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REPORT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS .
Page.
Secretary's letter 5-53
Argentine Republic . 55, 56
Austria-Hungary ..... 57-90
Belgium 91-114
Brazil 115-135
Central American States . ... 136-139
Chili • 140-143
China ... 144-192
Colombia, United States of 193-196
Danish Dependencies ... 197-203
France 204-255
Dependencies of 256-265
Germany 266-357
Great Britain and Ireland ...... ·· 358-462
British Dependencies ........ ...... 463-618
Greece ………….. .......... 619-621
Hawaiian Islands ...... ...... ………….…… .... ...... 622-632
Hayti .......... ..... -------- 632
• Italy .... ------ ...... .... 633-681
Japan ............... 682-715
Mexico ............ 716-755
Morocco ........ 756-763
Netherlands 764-788
Dependencies of ...... 788
Peru . 789-792
Portuguese Dependencies ...... 793-802
Russia 803-811
San Domingo ------ 812-814
Siam ......... 815-820
Spain 821-829
Spanish Dependencies .......... 830-856
Sweden and Norway .... 857-860
Turkey 861-867
Turkish Dependencies .......... 868-908
Venezuela 909
OUVORBIN
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WIRE
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES .
BIBLIOTHECA
RECIA
LETTER
MONAGENSIS
FROM
THE SECRETARY OF STATE
TRANSMITTING
THE ANNUAL REPORT UPON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF THE

UNITED STATES FOR THE YEAR 1877.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Washington, February 27, 1878 .
SIR : In compliance with section 208 of the Revised Statutes , I have
the honor to submit a report upon the commercial relations of the United
States with foreign countries for the year 1877.
The hopeful feeling which prevailed in the letter of my predecessor,
founded upon the reports from our several consular officers for the year
1876, that the depression which had so long paralyzed the trade and
disarranged the industries of the commercial world was about to disap
pear, and that the year 1877 would witness the beginning of a revival
in the trade and industries of all nations, has not, unfortunately, been
realized . The accompanying reports from our various consular officers
bear witness to the continued depression in manufactures, industries ,
and general trade of the several countries.
The commerce of latter years has drawn the nations so closely to
gether, so interlaced their interests, that whatever affects the trade and
industries of one is felt in all, and a crisis cannot occur in any one
country of any commercial importance without producing, more or less,
a crisis in all. No better illustration of this commercial sympathy be
tween the several countries can be cited than the crisis of 1873, which
from a local commencement became universal, and, by its precipitancy ,
most deplorable in its results. Unfortunately the science of guarding
against, or the recovery from , commercial disarrangement does not seem
to have kept pace with the republicanizing of commerce ; hence , depres
sion and contraction in labor and manufactures-in trade in general
and consequent suffering, still continue ; the hope which, year by year,
predicted their passing away, merely giving place to the faith that they
must soon pass away.
As a testimony to the important position which our country occupies
in the commercial world-a testimony which should be at once a na
tional and an international incentive to our efforts to fulfill the hopes
assigned to us- it may be noted that some of the best economical writers
of Europe look for a revival of trade in the United States as the first
hope for better times for all nations.
To enable you, without an extended research, to compare the trade ofthe
several countries, and the relative position which the United States holds
thereto, I give herewith an abstract ofthe trade and commerce of the vari
ous nations ; the principal articles of import and export of each ; the dis
tribution of the trade ofeach among the principal countries ; the principal
countries from which those articles of import and export are received
and shipped ; the nature of the imports and exports ; the amount and
6 COMMERCIAL RELATIONS.
nature of the imports from and exports to the United States to and from
the several countries ; the countries with which our trade can be en
larged, and, where the information was obtainable, the means which
should be taken to effect such enlargement.*
Owing to the impossibility of obtaining trustworthy statistics for the
greater number of countries later than for the year 1876, and to pre
serve a necessary uniformity in the comparisons , the general treatment
of the trade and commerce in this report is for that year ; the trade and
commerce for 1877 , where available, being treated specially.
Argentine Republic. For the past six years there has been a marked
decrease in the imports into the Argentine Republic, and as marked an
increase in the exports therefrom . This resulted , in 1876, in a balance
of trade for the first time in favor ofthe country , amounting to $ 11,626,000 .
This decrease and increase will be more plainly seen by the following
statement :
Year. Imports. Exports.
1870 $47,539, 948 $20, 248, 000

1873. 71, 065, 199 45, 869, 000
1875. 55, 756, 627 50, 331, 000
1876... 34, 910, 290 46, 535, 000
Whether the decrease in imports above noted is due to decreased con

sumption , or decreased purchasing power caused by financial or politi
cal disarrangements, or to an increased capacity in the country to supply
its own requirements , is not clearly indicated . The fact that the trade
of 1876 is considered satisfactory to the Argentine authorities would
lead to the conclusion that the decrease is the result of the development
of home industries.
The value of the imports and exports of the Argentine Republic for
the year 1876, and the proportions borne therein by the principal
countries, were as follows :
Countries. Imports. Exports. Total.
France $8,095, 442 $8,629,718 $16, 725, 160

Great Britain 8, 677, 866 7, 206, 372 15, 884, 238
Belgium... 1,396, 003 14, 110, 693 15, 506, 696
United States 1,820, 770 2,393, 236 4, 274, 006
Italy 2,304, 888 1,826, 093 4, 130, 981
Chili 876, 888 2,962, 098 3,838, 986
Brazil 2, 142, 482 1, 195, 441 3,337, 923
All other countries . 9, 535, 951 8, 212, 054 17, 748, 005
Total.... 34,910, 290 46, 535, 705 81, 445, 995
In the decrease in the imports of 1876, as compared with the preced

ing year, the share borne by Great Britain was $6,682,000 ; France,
$4,087,000 ; and by the United States, $ 1,188,000.
All things being taken into consideration - the opportunities afforded ,
the requirements of the market, and our ability to supply those require
ments the meagerness of our trade with the Argentine Republic must
❤
STATISTICAL AUTHORITIES.-To save repetition in the quotation of authorities, it
may be stated that the statistics herewith given were compiled and arranged from the
following sources : The reports from the United States consular officers, herewith sub
mitted ; British, French, Dutch, and other national official reports, the very full and
almost perfect statistical publications of Great Britain being the sources mostly drawn
ou. The statistics relating to the imports and exports of the United States are com
piled from the annual report on the commerce and navigation of the United States,
Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department.
SECRETARY'S LETTER. 7
be very apparent. A review of this trade for the past seven years goes
to show that we have not even preserved the volume therein which we
held in 1870, as the following figures attest :
Year. Imports from the Exports to the

United States. United States.
1870.. $2,862, 338 $3,827, 530

1871 . 2,067, 275 3,709, 357
1872. 3, 505, 944 4,312, 355
1873 . 5, 167, 616 3,032, 945
1874. 3, 949, 584 3,747, 300
1875. 3,069, 354 3,055, 205
1876.2 1,880, 770 2,393, 236
The following statement shows the navigation- entrances and clear

ances, sail and steam - at the several ports of the Argentine Republic
during the years 1875 and 1876 :
1875. 1876.
Flag.
Number. Tons. Number. Tons.
British 1, 101 624, 712 780 533, 512

French 475 277, 320 256 225, 134
German 247 167, 458 213 197, 464
Italian.. 364 177, 147 281 133, 368
Argentine . 835 107, 288 584 62, 530
Uuruguayan. 476 93, 167 574 105, 013
Spanish 404 89, 422 276 54,970
United States.. 182 89, 681 107 51, 809
All other flags .. 758 140, 524 486 107, 110
Total .. 4,842 1,766, 719 3,557 1,470, 910
The navigation, distinguishing sail and steam , was as follows :

Sail. Steam.
Year.
1875. 2,380 593, 864 1,950 1,021, 516

1876 .. 1, 468 366, 413 1, 719 1, 001, 639
Decrease 912 227, 413 231 19,877
It will be seen by the above statement that the decrease in tonnage

in 1876 was confined almost wholly to sailing- vessels.
It may be noted , as a hope of what the near future may develop in
this line, that one steamer flying the flag of the United States cleared
from the Argentine Republic in 1876.
In response to the circulars issued from this department concerning
the development of our trade with the several countries , * the United
* The " trade circulars " referred to throughout this letter were issued from the De
partment of State, one in July and the other in August, 1877. The circulars, which
were transmitted to the diplomatic and consular officers of the United States in the
several countries, requested those officials to transmit such commercial information
and statistics covering their separate jurisdictions as would enable the Secretary of
State to prepare the report upoù the commercial relations of the United States with
the several countries, as required by law. The extension of the trade of the United
States with the several countries was particularly dwelt upon in the circulars.
The circulars, and such answers as were received thereto in time, were published in
an appendix to Foreign Relationsf or 1877, to which publication reference is directed
for further interesting particulars concerning our trade abroad.
States consul at Buenos Ayres says that our commercial relations with
the Argentine Republic can be very much increased if our manufacturers
and exporters will only take the necessary measures to reach that mar.
ket. Direct steam communication between both countries is of the
first importance in this development. There are direct lines of steam
ships plying between the Argentine Republic and the principal coun
tries of Europe, and the result is that those countries monopolize the
greater portion of its trade. Explanations concerning the products and
manufactures of the United States most suitable for the Argentine mar
ket, and various interesting details concerning the peculiarities of the
market and the best manner of extending our trade therewith, will be
found in the consular report above referred to , and published in the
appendix to Foreign Relations for 1877.
Austria-Hungary.-The value of the total special imports into Aus
tria-Hungary during the year 1876 was $233,349,000 ; a decrease from
the preceding year of $ 16,125,000 . The special exports for the same
year amounted to $ 230,831,000 ; an increase of $ 5,561,000 on the pre
ceding year.
The decrease in imports was principally in tobacco, dress- goods ,
machines, fancy goods, and glass and earthenware. A large increase
occurred in cereals and woven stuffs.
The principal articles of import, and their value, for the year under
consideration were as follows :
Articles. Value. Articles. Value.
Tobacco $19, 000, 000 Woolen goods ...... $4,400,000

Grain and pulse.. 19, 000, 000 Cotton yarn.. 7,600,000
Cotton, raw 18, 200, 000 Leather and leatherware 6,800,000
Coal 14, 500, 000 Woolen yarn 6,500,000
Silk tissue 13, 000, 000 Silk, raw... 5,300,000
Wool 9,300,000 Precious stones 5,200,000
Of the above twelve principal articles of import, representing a value

of $ 128,800,000, the United States supplied : tobacco, $ 710,000 ; leather
and leatherware, $25,000.
The value of the total imports into Austria-Hungary from the United
States during the year 1876 was only $ 1,554,319. Ofthis total $ 1,406.000.
is made up of tobacco and kerosene ; the balance being composed of
naval stores, $ 60,000 ; lard , $ 50,000 ; dye-stuffs, starch, and the leather
and leather ware mentioned above. The imports from the United
States for 1877 show an increase over the preceding year of $ 1,111,927.
This increase is more than accounted for by the increase in the imports
of kerosene alone, tobacco showing a decrease during the year.
The value of the exports to the United States for 1877 , as declared at
our several consulates in Austria- Hungary, was $3,375,000 ; a decrease
of over $ 118,000 from the preceding year.
Whether we take the articles of import and export, or the volume and
value of the same, into account, the ade between the United States
and Austria- Hungary is remarkably insignificant, and , even in its small
ness , unfavorable to the United States. The imports from the United
States are composed almost wholly of comparatively crude products ,
while the exports to the United States are made up of fancy manufac
tured articles, such as buttons, linens, pipes , gloves, glassware, & c.
articles which have passed through the utmost manipulation in their
preparation for our market-the single item of buttons alone, in a total
export to the United States of $ 3,375,000, amounting to $ 750,000.
It would seem that, by cautious and proper efforts , our trade with
Austria- Hungary might be largely increased , although the reports from
our consuls in that country, in answer to the trade circular, are not very
explicit or satisfactory on this point.
Belgium.-The special imports of Belgium for the year 1876 amounted
to $279,464,000, an increase on the preceding year of $ 57,127,000 , while
the special exports, which amounted to $206,124,000, show a decrease
from the preceding year of $ 6,569,000, leaving a balance of trade against
the country, in 1876, of $ 73,440,000 .
A noticeable feature in the trade of Belgium, for some years back, has
been an increase in imports and a decrease in exports.
The United States consul at Antwerp notes this decrease in exports
as the most unfavorable feature of the trade of 1876, as it marks a de
cline in the export ofthe staple manufactures of the country, viz , wrought
iron, steel, machinery, flax, and hemp , and fabrics of flax and hemp.
Various causes are assigned for this decrease, the principal cause being
the active and successful competition of the several manufacturing coun
tries, with Belgium, in the world's markets. The distribution of the
trade of Belgium with the principal countries was as follows :
Imports. Exports.
Countries.
1875. 1876. 1875. 1876.
France. $68, 790, 000 $67,729,000 $66, 413, 000 $60, 602, 000
Great Britain 48, 120, 000 48, 057, 000 40, 279, 000 37,056, 000
Germany 33, 176, 000 37, 822, 000 47, 157, 000 47, 192, 000
Holland. 32, 729, 000 35, 705, 000 28, 988, 000 31, 845, 000
Russia... 15, 662, 000 22, 195, 000 3, 516, 000 3, 667, 000
United States . 15, 077, 000 21, 423, 000 3, 196, 000 2, 123, 000
All other countries 38, 783, 000 46,527, 000 23, 146, 000 23, 639, 000
Total trade 252, 337, 000 279, 464, 000 212, 695, 000 206, 124, 000
The trade between Belgium and the United States for 1876 was largely
in our favor. While the exports to the United States show a decrease
of 27 per cent. as compared with 1875, and a decrease of 31 per cent.
as compared with 1874 , the imports from the United States show an en
couraging increase from $ 15,077,000 in 1875 to $21,423,000 in 1876, the
largest proportional increase of any of the several countries .
The principal articles of import from the United States showing an
increase in 1876, were : grain and flour, petroleum, meat, tobacco, lard ,
and cotton. Leather and hides show a decrease of nearly $ 1,000,000 in
an import, in 1875, of a little over $ 2,000,000. As the imports from the
United States consist of natural or unmanufactured products, with the
exception of leather and some minor miscellaneous articles, it is clear
that our manufactures have not yet taken much hold in the Belgian
market.
For further particulars on this subject, I refer to the accompanying
report from the consul at Antwerp upon the trade and commerce of
Belgium, which treats of our manufactures and the best manuer of intro
ducing the same in the Belgian market.
The articles of export to the United States which show a marked de
crease in 1876 are : glass, lead, and textile fabrics. The falling off in
these articles does not represent any decline in consumption in the
United States, but is attributable, it is thought, to our increased mau
ufacture thereof.
The following statement shows the trade between Belgium and the
United States, and its relative value to the total trade of that country :
Imports. Exports.
Year.
From all From the To all To the
countries. United States. countries. United States.
1870 . $175, 118, 000 $8, 107, 000 $ 131, 634, 000 $2,057, 000
1871 . 242,982, 000 16, 871, 000 162, 994, 000 1,761,000
1872 . 244, 634, 000 15, 535, 000 199, 630, C00 2,780, 000
1873 . 274, 677, 000 26, 232, 000 223, 663, 000 3, 145, 000
1874 . 247,577, 000 23, 812, 000 215, 181, 000 3,594, 000
1875. 252, 335, 000 15, 077, 000 215, 695, 000 3, 196, 000
1876.. 279, 461, 000 21, 423, 000 206, 124, 000 2, 123, 000
It will be seen by the above statement that the special exports

reached their highest figures in 1873, since which year they have steadily
declined, while the special imports for 1876 touched the highest point
ever attained .
While the decrease in the exports to the United States have kept
pace with the decrease in the total exports , the imports from the United
States have not responded to the increase in the total imports, those
for 1876 being less than the imports for 1873 by over $ 4,800,000.
Brazil.- Official statistics give the imports into Brazil, for the year
ending June 30, 1876, as amounting to $94,000,000 ; an increase on the
preceding year of about $ 2,500,000. The exports for 1876 amounted to
$100,000,000, a decrease from the preceding year of over $ 13,000,000 .
The distribution of this trade among the principal countries was as
follows :
Countries. Imports. Exports.
Great Britain $30, 409, 000 $25, 167, 000

United States. 7, 254, 000 45, 453, 000
France... 16, 280, 000 11, 060, 000
Belgium 4,825, 000 2,509, 000
All other countries .. 35, 232, 000 15, 811, 000
Total trade. 94, 000, 000 100, 000, 000
The above statement shows that while the United States purchases
nearly one- half of the entire exports of Brazil, that country purchases
less than one-thirteenth of its imports from the United States. Great
Britain , purchasing not much more than one-half of the amount purchased
by the United States, sells to Brazil more than four times the amount
purchased from us. France, purchasing less than one- fourth of our
purchases, sells more than double the amount of our sales.
The exports to the United States embrace every article of exportation
from Brazil- coffee, of course, being the principal article, amounting to
over $40,000,000 -while the imports from the United States comprise
only a few products, viz, flour, $ 3,870,000 ; lard , $ 744,000 ; kerosene,
$500,000 ; cotton manufactures, $ 600,000 ; together with an insignificant
list of sundries .
When it is taken into consideration that Brazil imports cotton and
other textile manufactures to the value of $ 25,000,000 from European
countries- countries with which our cotton and other manufactures have
begun to compete successfully, even in their own markets- it seems
highly probable that we may successfully compete with those same coun
tries in a market so favorably situated for commercial intercourse with

the United States as is Brazil .
The carelessness, on our part, which has permitted more watchful
nations to turn this commerce from our shores to Europe- a careless
ness which equally applies to the trade of our sister republics of Central
and SouthAmerica- seems, happily, to be giving place to a keener sense
of our duty and our capacity ; aud this newly aroused interest gives
promise of enlarged commercial relations between the United States
and Brazil.
For further particulars concerning the trade of Brazil, its railroads,
agriculture, industries, and immigration , I refer to the accompanying
consular reports from Rio de Janeiro and Babia.
Central American States. - According to the report of the minister
resident of the United States at Guatemala* the commerce of the Cen
tral American States during the year 1876 was as follows :
States. Imports. Exports. Total trade.
Costa Rica .. $2,000,000 $5,307, 406 $7,307, 406

Guatemala 2,264, 832 3,767, 492 6, 032, 324
Honduras ..... 640, 144 594, 840 1,234, 984
Nicaragua ...... 993, 945 1, 619, 280 2,613, 225
Salvador 2, 186, 256 3, 237, 311 5, 423, 567
Total trade.. 8,055, 177 14, 526, 329 22, 611, 506
The distribution of this commerce is not given by the minister resident

in his report, save that he gives the direct trade between the Central
American States and the United States as amounting to $ 4,678,708, with
an estimated indirect trade of $ 300,000. British official statistics give
the imports from Central America into the United Kingdom as $4,542,992
and the exports from the United Kingdom to Central America as
$3,590,422, a total trade of $ 8,133,414, almost double that of the United
States. France and Germany follow Great Britain, respectively, in
their volumes of trade, the United States taking the fourth position .
Much useful information , as to the best manner of fostering and en
larging our trade with the Central American States, is given in the
report referred to above, and your attention is respectfully invited
thereto.
Chili. The commerce of Chili for the year 1876 is reported as follows :
Imports, $ 35,291,041 , a decrease from 1875 of $2,846,459 ; exports ,
$37,771,139, an increase over 1875 of $ 2,480,098 . The distribution of
this trade with the principal countries was as follows :
Countries. Imports. Exports. Total trade.
Great Britain $12, 626, 000 $21, 380, 000 $34, 006, 000
Frauce 7,503, 000 4, 450, 000 11, 953, 000
Peru 2, 480,000 4,392, 000 6,872,000
Germany 3,730, 000 1,066, 000 4,796, 000
United States 2,626, 000 1,086, 000 3,712,000
Argentine Republic 3,098, 000 475,000 3, 573, 000
All other countries 3,228,000 4, 922, 000 8, 150,000
Total trade 35, 291, 000 37,771, 000 73, 062, 000
Of the above exports , minerals amounted to over $ 9,800,000 ; almost

$8,000,000 being copper in bars, and $ 1,500,000 silver in bars. More
*Published in the appendix to Foreign Relations for 1877.
than $ 8,100,000 of this mineral export went to Great Britain . The

nines of Chili being controlled by European capitalists, the export of
mineral is of small commercial profit to the country.
The imports from the United States for 1876 show an increase on the
imports of the preceding year of $493,000. This increase was chiefly
in cotton and woolen manufactures.
The navigation at the several ports of the republic-entrances and
clearances during the year 1876 was as follows :
Sail. Steam. Total.

Flag.
No. Tons. No. Tous. No. Tons.
British 810 446, 147 1,334 1,809, 172 2, 144 2, 255, 319
French 135 84, 466 135 84, 466
German 172 78, 904 61 65, 252 233 144, 156
United States 123 65, 252 1 895 124 66, 147
All others flags 441 161, 303 606 541, 297 1,047 702, 600
Total ..: 1,681 836, 072 2, 002 2,416, 616 3, 683 3,252, 688
China. The commerce of China for the year 1876 shows a respectable
increase on the preceding year. The total foreign imports amounted to
$ 101,891,000, against a total of $ 98,365,000 for 1875 ; the total native
exports amounted to $ 121,276,000 , a gain on the preceding year of over
$ 19,000,000. The distribution of this trade among the principal coun
tries was as follows :
Imports. Exports.
Countries.
1875. 1876. 1875. 1876.
Great Britain $24, 668,000 $22, 842, 000 $60, 772, 000 $70, 896, 000
British Dependencies* 69,344, 000 73, 303, 000 4,927, 000 4, 091, 000
United States. 1, 473, 000 1, 071, 000 11, 147, 000 10, 526, 000
Continent of Europe . 1, 111, 000 1, 195, 000 12, 440, 000 20, 957, 000
All other countries 1,769,000 3, 497,000 10, 637, 000 10,763, 000
Total trade 98,365, 000 101, 890, 000 99, 923, 000 117, 233, 000
The principal articles of foreign import and native export were as

follows :
IMPORTS.
Opium .. $41, 628,000
Cotton goods .. ... 29, 314, 000
Woolen goods 6,300,000
Metals, wrought and unwrought 5,446 , 000
EXPORTS.
Tea. $53, 163, 000
Silk and silk goods .. 51,928, 000
Sugar.. 3,359,000
The opposition of opium and tea in the above statement is a commer

cial exhibit not paralleled by any other nation for suicidal conse
quences to itself-sending out to all the nations of the earth tea to the
*The greater portion of the imports into China from British Dependencies consists of opium from
India.
value of $53,000,000, and receiving, in return , opium to an almost equal

amount !
So firmly has the use of this deadly drug taken root in the vitiated
appetites of the people, that it now defies eradication . Notwithstand
ing the severity of the laws passed against its use ; notwithstanding
the great increase in the production of the native drug, even while the
land is filled with decrees prohibiting its cultivation, the import- all
from British India- during 1876 exceeds that of any single year since
1867. It is also believed that the amount of opium smuggled into the
country fully equals the amount given above, which would give a total
introduction of opium to the value of $83,000,000!
In regard to the remainder of the imports, Great Britain monopolizes
the greater portion of the imports of cotton and woolen goods , and
metals- iron, steel, copper, & c., wrought and unwrought-as well as
the principal portion of the miscellaneous importations.
Of the total imports for 1876, opium not included, $ 60,000,000, the
United States supplies a little over $ 1,000,000 .
The great predominance of British over American trade in China is
not due to any superiority of British over American manufactures. On
the contrary, the consular reports from China to this department, for
years back, have borne testimony to the superiority in style, finish, and
durability of our cotton manufactures , and to their popularity in the
Chinese market. The preponderance of British trade in China is due
solely to the persistency and ability with which that trade is pressed
upon the country ; to the harmonious efforts of British officials and man
ufacturers in creating avenues to extend British trade and in monopo
lizing the avenues already open ; to the manufacture of goods to suit
the tastes or prejudices of the purchasers ; and to the seeming indiffer
ence of our manufacturers and exporters in regard to the trade of that
country. By a reasonable amount of attention, by accommodating the
tastes and peculiarities of the people, and by the most upright and hon
orable dealings, we can obtain like advantages.
The following is an exhibit of the navigation (entrances and clear
ances, sail and steam) at all the treaty ports for the years 1875 and 1876 :
1875. 1876.
Flag.
No. Tons. No. Tons.
British. .... 8, 277 5, 167, 435 8, 604 5, 181, 643

United States. 3, 836 2,777, 367 3,547 2, 410, 421
Chinese.. 1,557 811, 344 2, 133 1,336, 656
All other flags . 3, 324 1, 111 , 495 3, 662 1,297, 701
Total 16,994 9, 867, 641 17, 946 10, 226, 421
The Chinese shipping shown in the above statement is of the foreign

type, owned by native companies and sailing under the Chinese flag.
The junks, not included in the above statement, numbered , in 1876, 930,
of 68,209 tons.
In 1872 the Chinese flag did not fly over a single vessel of the foreign
type ; in 1876 it represented a very important share of the tonnage of
the treaty ports as shown by the foregoing table.
The Chinese merchants are slowly but surely getting control of the
foreign trade of China ; they are also securing to themselves the transport
trade between the open ports, with the grander object of, eventually, con
troling the carrying trade between China and foreign countries. Those
who have closely studied these matters for the last decade, and who
know the patience, shrewdness, and subtle ability of the commercial
Chinaman, are foremost in asserting the ultimate success of this move
ment.
While British shipping has increased , from 1871 to 1876, 1,444 vessels
and 1,850,762 tons, United States shipping has decreased 1,053 vessels
and 777,222 tons. The sale of the Shanghai Steam Navigation Com
pany's line of steamers, to a native company, will further reduce the
shipping flying the United States flag in Chinese waters, and add to the
number and tonnage of the native fleet.
For particulars respecting the trade at the several treaty ports for
1877, I refer you to the accompanying reports from our consular officers
in China. Among the noticeable incidents connected with the trade of
1877 was the opening of the new ports of Hai - How, Pak Hoi , and
Wenchow ; reports concerning the trade of these new ports are also
herewith submitted.
It is to be hoped that our manufacturers and shippers will avail them
selves of the opportunities afforded them of extending the trade of the
United States in China, a country whose commerce must go on increas
ing as its ports and markets become open to foreign influence.
France. The remarkable prosperity, commercial, financial , and indus .
trial, of France during the past six years-years of unusual depression
and contraction in nearly all other nations-still continues to bless that.
country.
A large increase in the imports for 1876, caused principally by the
failure of her cereal and silk crops, is , however, reported ; and a decrease
in her special exports, during the same year, would seem to indicate
that her industries and manufactures have been worked to their utmost
tension and that the limit of production has been reached .
Our diplomatic and consular officers, both in Germany and France,
attribute the prosperity above noted to the defeat of the French in the
Franco-German war, and to that indomitable spirit which rose above
adversity and turned unexpected defeat in one quarter into brilliant
and lasting victory in another. The French people, after their disaster,
wisely and patriotically resolved upon a programme of frugality and
untiring industry. Each citizen assumed his full share in the self- denial
which the occasion demanded , as he has since then assumed his full
share in the rebuilding of the prosperity of his country.
Thus, when the tidal wave of 1873-74 swept over the commercial
world, France was, perhaps, the only nation prepared at all points to
resist its force ; having been forearmed by a more positive disaster,
while the other nations were caught in fancied security and thrown
into more or less confusion .
The commerce of France during the years 1875 and 1876 will be seen
by the following exhibit :
1875. 1876.
General com. Special com. General com. Special com .

