Differential Leveling Turning Point (TP)

 process of determining the difference in  A turning point is an intervening point

elevation between two or more points some between two bench marks upon which point
distance apart. foresight and backsight rod readings are
 requires a series of set ups of the taken, and is sometimes referred to as
instrument along the general route and for change point.
each set up a rod reading back to the point
Height of Instrument (HI) (height of
of known elevation and forward to a point of
Collimation)
unknown elevation are taken.
 It is the elevation of the line of sight of an
Benchmark
instrument above or below a selected
 a fixed point of reference whose elevation is reference datum. Height of instrument can
either known or assumed. be determined by adding the backsight to a
known or assumed elevation of the initial
Permanent bench mark BM.
 established at intervals throughout the
country by the Philippine Coast and
Geodetic Surveys (PCGS) or the Bureau
of Lands.
 consists of bronze or brass disks which are
permanently set on concrete foundations.
 marked with elevations above sea level, the
year it was established and its reference
number.
Temporary bench marks
 set by surveyor for his own use in a
particular surveying project and may have
assumed elevations.
Backsight (BS)
 A reading taken on a rod held on a point of
a known elevation or assumed elevation.
 frequently referred to as plus (+) sights
since they are added to the elevation of the
points being sighted to determine the height
of the instrument.
Foresight (FS)
 A reading taken on a rod held on a point
whose elevation is to be determined.
Backsight Distance (BSD)
 distance measured from the center of the
instrument to the rod on which a backsight
is taken.
Foresight Distance (FSD)
 horizontal distance from the center of the
instrument to the rod on which a foresight is
taken.
Differential Leveling Procedures
1. A line of levels is run from BMA to BMB
2. Leveling instrument is set-up at any convenient
location along the level route and backsight is taken
on a rod held vertically on BMA.
3. The rodman moves forward along the general
direction of BMB and hold the rod at a convenient
turning point (TP1). (Making sure that the backsight
distance is approximately equal to the foresight
distance.)
4. Then, the level is transferred again, and a
backsight is taken at (TP1) and foresight at (TP2).
Repeat procedures until foresight is taken on BMB.