E3S Web of Conferences 68, 04010 (2018) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf /20186804010
1st SRICOENV 2018

The Role of Science in The Management of

Biodiversity: a Case of Stingrays (Dasyatidae)
Research to Provide Basic Data for Aquatic
Fauna Conservation in South Sumatra

Muhammad Iqbal1 , Indra Yustian2, and Hilda Zulkifli2

1
Conservation Biology Program, Faculty of Science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Jalan Padang Selasa 524,
Palembang, Sumatera Selatan 30139, Indonesia.
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universitas Sriwijaya, Jalan Raya Palembang-
Prabumulih km 32, Indralaya, Sumatera Selatan 30662, Indonesia. Email: hilda.zulkifli@yahoo.com

Abstract. The study of fish diversity had been reported accross the South
Sumatran waters, but the study focus on stingrays (family Dasyatidae)
were very limited. In general, many stingrays species face high level of
direct exploitation. A recent study to provide valid checklist of stingrays in
South Sumatran waters found 14 species: Brevitrygon heterura,
Fluvitrygon kittipongi, Fluvitrygon oxyrhyncha, Fluvitrygon signifier,
Fluvitrygon m i 1, Fluvitrygon m i 2, Himantura undulata,
Himantura uarnak, Maculabatis gerrardi, Pateobatis fai, Pateobatis
uarnacoides, Pastinachus ater, Telatrygon biasa and Urogymnus polylepis.
Following IUCN (The International Union for Conservation of Nature)
Red List status 2018, ten species of stingrays are threatened, with four
species as Endangered, five species as Vulnerable and one species as Data
Deficient. These findings suggest the South Sumatran waters are important
habitat for stingrays in Indonesia, and immediate conservation actions plan
is needed. In this paper, we demonstrate the role of science in biodiversity
management with stingrays (Dasyatidae, an iconic group of rare and
threatened fishes) as study case.1.

1 Introduction
Few species of stingrays are occur in Southeast Asia, particuarly in Indonesian waters
[1,2,3]. In Indonesia, there are at least 40 valid species of stingrays where wide spread
within main seven faunal regions. South Sumatra province is the largest province in
Sumatra where located in the southeastern portion of the island . The study of fish diversity
had been reported accross the South Sumatran waters [4], but the study focus on stingrays
were very limited [5-7] . Study on stingrays diversity had been done in in South Sumatran
waters, revealed relatively rich number of stingrays diversty[8]. Further review on
biodiverstiy management is required to ensure population survive in the wild. This paper

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 68, 04010 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /20186804010
1st SRICOENV 2018

provide review the role of science to provide basic data for aquatic fauna conservation in
south Sumatra

2 Materials and Methods

Records of stingrays in South Sumatran waters were obtained from local social media
(mainly Facebook group of local anglers in South Sumatra province) and internet supported
with photographs or other evidence (e. g. location, habitat type, morphology and
description from anglers) during January 2016 to June 2018; provide an extension to the
known distribution of this species and from unpublished data collected by first author. All
specimens recorded were mainly from Musi River drainage (the largest and major drainage
in South Sumatra) and east coast of Banyuasin. All records included herein were verified;
and unconfirmed or ambiguous records were rejected. In addition, three field surveys were
conducted in April 2018.
Systematically reviewed what potential solutions are needed to identify and what
consensus and direction it provides to support management biodiversity to ensure
population of the stingrays survive in the wild. For this reason, we adopt and modify
conservation actions plan of stingrays proposed by [9] as reccomendation for management
of biodiversity of rare and protected aquatic fauna in South Sumatran waters.

3 Results and Discussions

3.1 Stingrays Diversity in South Sumatran Waters

This study found 14 species of stingrays iin South Sumatran waters. The species
checklist and localities are presented in Table 1. Taxonomy and scientific name follow
recent update revision of family Dasyatidae by [2].
Table 1. Annotated checklist, status and habitat of stingrays found in South Sumatran waters,
Indonesia
Protected by
Habitat
No Species IUCN Status Indonesian
law
1 Brevitrygon heterura Data Deficient Estuarine and continental shelf
2 Fluvitrygon kittipongi Endangered Freshwater
3 Fluvitrygon oxyrhyncha Endangered Protected Freshwater
4 Fluvitrygon signifier Endangered Protected Freshwater
5 Fluvitrygon sp m i 1 - Freshwater
6 Fluvitrygon sp m i 2 - Freshwater
7 Himantura undulata Vulnerable Estuarine and continental shelf
8 Himantura uarnak Vulnerable Estuarine and continental shelf
9 Maculabatis gerrardi Vulnerable Freshwater and continental shelf
10 Pateobatis fai Vulnerable Estuarine and continental shelf
11 Pateobatis uarnacoides Vulnerable Estuarine and continental shelf
12 Pastinachus ater Least concern Freshwater and brackish
13 Telatrygon biasa Least concern Estuarine and continental shelf
14 Urogymnus polylepis Endangered Protected Estuarine and continental shelf
Stingrays in South Sumatran waters are recorded from of up to more 100 km inland to
the coastal zone area (Figure 1). Eight genera of stingrays are recorded in South Sumatran