merce. merce. merce. merce.
Total imports.. $861, 128, 000 $682, 583, 000 $981, 760, 000 $797, 680,000
Total exports 927, 751, 000 747, 412, 000 909, 500, 000 715, 120, 000
Total trade 1,788, 879, 000 1, 429,995, 000 1,891, 260,000 1,712, 800, 000
The distribution of the trade of France among the principal countries

will be seen by the following statement, the countries being given
precedence according to the volume of their special commerce ( 1876) ,
that being the commerce proper of France : *
IMPORTS.
Whence imported. 1875. 1876.
General. Special. General. Special.
Great Britain $144, 422, 000 $120, 490, 000 $161, 700, 000 $129, 980, 000
Italy.. 79, 265, 000 62, 243, 000 101, 000, 000 83,080, 000
Belgium 95, 593, 000 84, 766, 000 92, 260, 000 80, 700, 000
Germany 86, 297, 000 67, 375, 000 95, 900, 000 77, 800, 000
United States . 37, 751,000 36, 709, 000 55, 880,000 52,900,000
Turkey 27, 600, 000 23, 693, 000 42, 920, 000 37, 540, 000
Russia . 46, 031 , 000 37,732, 000 39, 740, 000 35, 280, 000
China.. 17, 776, 000 17, 100, 000 31, 480, 000 28, 160, 000
India .......... 28,785,000 24, 936, 000 31, 000, 000 27, 880, 000
Algiers 21, 751, 000 20, 960, 000 25, 260, 000 24, 520, 000
Switzerland .. 63,555, 000 18, 084, 000 67, 420, 000 22,020,000
All other countries 212, 302, 000 168, 495, 000 237, 200, 000 197, 820, 000
Total imports ..... 861, 128, 000 682, 583, 000 981, 760, 000 797, 680,000
EXPORTS.
Whither exported. 1875. 1876.
Great Britain $248,003,000 $205, 970,000 $254, 640,000 $206, 640,000

Belgium 108, 389, 000 101, 750, 000 98,040, 000 89, 140, 000
Germany 89, 996, 000 82, 392, 000 94, 360, 000 86, 240, 000
Switzerland . 76, 004, 000 60, 834, 000 75, 560, 000 55, 800, 000
Italy. 67, 164, 000 42, 209, 000 73, 320, 000 43, 160, 000
United States 69, 577, 000 51,029, 000 64, 260,000 45, 920, 000
Spain 42, 267, 000 27, 140, 000 49, 020, 000 30, 900, 000
Algiers 32, 482,000 28, 198, 000 33, 900, 000 29, 700,000
Brazil. 17,716, 000 14, 128, 000 18, 580, 000 16, 280, 000
Turkey 23, 192, 000 14,591 , 000 18, 080, 000 9,300,000
Russia 11, 168, 000 9, 120, 000 8, 260,000 6,920, 000
All other countries 141, 793, 000 110,051, 000 121, 480,000 95, 120, 000
Total exports . 927, 751, 000 747, 412,000 909, 500,000 715, 120, 000
The principal countries partaking in the increase of special imports

(over $ 115,000,000) of the year 1876, as compared with 1875 , were :
Italy, over $20,000,000 ; the United States, over $ 16,000,000 ; Turkey,
$ 14,000,000 ; China, $ 11,000,000 ; Germany, $ 10,500,000 ; Great Britain,
$9,500,000.
The following is a statement of the principal articles of import for
1875 and 1876 , with their value, and those showing the principal in
crease referred to above :
* The general commerce of France embraces all imports, whether entered for con
sumption in the country or entered for transit to other countries, and all exports,
including articles in transit through France as well as the exports of French articles.
The special commerce is therefore the commerce proper of France, representing im
ports entered for consumption and exports of French produce and manufacture. The
difference between the general and special commerce represents the movement of goods
through the country. "
This explanation applies, also, to the commerce of the other countries of Europe,
where the terms " general " and " special commerce " are used throughout this letter
and accompanying reports.
Special imports.
Articles. 1875. 1876.
Silk, raw and floss $63, 709, 000 $108, 760,000

Cereals 26,750,000 47,920, 000
Wool... 63, 015, 000 55, 440, 000
Cotton 42,711,000 45, 840, 000
Timber 31, 671, 000 40, 420, 000
Coal and coke .. 35, 358,000 34, 620, 000
Hides and skins.. 39, 237, 000 33, 720,000
Coffee. 20, 284, 000 21, 600, 000
Cattle. 20, 539,000 31,300,000
Cotton tissues 16, 200, 000 15, 440, 000
Woolen tissues .. 15, 173, 000 15, 800, 000
Oil seeds 17,916, 000 15, 860, 000
Total principal articles.. 392, 563,000 466, 780,000
All other articles ..... 290, 020, 000 310, 900, 000
Total special imports …………………. 682, 583, 000 797, 680, 000
It will be seen by the foregoing statement that the increase in the

twelve principal articles of import in 1876 over the preceding year
amounted to more than $74,000,000 . The increase in silk and cereals
alone was over $ 66,000,000.
The increase in the silk import was owing to a deficiency of cocoons
in the silk-producing countries ; to the advance in the price of raw silk,
and to the heavy exports from all the silk-producing countries to reap
advantage from the high prices which prevailed .
The poor crops in France in 1875, and the necessary import to sup
ply the deficiency, explain the increase in the import of cereals.
The United States consul - general at Paris, in bis report for 1877,
notes a greater deficiency in the crops for that year than was anticipa
ted . This deficiency, it is thought, must be supplied from the United
States.
The principal articles of export, and the decrease and increase in the
same, were as follows :
Special exports.
Articles. 1875. 1876.
Silk tissues $72, 703, 000 $93, 600, 000

Woolen tissues .. 66,855, 000 63,300,000
Wines 47, 868, 000 42, 320, 000
Fancy articles 34, 923, 000 35, 320, 000
Hides, tanned or curried 33,447, 000 31, 500, 000
Cereals 39, 121, 000 29, 380, 000
Refined sugar.. 29, 335, 000 27, 040, 000
Butter and cheese.. 18, 547, 000 21, 780, 000
Brandy and spirits 15, 344, 000 21, 100, 000
Total principal articles 358, 143, 000 365, 340, 000
All other articles . 389, 269, 000 349, 780, 000
Total exports 747, 412, 000 715, 120, 000
The above ten principal articles constituted more than one-half of the
value of the entire special exports of France for the year 1876. It will
be seen that there was an increase in the export of silk tissues covering
about one-half of the increase in the import of raw silk. Both the import
of raw silk and the export of silk goods give evidence of great activity
in this leading industry of France.
The total decrease in special exports during the year 1876, as compared
SECRETARY'S LETTER . 17
with 1875, amounted to $ 32,290,000. This decrease occurred princi

pally in the exports of cereals, wines, woolens, hides, tanned or curried ,
refined sugar, dresses, costumes, &c.; running through almost the en
tire catalogue of minor manufactured goods ; and while having an ap
parent and decided effect on the total exports, and tending to show that
France has touched the limit of production, and is slowly receding in
her general manufactures, was so evenly distributed as to be scarcely
felt by any single industry.
In regard to the trade between France and the United States, it will
be seen by the foregoing statements that the special imports from the
United States increased from $36,709,000 in 1875, to $ 52,900,000 in
1876 ; while the special exports to the United States decreased from
$51,029,000 in 1875, to $ 45,920,000 in 1876 ; thus showing a balance of
trade in favor of the United States of $6,978,000.
The following statement shows the principal articles, and their value ,
of import from and export to the United States, into and from France
during the year 1876:
Imports from the United States. Exports to the United States.
Cotton, raw $26, 000, 000 Silks and velvets $10, 000, 000
Petroleum and other oils 2,357, 000 Merinos and miscellaneousdress-goods 8,387,000
Tobacco 2,700,000 Wines and liqueurs .. 2,766, 000
Copper, 1,766, 000 Calf-skins and leather ... 2,063, 000
Lard orude. 1,347, 000 Gloves .. 1, 861, 000
Tallow ...... 1,000,000 Woolen cloth 1,679, 000
Cereals 900, 000 Buttons and trimmings 1, 607, 000
Meats and fish. 712, 000 Artificial feathers and flowers 1,360, 000
Hides and skins 630,000 Glass, porcelain, and pottery . 1, 209, 000
All other articles 15, 488, 000 Argols and cream of tartar 1,206, 000
Brandy 1,077, 000
All other articles * . 12,705, 000
Total 52, 900, 000 Total 45, 920,000
It will be seen by the above exhibit that the exports to the United
States embrace a long catalogue of articles which may be classed under
the general head of luxuries , while the greater portion of them have
been subjected to that manipulation wbich has helped to give life and
vigor to the varied industries of France. The imports from the United
States, on the contrary, are composed of crude articles, and few in num·
ber ; cotton constituting one-half of the entire import.
The statistics at hand do not enable me to give the proportion of the
several flags in the navigation of France during 1876. The total arrivals
and departures, foreign and coastwise, sail and steam, for 1876, were as
follows :
Flag. Laden. In ballast. Total.
Number. Tons. Number. Tons. Number. Tons.

French : coastwise.. 120, 744 6, 442, 830 31, 384 1,505, 220 152, 128 7,948, 050
exterior 18, 170 5,071, 934 5,065 662, 462 23, 235 5,734, 396
Total French 138, 910 11, 514, 764 36, 449 2, 167, 682 175, 363 13, 682, 446
Foreign.... 35, 952 11,393, 813 12, 511 3, 266, 213 48, 483 14, 660, 026
Total French and foreign ... 174, 862 22, 908, 577 59, 960 5, 433,000 223, 846 28, 342, 466
Leaving out the coastwise trade, it will be seen that foreign flags rep
resent in the navigation of France nearly three times the tonnage
represented by the French flag.
In connection with this subject, I would refer to the accompanying
* Bronzes, church ornaments, corsets, clocks and watches, hats, hosiery, jewelry, laces, toilet articles, &c.
2 CR
report from our consul at Marseilles, concerning the decline of French

shipping.
The accompanying report upon the trade and commerce of France
for the year ending June 30 , 1877 , from the consul-general of the United
States at Paris, shows the special imports and exports of France for
that fiscal year to be as follows : Imports, $ 787,188,000 , a decrease of
over $10,000,000 from the year ending December 31 , 1876 ; exports,
$691,540,000, a decrease of more than $23,500,000 from the year ending
December 31 , 1876.
The trade between France and the United States for the same fiscal
year, as compared with the calendar year 1876 , was as follows :
Imports from the United States, calendar year 1876 ... .... $52,900,000
Imports from the United States, fiscal year 1877 44, 098, 000
Decrease for fiscal year 8,802, 000
Exports to the United States, calendar year 1876 ... $45, 920,000
Exports to the United States, fiscal year 1877 47, 556, 000
Increase for fiscal year.. 1,634,000
Leaving out of consideration unexpected events, such as the failure of
crops, & c. , which affect the trade and commerce of special years, the
regular course of trade for some years back clearly shows that French im.
ports reached their highest and French exports their lowest figures dur
ing the year 1876, since the revival of the trade and industries of Frauce
immediately after the Franco- German war. It would, therefore , seem
that, while her wants are steadily increasing, her manufactures and indus
tries have been developed to their fullest extent, and that it will require
the utmost attention and economic diligence on the part of France to
maintain her present position as a manufacturing and exporting nation .
As regards our commercial relations with France, it would seem that
as that country only imports from the United States articles of con
sumption absolutely necessary to the French people-articles which
cannot be displaced by any other country -our trade, in this connec
tion, cannot recede from its present proportions, but is most likely to
increase materially, while any articles of our various manufactures
which may find their way to the French market will be so much added
to the present volume of imports from the United States. On the other
hand, the exports from France to the United States being almost wholly
composed of fancy and manufactured articles- necessary only to taste,
fashion, or luxury-it is clear that, as we advance in the manufacture of
this class of goods, their exportation from France must decrease in pro
portion to our ability to supply our own requirements. On the whole,
then, the outlook of the trade between the two countries indicates
favorable results to the United States.
The replies thus far received to the trade circular, from our cousular
officers in France, do not indicate the special features of our trade
with that country capable of enlargement, or the best manner of enlarg
ing the same. The report from our consul at Havre, published in the
appendix to Foreign Relations for 1877, indicates that a large increase in
the consumption of Indian corn may be expected in France. The ship
ment of corn from the Western States to Havre, via the Mississippi and
New Orleans , as noted by the consul in the report just referred to , is
worthy of attention , as, should that route to Europe prove successful, a
large portion of the internal trade of this country would be diverted from
the old channels of conveyance to the seaboard .
Further particulars concerning the trade and commerce of France will
be found in the accompanying report from the United States consul
general at Paris, and the reports from our several consular officers
throughout France, also herewith transmitted , will show the trade and
industrial particulars of the various consulates in that country.
Germany. The results of the spirit of speculation and indiscriminate
investment in uninvestigated projects which seized hold of the public
mind immediately after the conclusion of the Franco-German war, and
which led to so much commercial and financial depression and dis
arrangement in Germany, were still severely felt in 1876. Reduction in
consumption and production ; precaution , amounting almost to timidity,
in extending credit ; a falling market ; reduced and unprofitable manu
facture, and consequent reduction in the employment of labor, were the
marked characteristics of the year. But the staid and comprehensive
mind of the nation, which was borne away, by seductive promises of
unlimited profits, into the wild sea of speculation , as above noted , has
returned to its old stability ; and while the year 1876 brought no im
provement on the trade of the preceding year, 1877 has given promise
that Germany will soou emerge from the depression which has deranged
her commerce and industries for the past six years.
Owing to the fact that no account of the value of exports is kept at
the custom- houses, no very trustworthy particulars can be given con
cerning the exports from Germany ; and as the imports are credited to
the respective frontiers-Austria , the Netherlands, Prussia, Belgium ,
&c.- from whence they enter Germany, neither can the countries of their
production be given .
According to the report from our consul - general at Berlin , the imports
of Germany during 1876 were as follows :
Statement showing the kind and value of imports into the German Zollverein during the cal
endar year 1876. *
Cereals and mill-ground grain $145, 656,000
Fermented liquors 24, 014, 200
Sugar, coffee, spices, confectionery, & c ... ..... 107, 338, 000
Tobacco and manufactures of tobacco . 37,842,000
Seeds, fruits, plants .. 34, 676, 600
Animals and animal food ... 107, 195 , 200
Manure and waste materials . 15, 565, 200
Fuel. 17, 588, 200
Earths, ores, stones, rough and hewn 19,968, 200
Manufactures of stone, clay, and glass .. 8,020, 600
Metals .... 22, 491 , 000
Metals coarsely worked and prepared . 5,764, 360
Manufactures of metals ... 9, 282, 000
Drugs, chemicals, and dye-stus .• •~ 50, 551 , 200
Resin, gums, fats, ether, and soaps . 58,786, 000
Felt-materials, hair, feathers, hides, leather 55, 216, 000
Manufactures of leather, fur, and felt 10, 614, 800
Spinning materials .. ....... 166, 838, 000
Yarns 62, 594, 000
Articles manufactured by rope-makers, textile fabrics, wearing ap
parel ... 109,956, 000
Manufactures of India rubber, waxed cloth .. .... 2, 989, 280
Paper, pasteboard, and manufactures thereof, paper-hangings 2,813, 160
Timber, lumber, wood for building, and manufactures of cork, whale
bone, ivory, and similar materials ... 51,741, 200
Wooden wares, carved wares, and basket wares 6,935, 320
Machines, vehicles, vessels, musical and scientific instruments 19, 206, 600
Fancy goods and objects of art. 7,473, 200
Manuscripts, printed matter, engravings 2,879, 800
Coins and precious metals . 36,723, 400
Miscellaneous 3, 260, 600
Total .... .. 1, 203, 980, 120
* This table of imports was prepared for the vice-consul-general of the United States at Berlin, at
the Imperial Bureau of Statistics of that city.
20 COMMERCIAL RELATIONS. ·
Germany, which some few years ago showed an excess in the export of
cereals, now imports cereals largely in excess of her exports of the same.
The increase in the imports for 1876 was chiefly in grain, groceries,
raw metals, drugs, hides and skins , yarns, and textile fabrics. The
increase in the exports during the same year was in woven goods, grain ,
cattle, materials for spinning (cotton , flax, hemp , silk, &c).
The trade of Germany with the principal countries for the years 1875
and 1876, compiled from the official reports of those countries, was as
follows :
Countries and trade of 1875. 1876.
Great Britain :
Imports from $165, 152, 000 $141, 964, 000
Exports to ...... 105, 698, 000 102, 198, 000
Total trade 270, 850,000 244, 162, 000
France :
Imports from 82,393, 000 86, 240, 000
Exportsto 77, 362, 000 77, 200, 000
Total trade 159, 755, 000 164, 040, 000
Netherlands :
Imports from 97, 512, 000 90, 351, 000
Exports to ..... 66, 020, 000 65, 464, 000
Total trade 163, 532, 000 155, 815, 000
Belgium :
Imports from 47, 144, 000 47,192,000
Exports to ....... 33, 120, (00 37, 828,000
Total trade 80, 262, 000 85,020,000
United States :
Imports from 52,518, 000 49, 162, 000
Exports to 35, 488, 000 34,008,000
Total trade 88,006,000 83, 170, 000
The cultivation of beet-root and its manufacture into sugar is one of

the principal industries of Germany. The production of German beet
sugar was much less for 1876-'77 than for preceding year, but greater
than the production of 1874-75. The production for three years was :
1874-75, 5,128,547 cwts.; 1875–76 , 7,160,964 cwts.; 1876-77 , 5,800,000
cwts.
The following statement will give an idea of the magnitude of this
industry in Europe :
Production of beet-sugar in Europe. *
Countries. 1875-'76. 1876-'77. 1877-'78.t
Tons. Tons. Tons.

Germany.. 346, 645 291 , 204 355,000
France 450, 877 243, 295 325,000
Russia .... 245, 000 250,000 250,000
Austria-Hungary.. 180, 140 205, 267 235, 000
Belgium... 79, 795 44, 467 60,000
All other countriest 30,000 25,000 25,000
Total production ...... 1, 332, 457 1,059, 233 1,250,000
There can scarcely be any doubt but that if our agriculturists and
manufacturers turned their attention to the cultivation of the beet-root
* Report of the United States consul-general at Berlin. †Estimated.
and its manufacture into sugar-an industry which has assumed such
large proportions in the commerce of Europe-it would result in profit
to themselves, add to the volume and variety of our industries and
manufactures, and inaugurate an economy which would be appreciated
in every household in the land by reducing the price of an article of
universal use, and of which the United States consumes some 36 pounds
per capita, a far larger proportion than in any other country in the
world.
The trade between Germany and the United States for five years
(ending June 30) , 1873–1877 , was as follows :
Year. Imports. Exports. Excess of imports .
1873 $39, 845,000 $46, 245, 000 Excess of exports.

1874 60,068, 000 61, 768, 000 Excess of exports.
1875 49, 075, 000 40, 249, 000 $8,826,000
1876 49, 062, 000 34, 008, 000 15, 054, 000
1877 57, 456, 000 32, 508,000 24, 948, 000
It will be seen by the above statement that while the imports from
the United States for 1877 have nearly reached the imports for 1874
a year when the trade between both countries was unusually large
the exports to the United States for 1877 were ouly very little more
than one-half of the exports for 1874.
This continued and heavy decrease in the exports to the United
States has become a source of great uneasiness to the German manufac
turers, and much feeling prevails in many of the manufacturing districts
in regard to what is considered a discrimination against their goods in
our market, while the German market is open to the products of the
United States. It is clear, however, that the decrease in the exports of
German manufactures to the United States is due, principally, to the
development of American manufactures.
The dispatches in reply to the trade circulars, printed in the appen
dix to Foreign Relations, will give some idea of the state of feeling
which prevails in Germany in regard to the trade of that country with
the United States, especially in regard to the decrease of exports to the
United States.
With regard to the nature and quality of the articles of trade between
both countries, it may be stated that the entire list of exports from Ger
many to the United States is composed of fancy manufactured articles,
while over 90 per cent. of her imports from the United States is com
posed of crude or natural products, viz : Cotton, $ 14,000,000 ; kero
sene, $8,500,000 ; lard-the greater part of which is manufactured into
a sort of artificial butter called " schmalz,” which is extensively used in
Germany-$ 6,000,000 ; tobacco , over $ 5,000,000 ; bacon , hams, beef,
breadstuffs, & c. , over $ 3,500,000. The only imports of manufactured
articles into Germany from the United States, are, leather, $ 1,500,000 ;
agricultural machines, $ 500,000 ; sewing machines, $ 350,000, with an
insignificant amount of minor manufactures.
Taking into consideration the extent of the whole trade of Germany
and the United States, and the social and commercial relations existing
between both nations, there is undoubtedly room for the enlargement
of our trade with that country. Our exports of breadstuffs-which , for
the year ending June 30, 1877 , a favorable year for our trade, amounted
to only $3,500,000 - should be vastly more than they are ; while the ac
knowledged superiority of our manufactures, and the field which seems .
to be open for their use in Germany, lead to the conclusion that it only re
quires wise and judicious exertions on the part ofour manufacturers and
exporters to increase this branch of our trade to respectable proportions.
Details concerning the special manufactures most suitable for the Ger
man market and the best means for their introduction therein, will be
Jound in the published reports in the appendix to Foreign Relations for
1877.
For further details concerning the trade and industries of Germany, I
take pleasure in referring you to the several accompanying reports from
our consular officers in that country , especially to the report of the consul
general at Berlin upon the trade and industries of Germany for 1876 and
1877 ; tothe full and interesting reports from the consul- general at Frank
fort-on- the-Main, upon the co-operative societies of Germany, and upon
the railroads, telegraphs, mining industries, banks and banking system
of that country; and to the graphic report of the consul at Dresden , upon
the results of the Franco -German war as they affected the commerce of
Germany from 1872 to 1877.
Great Britain.- The total imports into the United Kingdom during
the year 1876, amounted to $ 1,823,252,000 , an increase of more than
$13,400,000 over the preceding year ; the exports therefrom amounted
to $ 1,247,934,000, a decrease from 1875 of $ 120,700,000 . Of her total
imports her colonies contributed the amount of $409,856,000 , about
$450,000 less than for 1875 ; while foreign countries contributed
$1,413,340,000, an increase over 1875 of $ 13,877,000 . Of her total
exports her colonies received $ 339,526,000, a decrease from 1875 of
$31,700,000 ; while her total exports to foreign countries amounted to
$903,272,000, a decrease from 1875 of $89,000,000.
A remarkable feature in the trade of Great Britain-a feature which
has already attracted the serious attention of her leading newspapers
and public men-has been the steady increase in her imports and , lat
terly, the alarming decrease in her exports.
In 1859 the imports into the United Kingdom amounted to $ 870,826,000 .
A very steady increase was maintained from that time up to 1876 ; the
total increase amounting to $ 952,425,611 . Thus her imports have more
than doubled in eighteen years.
In 1859 her exports amounted to $ 756,574,000 . From 1859 a steady
increase was maintained up to the year 1872 , when they reached the
highest figure ever attained , $ 1,520,000,000 . From 1872 to 1876 a rapid
decrease is noted, averaging more than $ 70,000,000 per year, or a total
decrease in four years of $ 281,066,000.
The total imports into the United Kingdom during the year 1877
amounted to $ 1,914,555,000 ; an increase over 1876 of more than
$91,000,000. The total exports of British and Irish produce during 1877
amounted to $965,583,000, a decrease from the value ofthe exports of the
same produce and manufacture of 1876 of only $ 9,500,000 . The value of
foreign and colonial merchandise exported during 1877 is not given.
Should it amount, proportionally, to as much as for the preceding year,
the result of the trade of the United Kingdom for the year 1877 would be
that the increase on imports amounts to almost double the average annual
increase of the previous eighteen years, while the decrease in exports is
less than one-third the average annual decrease from 1872 to 1876.
The principal articles of import showing an increase in 1877 were :
wheat, over $ 50,000,000 ; ( this large increase must have been in pre
paration for emergencies rather than for consumption - almost
$ 11,000,000 of this increase was in the import of wheat from Russia ;
while the import of wheat from the United States showed an increase
of $ 17,500,000 ); refined sugar, $ 24,000,000 ; flour, $ 10,000,000.
SECRETARY'S LETTER. * 23
The distribution of the trade of the United Kingdom, and its increase
and decrease, with the principal countries, will be seen by the following
exhibit:
Imports.
Whence imported. 1872. 1875. 1876.
United States. $264, 574, 000 $336, 816, 000 $367, 351, 000
France and dependencies.. 204, 598, 000 229, 482, 000 222, 485, 000
British India 163, 422, 000 145,861, 000 145, 322, 000
Australia..... 75,594, 000 99, 506, 000 106, 296, 000
Germany.. 93, 292, 000 105, 698, 000 102, 197, 000
Turkish Empire.. 111, 033, 000 87,317, 000 97, 593, 000
Netherlands and dependencies . 67, 637, 000 79, 583, 000 87,920, 000
Russia.. …………………… . 117, 710, 000 100, 231 , 000 85,060, 000
China ....... .... ... 64, 322, 000 65, 861, 000 72, 218, 000
Belgium.... 63, 941, 000 71, 7:9, 000 67,026, 000
Spain and dependencies 79, 072, 000 69, 391, 000 65, 058, 000
Dominion of Canada 44, 159, 000 49, 429,000 53, 355, 000
Sweden and Norway 44, 142, 000 43, 166, 000 51, 567, 000
All other countries .. 323, 221, 000 312, 948, 000 299, 804,000
Total imports . 1,716, 717, 000 1,797, 031 , 000 1,823, 252, 000
Exports.
Whither exported. 1872. 1875. 1876.
France and dependencies.. $137, 309, 000 $133, 890,000 $142, 850, 000
Germany 208,524, 000 165, 151, 000 141, 964, 000
British India. 94, 328, 000 123, 280, 000 114, 596, 000
Netherlands and dependencies 124, 129, 000 106,730, 000 99, 747, 000
United States 222, 195, 000 121, 301 , 000 97, 897, 000
Australia 74, 937, 000 102, 727, 000 94, 235, 000
Belgium.. 63,404, 030 66,767, 000 62, 593, 000
Turkish Empire... 79,392, 000 51,044, 000 47.928, 000
Russia 45, 830, 000 54, 916, 000 41, 796, 000
Spain and dependencies .... 40, 618, 000 40, 930, OCO 40, 534, 000
Italy 37, 345, 000 39, 542, 000 39, 813, 000
British North America . 54, 809, 000 46,862, 000 36, 823, 000
Sweden and Norway 23, 497, 000 30, 477, 000 30, 606, 000
Brazil 37, 664, 000 34, 714, 000 30, 184, 000
China 33, 253, 000 24, 668,000 22, 842, 000
All other countries 242, 766, 000 225, 035, 000 203, 526, 000
Total exports 1, 520, 000, 000 1,368, 634, 000 1,247, 934, 000
It will be noticed by the above tables that the United States main
tains an indisputable lead in the imports into the United Kingdom,
while in the exports therefrom the United States has fallen from a good
first in 1872, to the fifth place in 1876.
The volume of trade between the United Kingdom and the United
States exceeds that between any other two countries by more than
$100,000,000 ; and this immense trade is largely in favor of the United
States.
The following statement shows the principal articles of import, and
their value, into the United Kingdom :
Articles. 1872. 1875. 1876.
Cotton $259, 430,000 $224, 822, 000 $195, 219, 000

