N2 ⎠

53
11.4. Three single- phase transformers are connected in Y/delta. Each single phase transformer has
identical number of turns in the primary and secondary windings. If a line to line voltage of 480V
is applied on the Y windings, compute the line-to-line voltage on the delta windings.
Solution:
V1 480
V2 = = = 277.13 V
3 3
11.5. Three single phase transformers, each is rated at 10 kVA, 400/300V. The transformers are
connected as Y-delta.
a. Compute the rated power of the transformer bank

b. Compute the line-to-line voltage ratio of the transformer bank
Solution:
a. P = 3* 10 = 30 kVA
Vab 3 * 400
b. = = 2.31
VAB 300
11.6. A single phase transformer has a voltage regulation of 5%. The input voltage of the transformer is
120 V, and the turns ratio N1 / N 2 is 2. Compute the voltage across the load V2 .
Solution:
V nl − V fl V1 − V2'
VR = =
V fl V2'
120 − V2'
0.05 =
V2'
V2' = 114.28 V
N2
V2 = V2' = 57.14 V
N1
11.7. Three single-phase transformers are connected as a transformer bank rated at 18 MVA,
13.8kV(Δ)/120kV(Y). One side of the transformer bank is connected to a 120 kV transmission
line, and the other side is connected to a three-phase load of 12 MVA at 0.8 lagging power factor.
a. Determine the turns ratio of the transformer bank
b. What is the line current at the 120 kV side?
Solution:

54
N1 120 / 3
a. = = 5.02
N2 13.8
12 ×10 6
I L−Δ = = 502 A
3 ×13.8
502
b. I PHASE − Δ = A
3
502 1
I L −Y = × = 57.73 A
3 5.02
11.8. A single-phase 10kVA, 2300/230V two-winding transformer is connected as an autotransformer to

step-up the voltage from 2300 to 2530 V.
a. Draw the schematic diagram of the autotransformer showing the winding connections and all
voltages and currents at full-load.
b. Find the kVA rating of the autotransformer. Do not allow the currents of the windings to
exceed their rated values.
Solution:
a.
b. rated current in 230 V winding
10,000
I2 = = 43.47 A
230
S = 43.47 × 2530 = 109.97 kVA
11.9. A single phase, 240/120 V transformer has the following parameters:

R1 = 1 Ω ; R2 = 0.5 Ω ; X1 = 6 Ω ; X 2 = 2 Ω
Ro = 500 Ω ; X o = 1.5 kΩ
A load of 10 Ω at 0.8 power factor lagging is connected across the low voltage terminals of the
transformer. The voltage measured across the load side is 110 V. Compute the following:
a. The load voltage referred to the primary side
b. The currents of the primary and secondary winding
c. The source voltage

55
d. The voltage regulation
e. The load power
f. The efficiency of the transformer
Solution:
N1 240
a. V1' =V1 =110 = 220 V
N2 120
110V
b. I2 = = 11∠ − 36.86 A
10∠36.86
N2
I2 '= I2 = 5.5∠ − 36.86 A
N1
c. Use the approximation where the core is in parallel with the source voltage
2
⎛ 240 ⎞
Req = R1 + R = 1 + 0.5 ⎜
'
2 ⎟ = 3Ω
⎝ 120 ⎠
2
⎛ 240 ⎞
X eq = X 1 + X 2' = 6 + 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 14 Ω
⎝ 120 ⎠
V1 = V2' + I 2' ( Req + jX eq ) = 220 + 5.5 ∠ − 36.86 o (3 + j 14) = 284.23 V ∠8.87 o
V1 − V2' 284.23 − 220

d. VR = = × 100 = 29.2%
V 2
'
220
e. Load _ power = V2' I 2' cos φ 2 = 968.125W
V2' I 2' cos φ 2

f. η= × 100 = 77.4 %
V1 I 1 cos φ1
11.10. Three identical single-phase transformers each is rated at 100 kVA, 7 kV/3.5 kV are connected as a
three-phase transformer bank. The high-voltage side of the transformer is connected in delta and
the low voltage is connected in Y. A 200 kVA, Y-connected load is attached across the secondary
winding.
a. Compute the ratio of the line-to-line voltages.
b. Compute the line current on both sides of the transformer.
Solution:
VL 1 7
a. = =1.155
VL 2 3.5 3
200
I2 = = 19 A
b.
(
3 3 .5 * 3 )

