Complex Engineering Problem

Submitted by:
Danish Ali (2020-IM-09)
Obed Shahbaz (2020-IM-10)

Submitted To: Dr. Syed Farhan Raza

Dynamic Modelling

University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Table of Contents
Complex Engineering Problem....................................................................................................................3
1.Problem statement:..............................................................................................................................3
2.Dynamic Modeling:...............................................................................................................................3
3.Events:..................................................................................................................................................3
3.1Signal Event:.......................................................................................................................................3
3.2Change Event:.....................................................................................................................................3
3.3Time Event:.........................................................................................................................................4
4.State:....................................................................................................................................................4
5.Mathematical Model:...........................................................................................................................4
6.Modelling Theory:................................................................................................................................4
7.Solution of Model:................................................................................................................................6
8.Discussion:............................................................................................................................................7
9.References:...........................................................................................................................................7
Bibliography................................................................................................................................................7
 Complex Engineering Problem
1.Problem statement:
Select any mechanical system that has industry relevance leading to get it approved by the course
instructor. Model and analyse the system employing the principles of dynamic modelling.

2.Dynamic Modeling:

Dynamic modeling describes those aspects of the system that relate to the timing and sequence
of operations. It is used to specify and implement the control aspect of the system. The
dynamic model is represented graphically using state diagrams. This is also known as state
modeling. [1]
A state model consists of multiple state diagrams, one for each class with timing behavior that
is important to the application. A state diagram is related to events and states. Events represent
external functional activity and states represent value objects.

3.Events:
An event is something that happens at a specific point in time, such as when a person presses a
button or train 15930 departs from Amritsar. An event transfers information from one object to
another.

Events are of three types: Signal Event, Change Event, and Time Event.
These are explained as follows.
3.1Signal Event:
A signal event is a specific event in time. A signal is an explicit one-way transfer of
information from one object to another. A signal event is the event of sending or receiving a
signal. When an object sends a signal to another object, it waits for an acknowledgment, but
the acknowledgment signal is a separate signal below that signal. controlling the other object,
which may or may not choose to send it. [2]
3.2Change Event:
This is caused by satisfying a boolean expression. The intent of the change event is that the
expression is continually tested whenever the expression changes from false to true.
3.3Time Event:
It is caused by occurrence of an absolute or the elapse of time interval.
4.State:
State is an abstraction of attribute values and object bindings. Values and bindings are
combined into a state according to their overall behavior. The response of an object according
to an input event is called a state. The state corresponds to the interval between two events
received by the object. The state of an event depends on a past event. So the state essentially
represents time intervals.
The following are the important points needs to be remember about state.
1. Ignore attributes that do not affect the object's behavior.
2. Objects in a class have a finite number of possible states.
3. Each object can be in one state at the same time.
4. ALL events are ignored in the state, except those for which the behavior is explicitly
prescribed.
5. Both events and states depend on the level of abstraction.

5.Mathematical Model:
The model we have selected for the CEP is motorcycle.

Figure 1 motorcycle model [3]

We will discuss the modeling of a motorcycle and analyze the system.

6.Modelling Theory:
In the conventional mass-spring-damper system, the motion of the sprung and un-sprung masses
can be described by the equations of motion in which are derived from Newton's second law of
motion. One important thing to note is that gravitational forces are not involved. Displacements
are therefore measured from a steady state position, i.e. from a position where the compressed
springs exert just enough force to support the weight of the structure above that spring. The
consequence of this will become apparent in later theoretical discussions.

The two masses here are constrained to move only in the x direction. The compressions of the
first and second suspensions are further calculated as the difference between the movement of
the two masses and between the second mass and the road profile. This presents a problem for
more complex suspensions, such as the front and rear suspensions of a bicycle or motorcycle as
such simplifications will drastically reduce the validity of the models, as the compression and
rebound of the springs and dampers can no longer be properly described by mass motion. To
compensate for this, four additional offsets are introduced to represent the movement of the
upper and lower ends of each spring and damper.

Fig (a) Fig (b)

Fig (a) Conventional 2-DOF mass-spring damper system.
Fig (b) Adjusted 2-DOF mass-spring-damper system.
Now above equations are re written as

The relationship between the introduced displacements and conventional displacements depend
upon angles varying in time.
7.Solution of Model:
8.Discussion:
This CEP was very helpful for understanding and analyzing the system that how will the system
behave while checking all the aspects including timing and sequence of the system. We took a
motorcycle model and made a mathematical model of that system and then analyzed it and
derived the solution a that mathematical model by performing operations on MATLAB.
9.References:

Bibliography

[ [Online]. Available:
1 https://support.ptc.com/help/modeler/r9.1/en/index.html#page/Integrity_Modeler/rtsme/
] dynamic_modeling_overview.html.

[ [Online]. Available: https://csestudyzone.blogspot.com/2019/03/events-and-signals-in-uml.html.

2
]

[ [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com/search?

3 rlz=1C1SQJL_enPK919PK919&sxsrf=AJOqlzUE1k8aXb6jxuUfOavRLxKbR3rggQ:1673360900308&q=mot
] orbike&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiixKyQm738AhWKSfEDHQW7CDQQ0pQJegQICBAB&biw=1094
&bih=474&dpr=1.25.

[ [Online]. Available:
4 https://support.ptc.com/help/modeler/r9.1/en/index.html#page/Integrity_Modeler/rtsme/
] dynamic_modeling_overview.html.