Wheat ,127, 182, 000 133, 701, 000 112, 645, 000
Wool.... 90, 328, 000 113, 286, 000 114, 880, 000
Wood and timber 69, 156, 000 74, 963,000 93, 023, 000
Indian corn.. 42, 236, 000 39, 472, 000 61, 924, 000
Silk manufactures . 44, 430, 000 58,408, 000 56, 160, 000
Tea 62, 855, 000 66,908, 000 56, 083, 000
Butter . 29, 298, 000 41, 320, 000 47, 230, 000
Bacon and hams . 20, 358, 000 33, 945, 000 41, 851, 000
Coffee 25, 550, 000 36, 513, 000 30, 996, 000
Hides, tanned and untanned .. 32, 568, 000 34, 105, 000 30,522, 000
Wine.. 37, 512, 000 33, 053, 000 33, 988, 000
Total principal articles 840, 903, 000 891, 096, 000 874, 521, 000
All other articles... 875, 814, 000 905. 935, 000 948, 731, 000
Total imports.. 1,716, 717, 000 1,797, 031, 000 1,823, 252, 000
24 - COMMERCIAL RELATIONS .
Notwithstanding the increase in ' the total imports into the United
Kingdom , it will be seen by the above statement that there was a
marked decrease in the total of the above twelve principal articles- which
constitute almost one-half of the total imports-in 1876 as compared with
1875. This decrease is most pronounced in the import of cotton ; not even
so much in the decrease in value as in the ominous fact that it must mean
a decrease in the great staple manufacture of the United Kingdom.
During 1875 the total import of raw cotton into the United Kingdom
was 13,989,861 cwts., and in 1876, 13,324,564 cwts.; a decrease of
665,297 cwts. The total exports of cotton yarn and cotton manufactures
in 1875 amounted to $348,806,000, and in 1876 to $ 328,836,000 ; a de
crease of a little less than $20,000,000 . For the year 1877, as compared
with 1876 , the decrease in the imports of cotton amounted to 1,212,000
cwts. in quantity, and in value to more than $23,500,000.
A glance at some of the leading features of the cotton industry of
Great Britain will at once show its importance to that country ;
the great disarrangement which would result from any decay in this
manufacture, and the wide and varied interests that are upheld there
by from the time the raw material leaves the United States until it is
placed on the market in a manufactured condition .
The import of raw cotton into the United Kingdom during the year
1876 amounted to $ 195,220,000 ; the re-export amounted to $ 22,000,000 ;
leaving the amount for consumption $ 173,220,000 . Of the amount re
tained for consumption the United States supplied $ 120,000,000 .
In 1874 there were employed in the 2,655 cotton factories of the
United Kingdom, 187,620 males, and 291,895 females : a total of 479,515
employés. Taking overseers, clerks, watchmen, &c. , into account, it
may be safely assumed that 500,000 persons ( leaving their dependents
out of consideration ) draw direct livelihoods from the cotton factories.
The amount of capital invested in the raw material, as above stated ,
during the year 1876 was $ 173,220,000 . Cotton manufactures to the
amount of $9,000,000 (of which the United States supplied more than
2,000,000 ! ) were imported during the same year. The vast increase in
value between the raw material and the manufactured article must be
conjectured, as no approximate result can be arrived at from the statistics
at hand ; but, after supplying the requirements of the 32,000,000 of
people in the United Kingdom , the value of the exports of cotton manu
factures and yarn amounted , in the year under review, to $ 328,000,000 !
Between the raw material and the manufactured lies a vast field of
industry, filled up by the 500,000 employés and their dependents ; the
distribution of wages, machinery, buildings, art, science, &c., connected
therewith ; all lost to the country which produced the crude material.
It is only by its magnitude that cotton can be taken as an example of
the difference to a nation between exporting crude and manufactured
materials, for many other natural products represent more variety and
labor in their manipulation , and so give still more variety and labor,
proportionally, to industries.
The principal articles of import into the United Kingdom , and the
countries which principally supplied the same, will be seen by the follow
ing statement :
1. Cotton.
Whence imported. 1872. 1875. 1876.
United States $125, 859, 000 $131, 044, 000 $121, 538, 000
Egypt . 37, 872, 000 32, 518, 000 33, 433, 000
India. ........ 62, 511, 000 44, 582, 000 28, 451, 000
Brazil ............. ……………………… 22, 987, 000 11, 392, 000 7,287, 000
Total from principal countries . 249, 229, 000 219, 536, 000 190, 709, 000
From all other countries 10, 201, 000 5, 287,000 4, 510, 000.
Total import . 259, 430,000 224, 823, 000 195, 219, 000
2. Wheat.
United States 27, 474, 000 60, 604, 000 49,921, 000
Russia 51,543, 000 25, 104, 000 21, 421, 000
British India. 414, 000 3, 256, 000 8,003,000
Australia ........ 1,656, 000 3, 380, 000 7, 162, 000
Germany. 12, 849, 000 15, 297, 000 6, 471 , 000
British North America .. 5, 578, 000 9, 603, 000 6, 228, 000
Egypt . 5,749, 000 5,040, 000 4, 644, 000
France 8,995, 000 3, 402,000 770,000
Total from principal countries . 114, 258, 000 125, 686, 000 104, 620, 000
From all other countries .. 12, 924, 000 8, 014, 000 8, 025, 000.
Totalimport 127, 182, 000 133, 700, 000 112, 645, 000
3. Wool.
Australia. 52, 599,000 77, 830, 000 80, 898, 000

British India 4, 007, 000 4, 629, 000 18, 178, 000.
From all other countries 33, 722, 000 31, 427, 000 15, 804, 000
Total import . 90, 328,000 113, 826, 000 114, 880, 000
4. Sugar (refined and unrefined).

France (two-thirds refined) . 17, 096, 000 21, 223, 000 16, 125, 000
British West Indies (unrefined) 17, 250,000 17,985, 000 12, 873, 000
British Guiana (unrefined) 5, 140, 000 6, 954,000 9, 335, 000
Germany (unrefined) 2,200,000 2,897, 000 8, 444, 000
Spanish West Indies (unrefined) . 20, 177, 000 12,716, 000 8, 287, 000
Java (unrefined) 283,000 6, 930, 000 6, 809, 000
Brazil (unrefined) 11, 030, 000 11, 205, 000 5,931, 000
Peru (unrefined) 847,000 4, 523, 000 4, 436, 000
Mauritius (unrefined) 6, 423, 000 3,264, 000 3,936, 000
United States (refined) 1, 791 , 000 1, 662, 000
British India (unrefined) . 3,547,000 1,600,000 974, 000
Total from principal countries . 83, 993, 000 91, 088,000 78, 812, 000
From all other countries . 18, 979, 000 13, 637,000 20, 609, 000
Total import 102, 972, 000 104, 725, 000 99, 421, 000
5. Wood and timber.
Sweden and Norway.. 22, 845,000 19, 539, 000 27, 652, 000
British North America 19, 573, 000 20, 398, 000 25, 614, 000
Russia 10, 045, 000 15, 100, 000 17, 658, 400
United States ……………. 2,041, 000 5, 530, 000 8, 622, 000
Germany .. 6,749, 000 6, 169, 000 6,980,000
Total from principal countries.. 61, 253, 000 66, 736, 000 86, 526, 000
From all other countries ... 7,903, 000 8, 227, 000 6, 497, 000
Total import 69, 156, 000 74, 963,000 93, 023, 000
6. Indian corn.
United States 29, 484,000 23, 347, 000 41 , 897, 000
British North America . 5,873, 000 7,293,000 10, 769, 000
Turkey... 2,813, 000 1,611, 000 2,820,000
Total from principal countries.. 38, 170, 000 32, 251,000 55, 486, 000
From all other countries... 4,066, 000 7,222,000 6, 438, 000
Total import 42, 236, 000 39, 473,000 61, 924, 000
26 COMMERCIAL RELATIONS .
The principal exports from the United Kingdom were as follows :
Articles. 1872. 1875. 1876.
Cotton manufactures .. $308, 448, 000 $234, 786, 000 $266, 717,000
-Cotton yarn ........ 51, 150, 000 64, 020, 000 62, 119, 000
Total cottons .. 359, 598, 000 348, 806, 000 328, 836,000
Woolen manufactures 157, 383, 000 105, 264, 000 90, 412,000
Woolen and worsted yarn 29, 715,000 24, 783, 000 21, 468, 000
Total woolens 187,098, 000 130, 047, 000 111, 880, 000
Iron and steel * 177, 996, 000 125, 747, 000 100, 784, 000
Coal and cinders 64, 096, 000 46,938, 000 43, 276, 000
Linen and jute yarn and manufactures 58,828,000 52, 291, 000 43, 036, 000
Machinery 39,857, 000 44, 025, 000 35, 043, 000
Haberdashery and millinery.. 32, 274, 000 24, 263, 000 18, 323, 000
Hardware and cutlery. 24, 735, 000 20, 579, 000 16, 929, 000
Apparel and slops .. 15, 127, 000 15, 480,000 14, 395, 000
Total principal articles 959, 609, 000 208, 176, 000 712, 502, 000
All other articles ... 560, 391, 000 560, 458, 000 535, 432, 000
Total exports.. 1, 520, 000, 000 1,368, 634, 000 1,247, 934, 000
It will be seen by the foregoing table that the nine articles therein
constitute very much more than one-half of the value of the entire exports
of the United Kingdom, and that the decrease in the exports of the
same in five years has amounted to more than $274,000,000 . In the three
principal articles of export-cotton and woolen manufactures, and iron
and steel and manufactures of, not including machinery and hard
ware-the decrease from 1872 to 1876 has been $ 183,000,000 , in a total
export of those three articles in 1872 of $ 724,000,000.
The following tables show the five principal articles of exportation
from the United Kingdom-representing more than one -half of the
value of the entire exports- the principal 1 countries whither they were
exported ; the decrease from 1872 to 1876, and the amounts purchased
by the several countries :
1.-Cotton manufactures and cotton yarn.
Whither exported . 1872. 1975. 1876.
British India $61,049, 000 $76, 300, 000 $73, 181, 000
China 33, 992, 000 29, 475, 000 27, 326, 000
Turkey 23, 486,000 22, 581, 000 23, 693, 000
Germany 30, 538, 000 22, 761, 000 19, 531, 000
Holland 26, 846, 000 16,983, 000 16, 425,000
Italy 6,290,000 13, 158, 000 12, 997, 000
France 14,725,000 10,816, 000 11, 902, 000
United States 24, 939, 000 16, 453, 000 11, 818, 000
Egypt.. 20, 854,000 7,575,000 6, 820,000
Japan 5, 573, 000 6, 279, 000 6, 456, 000
Straits settlements , 669, 000 6, 236, 000 6, 410,000
Mexico, Central and South America 45, 550, 000 37, 953, 000 34, 170, 000
Total to principal countries 305, 511, 000 266, 570,000 250, 789, 000
To all other countries . 54,087, 000 82, 236, 000 78,047, 000
Total exports ... 359,598, 000 348,806, 000 ⚫328, 836, 000
+
Wrought and unwrought, and manufactures of; not including machinery, hardware, and cutlery.
2.-Woolen manufactures, yarn included.
Whither exported. 1872. 1875. 1876.
Germany. $57, 278, 000 $28,663, 000 $23, 618, 000

France 22,038, 000 17, 783, 000 17, 715, 000
Holland …………………………… . 16, 167, 000 13, 365, 000 12,065, 000
United States 34, 198, 000 17, 114, 000 10, 909, 000
Canada.. 6, 891, 000 7,409, 000 5, 578, 000
Mexico, Central and South America. 9, 707, 000 6,372, 000 5,556, 000
China 5,792, 000 5,703, 000 4,748, 000
Italy ……………………. 4, 762, 000 3, 703, 000 4,032,000
Belgium.. 4,893, 000 3,206, 000 3,670,000
Total to principal countries 161, 726,000 103, 348, 000 87,891, 000
To all other countries 25, 372, 000 26, 699, 000 23, 989, 000
Total export..………. 187,098, 000 130, 047, 000 111, 880, 000
3.-Iron and steel and manufactures of.*
United States ...... 55,976,000 18, 419, 000 13, 219, 000
Australia.. 10, 011, 000 16, 376, 000 11, 877, 000
Germany 15, 890, 000 9,340,000 8, 581, 000
British India 4,651, 000 7,963,000 7,959, OCO
Holland 12, 881, 000 7,600,000 6,853, 000
Mexico, Central and South America. 13, 794, 000 9, 414, 000 6, 640,000
Russia 7,069, 000 9, 625, 000 6, 226, 000
Canada.. 14, 151, 000 9, 023, 000 6, 020, 000
France 4, 600, 000 3, 281, 000 3,991, 000
Italy 3,766, 000 3, 893, 000 3,561, 000
Spain 2,548,000 2, 444, 000 2,810, 000
China 1, 150, 000 1, 405, 000 858, 000
Total to principal countries 146, 487, 000 99, 383,000 78, 625, 000
To all other countries 31, 509, 000 26, 364, 000 22, 159, 000
Total export...... 177, 996, 000 125, 747, 000 100, 784, 000
4.-Coal and cinders.
Germany 8, 126, 000 6, 185, 000 5, 456, 000

Russia. 3, 164, 000 3,037, 000 3,395,000
Sweden and Norway 3,970,000 3,642,000 3, 110, 000
Italy 3, 978, 000 3, 149, 000 3,102,000
Mexico, Central and South America . 5, 149, 000 3,338, 000 2, 438,000
Denmark. 2, 814, 000 2,223, 000 1,980,000
Egypt 2,920, 000 1,958, 000 1,574, 000
British India 1, 442, 000 1,356, 00 1,450,000
United States 547,000 380,000 577, 000
Total to principal countries . 32, 170, 000 25, 268, 000 23,082,000
To all other countries 31, 926, 000 21, 670,000 20, 194, 000
Total export ... 64, 096,000 46, 938,000 43, 276, 000
5.-Linen andjute yarn and manufactures.
United States 20, 416, 000 15,956, 000 13,066, 000

Germany. 6, 328, 000 7,399, 000 6, 312, 000
Spain.... 4, 243, 000 3, 227, 000 3,654, 000
Mexico, Central and South America 5,846, 000 3,659, 000 2,872,000
Holland 2,287, 000 2, 180, 000 1, 494, 000
Australia... 1, 401, 000 1,739, 000 1, 539, 000
Total to principal countries.. 40, 521, 000 34, 160, 000 28,937,000
To all other countries 18, 307, 000 18, 131, 000 14,099, 000
Total export .. 58,828, 000 52, 291, 000 43,036, 000
The trade between the United Kingdom and the United States dur
ing the year 1876 was as follows : Imports from the United States ,
* Machinery, hardware, and cutlery not included.
exclusive of bullion and coin , $ 367,351,000 ; exports to the United States,

$97,897,000. This represents the largest volume of trade between any
two countries of the commercial world ; and as the value of the imports
is nearly four times the value of the exports, the balance of trade is over
whelmingly in favor of the United States. Such being the case, a re
view of the trade between both countries must prove both interesting
and instructive to our manufacturers and exporters.
In 1863 the imports and exports between the United Kingdom and
the United States were almost equalized ; the total trade amounting to a
little less than $ 200,000,000. In 1864 the imports from the United
States fell off about $ 10,000,000, and the exports thereto gained about
$2,500,000 on the preceding year. In 1865 the exports to the United
States amounted to $ 122,300,000, while the imports therefrom were only
about $ 96,000,000, $ 26,000,000 less than the exports. 1865 was the last
year in which the exports to the United States exceeded or even equaled
the imports therefiom. The highest figure reached since then by the
exports to the United States from the United Kingdom was reached in
1872, viz, $ 223,195,000, while the imports from the United States during
the same year amounted to $264,573,000 . From 1872 to 1876 the ex
ports to the United States fell away more than one-half, while the im
ports during the same period increased more than $ 100,000,000.
The following statements show the principal articles of import and
export between the United Kingdom and the United States for the years
1872 , 1873 , 1874, 1875, and 1876, and the yearly increase and decrease
n the same :
Statement showing the value of the commerce between Great Britain and Ireland and the
United States for the years 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876.
IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES .
Articles. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876.
Cotton $125, 585, 735 $152, 677, 475 $141, 860, 220 $131, 044, 369 $121, 583, 378
Wheat 27, 474, 119 62, 624, 024 68, 735, 118 60, 353, 173 49, 921, 565
Indian corn 29, 362, 469 18, 460, 365 27, 389, 947 23, 251, 142 41, 896, 675
Bacon and bams. 16,739, 482 23, 128, 800 21, 673, 234 26, 473, 197 34,5-0,822
Cheese 8, 234, 945 11, 389, 396 12, 534, 515 13, 484, 346 12, 414, 488
Tobacco and cigars . 3,886, 582 9, 142, 312 9, 526, 886 5, 189, 859 10, 561, 359
Wood and timber.. 4, 139, 700 5,687, 873 9, 069, 103 5,502, 789 8, 247, 650
Flour. 2,995, 529 6, 690, 351 14, 125, 859 8, 414, 073 8, 243, 904
Hides, raw and dressed. 2, 945, 062 5, 148, 258 5, 137, 660 7,955, 024 7,550, 511
Lard 6,088, 037 5,916, 861 3,828, 110 7,296, 145 6,829, 951
Petroleum 1,991, 955 4,779, 940 4,757, 423 3,729, 161 6, 694, 494
Oil-seed cake 3,792, 130 4,579, 820 5, 329, 979 6, 016, 047 6, 402, 603
Tallow and stearine 3,382, 763 4,898, 573 4,348, 948 3,718, 654 5,023, 438
Pork, salted 1,452, 154 2, 260, 889 2, 208, 119 1, 787, 276 2,969, 010
Oils, of all kinds . 3, 439, 594 3,089, 120 3, 230, 201 3,684, 425 2, 964, 751
Butter.. 966, 446 966, 252 913, 641 996, 566 2,870, 710
Beef, salted 1, 341, 004 1,831, 514 1, 976, 854 1,793, 069 2,254, 501
Fish 625, 579 532, 893 961, 413 1, 468, 518 2, 018, 536
Skins and furs 3, 531, 331 2, 545, 878 2,922, 488 2,927, 657 1, 893, 741
Beef,fresh 12, 661 41, 638 1,885, 739
Sugar, refined 333 251 135 1, 783, 932 1,654, 858
Pease 272, 240 131, 314 684, 279 1, 139, 839 1, 512, 291
Hops 232, 852 226, 221 634, 344 977, 070 1, 509, 189
Resin 2, 116, 030 2, 106, 811 1,944, 581 1, 625, 441 1, 482, 182
Meat, preserved . 63, 065 79, 366 155, 639 275, 444 1, 438, 317
Clover and grass seeds 1,540, 780 579, 551 422, 836 569, 179 1, 409, 257
Fruit, raw. 552, 008 543, 982 418, 887 415, 630 1, 243, 512
Iron and steel, wrought or manu.
factured . 947, 449 874,258 757, 992 1,049, 074 1, 170, 500
Manures 429,845 224, 864 531, 838 859, 642 1,032, 693
Molasses 757,058 638, 468 275, 647 982, 231 653, 414
Coffee 39, 934 299, 818 201, 682 197, 544 516, 607
Clocks 365, 995 445, 391 491 , 376 518, 020 477, 470
Extract of barks, for tanning . 50, 331 115, 012 154, 987 338, 054 360, 841
Oats.. 183 16, 523 11, 262 68, 282 337, 168
Copper, raw and wrought.. 886, 015 297, 679 462, 979 312, 533 321 , 966
Barley 41,943 31, 174 90, 140 18, 672 264, 447
Statementshowing the value of the commerce between Great Britain and Ireland, &c. — Contin❜d .
IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES-Continued.
Articles. 1872. 1873. 1974. 1875. 1876.
Caoutchouc $240, 247 $487, 538 $272, 409 $482, 653 $252, 701
Drugs ............ 127, 287 192, 806 229, 391 263, 518 205, 985
Wax 112,525 115, 129 70, 373 114, 693 115, 753
Wool.. 363, 406 77, 565 115, 245 169, 017 102, 637
Tar 58, 675 106,828 178, 954 66, 138 95, 115
Hemp ... 61, 303 1, 839 67, 232 190, 550 80, 634
Bark, for tanning and dyeing .. 69, 083 81, 634 70, 930 75, 595 73, 171
Logwood 19, 379 3, 284 11,083 65, 601 62, 965
Alkali.. 169, 017 165, 338 129, 411 50, 558 44, 140
Quicksilver ....... 18, 808 43, 899 39, 300
Silver ore 1,270, 107 789, 873 228,223 41, 493 25, 589
Woolen manufactures.. 22, 307 45, 074 28, 435 75, 765 19, 940
All other articles.. 5,065, 949 10, 133, 147 7,500, 168 8,494, 826 13, 518, 230
Total*... 264, 73, 508 345,922, 026 357, 663, 416 366, 815, 861 367, 351, 198
EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.
PRODUCE AND MANUFACTURE OF 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876.

THE UNITED KINGDOM.
Iron, wrought and unwrought... $55, 976, 042 $38, 732, 225 $26, 363, 184 $18, 419, 912 $ 13, 219, 261
Cotton manufactures ... 24,939, 247 20, 659, 661 19, 672, 211 16, 453, 570 11, 818, 074
Woolen manufactures.. 33, 457, 666 29, 597, 669 23, 937, 100 17, 073, 501 10, 864, 493
Linen manufactures.. 18, 409, 240 15, 112, 793 15, 285, 141 14, 037, 626 10, 641, 132
Alkali.. 6,055, 522 6,737, 947 5. 406, 047 4,751, 365 4,681, 156
Earthen and china ware... 4,071, 741 3, 361, 897 2,862, 598 3, 002, 193 2,629, 189
Jute manufactures... 1,934, 649 1,766, 343 2, 253, 194 1,852, 829 2, 371, 372
Skins and furs 2,443, 720 3,076, 420 3, 385, 667 2,489, 604 2, 141, 579
Apparel and haberdashery 6, 705, 978 7, 120, 990 6, 202, 358 2,933, 098 1, 739, 220
Hardware and cutlery.. 4, 605, 831 3,858, 181 3, 139, 017 2, 674, 104 1,697, 915
Chemicals and preparations 2, 163, 247 1, 669, 253 1,941, 536 1, 384, 756 1,338, 327
Rags, & c., for paper 2,696, 741 1,359, 120 1, 335, 961 1, 455, 712 1,250, 104
Machinery and mill-work. 2,386, 400 2,638, 719 1,038, 291 925, 587 1, 116, 830
Silk manufactures.. 2,453, 168 1,558, 751 1, 649, 012 965, 071 1, 014, 676
Bags and sacks ……………………… . 1, 112, 236 1, 231, 620 1, 427, 853 787, 308 938, 175
Books, printed 1,489, 190 1,328, 512 1, 327, 965 1,322, 742 929, 115
Glass manufactures 1, 405, 748 1,816, 824 955, 256 870, 735 809, 901
Salt 596, 999 1,204, 835 794, 456 858, 959 768, 572
Bleaching materials 1, 173, 560 1, 212, 536 896, 416 959, 200 745, 844
Wool. 855,218 301, 440 397, 131 400, 708 698, 387
Beer and ale 1, 109, 473 1, 147, 130 1, 167, 988 1,021, 714 607, 245
Coals, cinders, and fuel 547, 873 544, 635 504, 802 396, 313 574, 599
Arms, ammunition, &c 753, 655 562, 093 470,525 633, 793 457, 912
Painters' colors .. 828, 386 771, 742 815, 206 613, 678 501, 312
Leather, wrought and unwrought 874, 210 628, 846 647, 837 437,869 415, 078
Pickles, vinegar, and sauces .. 620, 802 654, 813 464, 736 435, 420 337, 054
Stationery, other than paper.. 492, 716 493, 249 512, 822 366, 673 324, 531
Caoutchouc 756, 404 709, 442 547, 558 333, 637 292, 970
Tin.... 687, 004 1,019, 575 1, 279, 981 379, 799 275, 033
Cotton yarn .. 895, 579 596, 471 343, 957 280, 599 268, 489
Drugs and medicines . 344, 966 340, 222 175, 106 203, 376 256, 287
Sugar and candy . 388, 468 173, 005 831, 587 264, 288 253, 417
Paper of all sorts. 943, 122 779, 743 426, 854 197, 781 173, 765
Lead, pig, pipe, and sheet 822, 930 335, 140 309, 271 31, 295 140, 466
Oil-seed 17, 293 16, 010 80, 160 15, 420 3,397
All other articles ... 12, 085, 106 9,383, 522 7,841, 551 6, 612, 235 5, 129, 345
Total British articles.... 197, 165, 130 162, 501, 374 136, 690, 355 105, 842, 470 81, 474, 222
Foreign and colonial articles 25, 029, 580 15, 118, 998 19, 343, 118 15, 458, 703 16, 422, 652
Total British, foreign, and
colonial 222, 194, 710 177, 620, 372 156,033 , 473 121, 301, 173 97, 806, 874
Of the decrease in exports to the United States from 1872 to 1876

($ 124,298,000) $87,230,000 was embraced in the four leading articles ,
viz.: iron, wrought and unwrought, and manufactures thereof, hardware
and machinery not included , $ 42,757,000 -the value of this export in
1876 being less than one-fourth of what it was in 1872 ; cotton manufac
* Of the increase in imports -over $ 100,000,000-from 1872 to 1876, more than $49,000,000 is embraced
n the five articles, wheat, corn, bacon, hams, and tobacco. Cotton shows a decrease from 1873 to 1876
of over $31,000,000
tures, $ 13,219,000-the value of this export in 1876 being less than one
half of what it was in 1872 ; woolen manufactures, $21,583,000- the value
of this export in 1876 being a little more than one-third of what it was in
1872 ; linen , $9,768,000 -the value of this export in 1876 being about
one-half of what it was in 1872.
The decrease in the export of those articles is not attributed to any
decrease in consumption in the United States, but is caused solely by
the improvement and development of American manufactures, by which
we are enabled to supply our own wants to the exclusion of so much
foreign manufactures.
For a number of years the United Kingdom has purchased from the
United States goods to the following annual amounts more than she has
sold to the United States :
Statement showing the annual balance of trade in favor of the United States, 1866-1876.
Year. Amount. Year. Amount. Year. Amount.
1866 $73, 050, 025 1870 $89, 533, 185 1874 $201, 629, 943
1867 81, 923, 422 1871 108, 617, 469 1875 245, 514, 688
1868 93, 220, 568 1872 42, 378, 798 1876 269, 454, 314
1869. 76, 390, 697 1873 . 168, 301, 655
Total balance of trade in favor of the United States in eleven years. 1, 450, 014, 764
According to business usage-for trade between nations is only trade

between individuals or communities enlarged- we should have received
$1,450,014,764 from Great Britain in settlement of this balance of trade.
Not only was this not done, but we find that during these very eleven
years when we should have been receiving a large annual settlement in
money, Great Britain has also taken from the United States gold and
silver coin and bullion- in excess of what she has sent hitherto an
amount equal to $434,265,425 , as the following statement will show :
Statement showing the annual imports into, and exports from, the United Kingdom, from and
Exports
to the United States, of gold and silver coin and bullion, and the annual excess of imports
to orts
imports
imports
over exports for eleven years, 1866-1876.