56
200
I1 = = 16.5 A
3 *7
11.11. The transformer shown in Error! Reference source not found. consists of one primary winding
and two secondary windings. The numbers of turns of the windings are: N1 = 10000; N 2 = 5000
and N 3 = 1000 . A voltage source of 120V is applied to the primary winding. The load of
winding N2 consumes 600W and 300VAr inductive power. The load of winding N3 consumes
24W, and 36VAr capacitive power. Compute the following:
a. The voltages of the secondary windings
b. The currents of all windings
Solution:
N2 5000
a. E 2 = E1 = 120 = 60 V
N1 10000
N3 1000
E3 = E1 = 120 =12 V
N1 10000
600 + j 300
b. I 2* = = 10 + j 5 A
60 ∠0
I 2 = 10 − j 5 A
24 − j 36
I 3* = = 2 − j3 A
12 ∠0
I3 = 2 + j 3 A
Primary current – method 1
624 + j 264
I 1* = = 5.2 + j 2.2 A
120 ∠0
I 1 = 5.2 − j 2.2 A
Primary current – method 2
I 1 N1 = I 2 N 2 + I 3 N 3
I1 10000 = (10 − j 5) × 5000 + (2 + j 3)×1000
I1 = 5.2 − j 2.2 A
11.12. A single-phase transformer has three windings. The primary winding N1 carries a current of
I1 = 10 A. One of the secondary windings has 3000 turns and carries 2A, the other secondary
winding has 6000 turns and carries 1A. All currents are in phase. Compute the number of turns in
the primary winding.
Solution:

57
I 1 N1 = I 2 N 2 + I 3 N 3
10 N1 = 2 * 3000 + 1 * 6000 = 12000

N1 = 1200 turns
11.13. Three single-phase transformers are used to form a three-phase transformer bank rated
13.8kV(delta)/120kV(Y). One side of the transformer bank is connected to a 120 kV transmission
line, and the other side is connected to a three-phase load of 12 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging.
Determine the turns ratio of each transformer, and the line current of the bank at the 120 kV side
Solution:
N1 120 / 3
= = 5.02
N2 13.8
12 × 106
I L −Δ = = 502 A
3 × 13.8
502
I PHASE −Δ = A
3
502 1
I L−Y = × = 57.73 A
3 5.02

58
Chapter 12
12.1. The output power of a 4-pole, three-phase induction motor is 100hp. The motor operates at a slip
of 0.02 and efficiency of 90%. Compute the following:
a. The Input power of the motor in kW
b. The shaft torque (output torque).
Solution:
Pout 100 / 1.34

Pin = = = 82.92 kW
a. η 0.9
n = ns (1 − s ) = 120
60
(1 − 0.02) = 1764 rpm
b. 4
n
ω = 2π = 184.73 rand / s
60
p 100 / 1.34
T = out = = 404 Nm
ω 184.73
12.2. The synchronous speed of a 60 Hz, three-phase induction motor is 1200 rpm. What is the
synchronous speed of the motor if it is used in 50 Hz system?
Solution:
The motor is 6-pole

At 50 Hz,
50
ns = 120 = 1000 rpm
6
12.3. A 100 hp, 60-Hz, three-phase induction motor has a slip of 0.03 at full load. Compute the
efficiency of the motor at full load when the friction and windage losses are 900W, the stator core
loss is 4200W, and the stator copper loss is 2700W.
Solution:
100
Pout = = 74.63 kW
1.34
Pd = Pout + Protational = 74.63 + 0.9 = 75.53 kW
P 75.53
Pg = d = = 77.87 kW
1 − S 1 − 0.03
Pin = Pg + Piron + Pcu1 = 77.87 + 4.2 + 2.7 = 84.77 kW

59
Pout 74.63
η= = = 88%
Pin 84.77
12.4. A three-phase induction motor is rated at 50hp, 480V, 60Hz and 1150rpm. If the motor operates
at full load, compute the following:
a. The developed torque

b. The frequency of the rotor current
Solution:
50 1.34
a. T = = 310 Nm
1150
2π
60
1200 − 1150
b. fr = 60 = 2.5 Hz
1200
12.5. A three-phase, 480-volt, 60-Hz, 12-pole, induction motor has the following parameters:
R1 = 1.0 Ω; R2' = 0.5 Ω; X eq = 10. Ω; X c = 100 Ω; Rc = 800 Ω
a. The slip at maximum torque.

b. The current at maximum torque
c. The speed at maximum torque
d. The maximum torque
Solution:
R2' 0 .5
a. S max = = ≈ 0.05
R12 + X eq2 1 +100
b. The current at maximum torque
V ph 480 / 3
I 2' = = = 18.64 A
2 2
⎛ R '
⎞ ⎛ 0.5 ⎞
⎜⎜ R1 + 2
⎟⎟ + X eq2 ⎜1.0 + ⎟ + 100
⎝ S max ⎠ ⎝ 0.05 ⎠
c. The speed at maximum torque

f 60
ns = 120 = 120 = 600 rpm
p 12
n
ω s = 2 π s = 62.83 rad / s
60
d. The maximum torque

