How can you avoid the following situations:

• A jewellery store advertises that a watch ‘was’ Php20,000 and is ‘now Php5,000
when the store never sold the watch for Php20,000.

• A business predicts the health benefits of a therapeutic device or health

product but has no evidence that such benefits can be attained.
What do you do to check the reliability of a source?

Why is checking of its reliability important?

As a consumer of news, do we have a responsibility to make

sure that what we share are factual?
  Relevance of the Source to the Research Topic - the importance of the
information for your needs

•Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question?

•Would you be comfortable using this source for a research paper?
•Does the source meet the requirements for your research ?
•How well does the source support your topic?

Check for relevance: Which of the sources would you pick if you are doing a
research on the Law of Supply and Demand?
A. An Introduction to Theories on Economics
B. How to Invest and get Rich
C. 105 Habits of Highly Effective Businessmen
Authority/Author’s Qualifications - the source of the information

•Is the author’s name identified?

•Are the author's credentials given?
•What are the author's qualifications to write on the topic? Can they
be verified?
•Is there contact information, such as a publisher or e-mail address?
•Does the URL reveal anything about the author or source?

Check for author’s qualifications: Which of the following texts would

you use for a research regarding the Holocaust?
a. Dark Shadows of the Past: A Comparative Study on the Holocaust
and the Death March; authored by Mao Guevarra, Ph.D. in History
b. Analyzing Nazism and Extremist Supremacy, authored by Adolf
Mussolini, RMD
Currency/Date of Publication - the timeliness of the information

• When was the information published or posted?

• Has the information been revised or updated?

• Is the information current or out-of date for your topic?

Check for currency: Which material will you use for a research on
electromagnetism?
a. Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism, 1853
b. Basics of Electromagnetism, 2015
c. The Foundation of Studies in Electromagnetism, 2009
Contents/Accuracy of Information- the reliability, truthfulness, and correctness
of the content

•Does the author have a lot of citations in his or her text and/or a bibliography
or works cited section?
•Is the information obviously biased?
•Is the information supported by evidence?
•Are there spelling, grammar, or other typographical errors?

Check for Accuracy: Which of these sources would you use for a research on
Marxism?
A. The Dark Side of Marxism, Hen Sy
B. Karl Marx and the Fundamentals of Marxism, Fred Angle
C. Effects of Marxism in an Industrialized World, Rick Carlos
Location of Sources

•Where is the source published? Is it published digitally or in print?

•Does it provide complete publication information?

•What is the URL of the website?

Common URLs :
.gov (government)
.org (organizations)
.net (network infrastructures)
.edu (academic institution)

Which of these online sources would you consider using for a research?
A. www.heyheyheynewsinquirer.com
B. www.tokyouniveristy.edu
C. www.science.wordpress.com
D. www.upd.edu.ph
Put it all together
• Accuracy. If your page lists the author and institution that published the
page and provides a way of contacting him/her and …
•Authority. If your page lists the author’s credentials and its domain is
preferred (.edu, .gov, .org, or .net), and …
•Objectivity. If your page provides accurate information with limited
advertising and it is objective in presenting the information, and …
•Currency. If your page is current and updated regularly (as stated on the
page) and the links (if any) are also up-to-date, and …
•Coverage. If you can view the information properly-not limited to fees,
browser technology, or software requirement, then …
•You may have a Web page that could be a value to your research!
 What is SUMMARIZING?
 Determines the essential ideas in a book, article ,
book chapter, an article or parts of an article.
 Includes the gist or main idea , useful information or
key words that help you meet your reading purpose
 Generally done after reading, however, it can be done
as well while reading a text.
 Condenses information into 15- 30 percent of the
original text.
Why is Summarizing an important skill?

SUMMARIZING is an important skill because it helps you…

 Deepen your understanding of the text.

 Learn to identify relevant information or key ideas
 Combine details or examples that support the main
idea/s.
 Concentrate on the gist or main idea and key words
presented in the text
 Capture the ideas in the text and put them together
clearly and concisely
What is NOT SUMMARIZING?

YOU ARE NOT SUMMARIZING when you…

 Write down everything;

 Write down ideas from the text word-to- word;
 Write down incoherent and irrelevant ideas;
 Write down ideas that are not stated in the text; or
 Write down a summary that has the same length or
is longer than the original text.
The study shows that the students perceived FB as an
online environment to expedite language learning
specifically English (Abidin, 2010).

Idea- The study shows that the students perceived FB as an

online environment to expedite language learning specifically
English
Author- Abidin
Date- 2010
FORMATS in SUMMARIZING
1. IDEA HEADING FORMAT - The
summarized idea comes before the citation
(Idea-Author-Date)

Example:
Bench marking is a useful strategy that has
the potential to help public officials improve
the performance of local services (Folz,2004;
Ammons,2001). Once the practice of a particular
city is benchmarked, it can be a guidepost and
the basis for the other counterparts to improve its
own
 FORMATS in SUMMARIZING
2. AUTHOR HEADING FORMAT - The summarized idea comes after
the citation. The author’s name/s is/are connected by an appropriate
reporting verb.
(Author- Date- Idea)

Example: The considerable number of users of FB has led educators to

utilize FB for communicating with their students (Grant, 2008; as
cited in Donmus, 2010). The study of Kabilan, Ahmad and Abidin
(2010) shows that the students perceived FB as an online
environment to expedite language learning specifically English.
Donmus (2010) asserts that educational games on FB fecundate
learning process and make students’ learning environment
more engaging. As regards literacy, this notion reveals that FB could
be used as a tool to aid individuals execute a range of social acts
through social literacy implementation(ibid). Blackstone and
Hardwood (2012) suggest the facilitative strength of FB as it
either elicits greater engagement on collaboration among
students.
 FORMATS in SUMMARIZING
3. DATE HEADING FORMAT - The summarized
idea comes after the date when the material was
published
(Date-Author-Idea)

Example: On the other hand, active participation

of the citizens in development contributes to a
sound and reasonable government decisions. In
their 2004 study on the impact of participatory
development approach, Irvin and Stansbury
argue that participants can be valuable to the
participants and the government in terms of
the process and outcomes of decision making.
 USING REPORTING VERBS
WHEN SUMMARIZING
A reporting verb is a word used to discuss another person’s
writings or assertions.

Having a syntactically correct sentence is not

enough to create meaning. As Noam Chomsky
pointed out, a sentence can be perfect in terms of
syntax and still not make sense. He showed this by
coming up with the famous sentence, “Colorless
green ideas sleep furiously” (Chomsky, 1957).