Imports
the ts
United
Excess
United
Excess
Impor
.United
.United
from
United
from
from
States
the
States
States
the
from
the
Exp
the
the
of
to
of
.
States
States
Year. Year.
.
1866 . $49, 588, 621 $4.912, 938 $44,675, 683 1873 . $44,364, 868311, 707, 065 $32, 657, 803
1867. 29, 450, 350 308, 206 29, 142, 144 1874. 38, 649, 152 166, 230 38, 482, 922
1868. 43,039, 187 544, 592 42, 494, 595 1875. 55, 364, 232 3, 223, 144 52, 141, 088
1869. 14, 222, 015 5,090, 310 9, 131, 705 1876. 34, 063, 443 18,967, 253 15, 096, 190
1870. 50, 242, 959 456, 770 49, 786, 189
1871 . 58,958, 329 553, 1978, 405, 132 Total. 480, 195, 130 45, 929, 705 434, 265, 425
1872. 62, 251, 974 62, 251, 974
Thus it will be seen that during the eleven years when Great Britain
had purchased from as goods to the amount of $ 1,450,014,764 in excess
of her sales to us-and for which we should have received pay in gold
and silver-she also took away $434,265,425 in gold and silver. A
hope that this apomalous state of trade-where the more we sell the
less we receive in return-is beginning to correct itself may be enter
tained from the exhibit of 1876,
^ where the import of gold and silver
from the United States into Great Britain was the least in a number of
years, and the exports therefrom to the United States the largest re
corded in any one previous year, although but a fraction of what it should
have been. This hope is further augmented by the exhibit for the year end
ing June 30 , 1877 , which shows that Great Britain took from the United
States gold and silver to the amount of only $ 23,800,000, while her ex
ports of the same to the United States amounted to over $ 21,000,000.
During the eleven years under consideration , the total imports of gold
and silver into the United Kingdom, from all countries, amounted to
$1,627,923,732 and the total exports therefrom during the same period
mounted to $ 1,286,186,582 ; leaving a balance in the country of
$341,737,150, or $ 92,528,275 less than the excess of her gold and silver
imports from the United States .
As the trade between the United Kingdom and the United States
during these eleven years showed a balance of $ 1,450,014,314 in favor of
the United States, it would have taken almost the entire imports of gold
and silver of the United Kingdom to pay the same-assuming that, as
between commercial houses, the two countries made annual settlements.
The fact that Great Britain is banker for the world ; that the greater
portion of American debts abroad is paid in sterling exchange ; that the
interest on our bonds held abroad goes through the London exchange
marts ; may partly account for the foregoing unsatisfactory result of the
trade of the eleven years under review.
As an illustration of the dependence of all countries upon Great
Britain for their international exchange, the case may be cited of a San
Francisco merchant who sends to New York for a sterling-draft to pay for
a bill of goods in China or Japan.
These transactions, however, are but partial explanations of a subject
which is worthy of serious consideration , not only for the sake of arriv
ing at a full understanding of the various causes which have resulted
in the seemingly anomalous exhibit of the trade between both countries,
but for the greater consideration of inaugurating a reform therein.
As statistics concerning the merchant-mariue of the United Kingdom
-which holds so large and important a position in the world's commerce
-cannot fail to be of interest, a short review of the same, and a compari
son thereof with our own merchant-marine, will not be out of place.
From 1862 to 1876, both years included , a marked decrease in the num
ber and tonnage of the sailing - vessels of the United Kingdom took place ;
but this was more than counteracted by the magnificent increase in the
tonnage of her steam -fleet.
In 1862 British sailing- vessels numbered (as registered ) 26,212 , of
4,396,509 tons ; in 1876 they numbered 21,144, of 4,257,986 tons, a de
crease of 5,068 vessels and of 138,513 tons. British steamers (as regis
tered ) in 1862 numbered 2,228, of 537,891 tous ; in 1876 they numbered
4,335, of 2,005,347 tons, au increase of 2,107 vessels and of 1,467,456
tons.
The total number and tonnage of British sailing vessels engaged in
the home and foreign trade of the United Kingdom were as follows :
In 1876, 17,228, of 4,126,058 tons, with crews numbering , exclusive of
masters, 125,811 men ; a decrease, as compared with 1862, of 1,831 ves
sels, an increase of 115,557 tons, and a decrease in crews of 40,236 men};
going to show that sailing- vessels are latterly built of greater capacity
than formerly, and that they require fewer men, according to tonnage,.
to work them.
The total number of British steamers (exclusive of river steamers)
engaged in the home and foreign trade of the United Kingdom in 1876
was 3,121 , of 1,870,094 tons, manned by 72,827 men ; an increase of

2,088 vessels , 1,408,301 tons , and 45,011 men, as compared with 1862.
The navigation in the several ports of the United Kingdom and the
proportion borne therein by the various flags during the years 1875 and
1876 will be seen by the following statement :
Statement showing the umber and tonnage of sailing and steam vessels, including their
repeated voyages, of each nation, that entered and cleared at the ports of the United King
dom, with cargoes and in ballast, from and to foreign countries and British possessions,
during the years 1875 and 1876.
ENTERED.
1876. 1875.
Increase .
Flag. Sailing-vessels. Steamers. Total. Total.
No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons.
British. 16,266 5,306,511 21,484 11,205,400 37,750 16,511,961 36, 101 15,160,991 1,649 1,320,970
FOREIGN.
Norwegian... 6, 513 1,944, 171 149 64, 488 6, 662 2, 008, 659 5, 807 1 , 705, 443 885 303, 116
German . 4,317 937, 952 764 453, 041 5,081 1, 390, 993 5, 040 1,385, 888 41 5, 105
United States 854 716, 496 33 64, 829 887 781, 325 637 597, 378 250 183, 947
French 4, 144 439, 850 857 312, 447 5, 001 752, 297 5, 355 744, 335 *354 7,962
Italian... 1,329 678, 739 4 3, 130 1,333 651, 839 1, 156 544, 332 177 107, 537
Danish 2, 850 373, 768 465 251, 744 3, 315 625, 512 2,989 519, 389 326 105, 123
Swedish 1,686 427, 817 462 239, 556 2, 148 667, 373 1, 762 516, 746 386 150, 527
Dutch 1, 029 140, 106 511 275, 643 1,540 415, 749 1,467 357, 939 73 57, 810
Russian. 917 340, 924 70 56, 176 987 397, 100 848 327, 160 139 69,940
Belgian 26 9, 589 842 225, 052 868 234, 641 941 258, 386 *73 *23, 745
Austrian 602 294, 025 6 6, 223 608 300, 248 494 230, 987 114 69, 261
Spanish 171 54, 671 312 181, 210 483 235, 881 485 225, 557 *2 10, 304
Greek 139 45, 886 7 6, 159 146 52, 045 124 44, 295 32 7,750
Portuguese 45 10, 033 14 14,494 59 24, 527 69 25, 700 *10 *1, 173
Other countries. 29 16, 246 1 848 30 17, 094 36 18, 617 *6 *1, 523
Total foreign 24, 651 6, 400, 273 4, 497 2, 155, 040 29, 148 8,555 , 313 27, 210 7 , 502, 172 1 , 938 1,053, 141
Grand total .. 40, 917 11,706,824 25, 981 13,360,440 65, 898 25,067,264 63, 311 22,693,163 3, 587 2,374, 101
CLEARED.
British.. 16, 510 5, 470, 923 21, 765 11,459,105 38, 275 16,930,028 36, 655 15,753,753 1, 620 1 , 176, 275
FOREIGN.
Norgewian.... 6, 541 1, 945, 095 148 63, 465 6, 689 2, 008, 560 5, 863 1,746, 002 826 262, 558
German 4,392 964, 687 825 565, 845 5, 217 1, 530, 532 5, 348 1 , 562, 911 *131 *31, 379
United States .. 8, 222 695, 227 32 63,387 854 758, 614 601 562, 819 253 85,795
French... 4,262 448, 646 879 320, 184 5, 139 768, 830 5, 237 746, 864 *98 21,966
Swedish 1,706 427, 267 482 253, 0652, 188 680, 332 1, 853 555, 550 335 124, 782
Italian 1,324 648, 447 5 4,040 1,329 652, 487 1, 129 532, 727 200 19, 760
Danish. 2, 991 398, 842 470 252, 319 3, 461 $51, 161 3,294 564, 902 167 86, 259
Dutch 919 132, 370 547 322, 621 1,466 454, 991 1,397 400, 218 69 54, 773
Russian . 931 344, 172 74 58,957 1,005 403, 129 873 345, 376 132 57,753
Austrian 609 291, 749 8 7,793 617 299,542 492 231, 085 125 68, 457
Spanish 177 59, 522 344 193, 665 521 253, 187 479 227, 249 42 25, 938
Belgian 21 6, 009 844 226, 354 865 232, 363 935 258, 575 *70 *26, 212
Greek 141 49, 327 3 2, 605 144 51, 932 121 44, 895 23 7,037
Portuguese 48 11, 917 13 13, 409 61 25, 326 72 27, 492 *11 *2, 066
Other countries 23 14, 841 7 1, 783 30 16, 624 48 23, 267 *18 *6, 643
Total foreign . 24, 905 6, 438, 118 4, 681 2, 349, 492 29, 586 , 787, 610 27, 742 7, 829, 922 1 , 844 857, 688
Grand total.. 41, 415 11,909,041 26, 446 13,808,597 67, 861 25,717,638 64, 397 23,583,675 3, 464 2, 133, 963
As will be seen by the foregoing tables, the United States held the
third rank in the foreign tonnage of the United Kingdom for the year
1876, Norway holding the first rank, and Germany the second.
In sailing- vessels, the proportion of British to foreign tonnage is not
much more than one-half, but in steam tonnage it is more than five to one.
* Decrease.
The total tonnage is : British 76,025 vessels , of 33,441,989 tons ; foreign

58,734 vessels, of 17,342,123 tons ; the British flag thus representing
twice as much tonnage in the navigation of the United Kingdom as all
the foreign flags combined . The proportion of the shipping of the
United States in the navigation of the United Kingdom is very insig
nificant when compared to what it should be, or when compared to the
proportion of British shipping in the navigation of the United States.
The tonnage of United States shipping in the navigation of the United
Kingdom during the year 1876, bore the proportion of 1 to 32 to the total,
and of 1 to 21 to British tonnage.
The number of American vessels which entered at and cleared from
ports of the United States during the year 1876 was 22,598, of 7,343,851
tons ; the number of foreign vessels entered and cleared during the same
year was 35,089 , of 17,822,011 tons. Of the foreign shipping, the British
flag covered 27,265 vessels , of 12,687,548 tons ; 13 the tonnage of the
United States in the navigation of the United States, and more than
one-half of the total tonnage. The steam navigation in the several ports
of the United States during the same year was as follows : United States
steamers entered and cleared 1,957 , of 2,200,775 tons ; foreign steamers
2,654, of 6,636,972 tons, three times the tonnage of the United States in
United States ports. Of the foreign steam tonnage 2,058 steamers, of
5,044,376 tons, were British. Thus British tonnage was more than
double United States tonnage in United States ports, while British
tonnage in British navigation was as 21 to 1 as compared to United States
tonnage in the same.
In the carrying trade between the United Kingdom and the United
States for 1876, the total number of vessels engaged therein, entered
and cleared at both countries , including repeated voyages, was 8,651 , of
7,622,851 tons. Of these vessels 3,788, of 4,504,919 tons, were British ,
and only 1,089 vessels, of 1,173,630 tons, American.
The only redeeming feature in the navigation between the United States
and the United Kingdom, as far as the United States is concerned , is in
the fact that while, in 1872, no steamer flying the flag of the United
States either entered at or cleared from the ports of the United King
dom , in 1876 the entrances and clearances of American steamers were
65 in number, with a tonnage of 128,216 tons.
During the year 1876, the value of the goods entered at British ports
for transshipment to 'the various countries amounted to $ 53,000,000 . Of
this transshipment trade, merchandise to the value of $ 18,000,000 was
shipped to the United States.
It might be expected that countries of less commercial enterprise and
capacity would be forced to receive their imports in this indirect man
ner, but that the United States, instead of importing direct from the
countries of production , should be compelled to receive so large a vol
ume of trade through British transshipment, is in strange contrast to
the reputed directness and enterprise of our people.
To arrive at a proper understanding of the present inadequate and
entirely disproportionate shipping facilities of the United States, as well
as to the causes which led to this deplorable condition of our merchant
marine, it is necessary to go back to 1860, the brightest period of Amer
ican shipping, when we disputed the seas in commercial rivalry, with
promise of ultimate supremacy, with Great Britain .
Soon thereafter began the destruction of our shipping, the pride of
the seas ; change of bottoms consequent upon the terror created upon
the high seas ; unprofitableness caused by war-risks ; change of flag,
rather than see the vessels rotting at our quays, or subjected to risks
of capture and destruction by rebel cruisers, & c. - until the seas became
3 CR
white with ships flying the British flag which were once the pride of
our merchant marine.
For further particulars respecting the trade and commerce of Great
Britain and Ireland , I refer to the consular reports herewith transmitted ,
and to the answers to the trade circular published in the appendix to
Foreign Relations for 1877.
Dominion of Canada. -The trade of the Dominion of Canada for the
year ending June 30, 1877 , was as follows : Imports, entered for con
sumption, $ 96,300,433, an increase on preceding year of more than
$ 1,500,000 ; exports, $ 75,875,393, a decrease of over $ 5,000,000 from pre
ceding year.
The following tables show the distribution of this trade among the
several countries for the past five years : *
Imports (entered for consumption).
Whence imported. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877.
Great Britain $68, 522, 776 $63,076, 437 $60, 347, 067 $40, 734, 260 $39, 572, 239
United States 47, 735, 678 54, 283, 072 50, 805, 820 46,070, 033 51,312, 669
France 2,023, 288 2,302, 500 1, 941, 298 1,840, 877 1,410, 732
Germany 1,099, 925 956, 917 748, 423 482, 587 370, 594
Spain 477,886 458, 067 323, 484 436, 034 278, 098
Portugal 75, 032 100, 544 66, 006 71, 655 45, 465
Italy 52, 425 46,085 43, 958 40,412 29, 250
Holland . 216, 628 256, 138 231 , 779 267, 079 202, 557
Belgium.. 346, 702 293, 659 278, 111 361, 055 251, 812
British North American Prov
inces 1,808, 997 1,088, 468 904, 224 774, 586 641, 642
British West Indies 964, 005 919, 517 1, 023, 148 868, 846 640, 716
Spanish West Indies 1, 143, 241 1,340, 235 1, 116, 440 631, 140 563, 451
French West Indies . 43, 412 30, 502 46, 592 47, 158 25, 022
Other West India Islands . 24, 274 17,479 8, 224 68, 969 13, 620
South America.. 416, 199 473, 530 278,796 287, 553 4, 971
China and Japan 1,663, 390 1, 224, 506 657,426 948,239 418, 606
Switzerland 120, 514 139, 647 116, 128 56, 168 69, 066
Australia ... 388, 352 400 50
South Africa . 97,999 373, 716 290, 359 97, 394
Other countries 293, 871 396, 839 247, 617 456, 158 352, 579
Total. 127, 514, 594 127, 404, 169 119, 618, 657 94, 733, 218 96, 300, 483
Exports.
Whither exported . 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877.
Great Britain .. $38, 743, 848 $45,003, 882 $40,032, 902 $40, 723, 477 $41,567, 469
United States 42,072, 526 36, 244, 311 29, 911, 983 31, 933, 459 25, 775, 245
France .. 31, 907 267, 212 212, 767 553, 935 319, 330
Germany 76, 553 65, 511 91, 019 125, 768 34, 324
Spain 25, 080 960 7,300 9, 417 62, 659
Portugal 191, 156 193, 463 170, 784 127, 540 129, 960
Italy 177, 232 190, 211 170, 408 142, 787 213, 692
Holland 13, 142 14, 905 28, 724 30, 816 9.1, 303
Belgium.. 17, 754 240, 494 59, 563 13, 825 66, 912
British North American Prov.
inces 2, 800, 555 1,569, 079 1,901, 831 1,900, 891 2, 112, 106
British West Indies 1, 969, 543 1, 997, 078 2,283, 973 2, 148, 491 2, 194, 649
Spanish West Indies 1, 624, 191 1, 255, 121 1,042, 001 1, 146, 129 1,284, 375
French West Indies. 299, 809 380, 609 371, 477 292, 995 160, 212
Other West India Islands . 95,950 145,988 248, 055 87,05 149, 622
South America .. 1, 285, 434 1, 212, 978 725, 797 688, 209 651, 625
China and Japan ... 46,466 39, 222 37, 046 23, 075 37,
Australia.. 41, 822 98, 733 181, 938 79, 643 185, 610
South Africa.. 4,978 3,316 30, 834 23, 964 23, 170
Other countries. 272, 976 128, 855 318, 577 914, 369 812, 981
Total.. 89, 789, 922 89, 351, 928 77,886, 979 80, 966, 435 75, 875, 393
It will be noted by the foregoing table of imports , that from 1873 to 1877
Great Britain and the United States have changed places on the list ; Great
Britain, from a good first place in the former year, to a poor second in 1877,
* From the Canadian official report upon the trade and navigation of the Dominion
for the fiscal year 1877.
while the imports from the United States for 1877 constitute more than
one-half of the entire imports of the Dominion . While the exports to Great
Britain increased from 1873 to 1877 nearly $3,000,000, the exports to the
United States fell off from $42,000,000 in 1873 to $ 25,775,000 in 1877 .
Thus, year by year, the trade between Canada and the United States is
becoming assimilated and more favorable to us.
The following statements show the articles of import from the United
States, and of export thereto, for 1876 and 1877 , with the increase and
decrease therein :
IMPORTS.
Articles. 1876. 1877. Increase. Decrease.
GOODS PAYING SPECIFIC AND SPECIFIC AND AD VALOREM

DUTIES.
Ale, beer, and porter ..... $10,969 $18,836 $7,867
Butter ... 36, 107 40, 770 4, 663
Cheese 12, 386 9, 293 $3, 093
Chicory 597 1, 136 539
Coffee 274, 181 272, 280 1,901
Cigars ............. 196, 375 126, 559 69, 816
Fish 2,316 2, 429 113
Lard and tallow. 312, 248 267, 740 44, 508
Meats .. 1, 191, 894 1,082, 450 109, 444
Oil, coal and kerosene 144, 751 205, 448 60, 697
Rice 67, 729 59,417 8,312
Spirits:
Brandy 11, 139 23, 005 11, 866
Gin 3, 912 2,357 1,555
Rum 1,317 2, 030 713
Whisky.. 22,756 14, 632 8, 124
Other spirits 26, 381 28, 227 1,846
Sugar, of all kinds 2,258, 529 2,048, 828 209, 701
Sugar- candy and confectionery. 40, 230 42, 501 2,271
Tea 1,819, 543 1, 731, 652 84, 891
Tobacco, manufactured, and snuff 98, 107 67,238 30, 869
Wines of all kinds 20, 327 25, 539 5, 212
Other articles paying specific duties 111, 358 93, 812 17, 546
Total specific and specific and ad valorem . 6,663, 152 6, 169, 179 95, 787 589, 760
25 per cent. ad valorem 365, 609 237, 536
15, 164, and 17 per cent. ad valorem . 11, 781, 594 14, 331, 281 2, 549, 687
10 per cent. ad valorem. 1, 345, 190 1,574, 627 229, 437
5 and 4 per cent. ad valorem.. 1, 179, 068 1, 198, 223 19, 155
dutiable 21, 334, 613 23,510, 846 2, 894, 066
free . 24, 735, 420 27,801, 823 3,066, 403
Grand total …………….. 46,070, 033 51,312, 669 5, 960, 469
717,833
Net increase in 1877, as compared with 1876 ..... 5, 242, 636
EXPORTS.
Products of the mine..... $3, 201, 588 $2,447, 844 $753, 744
fisheries 1, 475, 330 1,317, 917 157, 413
forest .. 4, 973, 354 4, 789, 594 183, 760
Animals and their produce. 4,838, 412 4, 618, 177 220, 235
Agricultural products. 11, 744, 715 8,057, 995 3,686, 720
Manufactures.. 1,386, 685 1,361, 686 24,999
Miscellaneous articles.. 481, 767 325, 966 155, 801
Total …………….. 28, 101, 851 22, 919, 179 5, 182, 672
Coin and bullion 1, 202, 020 690, 400 511, 620
Estimated amount short returned at inland ports 2, 629, 588 2, 165, 666 463, 922
Grand total 31, 933, 459 25, 775, 245 6, 158, 214
Decrease in 1877, compared with 1878 6, 58, 214
The following statement shows the navigation (seaward ) of the

Dominion of Canada for the year 1877 :
Arrived. Departed.
Under what flag. No. Tons. Crews. Under what flag. No. Tons. Crews.
British 5,797 2,022, 692 68, 794 British 6, 1212, 090, 91 71, 308
United States.. 2, 307 879, 903 32, 051 United States 2,087 836, 897 29, 228
French 37 10, 637 386 French 27 8, 08: 281
Norwegian and Swedish.. 540 310, 780 7, 137 Norwegian and Swedish 587 338, 01: 7,793
German.. 65 30, 363 771 German 58 28, 37: 698
Austrian. 9 5, 574 117 Austrian ......... 11 6,81 150
Spanish . 5 1,217 49 Spanish 3 *2: 35
Portuguese 2,459 75 Portuguese.. { 2,871 96
Russian.. 12 6, 417 167 Russian 15 8,36% 203
Danish ... 5 4,764 98 Danish 7,330 155
Dutch ........... 2,707 77 Dutch 3, 181 107
Belgian 5,536 165 Belgian ……………. 1,641 41
Italian 2, 423 60 Italian 2, 601 62
Central American.. 6, 670 122 Central American 11 9, 32 163
Bolivian 2,452 51 Bolivian ; 2,00. 44
Peruvian 1,363 20 Peruvian ງ 1, 36: 20
Hawaiiau Hawaiian 221 10
Total 8, 208 3, 295, 987 110, 140 Total 8, 952 3, 348, 83: 110, 394
The inland navigation between the Dominion of Canada and the United
States for 1877 was as follows :
Quantity of freight.
Description. Number of Tons regis Crews.
vessels. ter. meas
Tons weight. Tors
urement.
Canadian, steam. 3,322 525, 131 56, 459 3,368 42, 940
sail 3,859 476, 845 352, 314 105, 670 18, 245
United States, steam 3, 235 694,390 79, 552 5, 748 34, 501
sail.. 2,945 382, 225 372, 985 23, 330 10, 932
Total inwards . 13, 361 2, 138, 591 867, 310 138, 116 106,618
Italy. The imports into Italy for the year 1876 amounted to
$256,155,000 ; an increase over the preceding year of $ 21,600,000. The
exports during the same year amounted to $ 234,851,000 ; an increase
over the preceding year of $35,350,000.
The following statement shows the distribution of this trade among
the principal countries and the increase and decrease in 1876, as com
pared with 1875 :
IMPORTS.
Whence imported . 1875. 1876. Increase.
France and Algiers.. $71, 381, 000 $82, 641, 000 $11, 260, 000
Great Britain ....... 57, 461, 000 59,718, 000 2,257, 000
Austria 45, 285, 000 51, 198, 000 5,913, 000
Turkey 5,874, 000 12,046, 000 6, 172, 000
United States ……………. 8, 297, 000 9, 100,000 803, 000
Germany .. 7, 201, 000 7,737, 000 536,000
Total from principal countries 195, 499,000 222, 440, 000 26, 941, 000
From all other countries 39,056, 000 33, 715, 000 *5, 341, 000
Total imports 234, 555, 000 256, 155, 000 21, 600,000
* Decrease.
EXPORTS.
Whither exported . 1875. 1876. Increase.
France and Algiers $75, 763,000 $103, 632, 000 $27, 869, 000
Austria 36, 981, 000 36, 203, 000 *778, 000
Switzerland . 20, 997, 000 29, 234, 000 8, 237, 000
Great Britain 27, 036, 000 25, 845, 000 *1, 191, 000
Sonth America.. 9,040,000 8, 249, 000 *790, 000
United States 5, 601, 000 3,966, 000 *1, 635, 000
Total to principal countries 175, 418, 000 207, 129, 000 31, 712, COO
To all other countries 24,082, 000 27,722,000 3, 640, 000
Total exports... 199,500,000 234, 851, 000 35, 351,000
The greatest increase in imports and exports is with France ; the ex

ports to that country alone, in 1876, constituting almost one- half of the
entire exports of Italy..
It will be seen that while the imports from the United States show a
large increase, considering the volume ofour trade with Italy, a noticeable
decrease took place in the exports to the United States. Thus , at least,
if the trade of the United States with Italy is not large it is considerably
in our favor.
The principal imports from the United States consist of tobacco ,
about $2,600,000 ; cotton , about $2,900,000 ; petroleum , about $ 1,590,000 ;
lard and tallow, about $ 100,000 ; hides, raw and tanned , $ 260,000 ; lin
seed-oil, resin , & c.
The principal articles of export to the United States are dye-stuffs,
about $ 640,000 ; straw hats, $336,000 ; marble, $ 315,000 ; and a miscella
neous assortment of preserves , fruit, nuts, olive-oil, and fancy articles .
The dispatches, published in the appendix to Foreign Relations for
1877, from the United States minister at Rome, and from the United
States consul at Genoa, in answer to the trade circular issued from this
department, are not very encouraging concerning the enlargement of our
trade with Italy.
Notwithstanding these reports, which are entitled to great considera
tion, it would seem that the introduction of our breadstuffs and manu
factures into Italy is not only possible, but of comparatively easy accom
plishment. Some of the principal imports of Italy consist of articles
which form some of the principal exports of the United States, and why
our manufacturers and exporters-who compete with those countries in
their own markets in the very articles which they sell to Italy- cannot
sell to Italy direct is not clearly explained in the reports alluded to.
The following list of some of the principal imports into Italy will illus .
trate this phase of the subject more plainly : Cotton manufactures , about
$16,000,000 - none from the United States ; wheat, about, $ 15,000,000
none from the United States ; raw cotton, about $ 10,000,000- $2,900,000
from the United States ; cotton yarn, about $8,000,000- none from the
United States ; tobacco, about $ 6,000,000- $2,600,000 from the United
States ; timber, $ 5,000,000 - none from the United States ; agricultural
machinery, $3,000,000- none from the United States ; cheese, $3,000,000
11
-none from the United States.
The Italian mercantile marine in 1876 consisted of 10,903 sailing ves
sels of 1,020,488 tons, a small increase over the preceding year, and 142
steamers of 57,881 tons, an increase of 1 steamer over 1875 ; total fleet,
11,045 vessels , of 1,078,369 tons.
The navigation at the twelve principal ports of Italy, coast wise navi .
* Decrease .
gation not included , for 1876 was as follows : 16,877 vessels of 5,870,718
tons. The eutrances and clearances for 1876 numbered 53,682 vessels
of 10,680,106 tons. The whole navigation for the year, foreign and coast
་ wise, shows a decrease from 1875 of 9,609 vessels and 522,576 tons . The
tonnage at the port of Genoa is more than one-fourth the entire tonnage
of all the ports of Italy.
During 1876 there entered at and cleared from Italian ports from and
to the United States 602 vessels of 330,595 tons, a very insignificant
tonnage when the commerce of both countries is taken into considera
tion. About one- half of the imports from the United States, and less
than one-fourth of the exports thereto , were carried in American vessels .
The reports, accompanying this communication , from the several
United States consular officers in Italy, give full and interesting details
concerning the commerce, agriculture and industries of their several
districts. As the climate and soil of Italy are paralleled in the United
States, and as every vegetable and animal production of that country
can also be produced here, I would particularly draw attention to the
reports from the United States consul at Florence, upon the olive tree,
olives, and olive oil , and upon , that dreaded scourge of the vine, the
phylloxera.
Japan.― The foreign commerce of Japan for the year ending June 30,
1877, was as follows : Imports $ 25,479,934, a decrease from preceding
year of $ 263,180 ; exports $ 27,495,683 , an increase equal to one-half of
the entire exports of preceding year. The year 1877 , thus gives a total
volume of trade amounting to $52,975,618, an increase of more than
$9,000,000 over the preceding year, and a balance of trade, for the first
time in the foreign commerce of Japan , in favor of the country , amount
ing to more than $2,000,000.
The consul - general of the United States at Kanagawa, states in his
report, herewith submitted , that this favorable result of the trade of
1877 was due, to the very heavy exports of raw silk, and the unusually
high price obtained therefor, in consequence of the failure of the cocoons
and the shortness of the silk crops in Europe, and that this condition of
the export trade of Japan is not likely to be permanent.
The trade of 1877 being abnormal , for reasons above given , the fol
lowing statement, showing the distribution of the foreign commerce of
Japan, is for the year 1876.
Statement showing the imports and exports of Japan, and the proportions of the principal
countries therein, for the year 1876.
Countries . Imports. Exports. Total.
Great Britain . $12, 244, 683 $2,566, 403 $14,811, 086