60
3V 2 480 2
Tmax =
[
2ω s R1 + R12 + X eq2 ] =
[ ]
2 * 62.83 1.0 + 1.0 + 100
= 166.68 Nm
A 480 V., 3-phase, 6-pole, slip-ring, Y-connected induction motor has Rl = R2 = 0.1 Ω and
'
12.6.
X eq = X 1 + X 2' = 0.5 Ω. The motor slip at full load is 3%, and its efficiency is 90%. Calculate
the following:
a. The starting current. (You may ignore the magnetizing current).
b. The starting torque.
c. The maximum torque.
d. The value of the resistance that should be added to the rotor circuit to reduce the starting
current by 50%.
e. What is the starting torque of case (d)?
f. Calculate the value of the resistance that should be added to the rotor circuit to increase the
starting torque to the maximum value.
g. What is the starting current of case (f)?
Solution:
480
a. V ph = V
3
V ph
I 2' .St = = 514.6 A
( R1 + R2' )2 + X eq2
b). Starting torque
120 f
nS = = 1200rpm
P
n
ω S = 2π S = 125.66 rad / sec
60
V 2 R' 2
TSt = = 632.25 Nm
ω s (( R1 + R2' )2 + X eq2 )
c). Maximum Torque:
V2
Tmax = = 1503.12 Nm
2ω S ( R1 + R12 + X eq2 )
d). To reduce starting current by 50%, we need to add a resistance in the rotor circuit.
I 2' .St = 0.5* 514.6 = 257.3 A
Hence
V ph
I 2' .St =
( R1 + R2' + Rst )2 + X eq2
V phase
( R1 + R2' + Rst )2 = − X eq2 = 1.0
I 2' .Start
Rst = 0.8Ω
e). Starting Torque:

61
V 2 ( R' 2 + Rst )
TSt = = 1320.13 Nm
ω s (( R1 + R2' + Rst )2 + X eq2 )
f). For smax=1,
R2' + Rst
smax = =1
R1 + X eq2
2
Rst = 0.41 Ω
e). For case f,
V ph
I 2' .St = = 351.36 A
( R1 + R2' + Rst )2 + X eq2
12.7. A three-phase, 4-pole, 480V, 60-Hz, Y-connected slip-ring induction motor has the following
parameters:
R1 = R2' = 0.5 Ω; X 1 + X '2 = 5 Ω;
Computer the following:
a. The starting torque
b. The inserted rotor resistance that increases the starting torque by a factor of 4.
Solution:
2π ⎛ 60 ⎞
a. ωs = ⎜120 ⎟ = 188.5 rad/s
60 ⎝ 4 ⎠
Since Xeq >> Req
3 V 2 R2' 3 V 2 R2' 480 2 * 0.5

Tst =
[
ω s (R1 + R2' ) + X eq2
2
] ≈
ω s X eq2
=
188.5* 25
= 24.44 Nm
b. 4* 24.44 =
(
3 V 2 R2' + Radd
'
=
) (
480 2 * 0.5 + Radd
'
)
ω s X eq2 188.5* 25
'
Radd = 1.5 Ω
12.8. A three-phase, 2.2kV, 60-Hz, Y-connected slip-ring induction motor has the following
parameters:
R1 = R2' = 0.2 Ω; X 1 + X '2 = 1.5 Ω;
The motor is running at 570 rpm. Ignore the rotational losses and calculate the full load torque
Solution:
If n = 570 rpm, the machine is 12-pole, hence

ns = 600 rpm = 62.83 rad/s
S = 30/600 = 0.05

62
3 V 2 R2' 2200 2 0.2
Td = = =15.491 kNm
⎡⎛ R2' ⎞
2
⎤ ⎡⎛ 0 .2 ⎞
2
⎤
Sωs ⎢⎜⎜ R1 + ⎟⎟ + X eq2 ⎥ 0.05* 62.83 ⎢⎜ 0.2 + ⎟ + 1 .5 ⎥
2
⎢⎣⎝ S ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢⎝ 0 . 05 ⎠ ⎦⎥
12.9. A 480 V, 60 Hz, 3-phase, induction motor has the following parameters:
R1 = R2' = 0.3 Ω; X eq =1.0 Ω; X c = 600 Ω
At full load, the motor speed is 1120 rpm, the rotational loss is 400W and the core loss is 1kW.
Calculate the following
a. The motor slip

b. The developed torque at full load
c. The developed power in hp.
d. The rotor current
e. The copper losses
f. The input power
g. The reactive power consumed by the motor
h. The power factor of the motor
Solution:
a. The full load speed is 1120 rpm, so the machine is 6-pole.
f 60
ns = 120 = 120 = 1200 rpm
p 6
2π 2π
ωs = ns = 1200 = 125.66 rad/s
60 60
The angular speed of the motor is
2π 2π
ω= n= 1120 = 117.29 rad/s
60 60
ns − n 1200 − 1150
S = = = 0.0417
ns 1200
b.
2
⎛ 480 ⎞
'
3⎜ ⎟ 0 .3
3 V R2
2
⎝ 3⎠
Td = = = 230.75 Nm
⎡⎛ R2' ⎞
2
⎤ ⎡⎛ 0 . 3 ⎞
2
⎤
Sω s ⎢⎜⎜ R1 + ⎟⎟ + X eq2 ⎥ 0.0417 * 125.66 ⎢⎜ 0.3 + ⎟ + 1⎥
⎢⎣⎝ S ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢⎝ 0.0417 ⎠ ⎦⎥