2
E3S Web of Conferences 68, 04010 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /20186804010
1st SRICOENV 2018

waters: Brevitrygon, Fluvitrygon, Himantura, Maculabatis, Pateobatis, Pastinachus,

Telatrygon and Urogymnus. Five species of Fluvitrygon are recorded (Fluvitrygon
kittipongi, Fluvitrygon oxyrhyncha, Fluvitrygon signifer, Fluvitrygon m i 1 a d
Fluvitrygon m i 2), c i i g la ge ge f hi famil i he area.
The occurence of 14 species indicate that South Sumatran waters are important habitat
for stingrays of family Dasyatidae. Following IUCN Red List status, the status of stingrays
in South Sumatran status covering from Endangered, Vulnerable, Data Deficient, Least
Concern and not evaluated [9]. Two unidentified of Fluvitrygon from Musi River,
tentatively identified as Fluvitrygon m i 1 a d Fluvitrygon m i 2, babl
represent new undescribed species. Recently, four species of singrays are protected by
Indonesian law under decree of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Number
P.20/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2018 about protected species in Indonesia, and three of
them recorded in South Sumatran waters (Fluvitrygon oxyrhyncha, Fluvitrygon signifer and
Urogymnus polylepis) (Table 1).

Fig. 1. Map of distributional records of stingrays found in South Sumatran waters

3
E3S Web of Conferences 68, 04010 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /20186804010
1st SRICOENV 2018

3.2 Reccomendation for Conservation Action Plan

Conservation action plan is a powerful guide conservation to develop focused strategies
and measures of success. Proposed conservation action plan for each species of stingrays
recorded in South Sumatran waters are proposed in table 2. This reccomendation adopt and
modify conservation actions plan of stingrays proposed by [9].
In the case of other parts of many countries, many stingray species in South Sumatran
waters also face high level of direct explotation, mainly for their skin or low-value meat. As
reported by [2], there is considerable number of threatened stingrays in South-East Asia
where catches are very high but declining, with fishers having to travel much further from
port to maintain catches. Net and trawl fisheries in Indonesia and elsewhewe are very
extensive and, as a result, many shallow-water ray species are heavily exploitated. The
general lack of management measures based on scientific research and stock assesment is
hindering the sustainable utilisation of these resources. Furthermore, the extensive loss and
degradation of habitat such as coastal mangroves and embayments are other key threats to
these coastal and inshore species.
Table 2. Proposed conservation action plan for management of stingrays in South Sumatran waters,
Indonesia.

No Species
1 Brevitrygon heterura
2 Fluvitrygon kittipongi
Fluvitrygon
3 Compagno, 2016a
oxyrhyncha
4 Fluvitrygon signifier
5 Fluvitrygon sp m i 1
6 Fluvitrygon sp m i 2
7 Himantura undulata
Source
Conservation Actions
Further research is required on data
abundanceand/or distribution, as well as
assessing the interactions of the species with
White et al., 2016a
commercial fisheries, which will allow a
more accurate monitoring of population
trends
Monitoring of quality of its habitat and
Vidthayanon, &
thenumber of mature individuals is inferred
Manjaji-
as a result of habitat destruction and
Matsumoto, 2016
pollution, and bycatch in freshwater fisheries
Monitoring of intensive threat from
fisheries,pollution, logging in the catchment
areas and river engineering projects and is a
desirable aquarium species
Monitoring of freshwater habitats that are
underintensive threat from fisheries,
Compagno, 2016a
pollution, logging in the catchment areas and
river engineering projects
Specimen collection and examination of the
studyskin and DNA are needed for
Our reccomendation
confimation of the proper identification as
well as to ensure taxonomic status
Specimen collection and examination of the
studyskin and DNA are needed for
Our reccomendation
confimation of the proper identification as
well as to ensure taxonomic status
Research is required to assess catches of
Bleeker's Variegated Whipray throughout its
range, and to examine its habitat, ecology and Rigby, 2012
life history parameters including confirmation
of its distributional range. The fisheries that