United States 1,811, 0x3 6,887, 307 8, 698, 390
China 4, 444, 094 2,641 , 945 7,086, 039
France 3, 371, 829 3, 304, 498 6, 676, 327
British Possessions. 2,649, 645 1, 350, 969 4, 000, 614
Total of principal countries . 24, 521, 334 16,751, 122 41, 272, 456
All other countries 1,212, 780 1,326, 716 2,539, 496
Total trade..... 25, 734, 114 18, 077, 838 43, 811, 952
It will be seen by the above statement, that almost one-halfofthe entire

imports of Japan is received from Great Britain, while less than one
fourteenth is received from the United States . On the other hand , con
siderably more than one-third of the exports are shipped to the United
States, while Great Britain does not receive one- seventh .
The principal imports of Japan being cotton and woolen fabrics and
manufactures of iron and steel ; the United States being able to compete
with all nations in those articles ; our proximity to Japan and the favor
able feeling which prevails in that country toward American trade giving
us further advantage ; it only requires a decent effort on our part to in
crease our trade with that country tenfold , as far as her imports are con
cerned.
The trade of Japan, even at its present volume, is of sufficient impor
tance to excite our commercial enterprise ; but when we come to consider
that Japan is the gateway to the trade of the East, and when we further
consider that this trade must yet attain to very large proportions, it
becomes our immediate duty to avail ourselves of all honorable means
to secure a leading commercial position in that country, so that we may
be enabled to take part in the advantages which the future development
of the trade of the East will undoubtedly offer.
For further particulars concerning the trade of Japan, and the best
manner of enlarging our commerce therewith , I refer to the dispatches
from our minister to that country, published in the appendix to Foreign
Relations for 1877, and to the consular reports berewith submitted.
The navigation at the several open ports of Japan for the year ending
June 30, 1877, was as follows : 4,521 vessels of 2,484,259 tons, entered
and cleared ; of these, 3,440 vessels of 1,462,134 tons were under the
Japanese flag; 553 vessels of 448,574 tons were under the British flag,
and 244 vessels of 398,188 tons were under the American flag.
A remarkable increase in Japanese shipping is noted , proving that
the Japanese, as in the case of the Chinese, are making great efforts to
control their own carrying trade, and, considering the facility with which
they have accommodated themselves to Western commercial ways , there
can scarcely be any doubt of their ultimate success.
Mexico.-On account ofthe unsettled condition ofpublic affairs in Mex
ico, I am unable to give, from any consular reports received therefrom, any
particulars concerning the trade and commerce of that country later
than for the year 1874.
The consul- general of the United States in his annual report, herewith
submitted , gives the value of the exports of native products for that
year as amounting to $6,614,023. Of this amount the United States
received $ 3,430,869 and $ 1,295,216 went to Great Britain . The export
of metal, bullion and coin during the same year amounted to $21,074,680 ,
of which $ 18,240,615 was silver coin and bullion and $2,569,141 gold
coin and bullion. The export of gold and silver coin and bullion to
Great Britain was $8,492,495, to the United States $ 8,147,279.
The distribution of the trade of Mexico among the principal countries
for the years 1875 and 1876, was as follows : *
1875. 1876.
Imports from the United States . $5, 770,000 $4,707,000

Exports to the United States.... 5,486, 000 5, 151, 000
Total trade with the United States. 11, 256, 000 9,858, 000
Imports from Great Britain 4,415,000 2,800,000

Exports to Great Britain ..... 3, 493, 000 3, 218, 000
Total trade with Great Britain.. 7,908, 000 6, 018, 000
Imports from France. .... 3,415,000 2,960,000

Exports to France... 1,766,000 2, 140, 000
Total trade with France 5,181, 000 5,100,000
* Gold and silver coin and bullion not included.

The total imports into Mexico for the year ending June 30 , 1873, in
voice value,* amounted to about $ 20,000,000, and the total exports there
from to about $ 31,000,000 . The exports were as follows : Silver and
gold , $25,000,000 ; all other articles , $ 6,000,000. Assuming that, under
favorable conditions, the import trade of Mexico should at least be
equal to what it was in 1873, there is great room for improvement in
the trade of the United States with that country.
With permanent peace restored in Mexico, and our commercial rela
tions therewith as close and friendly as they should be ; with our
acknowledged superiority in the manufactures which constitute the
principal imports of Mexico- cotton manufactures, iron and steel manu
factures, &c.- there could be no reason why our exports to that country
should not be three times their present value.
The reports from the consul-general at the city of Mexico and the
United States consul at Acapulco, published in the appendix to Foreign
Relations for 1877 , in connection with the extension of our trade in that
country, will be found of interest.
The trade between both countries for the year ending June 30 , 1877,
was as follows : Imports from the United States, $ 4,509,041 ; exports to
the United States -exclusive of silver and gold , which amounted to over
$10,000,000-$5,204,264 ; being very little less than for the preceding
year.
Netherlands.- Official statistics give the trade of the Netherlands for
the year 1876 as follows: Imports, $ 291,370,000, a decrease from pre
ceding year of $2,208,000 ; exports, $ 217,712,000, a decrease from pre
ceding year of $ 2,404,000.†
Notwithstanding the small decrease noted , the trade of the Nether
lands for 1876 was considered very satisfactory , and , with the exception
of 1875, was the highest ever recorded in the statistics of that country
for any single year.
* The market value of the imports was estimated by the Mexican customs authorities
at about $9,000,000 more than the invoice value.
The figures given above do not show the trade proper of Holland by any means ;
the principal portions of the main imports being re- exported . Thus this re-export
first gives an inflation to the imports, and secondly to the exports, which magnifies
the trade of the Netherlands entirely beyond its proper proportions. While the trade
of the other continental countries of Europe is returned " general " and " special,"
the first showing the total trade, transit, and home ; the second showing the trade
proper-imports for consu ption and exports the produce and manufacture of the
country-only the general trade of the Netherlands is given.
That some idea of the immense difference between the volume of the trade of the
Netherlands, as given above, and what the trade proper of the country is— that is,
imports entered for consumption and exports the produce and manufacture of the
country-it may be noted that of the following dozen principal articles of import, viz :
cotton, coffee, cotton and woolen manufactures, rice, drugs, cotton yarn, wheat, rye,
barley, iron and manufactures of the total amounting to about $284,619,000-the
re-exports amounted to $186,170,000 ; thus leaving as entered for consumption of
these articles $98,449,000, which is the amount which should appear in the total im
ports instead of $284,619,000, were the proper trade and commerce of the Netherlands
shown. Thus then, in a dozen principal articles, $186,170,000 must be deducted from
both the imports and the exports, which will reduce the above statement to something
near a fair showing of the trade proper of Holland.
The distribution of this trade among the principal countries was as

follows :
Countries. Imports . Exports. Total.
Great Britain. $91,913, 000 $50, 727, 000 $142, 640,000

Germany 67, 181, 000 94, 520, 000 161, 701, 000
Belgium. 41, 589, 000 34, 966, 000 76, 555, 000
Java ......... 29, 723, 000 17, 303, 000 47, 026, 000
Russia 17, 600, 000 6, 043, 000 23, 643, 000
United States …………………….... 12, 330,000 1,980,000 14, 310,000
Total of principal countries 260, 336,000 205, 539,000 465, 875, 000
All other countries... 31, 034, 000 12, 173, 000 43, 207, 000
Total trade 291, 370,000 217, 712, 000 509, 082, 000
The imports from Great Britain show a decrease from preceding year
of over $6,500,000 ; the imports from Belgium show a decrease of
$1,500,000 ; the imports from the United States show an increase of
$2,500,000. The exports to Great Britain were about the same as for
1875 ; those to Belgium show an increase of more than $ 2,000,000 ;
those to Germany a decrease of $2,500,000 ; those to the United States
show an increase of $ 240,000.
The value of the imports from the United States in 1872 was
$8,900,000. The increase from 1872 to 1876 in imports from the United
States was $3,430,000. The exports to the United States in 1872
amounted to $ 2,182,000 ; in 1876 to $ 1,980,000 - decrease, $ 202,000 .
Thus, whatever trade there is between both countries is favorable to
the United States.
The principal articles of importation into the Netherlands in 1876 ;
the re-exports of the same ; the principal countries of supply, and the
amounts received from eacli country, were as follows :
Cotton.
Whence imported. Value.
Great Britain . $10, 379, 000

United States.. 10, 113, 000
East Indies……………… . 4,538, 000
France 3, 526, 000
All other countries 1, 444, 000
Total import 30, 000, 000
Amount of cotton re exported . 24, 000, 000
Coffee.
Java $24,928, 000

Great Britain . 9, 858, 000
United States .. 140,000
All other countries .. 2,272, 000
Total import 37,198, 000
Value ofcoffee re-exported .. 33, 500,000
Iron, and manufactures of.

Belgium . 11, 255, 000
Germany 9, 671, 000
United States 11,000
Totalimport 58,000,000
Value of iron, and manufactures of, re-exported ..... 40, 000, 000
Wheat, rye, and barley.
Russia. $21, 991, 000

Belgium . 7,937, 000
Germany 5,370, 000
United States.. 4,900,000
All other countries 6,623, 000
Total import 46,821,000
Value ofwheat, rye, and barley re-exported .. 8,000,000
Sugar, raw.
Java $19,988,000 .
Cuba 5, 210, 000
Germany 4,863,000
Great Britain .. 984, 000
All other countries 955, 000
Total import 32, 000, 000
Rice.
British East Indies . $16, 687, 000

Straits settlements 2, 807, 000
Great Britain . 2,508,000
Java 1,320,000
Total import... 28, 800, 000
Cotton and woolen manufactures.

Belgium.. 7, 000, 000
Germany 6, 180, 000
United States 2,000
Total import 26,600,000
Value of cotton and woolen manufactures re-exported . 19, 000, 000
Cotton yarn.
Great Britain.. $22, 678, 000

Total import ...... 24, 025, 000
Valuation of cotton yarn re-exported ...... 12, 815, 000
The total navigation of the Netherlands for the year 1876-entrances

and clearances, sail and steam- was 17,147 vessels, of 6,932,000 tons,
an increase of more than 800,000 tons over the preceding year. More
than three-fourths of the entire clearance tonnage was in ballast, showing
the inability of the greater part of the shipping to obtain outward car
goes. This condition of affairs must always have a depressing effect
on shipping visiting the Dutch ports .
The foregoing navigation by flag ( 1876) was as follows :
Vessels entered and cleared , sail and steam .
Laden. In ballast. Total.

Flag.
No. Cubic me No. Cubic me No. Cubic me.
ters. ters. ters.
Dutch 4, 166 3, 365, 578 1,108 671, 144 5,274 4,036, 722
British 6, 038 6, 467, 541 1,470 1, 751, 495 7,508 8, 219, 036
German. 927 649, 166 415 279, 695 1,342 928, 861
wedis and Norwegian 1, 134 983, 843 746 680, 195 1,880 1,664, 038
Danish 346 185, 032 252 140, 130 598 325, 162
Italian. 98 136, 754 80 115, 111 178 251, 865
French 96 67,386 32 20, 901 128 88, 287
United States.. 47 81, 853 22 43, 561 69 125, 414
Allother.. 102 121, 909 68 79, 830 170 201, 739
Total foreign... 8,788 8, 693, 484 3, 085 3, 110 , 918 11, 873 11, 804, 402
Grand total 12, 954 12, 059, 062 4, 193 3, 782, 062 17, 147 15, 841, 121
The direct imports from the United States into the Netherlands for
the year ending June 30 , 1876, consisted of cotton , $4,000,000 ; wheat,
$ 1,930,000 ; kerosene, $ 2,450,000 ; tobacco, $ 1,190,000 ; lard and tallow,
$960,000 ; tar and resin, $350,000 ; hair, $ 170,000 ; linseed , $ 75,000 , & c.
The exports to the United States comprise a varied assortment of man
ufactured and fancy articles.
The imports from the United States for the year ending June 30, 1877 ,
amounted to $ 10,412,000 , a decrease of more than $2,000,000 from the
preceding year. The principal decrease occurred in wheat, cotton , and
kerosene ; tobacco showing an increase of nearly $ 500,000.
For further particulars concerning the trade and commerce of the
Netherlands, I take pleasure in referring to the accompanying reports
from the consular officers at Amsterdam and Rotterdam.
The dispatch from our minister to the Hague in answer to the circular,*
while giving interesting information concerning the people and indus
tries of Holland, gives no information as to how much, or in what man
uer, the trade of the United States can be extended in that country.
Peru. The only available statistics concerning the commerce of Peru
are those published by the merchants of Callao, showing the imports and
exports at that port.
In addition to the general depression - characteristic of the commerce
of nearly all countries-which affected the trade and industries of Peru
*
See appendix to Foreign Relations for 1877, page 124.
during the year 1877, that country suffered from the horrors of revolu
tion and earthquakes.
The imports at Callao for the year 1876 amounted to $ 12,073,257 .
Of this amount Europe supplied $ 8,547,000 ; South America, $ 1,820,000 ;
and the United States only $ 958,000 , or a little more than one- thirteenth
of the whole. The exports from Callao during the same year amounted
to $4,633,000 ; of which $ 3,572,000 went to Europe, and only $ 520,000
to the United States.
The total imports into Peru from the United States during the year
ending June 30, 1877 , amounted to only $ 1,239,000 ; while the exports
therefrom to the United States amounted to $ 1,542,000.
In navigation Great Britain holds the supremacy, the United States
supplying only one- seventeenth of the entire tonnage.
It is confidently believed that this order of things can be materially
changed, and that a great portion of the manufactures now imported
from Europe can be supplied by the United States.
As in the case of our trade with all the other countries of South
America, direct steam communication with the United States is of the
first importance in any effort for the extension of our trade with Peru .
The report from the United States consul at Callao, herewith sub
mitted , gives interesting particulars concerning the trade and indus
tries of Peru , and the chief articles of United States manufacture and
produce suitable for that market.
Russia. The latest reliable statistics concerning the trade and com
merce of the Russian Empire are for the year 1874. The trade for the
entire empire for that year was as follows : Imports, $ 363,000,000 ;
exports, $332,000,000.
As the trade of Russia for ten years preceding 1874 shows au aver
age annual increase of about $27,000,000 in imports, and more than
$19,000,000 in exports, the trade for 1876 may be estimated as fol
lows : Imports, $400,000,000 ; exports, $ 370,000,000 ; a total trade of
$770,000,000.
The values of the eleven principal articles of import and export may
be set down as follows :
Imports. Exports.
Cotton... $43, 000, 000 Wheat $65, 000, 000
Tissues. ... 25, 000, 000 Rye 55, 000, 000
Tea. 23, 000, 000 Flax 35, 000, 000
Metal wares 20, 000, 000 Linseed 25, 000, 000
Oil, all kinds . 18, 000, 000 Timber.. 25, 000, 000
Engines and machinery. 13, 000, 000 Oats.. 19, 000, 000
Wool 13, 000, 000 Barley 11, 000, 000
Iron 12, 000, 000 Hemp 10, 000, 000
Cotton yarn . 10, 000, 000 Wool 9, 000, 000
Chemicals .. 8, 000, 000 Animals .. 6, 000, 000
Coal 7, 000, 000 Spirits 5, 000, 000
Total 192, 000, 000 Total.. 265, 000, 000
The share of the United States in the total trade of the Russian Em
pire for the year 1876 does not amount to more than $ 13,000,000, viz :
Imports from the United States, about $12,000,000, composed chiefly
of cotton ($ 10,000,000) , petroleum ($ 1,000,000), agricultural imple
ments, &c.; exports, $ 1,112,000.
By reasonable efforts on the part of our manufacturers and exporters ,
our trade with Russia can be greatly enlarged , especially in agricultural
machines and implements.
To give a clearer idea of the trade of Russia, what she consumes and
what she produces-making allowances for increase of later years as
above estimated-the following statements have been prepared from
official sources :
Statement showing the principal imports and exports of the Russian Empire for the years 1865,
1870, and 1874.
PRINCIPAL IMPORTS.
Articles. 1265. 1870. 1874.
Agricultural machines, &c .. $143, 176 $638, 819 $2,050, 572

Cheese 368, 962 606, 963 948, 439
Chemicals. 1,570, 916 3,090, 225 7,094, 633
Coals 1, 248, 440 5,646, 902 6, 531, 967
Coffee 2,670, 780 3, 536, 909 3,593, 386
Cotton, raw 12, 314, 173 22, 827, 054 39, 392, 661
yarn. ........... 2,035, 107 4, 784, 692 9,837, 380
Dresses, ready made. 324, 023 927, 705 1,599, 653
Engines and machinery 4, 416, 716 15,934, 358 12, 604, 447
Fish, herrings 2,317, 886 2, 395, 882 3, 719, 782
Fruit.. ……………….. 3, 169, 441 4,907, 413 5, 669, 996
Furs 1, 471, 590 2,653, 648 2,887, 650
Glass.. 712, 015 984, 680 2, 213, 633
Indigo. ..... 3,864, 586 3, 890, 653 4,386, 361
Lace 356, 660 614, 163 1,566, 773
Lime and cement.. 202,579 1, 230, 250 1,809, 942
Manufactures of cotton . 1,623, 581 3, 216, 783 4, 462, 882
linen . 1,725, 399 2,529, 630 5,550, 434
silk 2,458, 831 2,934, 925 4, 103, 516
Wool 2,398, 222 6, 246, 379 9,730, 529
Metals :
Iron.. 2,441, 760 14, 891, 997 11, 350, 856
Lead 597, 415 1,842, 722 2,099, 523
Metal wares... 6, 104, 586 18, 652, 916 19, 653, 209
Oil, petroleum .. 757, 528 4, 207, 636 5,853, 725
other than mineral . 4,912, 916 7, 994, 667 10, 761, 988
Plants and seeds . 484, 675 3, 287, 879 889, 484
Rice... 643, 324 702, 508 1, 322, 976
Salt, table 1, 408, 376 3,052, 495 5, 265, 489
Silk, raw....………… 1,687, 176 5, 302, 496 5, 503, 820
Sugars . 784, 687 85,006 1,771, 455
Tea 8,025, 053 12, 018, 730 22, 920, 799
Tobacco, nnmanufactured ...... ...... 2, 339, 730 2, 659, 853 5,070, 905
Watches and clocks ..... 750, 675 1,301, 998 4,079, 062
Wine, in casks .. .......... 3,387, 178 4, 414, 180 8,085, 105
champagne 1, 285, 340 1, 132, 040 2,262, 917
Wool, raw 3,678, 267 9,552, 796 12, 021, 875
All other articles . 34, 517, 233 79, 786, 058 114, 150, 176
Total imports 119, 405, 000 258, 484, 000 362, 818, 000
PRINCIPAL EXPORTS.
Articles. 1865. 1870. 1874.
Animals, living .. $1,898, 696 $5, 268, 149 $5,595, 381

Braudy and corn spirit. 91, 572 945, 373 4,824, 078
Bristles 2,472, 856 6, 286, 176 2,264, 065
Butter....... 878, 734 979, 139 1, 018, 112
Caviare 280, 371 679, 867 806, 916
Cordage 603, 492 882, 433 544, 580
Cereals:
Wheat 31, 674, 162 70, 443, 014 62, 674, 049
Rye 4,529, 040 14,989,923 54, 441, 834
Barley 2, 189, 575 7,069, 038 10, 099, 519
Oats... ...... 3, 224, 177 12, 186, 107 18, 222, 330
Maize 1,589, 117 5, 479, 010 702, 092
Pease 212, 250 1, 713, 631 2,550, 745
Flour 1, 204, 244 5, 769, 192 3,693, 093
Flax 18,943, 523 41, 681, 516 33, 255, 974
Flax,
· Furs tow 1, 394, 396 2, 063, 999 1,489, 707
944, 157 1,362, 972 1, 121, 000
Groats 72, 202 433, 812 1,436, 902
Hemp 8,032, 291 8,033, 766 9, 705, 755
Leather 1, 011, 529 1,946, 315 2,417, 482
Linseed 10, 819, 387 19, 813, 937 23, 190, 393
Metals unwrought 615, 060 1,378, 580 1,371 , 507
Potash 975, 258 1,003, 150 410, 511
Tallow 8, 579, 549 4,854, 412 1,968, 074
Wood, of all sorts. 7,002, 528 9,596, 264 24, 525, 544
Wool, raw 8, 142, 216 5,742, 920 8,422, 195
Yarn of hemp 1,002, 404 1, 168, 207 1, 270, 105
flax 1, 398, 332 2, 648, 918
All other articles.. 38, 033, 214 43,777, 746 51,537, 139
Total exports………….. 156, 616, 000 276, 947, 000 332, 268, 000
Siam.- The indifference which has characterized our commercial in

tercourse with China and Japan applies with greater force to Siam.
There is no country more favored for commanding a leading position
in the trade and commerce of the East than the United States, and yet
we have allowed ourselves to be almost completely pushed out of that
market.
The trade of Siam. for the year 1876, was as follows : Imports,
$7,070,000 ; exports , $ 8,316,000 . The imports comprise cotton and
woolen cloths, hardware, cutlery, machinery, and all the other articles
which make up the manufactures and produce of Europe and America ;
yet, although we excel in all the manufactures noted , there is scarcely
a single article of the produce or manufacture of the United States
which ever reaches Siam. Great Britain , through Singapore, supplies
the major part of the imports. The principal export from Siam is rice ,
this article constituting nearly $7,000,000 of the exports of 1876 .
The United States consul at Bangkok, in his report, herewith sub
· mitted, says that there is no reason why our manufacturers and export
ers should not partake in the trade of Siam , and that the present is a
most auspicious time to make a beginning.
Spain. There are no available statistics concerning the extent of the
present trade aud commerce of Spain . In 1871 the imports amounted
to about $90,000,000, and the exports to $ 85,000,000.
Taking the ratio of increase in imports from the five principal coun
tries-Great Britain, France , United States, Belgium, and Italy- and
applying it to the total trade, it may be safely assumed that the im
ports into Spain for the year 1876 amounted to $ 110,000,000. The ex
ports to hose countries show only a very slight increase in six years ;
it may, therefore, be assumed that the total exports for 1876 did not
exceed $ 90,000,000.
The distribution of the trade of Spain among the principal countries
for the years 1871 and 1876 was as follows :
Imports. Exports.
Countries.
1871. 1876. 1871. 1876.
Great Britain . $19,358,000 $22,874, 000 $36, 742, 000 $42, 093, 000
France 19, 494, 000 30, 900, 000 20, 460, 0CO 19, 220, 000
United States.. 10, 248, 000 10, 139, 000 4, 188, 000 3, 400, 000
Belgium ..... 1,201, 000 3, 474, 000 1,839, 000 2, 316, 000
Italy 2,033, 000 1,681, 000 371,000 465,000
Total principal countries .. 52,334, 000 69, 068, 000 63, 600, 00C 67, 494,000
All other countries* 37, 666, 000 40, 932,000 21, 400, 000 22, 506, 000
Total trade 90, 000, 000 110, 000, 000 85, 000, 000 90, 000, 000
The trade of the United States with Spain, both as to amount and
variety of articles, compares very unfavorably with the trade of Great
Britain and France therewith . The imports from Great Britain and
France comprise an extensive variety of the leading manufactures of
the day, and which are of far more importance to exporting nations
than their equal values in crude materials ; while the exports from
the United States (1876) are comprised in the following articles : Cotton,
$6,500,000 ; tobacco, $ 1,817,000 ; petroleum, $ 1,075,000 ; timber, $ 560,000 ;
all other articles , $ 177,000 ; total, $ 10,139,000 .
Although there is nothing in the trade between the United States and
Spain which would lead to sanguine expectations of any great develop.
* Estimated for 1876.
ment thereof, there can be no doubt but that by proper efforts it can
be enlarged to at least double its present proportions.
One drawback to any extensive trade between the United States and
Spain is the fact that most of the shipping plying between both coun
tries leaves Spanish ports in ballast.
Sweden and Norway.- No statistics concerning the trade and com
merce of Sweden and Norway are available later than for the year
1874. The imports for that year amounted to $ 131,000,000, and the
exports to $94,000,000 . As the trade from 1870 to 1874 shows an
annual increase of $ 16,000,000 in imports and $ 7,800,000 in exports, an
approximation- exact enough for comparison -may be arrived at by
estimating the trade of 1876 as follows : Imports, $ 145,000,000 ; exports ,
$ 108,000,000.
• The distribution of this trade, as far as could be ascertained , with
the several principal foreign countries, was as follows :
Great Britain $21,039, 000 $38, 745, 000

France..... 5, 202, 000 17, 880, COO
Belgium 2, 000, 000 5, 599, 000
Netherlands 2, 390, 000 3,502, 000
United States. 1, 461,000 348, 000
The principal exports to Great Britain were, wood and timber,

$ 18,000,000 ; oats, $9,000,000 ; iron in bars, $ 5,000,000 ; beef cattle,
butter, cereals, &c. The principal imports from Great Britain consisted
of machinery, hardware, cutlery, clothing, chemicals, bacon and hams ,
coffee, cotton and woolen manufactures, leather, &c.
The principal imports from France were , refined sugar, wine and
spirits, fruit, hides, woolen and cotton manufactures , machines, pottery,
and fancy articles. The principal exports to France were timber, iron
and steel, and oats.
The imports from the United States were cotton and kerosene, with
a few unimportant minor articles.
The United States consul at Christiania, in his report herewith sub
mitted, says that many articles from the United States are entered at
that port via England, which are not credited to our trade. These
articles comprise bacon and hams, salt meats, leather, seeds , agricultural
implements, tools, & c.
Could direct communication between Sweden and Norway and the
United States be established , there can be no doubt but a fair trade in
American manufactures and produce would result therefrom. As it is ,
goods from the United States must reach those markets through other
countries and consequently nothing but thier superiority, and their being
actually necessary to the people, can create a demand therefor. This,
at best, can only result in a forced and circumscribed market.
Turkey.-Owing to the lack of any reliable statistics concerning the
trade and commerce of the Ottoman Empire with the outside world ,
nothing very definite can be given thereon .
Embracing, as the Turkish Empire does, climate and soil capable of
producing both tropical and temperate productions, supplying the com
mercial world with many of its luxuries, and taking in return a large
amount of manufactures- which may be classed as the necessary and the
useful-the trade of that empire, under normal conditions , is both exten
sive and profitable, and worth all honorable efforts to secure a control .
ling influence therein, as the older commercial nations have demonstrated

by their persistent and patient application to reach the various peoples
and markets comprised within the empire. Those ends have been at
tained by consular and commercial representatives, even at the most
remote and internal points in the complicated lines of traffic, and by an
able and sensible accommodation of products to the wishes and tastes of
the various markets.
The experience of the older commercial countries has taught them
how easy it is to turn the current of commerce, and the minor details
which are often overlooked by those countries which regard commerce
as a thing which will flow in natural channels - are attended to with as
much concern as the greater laws which are patent to all.
The trade of Turkey has, therefore, been , and doubtless will be, with
those nations which apply themselves, diplomatically as well as com
mercially, to its cultivation.
The distribution of the trade of Turkey, among the principal countries
during the year 1876, was as follows :
Great Britain . $31, 000, 000 $51 , 000, 000