63
c. Pd = Td ω = 230.75* 117.29 = 27.065 kW; 36.267 hp
d.
480
V 3
I 2' = = = 36.65 A
2 2
⎛ R ⎞
'
⎛ 0 .3 ⎞
⎜⎜ R1 + ⎟⎟ + X eq2
2
⎜ 0 .3 + ⎟ +1
⎝ S ⎠ ⎝ 0.0417 ⎠
e. ( )
Pcu = Pcu1 + Pcu 2 = 3 I 2' Req = 3 * (36.65) (0.3 + 0.3) = 2.418 kW
2 2
f. Input power Pin = Pd + Pcu + Pc + Protational = 27065 + 2418 + 1000 + 400 = 30.883 kW
V2 480 2
g. Q= + 3 I 2 X eq = + 3* 36.652 * 1 = 4.414 kVAr
Xc 600
⎛ Q⎞
h. pf = cos⎜ tan −1 ⎟ = 0.989
⎝ P⎠
12.10. The speed of a 12-pole, 480V three-phase induction motor at full load is 560rpm. The motor has
the following parameters;
R1 = 0.1 Ω; R2' = 0.5 Ω; X 1 + X '2 = 5 Ω;
a. Compute the developed torque
b. While the torque is unchanged, the voltage is changed to reduce the speed of the motor to
520rpm. Compute the new voltage.
Solution:
f 60
a. ns = 120 = 120 = 600 rpm
p 12
2π 2π
ωs = ns = 600 = 62.83 rad/s
60 60
The angular speed of the motor is
2π 2π
ω= n= 560 = 58.64 rad/s
60 60
ns − n 600 − 560
S = = = 0.067
ns 600

64
2
⎛ 480 ⎞
'
3⎜ ⎟ 0.5
3 V R2
2
⎝ 3⎠
Td = = = 332.94 Nm
⎡⎛ R2' ⎞
2
⎤ ⎡⎛ 0 . 5 ⎞
2
⎤
Sω s ⎢⎜⎜ R1 + ⎟⎟ + X eq2 ⎥ 0.067 * 62.83 ⎢⎜ 0.1 + ⎟ + 25⎥
⎢⎣⎝ S ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢⎝ 0.067 ⎠ ⎦⎥
b. At 520rpm
ns − n 600 − 520
S = = = 0.133
ns 600
3 V 2 R2'
Td =
⎡⎛ R2' ⎞
2
⎤
Sω s ⎢⎜⎜ R1 + ⎟⎟ + X eq2 ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ S ⎠ ⎥⎦
3 V 2 0.5
332.94 =
⎡⎛ 0.5 ⎞
2
⎤
0.133* 62.83 ⎢⎜ 0.1 + ⎟ + 25⎥
⎣⎢⎝ 0.133 ⎠ ⎦⎥
Line to line voltage V=471.75V
12.11. A train is driven by a linear induction motor at 80km/h when the frequency of the primary
windings is 15 Hz. The frontal area of the train is 25m2 and its coefficient of drag is 0.9. The
friction coefficient between the wheels of the train and the track is 0.1, and the weight of the train
is 500,000kg. The pole pitch of the vehicle is 3 meters. Compute the following:
a. The speed of the thrust force.

b. The slip of the motor
c. The developed force of the motor at steady state.
d. The developed power in hp.
Solution:
a. vs = 2τ p f = 2 × 3× 15 = 90 m/s
80
90 −
vs − v 3.6 = 0.753
b. S= =
vs 90
c. F friction = μ Fnormal = 0.1 × 500,000 * 9.8 = 490 kN
2
⎛ 80 ⎞
Fair = 0.5 δ v A Cd = 0.5* 1* ⎜
2
⎟ * 25* 0.9 = 5.555 kN
⎝ 3.6 ⎠

65
Fd = F friction + Fair = 490 + 5.555 = 495.555 kN
80
d. Pd = Fd v = 495.555* = 11.012 MW
3.6
Pd = 11012 * 1.34 =14756.5 hp
12.12. A train with linear induction motor is traveling uphill at 80km/h when the frequency of its primary
windings is 15 Hz. The inclination of the hill is 5o. The frontal area of the train is 25m2 and its
coefficient of drag is 0.9. The friction coefficient between the wheels of the train and the track is
0.1, and the weight of the train is 500,000kg. The pole pitch of the vehicle is 3 meters. Compute
the following:
a. The developed force of the motor at steady state.
b. The developed power in hp.
Solution:
a. F friction = μ Fnormal = 0.1 × (500 ,000 * 9.8)cos 5 = 488.14 kN
2
⎛ 80 ⎞
Fair = 0.5 δ v A Cd = 0.5* 1* ⎜
2
⎟ * 25* 0.9 = 5.555 kN
⎝ 3.6 ⎠
The force parallel to the track
Fg = mg * sin θ = 500 ,000 * 9.8 * sin 5 = 427.06 kN
Fd = F friction + Fair + Fg = 488.14 + 5.555 + 427.06 = 920.755 kN
80
b. Pd = Fd v = 920.755* = 20.461 MW or 27418 hp
3.6
12.13. A train with linear induction motor is traveling downhill at 80km/hr when the frequency of its
primary windings is 15 Hz. The inclination of the hill is 5o. The frontal area of the train is 25m2
and its coefficient of drag is 0.9. The friction coefficient between the wheels of the train and the
track is 0.1, and the weight of the train is 500,000kg. The pole pitch of the vehicle is 3 meters.
Compute the following:
a. The developed force of the motor at steady state.
b. The developed power in hp.
Solution:
c. F friction = μ Fnormal = 0.1 × (500 ,000 * 9.8)cos 5 = 488.14 kN