4
E3S Web of Conferences 68, 04010 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /20186804010
1st SRICOENV 2018

capture this species are largely unregulated

(licenses are issued but catches and landings
are not properly monitored), and presently
there are no specific conservation actions in
place to help address this problem
Further research is required on the Manjanji-
8 Himantura uarnak speciebiology, as is assessment of catches Matsumoto et al.,
throughout its range 2016c
Monitoring surveys should to ascertain the
statusand possible threats to this species here,
as well as in other portions of its range (New Manjanji-
9 Maculabatis gerrardi Guinea and Indonesia), efforts in further Matsumoto et al.,
research should be directed to also obtain the 2016c
population, habitat and ecology and life
history parameters
Further research is required to defined its
rangethroughout the Indo-West Pacific where
It is frequently misidentified as P. jenkinsii,
Manjanji-
which can complicate species-specific catch
10 Pateobatis fai Matsumoto et al.,
data, and monitoring high levels of
2016c
exploitation throughout its range in Southeast
Asia where the species is commonly caught
in multiple types of fisheries
Further survey regarding specific information
oncatches in other parts of the species' range,
11 Pateobatis uarnacoides monitoring population declines elsewhere White et al., 2016a
from Indonesia, and monitoring coastal
degradation that impacted to this species
Further research is required on the species'
life-hist , a ell a a e i g he
12 Pastinachus ater interactions of the species with commercial Morgan et al., 2016
fisheries, which will allow a more accurate
monitoring of population trends
Further research is required on the species'
life-hi , a well as assessing the
13 Telatrygon biasa interactions of the species with commercial Our reccomendation
fisheries, which will allow a more accurate
monitoring of population trends
Further research and survey are required to
confirm the presence, population trend, and
taxonomic status of populations of the species
Vidthayanon, et al.,
14 Urogymnus polylepis from all parts of its range, especially India,
2016
Bangladesh, Myanmar, Viet Nam, parts of
Indonesia and Malaysia, and Papua New
Guinea

4 Conclusion
When regional priorities have been set, conservation action planning is used to
determine the plan of action for these priorities. The conservation action plans above would
have not been possible without information on basic data information of each stingrays
species. Providing basic data of stingrays diversity and distribution in South Sumatra

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E3S Web of Conferences 68, 04010 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /20186804010
1st SRICOENV 2018

demontrate the role of science in management of rare, globally threatened and protected
aquatic biodiversity. As actions are taken and outcomes are measured, conservation action
plans are revised to incorporate new knowledge. It is hope that the proposed conservation
action above will beguideline for stake holders authority in the development of
conservation of rare and protected aquatic species in South Sumatran waters.

Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to Department of Biology of Faculty of Math and Mathematic Science of
Universitas Sriwijaya. Thank to Dr. Arum Setiawan, Dr. Laila Hanum Dr. Yuanita Windusari and
Doni Setiawan for facilitating us conducting field surveys in Musi River and east coast of Banyuasin.
We thank friends from Mancing Mania Palembang facebook groups who share their datas and
allowing us use their photos, particularly Amran Halim and Febri Ansyah).

References
1. Compagno, L. J. V. & Roberts, T. R. Environmental Biology of Fishes 7, 4 (1982
2. Last, P. R., Naylor, G. J. P., &Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. M., Zootaxa 4139 (2016a)
3. Kottelat, M., The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: a catalogue and core
bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves, and estuaries
(2013)
4. Husnah., Nurhayati, E., &Suryati, N. K., Diversity, morphological characters and
habitat of fish in Musi River drainage area, South Sumatra. (Research Institute for
Inland Fisheries, Mariana, 2008)
5. Iqbal, M, Setiawan, D., & Ajiman. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwater 28, 1
(2017)
6. Iqbal, M., Setiawan, D., & Ajiman. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 28, 2
(2018a)
7. Iqbal, M. &Yustian, I., Exploration of Freshwaters 27, 4 (2016)
8. Iqbal, M. &Yustian, I. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwater 27, 4 (2016)
9. IUCN. 2018. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, (2018)

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Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-
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E Elena 2 weeks ago

currently the quartile of this journal is 3

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T Thanh Quang Khai Lam 3 months ago

Hi
Is "Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering" journal in Q4?
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M Madhuri Damaraju 2 years ago

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