France.. 9,300,000 37,540, 000
Italy. 2,700,000 7,720, 000
Belgium 1, 01.0, 000 4,250,000
United States 3,3 9,000 440,000
Netherlands 500,000 1,010, 000
The main imports from Great Britain are cotton and linen manufac
tures, machinery, iron, wrought and unwrought, cutlery, hardware, coal
clothing, and sugars. The principal exports to Great Britain are cereals
hair and wool, opium, seeds, dye-stuffs, valonia , hard woods, &c.
The principal imports from France are refined sugars, hides and skins
tanned, tissues and ribbons of silk and wool, mercery, and a large vari
ety of fancy articles. The exports to France are cereals, wool, raw silk,
oleaginous grains , hides , cotton , olive oil , fruit, & c.
Of the $3,389,000 worth of imports from the United States in 1876,
muskets, ordnance, &c. , amounted to over $2,000,000 ; kerosene to
$786,000 ; refined sugars to $ 115,000 ; spirits to $50,000, and cotton
goods to $35,000.
For further particulars concerning the peculiarities of the trade of
the Turkish Empire, I refer you to the dispatches from our minister and
consul -general at Constantinople, as published in the appendix to For
eign Relations for 1877 ; and for information concerning the trade of the
several districts and provinces I refer you to the reports herewith sub
mitted ; from Constantinople, upon the agriculture, commerce, and finan
ces of Turkey ; from Smyrna, concerning the trade of that place, and au
interesting report upon the cultivation of the fig ; from Cairo, upon the
agriculture, commerce, and finances of Egypt.
All countries.-While it is not possible to give au exact exhibit show
ing the entire trade of the commercial world-from lack of statistics in
some countries, and the manner of keeping accounts in others—the fol
lowing statement (prepared from official statistics in most cases, and
approximated as closely and as surely as the most reasonable grounds
afforded in the remainder) will enable you to compare the imports and
exports of the several countries ; the balance of trade for or against
each, and the relative rank held by each in the commerce of the world.
ERRATUM.
In column showing imports of all nations, page 49, the total, $7,169,746,000, should
be $7,169,476,000 .
Statement showing the imports and exports of the several countries-imports and exports
of gold and silver not included- and the balance of trade for or against each, for the
year 1876.
Balance of trade.
For. Against.
Great Britain $1,823, 302, 000 $1 , 242, 799,000 $580, 503, 000
British India ........... 178, 640, 000 283, 910,000 $105, 270, 000
Australia 214, 975, 000 167, 276, 000 47,699,000
British North America. 94, 734,000 80, 967, 000 13,767, 000
All other British possessions .. 155, 611, 000 167, 974, 000 12, 363, 000
Total for British Empire . 2,467, 262, 000 1, 942, 926, 000 117, 633, 000 641, 969, 000
Germany * 1, 203, 980, 000 †905, 000, 000 298, 980, 000
France. 797, 680, 000 715, 120, 000 82, 560,000
United States 420, 350, 000 594,918, 000 174, 568, 000
Russian Empire * 363, 000, 000 332, 000, 000 31, 000, 000
Netherlands 291, 370, 000 217, 712, 000 73, 658, 000
Italy.. 256, 154, 000 234, 851, 000 21, 303, 000
Belgium 279, 464, 000 206, 124, 000 73, 340, 000
Austria-Hungary . 233, 349, 000 230, 831, 000 2,518, 000
Turkish Empire * . 150, 000, 000 120, 000, 000 30, 000, 000
Sweden and Norway 145, 000, 000 108,000, 000 37, 000, 000
China. 101, 891, 000 121 ,276, 000 19, 385, 000
Spain 110, 000, 000 90, 000, 000 20, 000, 000
Brazil 94, 000, 000 100, 000, 000 6, 000, 000
Denmark (1874) .. 62,562, 000 46, 381, 000 16, 181,000
Argentine Republic 35, 911, 000 46, 536, 000 10, 625,000
Chili.. 35, 228,
291, 000
000 37, 771, 000 2, 480,000
Portugal . 37, 25, 821,000 11, 407, 000
Mexico (1873) § 20, 000, 000 31, 000, 000 11, 000, 000
Japan 25,734, 000 18, 078, 000 7,656, 000
Greece 17, 146, 000 11, 310, 000 .5, 836, 000
Central America. 8,085, 000 14, 526, 000 6, 441, 000
Colombia 6,949, 000 9, 984,000 3,035, 000
Siam . 7,070, 000 8, 316, 000 1,246, 000
Total. 7, 169, 746, 000 6, 168, 481, 000 352, 413,000 1,353, 408, 000
It will be seen by the above statement, that the trade of the British
Empire is about one-third of the whole trade of all the countries
given, while the balance of trade against Great Britain itself is almost
one-half of the balance of trade against all nations.
The United States and British India are the only two countries show
ing any large balance of trade in their favor ; that of the United States
constituting more than one-half of the balance of trade in favor of all
nations.
The merchant marine of all nations- as far as could be ascertained—
was as follows in the year 1875, the latest year for which full returns
were obtainable for most countries.
*Estimated.
These exports are for the year 1875-see Commercial Relations for 1876, page 17. There is no cer
tainty, owing to the manner of keeping the customs accounts in Germany, that the returns of imports
and exports of that country are correct. They are only approximate at best.
To appreciate the trade proper of the Netherlands see foot-note to page 9.
Gold and silver included.
4 CR
50 COMMERCIAL RELATIONS
Statement showing the number and tonnage ofmerchant sailing and steam vessels of the several
countries in 1875.
Sail. Steam . Total.

Flag.
No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons.
32885
African. 454 3 454
Asiatio 42 16, 019 11 10, 877 53 26, 896
Austro-Hungarian 6, 556 204, 198 99 58,164 66, 55 262, 362
Belgian 14,756 27 35, 430 59 50, 186
British ………………………………… .. 20, 644 4, 144, 504 4, 160 1,943, 197 24, 804 6,087, 701
Central American 153 57, 944 6 3, 132 159 61, 076
Danish (vessels of 4 tons and upward) 2,822 196, 123 135 29, 422 2,957 225, 545
Dutch (vessels of 40 tons and upward) 4,426 901, 313 319 183, 569 4, 745 1,084, 882
French (vessels of 2 tons and upward) 14,904 822, 808 537 205, 420 15, 441 1,028,228
German (vessels of 70 tons and upward) 4,303 878, 385 299 189,998 4, 602 1,068, 383
Greek 5, 182 242, 244 20 7,833 5, 202 250, 077
Italian 10,828 987, 190 141 57, 147 10, 969 , 044, 000
Norwegian (vessels of 6 tons and upward) 7, 453 1,297, 136 211 41,725 7,664 1,338, 861
Portuguese 496 107, 016 26 52, 277 522 159, 293
Russian . 1,785 391 , 952 151 105, 962 1,936 497, 914
South American 273 95, 459 81 55, 623 354 151, 082
Spanish.. 2, 915 757, 320 230 176, 250 3, 145 933, 570
Swedish (vessels of 9 tons and upward) 3,585 428, 363 627 59, 229 4, 212 487, 592
Turkish 305 48, 289 6 3, 132 311 51, 421
United States (registered) ' 2,981 1, 528, 828 212 191, 689 3, 193 1,720, 517
United States (enrolled and licensed) 29, 304 3, 299, 903 4, 023 796, 977 33, 327 4,096, 880
* Registered tonnage is that employed in the foreign trade ; enrolled and licensed tonnage is that em
ployed in the river, lake, and home trade.
The proportion of home and foreign tonnage in the trade of the several
countries was as follows :
in
and
cargoes
with
cleared
—
respective
countries
eof
the
trade
inntered
engaged
tonnage
foreign
home
proportion
showing
Statement
ballast
.
1860
. .
1865 1870
. .
1875
.
Countries
Home
. Foreign
. .
Total Home
. Foreign
. .
Total .
Home Foreign
. .
Total Home
. Foreign
. .
Total
.
Austria 89,490 94 , 61
8838 7, 55 9
5,82 9,52156 ,728
883 6,484 05 , 08
25,684 , 05
41,247 6,913 31 1,638 49 61, 08 77 37,*,247 26
Belgium ,317
155 1, 95
1,206 ,512
1,361 ,032
183 49
,56148 , 80
51,832 ,347
200 , 59
92,908 ,3109 06 ,157
383 86
,6459 4,869 ,816
Denmark 527,936 , 71
2688 2,1 0716 ,449
497 48
1,518 50,197 15 ,658
581 , 69
6780 1,362,327 9636, 36 , 33
2938 ,215* 75 69
France
. 9, 12 2
3,50 89,424 53 36
47,856 3,1478 14 , 88
26,332 510 , 42 10 ,2406 89 17
,53931 7613 , 06 37 ,469
5,456 ,960
311 43 816,417 12
Germany 9,4250 00 , 01
34,877 , 51
27,278 ,412
4,399 ,016
6761 64
5211
Greece
. , 26
4872 , 71
81,036 , 97
21,909 , 59
11,298 12,052 , 84 3, 50 43 , 84
9832 9,7131 80 ,95264 , 24
5667 ,501
2,882 05,3;*25 50
Holland , 11
71,341 , 69
22,053 80
39, 94 43,1 29 27 05,245 44 , 73
43,872 4,3175 23 4,341 48 9,6423 64 , 29
51,552 ,843
4,500 30,6*53 72
Italy 97
,86138 ,543
3,387 , 81
35,085 , 61
52,442 94,085 , 03 4,5664 28 0,728078 ,355
4,841 33
,47621 ,086
2,765 ,509
5,318 83
,50895
Norway 3, 68
1,513 ,666
516 0,23034 4,0221 92 755 ,963 ,455
2,777 ,236
2,264 7, 06
952 ,942
3,226 , 79
02,443 15, 07 75 6,35* 54 50
Russia ,458
840 ,2444 19 , 02
75,059 31, 24 88 3, 56
6,321 7,445 ,744 71, 75 30 ,090
7,808 9,8*83 20
Spain , 74
8798 ,644
1,797 ,518
2,596 , 50
71,003 , 16
31,681 ,066
2,685 ,761
1,311 4, 33
2,230 ,15342 94
Sweden 5, 96
1,005 42,266, 24 02,372 20 , 33
41,374 1,9251 54 ,584
4,328 79
,51221 63, 94 13 ,264* 93 15
United
Kingdom
.. 23
, 14
913 69
,3774
10 2624 89
, 92 9319 58
, 55 1,5937 38 0828 , 92 97 , 82
125,072 ,502
011 68 682
,136 40 7,944
30 15 94
,0332 ,838
46,276
United
States
.. ,009
212 87 , 16
94,977 , 25
117,065 , 95 8
75,96 ,0861290 , 85
812,780 , 67
06,992 ,110332 95 ,362
118 24 , 89
57,310 160,22878 ,688
523 17
.*Returns
1874
for
SECRETARY'S LETTER.
51
It will be noted by the foregoing statement that in 1860 the foreign

tonnage in the trade of Great Britain was well up to the home tonnage,
while in 1875 the home tounage was more than double the foreign in
the same trade.
In 1860 the home tonnage in the trade of the United States was nearly
three times the foreign , while in 1875 the foreign tonnage was more
than double the home tonnage in the same trade. Thus through all
those years of decadence of American shipping, British tonnage increased
in proportion to the decrease of our tonnage.
An examination of the trade relations of the several countries, the
volume and value of imports and exports, and the degrees of require
ment which exist in regard thereto, must satisfactorily prove that the
present foreign trade of the United States is the most profitable and
permanent, and that the outlook for the same is the most promising of
all.
It will be noted that a steady increase in imports, and a decrease or
stand-still in exports, are the characteristics of the trade of the princi .
pal countries. The increase in consumption is principally in breadstuffs
of all kinds. This in an increase which- arguing, as it does, agricul
tural exhaustion or the insufficiency of the agricultural resources of the
several countries to keep pace with the increasing wants of their popu
lations must be supplied from abroad , principally from the United
States. As more than three- fourths of the export from the United
States is composed of breadstuffs, and raw materials necessary to the
manufacturers of Europe-exports which cannot be duplicated by any
other country- it may be assumed that our actual export trade is at
least assured at its present proportions. It may be further safely as
sumed that it must go on increasing with the increasing consumptive
powers of Europe, and our own increasing agricultural capacity and
carrying facilities. Any exportation of manufactures-and a few years
hence must behold us successfully competing with the great manufac
turing countries of Europe in the markets of the commercial world—
will be so much added to our present export trade.
While our export trade has gone on and will go on increasing, our
facilities to supply our own wants have also gone on and will continue
to go on increasing in like manner. The decrease in our imports of
manufactures from Europe has almost reached its extremest limit. Hence
forth we shall be felt in the commercial world not only by the inex
haustible exports of natural products, but also by the products of the
mechanical ingenuity and genius of our people, directed by practical
education, adaptability to circumstances, and indomitable energy.
Thus when the overworked manufacturing and producing countries of
Europe, kept to their utmost tension by forced sales, low wages, and
ceaseless assiduity, begin to show signs of exhaustion, the United States
in the very fullness of her vigor and capacity, exhaustless in material
and mechanical skill, comes to the front to honorably compete with the
older nations for the world's trade.
There are but a few possibilities which can retard this programme .
So keen is the competition in all branches of trade throughout the
world that even a three months' halt or disorganization of any special
manufacture by strikes or violence of any kind is sure to displace that
certain manufacture, seemingly for the time being, on the markets.
This leaves a vacancy which is immediately taken advantage of by the
manufacturers of other countries. The disorganized mass is pushed aside,
so to speak, and the well regulated and organized competitors fill up the
place in industry which was forfeited by misunderstanding or strikes.
The country which can count on regular continuity of labor , a thor

ough identity of the interests of capital and labor, is capable of
achieving more lasting results than countries of greater wealth and
capacity, but of more uncertain labor.
The principal cause of the decline in the manufactures of the leading
commercial nations is the continued trades- union strikes and the disor
ganization created thereby. Nothing so full of serious consequences to
the manufactures of a country-consequences which may seem at first
only to affect capital, but which ultimately impoverish and destroy
labor itself can be imagined as the disintegration brought about by
periodic strikes.
On entering into competition with the several countries for the world's
trade-as the way seems now opening for us to do- it is of the first im
portance that continuity of labor and manufacture be secured . With
such assurance, and a careful feeling of our way-overanxiety for im
mediate results always overreaching itself— there can be no doubt as to
the future greatness of our foreign trade.
It should also be borne in mind that the supremacy of the greatest
commercial and manufacturing countries in the world is principally due
to the able supervision, protection , and direction of their trade by their
governments .
On the other hand, the American individual has had to do all for
American commerce, the government perhaps abstaining too much from
either directing or encouraging. It is only where a national principle
permeates a republic that its national requirements, year by year, are
attended to.
It would seem, therefore, that the fostering, the developing, and the
directing of our commerce by the government should be laid down as
a necessity of the first importance. With this protecting supervision ,
and with the individual energy and ability of our business men concen
trated and directed against all opposition , no limit could be set to the
extension of our foreign trade.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
WM. M. EVARTS.
Hon. SAMUEL J. RANDALL,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC .
Statement showing the commerce, by countries, of the Argentine Republic for seven years—
1870 to 1876.*
IMPORTS.
Countries. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876.
Great Britain $12, 111, 151 $14, 537, 010 $ 16, 316, 066 $ 19, 344, 143 $16, 227, 806 $ 15, 359, 666 $8, 677, 866
France 12, 757, 236 6,763, 822 13, 103, 622 18, 255, 138 12, 275, 342 12, 183, 225 8,095, 442
Italy 1,685, 164 2, 997, 188 2, 261, 493 3, 784, 384 2, 620, 056 2,740, 952 2, 304, 888
Brazil 3,357, 499 2, 550, 098 3, 268, 538 2, 968, 953 2, 251, 388 3, 002, 292 2, 142, 482
Spain 2, 179, 384 1,596, 142 2, 876, 097 2, 952, 600 2,716, 723 3, 188, 121 2,089, 241
United States 2,862, 338 2, 067, 275 3, 205, 944 5, 167, 616 3, 949, 584 3,069, 354 1,880, 770
Uruguay 2, 100, 011 3, 478, 346 4, 214, 333 2, 735, 299 3,327, 856 3, 178, 710 1,796, 172
Germany 1,574, 572 1, 180, 132 822, 111 228, 015 2, 304, 001 2, 179, 246 1, 738, 404
Belgium 1,226, 222 1,688, 013 2,466, 812 2, 967, 586 1,910, 435 1,822, 110 1,396, 003
Chili 1,369, 772 1, 658, 578 1,257, 202 1, 444, 182 1, 257, 817 1,688, 635 876, 887
Paraguay 153, 589 498, 525 722, 422 839, 881 971, 041 1, 017, 789 713, 190
Netherlands . 1,297, 763 1, 243, 829 1, 453, 051 1,611, 616 1, 129, 630 738, 538 489, 044
West Indies 216, 364 246, 298 221, 783 377, 397 335, 573 191, 129 222, 725
India.. 256, 243 202, 583 296, 221 251 , 321 278, 614 308, 278 124, 675
Bolivia 193, 048 95, 102 111, 713 81, 194 71, 486 127, 032 63,598
Portugal 23, 134 52, 257 76, 346 138, 379 126, 827 127, 982 41, 297
Peru 112 300 445 2,912 8, 679
All other nations 46, 205 120, 787 351, 290 310, 724 33, 724 230, 033 153, 010
Total special im
ports . 44, 269, 837 40, 282, 615 54, 635, 344 66, 458, 873 52, 187, 903 51, 156, 004 32, 814, 373
Imports in transit. 3, 270, 111 3,874, 643 4, 963,799 4, 606, 326 3, 773, 274 4, 600, 623 2,095, 917
Total special and
general.. 47, 539, 948 44, 157, 258 59, 599, 143 71 , 065, 199 55, 961, 177 55, 756, 627 34, 910, 290
EXPORTS ,
Countries. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876.
Belgium.. $2,537, 373 $6, 145, 390 $12, 795, 101 $13, 891 , 508 $14, 866, 626 $15, 497, 372 $14, 110, 693
France 5, 493, 025 2,707, 411 8, 270, 952 8, 677, 819 7,560, 895 9, 366, 643 8, 629, 718
Great Britain. 6,926, 632 6, 102, 941 9, 215, 062 9, 894, 007 5, 178, 017 7, 619, 049 7, 206, 372
Chili 1, 639, 264 2, 119, 315 1,701, 201 2, 370, 195 2,326, 257 3,531, 306 2,962, 098
United States 3, 827, 530 3,709, 359 4,312, 355 3, 932, 945 3, 747, 300 3,055, 205 2,393, 236
Italy 884, 711 677, 775 1, 316, 973 1,487, 925 1,648, 158 1,746, 698 1,826, 093
Germany 225, 809 103, 699 649, 576 449,597 769, 151 1, 227, 319 1, 411, 571
Uruguay 466, 184 1,566, 335 1,780, 661 992, 510 1,854, 378 1,016, 939 1,330, 615
Brazil . 603, 021 594, 091 985, 127 769, 464 602, 119 770, 727 1, 195, 441
Spain 816, 708 934, 961 1,741, 403 1,226, 977 1, 331, 830 1, 912, 399 1, 101, 646
West Indies 827,784 376, 052 1, 118, 996 678, 602 428, 748 675, 246 903, 456
Bolivia.. 250, 642 246, 826 219, 957 470, 670 529, 848 367, 299 479, 677
Paraguay 313, 424 64, 462 299, 106 342,846 564, 006 493, 063 231, 943
Netherlands . 139, 679 57, 459 62, 286 226, 204 24, 149 263, 869 47, 993
Portugal 7,623 13, 910 55, 418 72,884 42, 872 51,806 26, 689
Peru 34, 400 23, 146 28, 806 66,508 41, 362 130, 954 16,986
India. 564 617 3, 460
All other countries 160, 939 451, 825 314, 012 471, 444 200, 809 251, 553 166, 904
Total special
exports.. 29, 154, 825 25,875, 521 44, 870, 609 45, 122, 105 41 , 916, 495 47, 918, 100 44, 041, 131
Exports in transit . 93, 321 250, 416 872, 583 747, 209 1, 188, 217 2,413, 300 2,494, 574
Total special
and general . 29, 248, 146 26, 125, 937 45 743, 192 45, 869, 314 43, 104, 712 50, 331 , 400❘ 46, 535, 705
*Compiled and arranged in Bureau of Statistics, Department of State, from official publications.
Statement showing the percentage of each country in the commerce of the Argentine Republic
during the year 1876.
France 23. 19 18.33 20.54

Great Britain. 24.86 15. 49 19.50
Belgium 4.00 30.31 19.04
United States 5.39 5. 14 5. 25
Italy 6. 60 3.92 5. 07
Chili 2.51 6. 37 4. 71
Brazil 6. 14 2.57 4. 10
Spain.. 5.98 2.37 3.92
Germany 4.98 3.03 3.87
Uruguay 5. 15 2.86 3.84
West Indies 0.64 1.94 1.38
Paraguay. 2.04 0.50 1.16
Bolivia 0.18 1.03 0.67
Netherlands 1.40 0.10 0.66
India . 0.36 0.15
Peru .. 0.12 0.01 0.03
Portugal 0.02 0.06 0.08
Other countries .. ......... 0.44 0.36 0.39
Transit. 6.00 5.58 5.64
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 57
AUSTRIA - HUNGARY .
VIENNA, November 1 , 1877. (Received January 18, 1878.)
Report upon the agriculture, manufactures, aud commerce of Austria

Hungary for the year 1876.
THE DANUBE, PAST AND PRESENT.
The Danube, from its source to its entrance into the Black Sea, is
1,826 miles long, and, with its tributaries , drains an area of over 300,000
square miles. Entering Austria-Hungary on the western border, the
Danube flows eastward to the center of the monarchy, thence in a
southerly direction through the fertile plains of Hungary to the great
gorge in the Carpathian Mountains on the southeastern frontier, through
which it makes its exit toward the Black Sea after having traversed, in
its course through this empire, a distance of 828 miles. With the ex
ception of those in Bohemia, Galicia, and in the narrow strip of country
toward the Adriatic, south of the Carnic and Rhetian Alps, every spring
in the country finds an outlet in the Danube, and contributes to swell
the volume of the waters of this mighty river. The Austro- Hungarian
rivers Inn, Traun, Enus, Ips , March, Raab, Waag. Drave, Theiss, Save,
and Temes empty into the Danube, and the surface thus drained is 162,000
square miles, or more than two- thirds of the monarchy. The Danubian
Navigation Company have upon these rivers 700 steamers and tow-boats ,
and innumerable flat-boats and rafts float down from the smaller tribu
taries. Not only within the empire, but from Orsova to the Black Sea
the steamers of this Austro- Hungarian company are the principal means
of communication and commerce for the Danubian principalities, and
they are a connecting link in that great route of travel from Central
Europe to the Bosporus.
The political events which have caused the Lower Danube to he closed
to peaceful enterprise throughout the year 1877 have an important bear
ing on the commercial relations of this country. From the earliest his
toric period the ebb and flow of contending nations along this great
water-course has, from time to time, riveted the attention of the whole
world. Before the Christian era Roman legions swept down the valley,
conquering and civilizing ; and the remains of Trajan's bridge, below
the Iron Gate, not yet obliterated by centuries of unceasing friction
from the flowing river ; the military road, hewn with mallet and chisel,
through projecting rocks, still traceable for fifty miles above the bridge ;
the language spoken in Roumania, all give eloquent testimony to the
might of imperial Rome, and to the skill , energy, and courage of her
extraordinary people. The tide turned, and for hundreds of years
Huns and Ostrogoths, Boians and Vandals, surged westward . Again
the human current poured down the valley, when, in the thirteenth
century, the religious enthusiasm of Europe was roused in its crusade
for the recovery of the Holy Land, and in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries the wave of Moslem power, through the same channel , threat
ened the civilization of Western Europe. The helmet and the battle- ax
have been laid aside, but the roar of artillery in this historic valley
proclaims that the conflict goes on as before. Actors change, weapons

change, but the destruction and misery which accompany war are al
ways the same. It is not alone that torpedoes have been planted in the
Lower Danube, excluding commercial vessels and closing her only great
water- course to the sea, nor that starving refugees crowd by thous inds
across the frontier for assistance and support ; it is the fear that some
spark from this conflagration on the border may ignite inflammable ma
terial within Austria Hungary, which causes timidity and creates uncer
tainty in business. Besides this external cause for apprehension , there
has been, during the whole of this year, an earnest controversy with
reference to the agreement between the two parts of the monarchy,
especially in connection with the demand of Hungary for a joint con
trol of the national bank.
AGRICULTURE.
In the midst of depression, created by apprehension of foreign and

domestic complications, it is fortunate that a bountiful harvest has
given substantial aid to the sinking industries ofthe country. Although
it is impossible to give exact statistics with reference to the harvest of
1877 , it is evident that it has been above the average and has furnished
a large surplus for export. The most reliable estimates concerning the
results of the harvest of 1877 show that in Hungary there is a surplus
of wheat above an average harvest of 3,750,000 hectoliters ; in the
Austrian provinces the surplus is 1,500,000 hectoliters, and in the whole
monarchy the wheat produced more than in an average year amounts
to about 5,250,000 hectoliters, or nearly 8,000,000 centners. If in an
average year Austria- Hungary can export five or six millions of centners ,
it is to be assumed that this year the quantity for export, having refer
ence to the flour manufactured from it, would be not less than 13,000,000
or 14,000,000 centners. The quality of the wheat is good. Of rye, Hun
gary has above the average more than 1,500,000, and the Austrian
provinces 1,500,000 hectoliters. The amount produced above the average
for the whole monarchy is estimated at from 3,000,000 to 3,500,000 hecto
liters, or about 4,500,000 centners ; quality good, and amount for export
about 5,500,000 centners. In barley the quantity is equal to an average
year, but the quality below an average ; amount for export from 2,500,000
to 3,000,000 centners . Of oats, there is in Hungary about 500,000 hecto
liters more than an average production , and in the Austrian provinces
more than 1,000,000 hectoliters. The amount above the average harvest
in the whole monarchy is about 1,750,000 hectoliters, equal to 2,500,000
centners, and the amount for export would reach about 3,000,000 cent
ners, without considering the quantity of oats in store, which is very
large . Including the oats in store, the monarchy may be said to have
6,000,000 centners of oats for export.
The wine production for the year has been most unsatisfactory. The
weather was unfavorable, the quantity produced below an average, and
the wine generally sour. The province of Dalmatia is an exception , for
the result there was very good, but as for the result of the wine produc
tion in the monarchy as a whole, the year 1877 must be classed as one
of the worst years. The increase of the phylloxera in France has induced
the wine producers in Austria- Hungary to expect an increased export
demand for their wine, especially to Switzerland , where the import of
wine is necessarily great on account of the large number of foreigners
who visit the country .
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY . 59
Statement showing the product of the several crops of the harvests in the Austrian provinces
in 1875 and 1876.
Description. 1875. 1876.
Wheat hectoliters.. 10, 885, 145 12, 351, 262

Rye. do.... 23,099, 222 21, 412, 475
Barley .do 13, 174, 683 18, 134, 156
Oats .do . 25, 564, 074 33, 081, 590
Indian corn .do. 6, 073, 075 5,918, 319
Millet.. .do . 918, 374 990, 398
Mixed fruit ..do . 293, 591 333, 509
Legumes.. .do . 1,522, 905 2,222, 246
Buckwheat .do. 2, 195, 067 2,744, 419
Straw metrical centners .. 101, 256, 524
Rape . hectoliters .. 725, 382 596, 929
Flax metrical centners .. 324, 001 443, 985
Hemp. ..do.. 150, 202 233, 454
Tobacco do. 26, 577 33, 473
Potatoes .hectoliters .. 93, 459, 655 91, 23, 433
Sugar-beets metrical centners .. 25, 367, 879 26, 779, 252
Beets do 14, 141, 841 16, 366, 757
Cabbage . ..number.. 362, 111, 700
Pumpkins .metrical centners .. 1,708, 844 1, 105, 652
Clover-seed .. ..hectoliters 88,386 77, 926
Clover-hay.. .metrical centners .. 15, 912, 744 17, 036, 746
Cattle-fodder. do 2, 128, 171 2,862, 141
Hay .do.. 74, 937, 112 75, 787, 544
Hops. ..do .. 45, 914 14, 243
Rice do.. 9, 338 10, 898
Wine ..hectoliters . 6, 426, 249 2,389, 234
Olive-oil metrical centners .. 50, 193 261, 857
Mulberry-leaves ..do . 495, 431 395, 280
Laurel-leaves . do . 841 1,400
Chestnuts do 16, 800 21, 828
Figs .do . 28, 133 52, 275
Table showing average production in the Austrian provinces of the principal kinds of grain
from 1870 to 1876.
Description. Surface cul Average pro- Average har.

tivated. duction. vest.
Hectare. Per hectare. Hectoliters.