66
2
⎛ 80 ⎞
Fair = 0.5 δ v A Cd = 0.5* 1* ⎜
2
⎟ * 25* 0.9 = 5.555 kN
⎝ 3.6 ⎠
The force parallel to the track
Fg = mg * sin θ = 500 ,000 * 9.8 * sin 5 = 427.06 kN
Fd = − F friction − Fair + Fg = − 488.14 − 5.555 + 427.06 = − 66.635 kN
80
d. Pd = Fd v = − 66.635* = − 1.48 MW or - 1984.2 hp
3.6
The negative sign means the train is producing power and sending it to the source.
12.14. A vehicle is powered by a linear induction motor with a pole pitch of 2m. The primary circuit
'
resistance R1 is 0.5Ω, and the secondary resistance referred to the primary circuit R2 is 1.0Ω.
The equivalent inductance of the primary and secondary circuits is 0.02H. The frequency of the
primary windings is 10Hz. Assume that the drag force is 500N and the friction force is 2kN.
Compute the voltage across the primary windings when the motor travels at 100 km/hr.
Solution:
vs = 2τ p f = 2* 2* 10 = 40 m/s
100
v= = 27.78 m/s
3.6
40 − 27.78
S= = 0.3055
40
3 V 2 R2'
Fd = F friction + Fair =
⎡⎛ R2' ⎞
2
⎤
⎜ ⎟
S vs ⎢⎜ R1 + ⎟ + X eq2 ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ s ⎠ ⎥⎦
3 V 2 * 1.0
2500 =
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞
2
⎤
0.3055 * 27.78 ⎢⎜ 0.5 + ⎟ + (2π * 10 * 0.02 ) ⎥
3
⎢⎣⎝ 0.3055 ⎠ ⎥⎦
V phase = 344.46 V
Vline − to − line = 579.3 V

67
12.15. A synchronous generator connected directly to an infinite bus is generating at its maximum real
power. The line-to-line voltage of the infinite bus is 480V and the synchronous reactance of the
generator is 5Ω. Compute the reactive power of the generator.
Solution:
for maximum power δ=90o
Q=
3 Vt
Xs
[
E f cos δ − Vt = −
5
]
480 2
= − 46.08 kVAR
12.16. A 1GW synchronous generator is connected to an infinite bus through a transmission lines. The
synchronous reactance of the generator is 9Ω and the inductive reactance of the transmission line
is 3Ω. The infinite bus voltage is 110kV. If the generator delivers its rated power at unity power
factor to the infinite bus, compute the following:
a. The terminal voltage of the generator
b. The equivalent field voltage
c. The real power output at the generator terminals
d. The reactive Power output at the generator terminals
Solution:
109
a. Ia = = 5.2486 kA
3 * 110* 103 * 1
∠0 + (5.2486∠0o )3∠90o = 65.431∠13.92o kV

110 o
Vt = Vo + I a X l =
3
Et = Vo + I a ( X l + X s ) = ∠0 + (5.2486∠0o )12∠90o = 89.444 ∠44.762o kV

110 o
b.
3
110
3* * 89.444
3Vo E f
c. P= sin δ = 3 sin (44.762 ) = 1 GW
Xs + Xl 12
d. Q = 3Vt I a cos θ = 3* 65.431* 5.2486* sin(13.92) = 247.84 MVAr
12.17. A synchronous generator is connected directly to an infinite bus. The voltage of the infinite bus is
15kV. The excitation of the generator is adjusted until the equivalent field voltage Ef is 14kV.
The synchronous reactance of the machine is 5Ω. Compute the following:
a. The pullover power.
b. The equivalent excitation voltage that increases the pullover power by 20%.
Solution:

68
3 Vo E f 15 * 14
a. Pmax = = = 42 MW
Xs 5
15 E f
b. 1.2* 42 =
5
E f = 16.8 kV
12.18. A 100MVA synchronous generator is connected to a 25kV infinite bus through two parallel
transmission lines. The synchronous reactance of the generator is 2.5Ω, and the inductive
reactance of each transmission line is 2Ω. The Generator delivers 100MVA to the infinite bus at
0.8 power factor lagging. Suppose a lightning strike causes one of the transmission lines to open.
Assume that the mechanical power and excitation of the generator are unchanged. Can the
generator still deliver the same amount of power to the infinite bus?
Solution:
108
Ia = = 2.3094 kA
3 * 25* 103
Et = Vo + I a (0.5 X l + X s ) = ∠0o + (2.3094∠0o )3.5∠90o = 20.34 ∠18.54o kV