Wheat. 969, 622 12. 79 12, 399, 304
Rye 2,040, 595 12.26 25,023, 402
Barley 1, 114, 727 15.46 17, 237, 899
Oats 1,813, 494 16. 77 30, 429, 732
Exact statistics concerning the harvest in Hungary in 1876 cannot be

given . There was a considerable surplus of wheat, and the foreign de
mand for Hungarian flour was greater than the mills were able to supply,
though kept running at their full capacity.
The imperial royal central commission of statistics have just pub
lished an interesting statement of the fluctuations of the price of grain
in Austria- Hungary, from which the following tables are taken :
The average price of grain per metzen, in Austrian silver florins, at Vienna.
Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats.
Fl. kr. Fl. kr. Fl. kr. Fl. kr.

1801-'10 4 65 3 41 2 53 1 51
1811-'20 4 55 3 26 2 40 1 31
1821-'30 2 61 1 64 1 42 1 09
1831-'40 2 68 2 10 1 52 1 15
1841-'50 3 43 2 28 1 57 1 21
1851-'60 5 13 3 66 2 96 1 92
1861-'70 6 34 4 44 3 67 2 43
Taking the decade 1821-30 at 100, during the succeeding decades

the increase in price was as follows :
Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats.
1821 -'30 .. 100 100 100 100

1831-'40 102 128 107 105
1841-'50 131 139 110 111
1851-'60 273 223 209 176
1861-'70 . 243 270 258 223
The average price of grain per metzen in Austrian silver florins , at Buda- Pesth.
38818283
Period. Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats. Indian
corn.
16022341
F4BILI23
E32 1122
BERTREKK
17828128
18858847
Fl. kr. Fl. kr. Fl. kr. Fl. kr. Fl. kr.
1801-'10. 39 2 77
33IIIQN
18 47
1811-20 . 66 5 96 ខ 85 1 64
1821-'30 . 05 1 19 94 1
1831-'40 . 26 1 33 15 85 1
HTT
1841-'50. 00 1 92 46 1 14 1
1851-'60. 97 15 1 76 2
1861-'70 . 14 33 1 83 2
Prior to 1820 the fluctuations in the value of money were extraordi

nary, but the foregoing table shows that since then the price of all kinds
of grain has constantly risen .
But little data can be gathered as to the connection between harvest
and price in Hungary ; only since the year 1869 have systematic , and ,
in some measure, complete statistics of the harvest been compiled .
MANUFACTURES.
The extreme depression in manufactures which began in 1873 has

continued up to the present time, and the clamor for a protective tariff
has become so great, that it has been quite impossible to renew the
treaties with the several countries of Europe on the old basis. That the
most prosperous times ever seen in this empire happened while these
treaties were in full force would seem to indicate that the dull times of
the present are not to be attributed to the existing tariff. The delusion
that permanent prosperity for a country may be enacted by its legisla
ture is fascinating ; and, so long as statesmen encourage this belief, it is
not surprising that the people are unwilling to review the facts of the
last few years and draw from them a logical conclusion as to the cause
of and remedy for their industrial troubles . It matters not, however,
whether the remedy is desired or not, a law more potent and unvarying
in its operation than any framed by the concentrated wisdom of lawyers
and priests in parliament assembled is in force, and despite tariffs and
legislative impediments will work out the just proportion between the
agricultural and the manufacturing interests of this as well as other
countries.
So far as Austria- Hungary is concerned , the cause which produced the
financial crisis of 1873 is sufficiently plain to any one who is willing to
see it. Since 1866, the empire has neither gained nor lost by a foreign
war. At peace with neighboring powers, pursuing a policy which
aroused no suspicion of aggression, whatever has disturbed her indus
trial interests , whatever prosperity she enjoyed , whatever depression
exists, is to be mainly attributed to internal causes and to methods pur

sued by her own population . The extension of the railway system , with
the good harvests of 1867 , 1868 , and 1869, bad furnished a surplus of
grain for export , and brought large sums of money into the country,
which were rapidly absorbed by the manufacturing interests , for the
large profits obtained in prosperous times , by manufacturers, attracted
capital and labor from agriculture. The consequence was that manu
factures were rapidly developed ; young men abandoned the plow and
entered the shops, where wages were high ; they willingly accepted the
advantages of a town in exchange for a lonely life in the country ; the
towns and villages increased rapidly in population, prices advanced, and
evidences of prosperity were abundant on every hand. The effect of con
verting agricultural producers into manufacturing consumers was to
decrease the food-supply, without which civilized man cannot exist, and
increase the supply of manufactured goods, which could not be sold ; for
other countries, enjoying a similar season of prosperity, were also busily
engaged in filling their warehouses with manufactures for export. The
export of grain, from which Austria-Hungary had been accustomed to
derive profit annually, ceased entirely, and in the most prosperous year,
1872, importation of food for the consumption of its manufacturers was
commenced. Twelve millions of florins were sent out of the country to
buy grain, and 41,000,000 florins in 1873 , but by that time the new
manufacturing companies had used up their own capital and all the
money they could borrow, and the inevitable fall in prices, which attends
overproduction , was fast followed by bankruptcies and utter prostration
in all kinds of business.
Instead of recognizing the fact that the supply of manufactured goods
was greater than the supply of food, and allowing the idle shopman to
transfer his labor at once to the fields where it was needed , every manu
facturer endeavored to tide over the hard times and to keep his factory
and force ready for the good times which were to follow. The depres
sion was believed to be but temporary, and so it doubtless would have been
if the surplus labor in the manufacturing centers had been at ouce available
for agricultural production ; but all experience shows that it is easier to
draw men to the town than to induce them to return to the country.
The laws of this land do not, however, permit a man to elect in what
city or province he will beg, nor allow him to tramp through the land,
an object of charity, while he inquires for work. The unemployed of the
towns and cities, compelled to call on individuals or the authorities for
assistance, are promptly transported , at the public expense, to their
original domicile in the country, and find immediate occupation in the
cultivation of the soil. Thus the manufacturing centers have been re
lieved and the agricultural producers re- enforced ; the monarchy again
produces enough to feed its own people, and has a surplus to send abroad
to sell. Among the manufacturers a more hopeful feeling exists ; the
stocks of goods, so incautiously accumulated , are being exhausted, and
they will soon be called upon to supply actual demands at fair prices.
Instead of drumming to find purchasers for wares at cost, they will sup
ply actual orders at reasonable profit, and a healthy industrial condition
will be re- established .
The manufacturers fear, however, that the surplus goods of other
countries will continue to be forced upon this market, and that the coun
try will not be permitted to return to its normal condition , and so the de
mand on their behalf for an increased tariff is universal. The condition
of industry in Germany and other countries favors this policy, and it is
doubtful whether the treaties will be renewed, and probable that duties
on imports will be generally increased . The most obvious means of in

creasing the tariff will be to require duties to be paid in gold, for under
the present law all duties are payable in silver, and the recent rise in
the value of gold , as compared with silver, in consequence of gold being
adopted as the sole standard by Germany and the United States, would
increase the duty without changing the nominal tariff.
PHILIP SIDNEY POST.
Amount of imports and exports of Austria-Hungary, and their value, for the year 1876.
Value in Austrian
Quantity. florins.
Articles.
Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports.
Tropical products :
Cacao. met. cent.. 3,653 216, 208
Coffee .do. 361, 354 2,407 25, 307, 352 43, 326
Spices . .do .. 21, 646 506 1,913, 454 82, 856
Sago, arrowroot, & c. .do... 549 13, 070
Tropical fruits .do.. 285, 792 3,537 4, 630, 118 29, 444
Oranges, lemons, & c. .100 pieces.. 76 152
Tea... .met. cent.. 2, 937 881, 100
Sugar do .... 13, 666 1,263, 261 171, 520 36, 783, 760
Tobacco :
Raw.. met. cent.. 125, 470 49, 920 10, 037, 600 1, 497, 600
Manufactured ..do .... 23, 113 28, 086 23, 113, 000 5,617, 200
Products from field and garden :
Vegetables and fruit. .met. cent.. 401, 179 430, 994 1, 413, 666 3,071, 164
Grain . .do.. 2,878, 041 6, 958, 715 16,530, 185 36, 359, 336
Rice.. .do.. 337, 678 4, 245 5, 055, 795 63,570
Flour. .do.. 423, 726 1, 130, 091 6,846, 840 18, 189, 900
Barley .do. 19, 397 12,994 2,521, 610 2,598, 800
Oil seed .do.. 99, 972 169,995 1, 413, 376 1,805, 140
Garden-seeds .do.... 82,084 95, 597 3, 453, 068 3,644, 980
Animals :
Fish, fresh and salted met. cent .. 75, 830 6,255 1,922, 278 253, 840
Oxen... ..number .. 99, 390 98,211 5,963, 400 5,892, 660
Cows .. do .. 32, 752 51, 743 1, 183, 888 1,869, 580
Calves . .... do .... 20, 347 51, 152 162, 776 409, 216
Sheep and goats . ..do .. 145, 347 370, 796 581, 388 1,483, 184
Lambs. do .. 19, 995 27, 390 19,995 27, 390
Hogs do.. 675, 239 450, 536 10, 128, 585 6,758, 040
Pigs. .do.. 37, 189 46, 257 37, 189 46, 257
Horses do.. 9, 759 37, 187 727, 475 2,789, 025
Mules and asses ..do.. 294 169 7, 350 7,605
Leeches .met. cent.. 201 150 201, 000 150,000
Animal products :
Skins, hides, and furs met. cent... 88,595 31, 770 11, 145, 710 5,474, 970
Hair and bristles .do.. 5, 531 3, 121 658, 704 402, 950
Feathers do.. 4, 109 30, 023 2,590, 160 6, 284, 485
Meat and sausages . .do.. 4,316 6, 576 182, 080 281, 084
Honey .do.. 1, 486 7, 434 44,516 208, 152
Wax .do.. 1, 731 12, 149 311, 580 1,992, 436
Cheese do .. 15,026 16, 498 841, 160 890, 892
Eggs, milk, & c . .do .. • 29, 258 189, 961 562, 486 3,681, 564
Other products .do.... 3,276 4,590 163, 129 279,500
Lard and oil :
Grease met. cent.. 103, 047 103, 383 4,663, 942 5, 198, 688
Oil ..do .... 276, 721 7,048 12,593, 656 297, 656
Edibles and beverages :
Beer . 2,880 294, 074 39, 292 3,012, 920
Vinegar.. ..met. cent.. 2, 010 1, 188 8,700 7,296
Alcoholic liquids do... 11, 044 110, 801 947, 806 3,417,990
Wine and grapes do... 91, 744 200, 464 1,743, 841 3,286, 536
Edibles .do.... 41, 379 10, 254 1,311, 649 308, 492
Fuel and building material :
Fire-wood .cub. metres.. 181, 545 276, 993 403, 031 700, 792
Timber, ordinary .do.. 190, 549 2, 147, 989 2,477, 137 30, 608, 843
Timber, foreign . .met. cent.. 5,943 9 95, 088 144
Charcoal do.... 12, 457 146, 357 29, 897 351, 256
Coal do... 16, 301, 548 27, 481, 426 9,780, 929 13, 740, 713
Turner's material . do.... 82, 494 4, 915, 162
Minerals... .do.... 807, 322 1, 205, 329 2,670, 779 3,527, 024
Medicines, perfumes, and dye-stuffs :
Drugs ..met. cent.. 3,959 626 1,184, 700 438, 200
AUSTRIA- HUNGARY . 63
Amount of imports and exports of Austria-Hungary, &c.—Continued .
Value in Austrian
Quantity. florins.
Articles.
Imports . Exports. Imports. Exports.
Medicines, perfumes, and dye-stuffs-Continued.

Dyeing and tanning material ....met. cent.. 347, 937 172,266 10, 568, 455 985, 226
Tar, resin, and gum.... do ... 1,039, 769 88, 921 30, 118, 680 876, 168
Salt do. 260, 895 275, 086 260, 895 550, 172
Chemicals ..do .... 350, 086 183, 485 5, 226, 068 4,373, 460
Metals, raw and manufactured :
Ore met. cent.. 35, 668 100, 351 46,743 139, 176
Lead ............ ... do... 22, 849 34, 137 489, 320 761, 146
Iron ..do . 471, 952 303, 742 3,926, 930 5, 442, 328
Quicksilver.. .do.. 840 2,946 168,000 589, 200
Zinc . ..do .. 62, 936 23, 012 1, 162, 912 660, 444
Copper, brass, tin .do .. 62, 276 23, 541 7, 249, 220 3, 148, 920
Woven stuffs :
Cotton . .met. cent.. 576, 805 219 47, 303, 310 28, 908
Flax, hemp, sea-weed .do... 271, 976 56, 871 11, 372, 800 2, 192, 109
Wool .........do.... 159, 942 105, 872 21, 428, 720 27, 573, 120
Silk do.... 10, 693 8,329 15, 478, 750 8, 675, 850
Yarns :
Cotton yarn met. cent.. 112, 115 5, 902 17, 720, 500 959, 794
Linen yarn .do... 12, 445 85, 978 2,029, 540 11, 395, 000
Woolen yarn .do.... 27, 397 13, 172 11,373, 500 5, 230, 240
Dress goods:
Cotton goods.. met. cent.. 11, 692 17,080 7,949, 120 8, 639, 620
Linen goods ..do. 66,068 69,778 4,448, 780 18, 458, 198
Woolen goods .do.. 35, 159 37, 074 19, 972, 560 16, 154, 384
Silk goods . .do.... 3, 279 1, 813 24, 192, 200 5, 902, 400
Wax-cloth.. .do.... 4,287 323 1,377, 340 82, 434
Clothing .do .. 1, 814 8, 656 3, 665, 800 7, 274, 750
Hats and caps of strawand trimming. .No.. 24, 496 3, 001 36, 744 4, 501
Paper and straw goods,
Brushes and sieves ..&c.:
.met. cent.. 825 879 481, 240 171,500
Straw, cane, and grass goods. ..do.. 8, 979 2,674 297, 162 296, 568
Hats and caps of straw, without trimming..No .. 366, 835 863 324, 374 751
Paper .met. cent.. 37, 726 154, 163 1,810, 410 11, 117, 620
Paper goods . ...do .... 5, 994 14,591 897, 100 2,583, 720
Leather, skins, hides, and furs :
Fur goods.. .met. cent.. 131 196 46, 800 120, 080
Leather .do.. 65, 516 13, 430 13, 139, 940 2,402, 122
Leather ware .. ..do .. 4,300 14, 091 2, 967, 860 11, 639, 426
Wooden, glass, and earthen ware :
Bone ware .met. cent.. 856 4,313 674, 140 862, 908
Wooden ware .do.... 58,830 234, 469 4, 266, 160 12, 283, 286
Glass ware.. do.. 59,785 256, 404 2, 180, 613 27, 527, 032
Stone ware .do . 5, 939 4, 409 9, 379, 19 75, 266
Clay ware ..do ... 64, 173 58,299 659, 440 1, 615, 604
Hardware :
Leaden ware. .met. cent .. 86 99 4, 128 7,920
Iron ware.. ..do .. 64, 446 140, 096 9, 293, 126 21, 433, 038
Metal ware .do.... 5,708 11, 893 1, 473, 940 3,717, 540
Vebicles of transportation :
Ships and boats . tonnage.. 113 89, 228 8, 675 1, 960, 490
Wagons and sleighs . .No.. 458 2,035 66,700 562, 400
Railway-cars .do.... 1 911 4,000 1,963, 200
Instruments, machines, and fancy goods :
Instruments .met. cent.. 2,494 3,847 920, 966 1,381, 172
Machinery, and parts of....... .do.... 147, 688 64, 593 6, 803, 208 3,136, 490
Fancy goods. .do... 1,734 27, 592 9, 054, 930 42, 012, 910
Chemical products and colors :
Chemicals, colors, & c... .met. cent.. 48, 896 47,835 4,910, 932 4,569, 610
Candles and soap. ...... do ... 8, 312 9,069 342, 494 741, 080
Matches.. do.... 5, 651 41, 093 482, 130 2,697, 130
Objects of art and literature :
Books, charts, & c .met. cent.. 25, 325 8,853 11, 206, 020 3,936, 960
Engravings .... ...... do.... 1,208 1,056 1,710, 600 1,341, 270
Pictures. .do.... 1,256 3, 424 1, 256, 000 3, 424,000
Refuse :
Manure. ........ met. cent.. 29, 512 3,287 14,756 1, 644
Oil-cake ..do .. 5, 116 119, 522 15, 348 358, 566
Rags ... ……………... do.... 40, 274 31, 492 563, 836 440, 828
Bone-dust .do.... 26, 803 173, 522 165, 894 1, 214, 628
NOTE. For total values of imports and exports see next table.
i
florins
.Austrian
,i1875
with
c1876nompared
in
exports
and
imports
showing
Statement
64
Imports
. .
Exports
.
Description
1875
.in
Value
1876. Increase
. Decrease
. in
.
1875
Value
1876.
in Increase
. .
Decrease
Tropical
...
products 9133 , 32 74 432,774 13 2,658 61 936 ,339 86 , 86
724,759 ,679
112 00
manufactured
and
,raw
Tobacco 6133 , 50 00 ,000
44,592 00
4,1141 ,81714 00 74,777, 90 03,210 37
.Field
products
garden
and 537 ,240 34 ,838
131 19 7, 21
6,095 8765 , 32 90 963 , 98 85 7,1933 05
Animals 3920 , 35 24 ,373
120 57 1, 51
578 719 ,697 86 , 52
4613 56 3,064134
Animal
products
. 5416 , 24 99 , 56
315,835 1, 68
664 019 ,433 96 , 63,583
918 , 50
4532
oil
and
Lard 5217 , 98 57 , 28
117,848 , 30
5590 34,544 96 4,847 ,328 , 16
0649
Edibles
beverages
.and 051
4. ,288 , 31
04,301 , 43
7249 ,233
010 34 4,913 30 8,619 04
material
building
Fuel
and 20 ,0323 72 , 23
9220 54 , 69
0148 7, 72
48,928 5845, 43 05 , 67
23,085
-. tuffs
ps,adye
Drugs nd
erfumes 477,398 58 , 15
246,788 , 83
5570 2,726 23 5, 32
6,637 , 94
6585
manufactured
.and
,raw
Metals 13 ,1043 25 213 , 46 80 ,121
237 210,741 14 10 2,355 20 , 59
9420
stuffs
Woven 595 , 83 80 89 7,411 72 08
1,8671 38 ,9469 87 ,063892 74 , 05
1204
Yarns …………….. , 23
5131 40 ,3918
35 25 ,778
4,801 517,085 34 017 ,313 78 6, 56
571
Dress
goods 61 5,642 44 ,76835 93 215 , 91 51 556 ,216 87 0, 15
63,555 7, 28
7,038
goods
straw
and
Paper 23,810, 86 64, 14 47 ,328
637 114 , 70 59 ,267
012 07 91,202 52
furs nd
a, ides
kins
hsLeather 6116 , 54 00 , 20
016,897 ,420
742 14 ,6161 28 912 ,060 80 48
52,101
....
ware
earthen
nd
aWooden
,glass 8217 , 20 96 87
, 11
0422 90
1,591 0342 , 64 96 339 , 95 75 ,721
2,968
Hardware 1710, 71 94 0713, 91 04 ,810
3,019 4125 , 58 98 624 ,491 92 , 06
0467
transportation
of
Vehicles , 75
793 3795 , 59 , 84
5701 0,4,486 90 114 ,399 20 2, 30 3
9,71
goods
fancy
nd
,aachines
mInstruments 16 1,779 04 3123 , 632 2, 28
6,389 546 , 30 72 552 ,113 08 9, 36
5,582
colors
Chemicals
and , 56
55,735 85,612 04 777,248 ,820
8,007 4, 66
8,819 6, 46
811
literature
.and
art
of
Objects 14 6,172 20 814 , 42 00 , 80
1670 8,702 ,230 16,801 20 , 10
1101
..
Refuse 8759 , 34 541 ,322 , 12
5218 26
07,215 , 88
71,979 9, 38
35
Total 38516 , 23 83 94552, 02 77 , 79
53594 8,523
509 60 ,291
4497 84 212 32
3, 76
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS.
florins
2products
aexports
1D
NOTE 26,946
nimal
.),(;ofor
1876
nuty
imports
on
-8,938,475
States
United
1876
,iwith
130
the
-H
from ompared
n877
cSeptember
ending
year
duringungary
Austria
exports
declared
of
value
ine
showing
Statement
. lar
dol
gol d s
Prague
. Trieste
. Vienna
. .,1877
Total 1,. 876 l
Tota Incre
. ase Decrease
.
Articles
.
Buttons 343
$,518 91
,380
18755 834
,7$9958 ,2464
$95 57 770
,2$4160
35
, 73
023 35
, 73
023 56
,830
12 79
, 42
210
5 CR
- ibbons
rCigar 02 70 68 9
8,2$38
woolen
and
Cloth
goods 21
4, 81
85 81
,367
100 185,849 , 87
6215
Dress
-g...oods 10 10
, 25
,225 2⚫18
18 68
21,541 58
3,316
.
chemicals
and
Drugs 04
7,172 64 0
9,6$69 83
88,987 ,129
51
157 37
860 , 48 14
, 81
296
toys
and
goods
Fancy 17
5,025 88
135,885 ,911
05
140 69
, 26
595 36
, 84
345
Furniture 61
,353
33 333 61
, 53 25, 89
211 36
, 64
022
Glass
.
ware
china
and 28
, 45
0195 ,091
76
20 04
, 37
1215 43
,396
233 39
, 59
218
Gloves 43
28,588 07
, 66
7101 50
3130 , 54 05
, 96
3131 55
1,041
Glycerine
.
soap
and 75
, 24
214 75
, 24
214 87
7,928 88
,2695
Gum 68
, 49
9266 68, 49
9266 78
, 18
0161 90
, 30
9105
..- owder
pInsect 48, 82
316 31648
, 82 33
, 42
418 85
' 9
2,05
furs nd
..,askins
Leather 60
, 38
192 07
109,525 67
, 63
6201 94 29
,277 38
, 86
3107
Linen
goods
. 87
239,521 ,521
239
87 29
110,538 58
,983
128
instruments
Musical 40
1,513 83
48
,550 23
50,064 055 90
, 13 67 9
4,94
(o.live
c.)aOils
,& lmond 75
27,920 75
27,920 398
09 66
27,522
fixtures
..
and
pipe
Pipes 19
, 35
8116 198, 35
116 886 00
, 08 19
, 27
030
Prunes
currants
and 04
,782
358 26
, 44
256 30
, 26
0415 ,47881
1,245 48
, 55
4830
Rags
. 65
, 69
327 65
, 69
327 80
154 , 14 15
, 45
726
(mustard
)Seeds
canary
and 73
15,938 1573
,938 61
, 73
873 28
57,934
.
velvet
and
Silk 30
, 81
733 733 30
, 81 06
822 , 78 24
10,903
Sponges
. 49
, 13
239 49
239 , 13 331 09
, 69 40
7,844
beer
,aWine
liquors
nd 71
5,512 80
20,486 51
,999
25 ,558
60
32 09
6,559
Wool
. ,810
33
59 5933
,810 876 44
, 86 11
, 76
017
Miscellaneous 31
,921
38 02
, 08
599 422 45
, 37 816078
, 66 78
, 48
2143 00
, 18
617
AUSTRIA- HUNGARY.
States
United
Total
gold 98
, 77
7370 ,983
41
1,064 84
,71939 38 23
,5301 74 608
,3411 92 85
, 09
1118
precedin
Total g
year 04
,637
419 463 20
,6170 41 52
,541 03 408 11
,6392
Increase
.. 43
, 36
2486
Decrease 06
, 59
848 22
, 87
4555 85 09
1,118
65
BOHEMIA.
PRAGUE, October 11, 1877. (Received December 20.)
Report upon the commerce and agriculture of Bohemia, for the year ending
September 30, 1877.
In obedience to consular regulations I have the honor to report upon

the commerce, trade, and agriculture of this consular district.
EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES .
The statement of declared exports accompanying this report shows

that the general decrease in business which began in 1873 has not yet
ceased. This table, however, by no means gives an exact view of the
real exports from Bohemia to the United States, as many of the export
ers from the northen and western sections have their invoices legalized
in Saxony and Bavaria, and other Bohemian manufacturers who have
agencies at Vienna have invoices legalized in that city.
BOHEMIANS VS. GERMANS .
The commerce and trade of Bohemia are inferior to those of the neigh
boring provinces of Germany. The inhabitants are equally temperate
and industrious. The mountains which separate them have left the same
fertile soil and the same variations of climate to both. The smaller extent
of the commercial relations of Bohemia is explained by the difference of
former governmental institutions, and by. inferior schools . While the
English language was almost unknown in Bohemia it was studied in
Germany, and this knowledge enabled the mannfacturers and merchants
of Germany to establish agencies and branch houses in the United
States and in England , and in many instances to send their own sons
and relatives to conduct their business in person. It is an interesting
fact in the history of Bohemia and Germany that children in Germany
were studying English even while a grandson of a Queen of Bohemia
sat upon the throne of England who could not speak the English tongue.
BOHEMIAN MANUFACTURES .
From the foregoing and other causes many Bohemian goods are ex
ported through Saxon merchants. Some of the best musical instuments
in the world are made in Bohemia (where music seems almost the nat
ural language of the people) ; also laces, garnets, drugs, feathers , gloves ,
and the celebrated Bohemian glass ware, much of which is sent to the
United States through German and English exporters. It would
cheapen all these articles in the United States if bought directly of the
original manufacturers in Bohemia. These influences and their effects
seem now to have been recognized and English is taught in a few of the
public schools.
REVISION OF COMMERCIAL TREATIES.
The commercial treaties which are about to be revised between Aus
tria- Hungary and England and Germany, excite great interest among
the people of Bohemia. The treaties appear to have been made when
Austria was not in a position toward Prussia and England to act with
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 67
entire independence of political considerations. At a recent meeting of

manufacturers and merchants in this city, this question was discussed
with great earnestness, and it was unanimously voted that the govern
ment be urged not to renew the treaties with England and Germany
unless under a tariff which should protect home industries .
AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL MACHINES IN BOHEMIA.