25
3
After one line is open, the system capacity is
25
3* * 20.34
3Vo E f 3
Pmax = = = 195.72 MW
Xs + Xl 4 .5
This is higher than the real power generated. So the generator can still deliver its power to the infinite bus
12.19. A synchronous generator is connected to an infinite bus through a transmission line. The infinite
bus voltage is 15kV and the equivalent field voltage of the machine is 14kV. The transmission
line inductive reactance is 4Ω, and the synchronous reactance of the machine is 5Ω
a. Compute the capacity of the system

b. If a 2Ω capacitor is connected in series with the transmission line, compute the new capacity
of the system.
Solution:
3 V0 E f 15 * 14
a. Pmax = = = 23.33 MW
X 9

69
3 V0 E f 15 * 14
b. Pmax = = = 30 MW
X new 9 −2
12.20. A synchronous motor excited by a 5 kV source has a synchronous reactance of 5Ω. The motor is
running without any mechanical load (i.e. the output real power is zero). Ignored all losses and
calculate the equivalent field voltage Ef that delivers 3MVAr to the source. Also, draw the phasor
diagram.
Solution:
3Vt E f
P= sin δ
Xs
For zero real power, δ = 0
Q=
3Vt
(E f cos δ −Vt )
Xs
3=
15
(E f −15)
5
E f = 16 kV (line-to-line value)
Ia
Vt IaXs
Ef
12.21. A 6-pole, 60 Hz synchronous motor is connected to an infinite bus of 15 kV through a

transmission line. The synchronous reactance of the motor is 5Ω , and the inductive reactance of
the transmission line is 2Ω. When Ef is adjusted to 16kV (line-to-line), the reactive power at the
motor’s terminals is zero.
a. Draw the phasor diagram of the system

b. Calculate the terminal voltage of the motor
c. Calculate the developed torque of the motor
Solution:
a. Phasor Diagram: Current and terminal voltage are in phase since the reactive power is zero.

70
Vo
IaXl
Ia Vt
IaXs
Ef
b.
E 2f = Vt 2 + (I a X s )
2
Vo2 = Vt 2 + (I a X l )
2
Vo2 − E 2f = I a2 (X l2 − X s2 )
2 2
⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ 16 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ = I a2 (4 − 25)
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
I a = 701.4 A
Vt = (E ) − (I
f
2
a X s ) = 8.546 kV (phase voltage)
2
c P = 3Vo I a cos θ = 17.982 MW
P 17982
T= = = 143 kNm
ωs 2π ⎛ 120 * 60 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
60 ⎝ 6 ⎠
12.22. A 12-pole, 480V, 60Hz synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance of 5 Ω. The field current
is adjusted so that the equivalent field voltage Ef is 520 V (line-to-line). Calculate the following:
a. The maximum torque

b. The power factor at the maximum torque.
Solution:
f 2π ns
a. ns = 120 = 600rpm; ωs = = 62.83 rad / s
p 60

71
⎛ 480 ⎞⎛ 520 ⎞
Vt E f⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
Pmax = 3 =3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3⎠
= 49.92 kW
Xs 5
P 49.92
Tmax = max = = 794.5 Nm
ωs 62.83
b. At maximum torque, δ=90o. Hence,
E 2f + Vt 2
Ia = = 81.71 A
Xs
Since Pmax = 3 Vt I a cos θ ,
49920
cos θ = = 0.735 leading
3 480* 81.71
12.23. An industrial load is connected across a three-phase, Y-connected source of 4.5 KV (line-to-line).
The real power of the load is 160 kW, and its power factor is 0.8 lagging.
a. Compute the reactive power of the load.
b. A synchronous motor is connected across the load to improve the total power factor to
unity. The synchronous motor is running unloaded (no mechanical load). If the
synchronous reactance of the motor is 10Ω, compute the equivalent field voltage of the
motor.
Solution:
a.
P 160
S = = = 200 kVA
cos θ 0 .8
Ql = S 2 − P2 = 200 2 −160 2 = 120 kVAr
b.
Vt 4.5
Qm = ( E f cos δ − Vt ) = ( E f − 4.5) = 120 × 10 −3
Xs 10
E f = 4.767 kV
12.24. A 10-teeth variable reluctance stepper motor is loaded by 10 mNm torque. The phase voltage is
adjusted so that the winding current is 20mA. The torque constant K of the motor is 3 Vs.
Compute the following.
a. The holding torque of the motor
b. The mechanical displacement angle
Solution:

72
a. Th = K I = 3* 20 = 60 mNm
b. Td = K I sin( N t α )
10 = 60 sin(10α )
α = 0.96o
12.25. An 8-pole, 3-phase permanent magnet stepper motor has a torque constant K of 2Vs. When the
load torque is 20 mNm, the mechanical displacement angle is 10o. Compute the following:
a. The holding torque
b. The current of the stator windings
c. The stator current that reduces the mechanical displacement angle to 4o
Solution:
⎛p ⎞
a. Td = Th sin⎜ α ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
20
Th = = 31.11 mNm
sin(40 )
Th 31.11
b. I = = = 15.56 mA
K 2
c. 20 = Th sin(4* 4)
,
Th = 72.56 mNm
Th 72.56
I = = = 36.28 mA
K 2
12.26. An 8-phase variable reluctance stepper motor with a step angle of 4.5o and a step rate of 300 steps
per second is driving an inertia load. The inertia of the load plus the rotor is 4.4 mgm2, and the
friction torque is 13 mNm. Compute the following.
a. The number of teeth of the rotor
b. The switching period τ
c. The speed of the motor
d. The input power (ignore electric losses).
e. The inertia torque to accelerate the motor at 20 rad/s2.
Solution:

73
720 720
a. p= = = 20 poles
δ N ph 4.5* 8
Number of teeth is 10
N ph 8
b. sr = ; τ = = 26.67 ms
τ 300
120 1
c. n= = = 225 rpm
τ p 26.67 * 20
2π
d. P = T f ω = 13* 225 = 306.27 mW
60
dω
e. Tj = J = 4.4* 20 = 88 mNm
dt

74
Chapter 13
13.1. What is the spinning reserve?
Answer: Standby power plant ready to generate electricity fairly quickly
13.2. State two advantages of interconnecting the power pools
Answer:
Improved reliability
Economic operation through trading
13.3. State some differences between the power grid and the internet.
Answer:
Check the introduction of the chapter
13.4. What is the advantage of network grid over radial grid?
Answer:
More reliable. If a line is tripped, other lines can reroute the power
13.5. What is the advantage of connecting pools at different time zones?
Answer:
The peak loads occur at their local times which are shifted because of the difference in the time zones.
Hence the utilities can trade energy.
13.6. Search the web and literatures to find the capacity of the ERCOT power pool in the USA. Find
the area it covers and the size of the population it serves.
13.7. Search the web and literatures and find the largest power pool in the USA.
13.8. The power system in Error! Reference source not found. has the following data.
Impedance of load 1 plus its transformer is Z11 = 50 + j 5 Ω

Impedance of load 2 plus its transformer is Z 22 = 40 + j 2 Ω
Impedance of line 1 is Z13 = 0 + j 4 Ω
Impedance of line 2 is Z 23 = 0 + j 5 Ω
Impedance of line 3 is Z12 = 0 + j 3 Ω
All impedances are referred to the high voltage side of the transformers. The voltage at the high
voltage side of xfmg is fixed at 500 kV (line-to-line). The capacity of any line (maximum current

75
the line can carry) is 15 kA. Assume that all connections are in wye. Compute the power
delivered to each load, and the power produced by the generator
Solution:
⎡1 + (Y12 + Y13 )Z11 − Y12 Z 22 0⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ Y13 ⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − Y12 Z11 1 + (Y12 + Y23 )Z 22 0⎥ ⎢ I2 ⎥ = ⎢ Y23 ⎥ V3
⎢ − Y13 Z11 − Y23 Z 22 1⎥⎦ ⎢− I 3 ⎥ ⎢− (Y13 + Y23 )⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
By directly substituting the variables into Equation Error! Reference source not found., the currents of
the system can be computed.
⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ 5.675∠ − 11.06o ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ o ⎥
⎢ I 2 ⎥ = ⎢ 7.122∠ − 8.86 ⎥ kA
⎢⎣ I 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢12.795∠ − 9.836o ⎥
⎣ ⎦
P1 = I12 R11 = 1.6 GW
P2 = 2.029 GW
P3 = P1 + P2 = 3.629 GW
13.9. For the system in the previous problem assume that transmission line 3 is tripped, repeat the
solution. Is the system secure?
Solution:
⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ 5.682∠ − 10.2o ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ o ⎥
⎢ I 2 ⎥ = ⎢ 7.109∠ − 9.93 ⎥ kA
⎢⎣ I 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢12.791∠ − 10.05o ⎥
⎣ ⎦
P1 = I12 R11 = 1.6144 GW
P2 = 2.0214 GW
P3 = P1 + P2 = 3.6358 GW
V1 = 284.65 – j 22.369 kV
V2 = 282.55 – j 35.012 kV
I12 = 0 kA
I13 = 5.6822 kA
I23 = 7.1088 kA

76
All the currents are lower than the line capacities. The system is secure.
13.10. The load demand for a given day can be approximated by
−( t −9 )2
P = 2 + 2e 8
GW
where t is the time of the day in hour using the 24-hour clock. Compute the following:
a. The peak demand
b. The time of the peak demands
c. The average daily demand
Answer:
a. The peak demnd is 4 GW
b. The time of the peak demand is at t=9:00
1 ⎡ ⎤
−( t − 9 )
2 * 24 + 4 2 π
2
24
c. Pave = ∫ ⎢2 + 2 e 8 ⎥dt ≈ = 2.418 GW
24 0 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 24
13.11. For the system in the previous problem, assume that the generation capacity is 1.9GW. Compute
the imported energy to compensate for all demands higher than 1.9GW.
Answer:
⎡ −( t − 9 ) ⎤
2
24
Etotal = ∫ ⎢2 + 2 e 8 ⎥dt ≈ 2* 24 + 4 2 π = 58.02 GWh
⎢
0 ⎣ ⎦⎥
Ecapacity = 1.9* 24 = 45.6 GWh
Imported energy = 58.02-45.6 = 12.42 GWh
13.12. A power pool has a generation capacity of 1.5GW and a demand of 1000MW. The trade
commitments of the pool are: Pimport= 500MW and Pexport = 800MW. Compute the spinning
reserve that maintains the pool margin at 130%
Answer:
Ps = S m (Pl + Pexp ort ) − (Pg + Pimport ) = 1.3 (1000 + 800) − (1500 + 500) = 340 MW

77

Sharkawy Solution Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sharkawy Solution Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solution Manual

Vload = I Rload = 357.6 V

b. Vline = V − Vload = 400 − 357.6 = 42.4 V

c. Ploss = I 2 Rwire = 35.76 2 * 1.187 = 1.518 kW

d. Pload = I 2 Rload = 12.79 kW

Pload Pload 12.79

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

Vline = I Rwire = 250 *1.187 = 296.75 V

b. Vsource = Vload + Vline = 400 + 296.75 = 696.75 V

d. Ploss = I 2 Rwire = 250 2 * 1.187 = 94.88 kW

e. Psource = Vsource I = 696.75 * 250 =174.19 kW

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

b. Vsource = Vload + Vline = 10,000 + 11.87 =10,011.87 V

d. Ploss = I 2 Rwire = 10 2 * 1.187 = 118.7 W

e. Psource = Vsource I = 10,011.87 *10 =100,118.7 W

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

2.3. What is the function of a power plant generator?

2.4. What is the function of the hydro dam?

2.5. Why transformers are used with transmission lines?

2.8. Why insulators are used on power line towers?

2.9. Why the tower insulators are built as disk shapes?

2.10. Why the frequency of the airplane power system is 400Hz?

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

World population without USA = 6.3-0.292=6.008 Billion

Per capita capacity=12.073*1012/6.008*109 = 2 MWhr

USA capacity=4.027 Tera kWhr

USA population= 292 Million

Per capita capacity in the USA=4.027*1012/292*106 = 13.79 MWhr

USA consumption= 3.6 Tera kWhr

USA population= 292 Million

World population without USA = 6.3-0.292=6.008 Billion

Per capita consumption of the world without US=10.4*1012/6.008*109 = 1.73 MWhr

Per capita consumption in the USA=3.6*1012/292*106 = 12.33 MWhr

USA capacity = 4.027 Tera kWhr

USA consumption= 3.6 Tera kWhr

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

Surplus = (4.027 – 3.6)/4.027=10.6%

World capacity/world demand= 12.073/10.4 = 1.161

Surplus = (12.073 – 10.4)/12.073=13.86%

USA capacity = 4.027 Tera kWhr

USA consumption= 3.6 Tera kWhr

3.6 * (1.05) = 4.027

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

Answer: Impoundment, diversion and pumped storage

4.2. Why are cooling towers used in thermal power plants?

Answer: Heat sink, W=Q1-Q2

4.3. What are the two nuclear reactions?

Answer: Fission and fusion

4.4. What is the enrichment process of nuclear fuel?

Answer: A process by which the concentration of U235 is increased to 3-5%

4.5. How is the chain reaction controlled in nuclear power plants?

Answer: By control rods

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

Pout = Pw * C p *η generator = 1.325 * 0.5 * 0.9 = 596.25 W

c. Energy generated in one year = 596.25 * 24 * 365 = 5,223 kWh

Annual income = 5223 * 0.2 = $1,044.6

Payback period = 20,000 / 1,044.6 = 19.14 years

PE r = Vol * ρ * g * H = 10 *10 9 *1000 *9.81*120 = 1.177 *10 7 GJoules

Use Equation Error! Reference source not found.

Pw = 0.5 * (π 32 ) *1000 *17.683 = 78.146 MW

Use Equation Error! Reference source not found.

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

Per capita capacity=12.0731012/6.008109 = 2 MWhr

Per capita capacity in the USA=4.0271012/292106 = 13.79 MWhr

Per capita consumption of the world without US=10.41012/6.008109 = 1.73 MWhr

Per capita consumption in the USA=3.61012/292106 = 12.33 MWhr

Pout = Pw * C p η generator = 1.325 0.5 * 0.9 = 596.25 W

PE r = Vol * ρ * g * H = 10 10 9 1000 9.81120 = 1.177 *10 7 GJoules

Pw = 0.5 * (π 32 ) 1000 17.683 = 78.146 MW

The energy per 10 kg =10* 25.41023/31109 = 8.19 1014 J = 227.5 GWh

Daily release of SO2 = 710024 = 16.8 Tons

Annual energy = 1008760 = 8.76 105 MWh

Daily release of SO2 = 0.00510024 = 12 kg

Annual energy = 1008760 = 8.76 105 MWh

SO2 released = 0.0058.76105 = 4.38 tons

The maximum release of sulfur dioxide = 3.6109 7 = 25.22*106 tons

Sulfur dioxide is reduced by = 75024*365=3066 ton