S
Soon after my arrival here a fair was held in this city from the 8th to
the 16th of September. By a decree of the ministry this fair is to be
repeated hereafter every third year. It showed the great importance
which is attached to all agricultural interests. The agricultural estates
of Bohemia are held for the most part by the hereditary aristocracy,
which prevents them from subdivision into small farms and gives to
wealthy owners the means to introduce expensive machinery and imple
ments. A steam- plough was exhibited the price of which was upwards
of $7,000. The fair was especially interesting to me from witnessing
the number of American reapers, mowers, threshing-machines , wind
motors, and diggers, which were exhibited with great approval.
THE HARVESTS.
Grain. The grain harvest, I am informed, was very satisfactory.

The fruit harvest, which during the last two years has been much below
the average, has been satisfactory. The fruit culture is of great impor
tance. The Bohemian fruits are shipped in great quantities up the Elbe
and Oder and sent via Stettin to Riga, St. Petersburg, Stockholm , and
other parts of Northern Europe.
Hops. The cultivation of hops is the principal agricultural industry
of some of the northern districts of Bohemia, especially of those of Saaz
and Auscha. The former furnishes the best but most expensive hops
in the world, and its inhabitants rely largely for their living upon the
income from the hop harvest. The produce for the year 1876 was com
paratively small, which caused much suffering.
BEER EXPORTS.
The production of beer has increased during this year and its export
is growing in amount. It is claimed that the advance of chemical
science has made it a worthy rival of wine among the wealthy ; that its
cheapness has made it a substitute for strong liquors among the poor,
and that it is largely a remedy for the curse of intemperance among
both. Within a few days a quantity of beer has been shipped from Bo
hemia to New Orleans, and shipments of the same are frequently made
to San Francisco.
CHARLES A. PHELPS .
Statement showing the value of declared exports from Bohemia (consular district of Prague)
to the United States during the four quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for the
December, March 31 , June 30, September, year.
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
1
Albumen $3,919 60 $2,212 45 $6,132 05
Bed-feathers.. 895 70 410 91 $636 12 1, 942 73
Beer... 1, 659 12 788 26 1, 474 68 $1,590 65 5, 512 71
Black-lead (graphite) 1, 195 40 2,411 56 2,833 49 6, 440 45
Books 27 54 326 42 57 15 1,347 78 1,758 89
Earthen wares. 1, 141 43 938 38 2, 079 81
Classwares . 2, 146 92 25, 622 71 51,263 69 91, 112 23 189, 425 55
Gloves 776 93 6,367 02 4, 091 01 17,353 47 28,588 43
Gold and garnet jewelry. 854 96 2, 008 54 2,271 87 2,572 57 7,707 94
Herbs and roots . 6, 155 54 247 57 768 93 7, 172 04
Hops 2,033 57 2,033 57
Human hair .......... 115 50 115 50
Mineral water 720 37 1,220 45 3, 014 73 98 75 5,054 30
Musical instruments 1,256 81 256 59 1,513 40
Porcelain.. 478 18 716 18 1,083 05 1,262 51 3, 539 92
Stone nut-buttons 2,601 19 917 24 3,518 43
Toys 151 54 349 47 1,028 18 2,495 98 5,025 17
Woolen cloths 38, 170 31 15, 186 84 21, 639 57 10, 484 49 85, 481 21
Miscellaneous 1, 312 02 1,497 90 2,351 41 2,574 55 7,735 88
Total 78, 697 80 60, 503 74 94, 968 83 136, 607 61 370, 777 98
Total for the preceding year.. 94, 118 04 115, 772 02 84, 132 43 125, 614 55 419,637 04
Increase. 10,836 40 10, 993 06
Decrease 15, 420 24 55, 268 28 48,859 06
NOTE.-The above table by no means gives an exact view of the real exports from Bohemia to the
United States, as many of the exporters from the northern and western sections have their invoices
legalized in Saxony, Bavaria, and Vienna.
TRIESTE .
-Statement showing the commerce at Triestefor the year ending December 31, 1876.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Quantity. Whence .
CLASS I.
Iron :
Pig.. .*metrical quintals. 26, 221 Great Britain, 25,906 ; Austrian ports, 309 ; Italy, 6.
Cast . ..do.... 4,571 Great Britain, 4,422 ; Italy, 120; Austrian ports, 29.
Wrought . .... ..do.... 19, 302 Great Britain, 18,371 ; France, 785 ; Austrian ports, 73;
Italy, 41 ; Greece, 16; Turkey, 10 ; Egypt, 6.
Sheet .do.... 15, 239 Great Britain, 15,239.
Scrap. do.... 1, 956 Austrian ports, 1,218; Egypt, 297 ; Greece, 184 ; Turkey,
174 ; France, 81 ; Italy, 2.
Anchors .do.... 2, 418 Great Britain, 2,407 ; Italy, 9; Austrian ports, 2.
Chains ..... .do.... 3, 993 Great Britain, 3,990; Greece, 3.
Nails .do .... 2,784 Belgium, 1,218; France, 1,033; Great Britain, 511 ; Italy,
12; Greece, 5 : Austrian ports, 4; Turkey, 1.
Rails (railroad) ..... .do....
... 1,813 Great Britain, 1,591 ; Italy, 142; France, 80.
Wire ...do .... 523 Great Britain, 422 ; France, 72; Belgium, 26 ; Austrian
ports, 3.
Fabrics (divers) .do.... 3, 762 Great Britain, 1,892; Italy, 1,466; France, 185 ; Austrian
ports, 110 ; Turkey, 44 ; Belgium, 42; Egypt, 13; Greeee,
5; Russia, 4; Malta, 1.
Steel .do.... 222 France, 101 ; Great Britain, 90; Turkey, 30 ; Austrian
ports, 1.
Steel files.. ..do.. 23 Austrian ports, 8; Italy, 7 ; Great Britain, 5 ; France, 3.
* Metrical quintal =100 kilograms.
NOTE. -The Trieste chamber of commerce, from which the consul received statistics for this report,
gives only the quantities of imports and exports and the aggregate values. Applications to that quar
ter for values of the different articles, the only standard by which the trade of the port can be properly
judged, seem to have been made in vain.-B. Š.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 69
Statement showing the commerce at Trieste, &c.— Continued .

IMPORTS-Continued.
Articles. Quantity. Whence.
Steel needles...metrical quintals. 12 Italy, 12.

Steel razors... do... 3 Greece, 3.
Brass .. .do.... 924 Austrian ports, 901 ; Great Britain, 22; Italy, 1.
Brass, fabrics of do.... 318 Great Britain, 289 ; Italy, 22 ; Austrian ports, 3 ; India, 3 ;
Turkey, 1.
Bronze .do.... 1,545 Turkey, 917; Great Britain, 485 ; France, 132 ; Greece, 7 ;
Austrian ports, 4.
Bells .do .... 50 Austrian ports, 21 ; Italy, 19; Greece, 5; Turkey, 5.
Copper .do... 2,246 Great Britain, 1,265 ; Austrian ports, 363 ; Turkey, 224;
Egypt, 218 ; France, 113; Greece, 52; Italy, 11.
Copper, fabrics of... ..... do .... 416 France, 255 ; Great Britain, 149 ; Austrian ports, 6 ;
Lead : Greece, 3 ; Italy, 2 ; Turkey, 1.
Pig.. ... do .... 2,390 France, 2,335 ; Austrian ports, 40 ; Great Britain, 12 ;
Italy, 3.
Sheet .do.... 616 France, 382 ; Italy, 212 ; Great Britain, 22.
Tin :
....
Block………………………………………….do………… 1,520 Great Britain, 1,382 ; Egypt, 100 ; Italy, 33; France, 3;
Turkey, 2.
Plates . .do... 2,734 Great Britain, 2,733; France, 1.
Fabrics of. ...do ... 2 Austrian ports, 1 ; Italy, 1.
Zinc . ..do .... 473 Austrian ports, 305 ; Great Britain, 86 ; France, 30 ; Bel
gium, 30; Italy, 22.
Zinc, fabrics of .do.... 262 Belgium, 262.
German silver.. .do... 30 Egypt, 30.
Arms ........ …………… ..... do .... 385 France, 313; Austrian ports, 49 : Venice, 20 ; Greece, 2 ;
Great Britain, 1.
All the metallic fabrics ....do .... 1,872 Great Britain, 1,755 ; Austrian ports, 69; Italy, 39 ; Rus
sia, 4 ; Egypt, 4 ; Turkey, 1.
CLASS II.
Alabaster ...........
.....met. quin. 3 Italy, 3.
Antimony ……………………………….. do.... 7 Austrian ports, 7.
Arsenic ...... do .... 307 Great Britain, 307.
Asphaltum .....do.... 1, 160 France, 1,015 ; Italy, 145.
Cement, hydraulic ......... do.... 7,591 Austrian ports, 6,055 ; Great Britain, 1,346 ; Belgium, 90
France, 80 ; Greece, 11 ; Italy, 9.
Clay:
Santorin, &c ... ...do .... 5, 598 Greece, 4,032 ; Great Britian, 997 ; Italy, 508 ; Austrian
ports, 61.
Vicenza ..do.... 2,695 Italy, 2,586 ; France, 70 ; Austrian ports, 39.
Coal, fossil.. .do.... 814, 602 Great Britain, 797,834 ; Austrian ports, 12,646 ; France,
4,122.
Coral .do .... 9 Austrian ports, 7 ; Egypt, 1 ; India, 1.
Emery. ..... .do ... 1,036 Turkey, 1,036.
Flints ……………..... do .... 150 France, 140 ; Italy, 5; Turkey, 5.
Gypsum.. ....... do.... 7,825 Great Britain, 4,103 ; Italy, 3,551 ; Greece, 166 ; Austrian
ports, 4 ; Turkey, 1.
Lime, quick .do.... 30, 512 Austrian ports, 30,502; Italy, 10.
Marble ………………… .do.... 707 Greece, 540 ; Italy, 137 ; Great Britain, 14 ; Turkey, 7
France, 7; Austrian ports, 2.
Meerschaum ..do.... 2, 832 Turkey, 2,832.
Ores and minerals, divers..do .... 13, 443 Italy, 6,068 ; Greece, 3,663 ; Turkey, 1,962 ; Egypt, 1,732 ;
Austrian ports, 14 ; France, 4.
Sand.. .do.... 1,564 Italy, 914; Austrian ports, 650.
Slates .do .... 3,050 Great Britain, 3,030 ; Italy, 20.
Stone :
Building. .do.... 56, 256 Austrian ports, 55,976; Italy, 280.
Hewn ..do... 676 Austrian ports, 658 ; Italy, 12 ; Turkey, 6.
Grind .....number. 150 Italy, 150.
Mill .do.... 167 Great Britain, 100 ; Italy, 42 ; France, 23 ; Austrian
ports, 2.
Whet.. met. quin 386 Turkey, 342 ; Italy, 44.
Pumice ....do .... 1,000 Italy, 1,000.
Sulphur . ………………..do .... 36, 702 Italy, 35,780 ; France, 541 ; Austrian ports, 381.
Tripoli ...do .... 320 Great Britain, 310 ; Italy, 8 ; Austrian ports, 2.
Bricks and tiles. ......number. 9, 263, 650 Italy, 8,968,750 ; Great Britain, 245,000 ; Austrian ports,
23,400 ; France, 1,650 ; Greece, 10,000.
Crucibles . .met.quin. 42 Great Britain, 41 ; Turkey, 1.
Earthen wares.. ...do .... 3,657 Great Britain, 1,919 ; Italy, 1,510 ; France, 89 ; Austrian
Glass : ports, 42 ; Egypt, 41 ; Turkey, 36 ; Greece, 20.
Wares.. .do.... 9,924 Belgium, 8, 747; Great Britain, 405 ; Italy, 263 ; France,
254 ; Austrian ports, 84 ; Ludia, 70 ; Turkey, 65 ; Egypt,
23; Greece, 13.
Beads, & o ... .do.... 3,094 Italy, 3,094.
Mirrors . do.... 12 Italy, 10; Egypt, 1 ; France, 1.
Broken .... .do.. 343 Italy, 93; Egypt, 90; Greece, 76 ; Austrian ports, 72 ;
Turkey, 12.
Statement showing the commerce at Trieste, &c. —Cɔntinued .

IMPORTS-Continued.
CLASS III.
Acid:
Muriatic ..metrical quintals . 70 Austrian ports, 70.
Nitric .do.... 7 Austrian ports, 7.
Sulphuric ..... .do ... 1,547 Austrian ports, 1,547.
Alum.. .... .... do.. 1,033 Great Britain, 893 ; Belgium, 138 ; Italy, 1 ; Turkey, 1.
Argols .…………………… ...... ...... do .... 898 Austrian porte, 832 ; Greece, 31 ; Italy, 29 ; Turkey, 6.
Borax ...do .. 54 Great Britain, 50; italy, 4.
Chloride of lime ..do .... 2,276 Great Britain, 2,276.
Magnesia.. .do.. 49 Great Britain, 47; Italy, 2.
Natron .do. 6, 065 Great Britain , 3,539 ; Egypt, 2,520 ; Austrian ports, 6.
Potash .do .... 204 Austrian ports, 201 ; Egypt, 2; Italy, 1.
Salts :
Sea .do.. 110,985 Austrian ports, 110,970 ; Italy, 15.
Ammoniac ……………………………. do.. 195 Great Britain, 161 ; Italy, 26; Austrian ports, 8.
Glauber do. 348 Austrian ports, 265 ; Great Britain, 53 ; France, 30.
Acid, not specified ....do .... 9, 044 Great Britain, 8,925 ; Austrian ports, 69 ; Italy, 49; Tur.
key, 1.
Saltpeter .do .... 2,687 Great Britain, 2,645 ; Italy, 42.
Soda... .do .... 24, 297 Great Britain, 23,177 ; Italy, 1,024; Turkey, 75; Austrian
ports, 17; Belgium, 4.
Tartar. .do.... 1, 285 Italy, 1,242; Austrian ports, 30 ; France, 13.
Vitriol .........do .... 406 Great Britain, 404 ; Austrian ports, 2.
Waters, mineral .do .... 205 Italy, 142; France, 62 ; Austrian ports, 1.
CLASS IV.
Beer... .met. quin . 217 Italy, 161 ; Austrian ports, 42 ; Turkey, 6 ; Greece, 5;
Egypt, 2 ; Great Britain, 1.
Cordials and liqueurs . ...do.... 1, 158 Austrian ports, 1,034 ; Italy, 57 ; France, 50 ; Greece, 7 ;
Great Britain, 7 ; Turkey, 3.
Rum ...... .do.... 1, 436 Spain, 1,150 ; France, 138 ; Great Britain, 98 ; Turkey,
40; Austrian ports, 9; Italy, 1.
Spirits, divers .do .... 714 France, 411 ; Italy, 124 ; Austrian ports, 87 ; Greece, 79;
Turkey, 10 ; Great Britain, 3.
Vinegar . ..do .... 96 Italy, 61 ; Austrian ports, 34 ; Greece, 1.
Wines .. .do .... 109, 504 Austrian ports, 98,373; Turkey, 6,191 ; Greece, 2,362;
Italy, 1,993 ; France, 503; Egypt, 60 ; India, 11 ; Gibral
tar, 6; Great Britain, 5.
CLASS V.
Barley .hectoliters . 4, 263 Turkey, 4,122 ; Austrian ports, 132 ; Italy, 5 ; Egypt, 4.
Maize ..do .... 218, 674 Turkey, 169,621 ; Italy, 42,333 ; Russia, 5,000 ; Austrian
ports, 1,498 ; Greece, 180 ; Egypt, 42.
Millet ...... ..do.... 865 Turkey, 475 ; Italy, 376 ; Austrian ports, 14.
Oats . ..do .... 55, 524 Turkey, 49,993 ; Greece, 2,692 ; Austrian ports, 1,491 ;
Italy, 1,223 ; Russia, 125.
Rice ....... ...met. quin. 125, 400 Italy, 61,550 ; Great Britain, 61,269 ; Austrian ports,
2,570 ; Greece, 11.
Rye ..hectoliters. 102, 316 Turkey, 92,058; Russia, 8,199 ; Greece, 1,121 ; Italy, 470 ;
Egypt, 468.
Spelt ...do 524 Austrian ports, 524.
Wheat.. ... do . 1, 127, 307 Russia, 775,831 ; Turkey, 219,632 ; Italy, 27,132; Austrian
ports, 1,702 ; Greece, 1,594 ; Egypt, 981 ; India, 935.
Flour.. .met. quin. 146, 197 Austrian ports, 137,813 ; Italy, 5,923 ; Great Britain,
1,508 ; France, 742 ; Turkey, 149 ; Russia, 59; Greece, 3.
Grits .. .do.... 18, 975 Austrian ports, 9,488 ; Egypt, 6,056 ; Turkey, 2,455;
France, 969 ; Italy, 7.
Biscuit, &c ..do.... 100 Austrian ports, 62; Great Britain, 21 ; Italy, 17.
Maccaroni, &c…………. do.... 2, 362 Italy, 2,017; Austrian ports, 333 ; Turkey, 7; India, 5.
Starch.. do . 1, 887 Great Britain, 1,005; Belgium, 373; Italy, 322; Austrian
ports, 113 ; Russia, 61 ; United States, 11 ; Greece, 2.
Beans ....hectoliters. 5, 253 Italy, 3,454; Turkey, 950 ; Austrian ports, 640 ; Egypt,
209.
Hay and straw ....... met. quin. 814 Italy, 542; Great Britain, 198 ; India, 51 ; Austrian ports,
21 ; Egypt, 2.
Hops .do .... 2 Italy, 2.
Onions and garlic .. ..... do ... 2, 383 Italy, 2,148 ; Greece, 225 ; Austrian ports, 10.
Pease, lentiles, & c....hectoliters . 6, 830 Russia, 6,255 ; Turkey, 389 ; Italy, 169 ; Austrian ports,
17.
Potatoes .. ...met. quin. 4, 240 Greece, 3,619 ; Italy, 600 ; Austrian ports, 21. .
Teasles ..do ... 74 France, 74.
CLAES VI.
Butter, lard, salt pork..met. quin . 13, 800 Great Britain, 8,833 ; United States, 3,255 ; Italy, 1,510;
Turkey, 136 ; Austrian ports, 27; Egypt, 18 ; Russia,
18; Greece, 3.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 71
Statement showing the commerce at Trieste, &c.—Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued.
Cheese ........metrical quintals . 3, 949 Italy, 2,943 ; Turkey, 583 ; Austrian ports, 185 ; Greece,
136 ; Great Britain, 102.
Comestibles, divers ………. .do.... 539 France, 204 ; Italy, 114 ; Austrian ports, 60; Great Brit
ain, 54; Turkey, 49 ; Greece, 42 ; Egypt, 14 ; Russia, 2.
Fish :
Anchovies ... do .... 2,579 Italy, 2,579.
Cod, dry ..... do.... 9, 122 Sweden and Norway, 5,777 ; Italy, 3,337 ; Austrian ports,
8.
Eels, pickled ..do.... 1, 405 Italy, 1,404 ; Egypt, 1.
Herrings ...do .... 728 Great Britain, 651 ; Italy, 67; Austrian ports, 7 ; Greece,
3.
Sardels and sardines ...do .... 6, 042 Austrian ports, 3,575 ; Italy, 1,818 ; Tunis , 550 ; France,
41; Greece, 31 ; Turkey, 27.
Not specified ..do.... 296 Turkey, 163 ; Italy, 126 ; Austrian ports, 7.
Caviar, &c . .do .... 62 Turkey, 31 ; Russia, 25; Greece, 6.
Glue...... .do... 287 Italy, 242 ; Great Britain, 34 ; France, 7 ; Austrian ports,
> 2; Turkey, 2.
Isinglass .do.... 5 Italy, 5.
Meats:
Smoked and salted .... do .... 3, 422 Austrian ports, 1,644 ; Great Britain, 1,269 ; Italy, 342 ;
Turkey, 128 ; Egypt, 22 ; Russia, 14 ; Greece, 3.
Dried.. .do .... 157 Italy, 145; Austrian ports, 6 ; Turkey, 3 ; Greece, 1 ; Rus.
sia, 1 ; Egypt, 1.
Sausage-skins ..do .... 1, 730 Turkey, 919 ; Egypt, 509 ; Austrian ports, 259 ; Greece,
27; India, 12 ; Great Britain, 4.
Soap ...do .... 2,078 Greece, 1,225 ; Italy, 429 ; Austrian ports, 217 ; Turkey,
144 ; Great Britain, 53 ; France, 5 ; Egypt, 5.
Stearine. .do .... 126 Great Britain, 72 ; Italy, 39 ; Greece, 15.
Stearine, candles of. .....do .... 657 Great Britain, 267 ; Belgium, 263 ; Italy, 91 ; Greece, 17;
Turkey, 10 ; Austrian ports, 9.
Tallow ..do .... 13, 544 Russia, 6,423 ; Austrian ports, 5,123 ; Great Britain, 668;
France, 574; Turkey, 356 ; Italy, 271 ; Greece, 129.
Wax ……………. .do.... 1,57 Egypt, 588 ; Turkey, 389 ; Austrian ports, 379 ; Gibraltar,
120 ; Great Britain, 65 ; Italy, 29 ; Greece, 7 ; India, 2.
Wax candles .do .... 385 Italy, 384; Greece, 1.
Honey.. .do... 2,531 Austrian ports, 1,674 ; Italy, 456 ; Greece, 223 ; Turkey,
178.
CLASS VII.
Cacao .met. quin. 238 Great Britain, 113 ; Italy, 87; France, 38.
Chocolate... ..do .... 3 Austrian ports, 1 ; Italy, 1 ; Greece, 1.
Coffee .do.... 176, 039 Brazil, 76,258 ; India, 50,805 ; Egypt, 19,092 ; Great Brit
ain, 14,156 ; Italy, 12,908 ; St. Domingo, 1,997 ; France,
588; Austrian ports, 146 ; Belgium, 55 ; Turkey, 19 ;
Greece, 15.
Substitutes for ...... do .... 124 Belgium, 54 ; Italy, 51 ; Great Britain, 12 ; Greece, 4 ;
Tea Austrian ports, 2 ; Turkey, 1.
do.... 77 Egypt, 58 ; Italy, 15; Great Britain, 2 ; India, 2.
Cassia ... do .... 153 France, 79; Great Britain, 39 ; India, 35.
Cinnamon ..... ... do .... 1, 631 India, 1,621 ; Italy, 10.
Cloves.. .do .... 495 Italy, 352 ; India, 105; Great Britain, 38.
Ginger ... do .... 275 Egypt, 127 ; India, 83; Great Britain, 40 ; Italy, 25.
Nutmegs do.... 1 Great Britain, 1.
Pepper.. do.... 7,594 India, 4,819 ; Egypt, 1,494; Great Britain, 693 ; Turkey,
228 ; France, 203; Italy, 127 ; Greece, 39 ; Austrian
Pimento.... ports, 1.
..do .... 876 Great Britain, 874 ; Austrian ports, 1 ; Turkey, 1.
Sago.. .do.... 1 Egypt, 1 .
Sugar :
Raw, and molasses ....do .... 226 France, 151 ; Egypt, 75.
Refined.. .do .... 2, 161 Great Britain, 1,577 ;. France, 249 ; Italy, 165 ; Austrian
ports, 146 ; Greece, 23 ; Egypt, 1.
Vanilla ... .do.... 1 Italy, 1.
CLASS VIII.
Almonds .met. quin 22, 902 Italy, 19,947 ; Austrian ports, 1,413 ; Turkey, 1,202 ;
France, 250 ; Greece, 51 ; Great Britain, 33 ; Egypt, 6.
Cabus ...do .... 319 Italy, 295 ; Spain, 24.
Carobs ..do .... 18, 646 Italy, 16,061 ; Turkey, 2,364 ; Greece, 171 ; Austrian
ports, 50.
Citron, candied .do .... 916 Greece, 841; Turkey, 52 ; Italy, 23.
Currants do.... 36, 382 Greece, 28,266 ; Turkey, 4,456 ; Italy, 3,595 ; Russia, 43 ;
Egypt, 18 ; France, 4.
Dates..... ..do .... 2, 419 Egypt, 1,395 ; Turkey, 720 ; Italy, 270 ; France, 27; India,
7.
Figs ....... ..do.... 123, 485 Greece, 57,297 ; Turkey, 49,451 ; Italy, 15,852 ; Austrian
ports. 782 ; Russia, 101 ; France, 2.
Lemons and citrons ...do... 88,317 Italy, 83,899 ; Greece, 2,843 ; Turkey, 1,572 ; Austrian
ports, 2; Egypt, 1.
Statement showing the commerce at Trieste, &c.— Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued.
Nuts :
Wall and cocoa ....met. quin. 12, 159 Italy, 9,756 ; Turkey, 1,692 ; Austrian ports, 482 ; Greece,
211; Great Britain, 18.
Pistachio ..do .... 17 Italy, 11 ; Egypt, 6.
Olives do.... 650 Greece, 378; Turkey, 192; Italy, 67 ; Austrian ports, 11 ;
France, 1 ; Egypt, 1.
Oranges . ..do .... 79, 538 Italy, 77,959 ; Turkey, 1,236 ; Austrian ports, 175; Greece,
143 ; Egypt, 25.
Oranges, dried .... .do.... 29 Italy, 29.
Pignoli .. .do .... 363 Italy, 280; Turkey, 83.
Prunes, &c., dried ...do .... 4, 590 Italy, 2,877 ; Turkey, 957 ; Austrian ports, 684 ; Egypt,
38; Greece, 34.
Raisins ..do .... 80,318 Turkey, 78,804 ; Greece, 1,427 ; Egypt, 55 ; Gibraltar, 32.
Raisins and currants not speci 48, 226 Turkey, 35,276; Greece, 9,839 ; Italy, 1,832; Russia, 854;
filed, met. quin. Great Britain, 248 ; Egypt, 97 ; France, 55 ; Austrian
ports, 25.
Tamarinds .do.... 447 Egypt, 277 ; Italy, 133 ; Great Britain, 37.
CLASS IX.
Essences, aromatic ........ do.... 1,065 Italy, 993; India, 32 ; Turkey, 12 ; Great Britain, 11 ;
Austrian ports, 3 ; France, 7; Egypt, 2.
Oils:
Almond ... do .... 9 Austrian ports, 6 ; Italy 3.
Aromatic . ..do.... 89 Egypt, 70; Italy, 8; Turkey, 7 ; Austrian ports, 2;
India, 2.
Castor. .do.... 945 Italy, 945.
Cotton .do .. 44, 624 Great Britain, 43,246; United States, 1,370 ; Italy, 8.
Fish . ..do ... 858 Great Britain, 468 ; Turkey, 352 ; Austrian ports, 36 ;
Italy, 2.
Laurel. .do.... 54 Italy, 42; Austrian ports, 12.
Linseed .do.. 5, 291 Great Britain, 5,251 ; Italy, 40.
Lubricating ..do . 11 Italy, 6 ; Austrian ports, 5.
Nut .do.... 60 Italy, 60.
Olive ....... ..do .... 119, 887 Austrian ports, 43,220 ; Italy, 39,553 ; Turkey, 23,574;
Greece, 13,059 ; France, 465 ; Egypt, 14 ; Russia, 2.
Palm and cocoa .........do.... 16,842 Great Britain, 12,302 ; India, 4,540.
Sesame..... do... 2, 320 France, 2,093 ; Great Britain, 220 ; Austrian ports, 6
Italy, 1.
Petroleum, &c .. ...do .... 209, 293 United States, 205,074; Italy, 4,084; Austrian ports,
103; Great Britain, 18 ; Greece ; 14.
Olive .do .... 222 France, 214 ; Great Britain, 8.
Oil-cake ........ .do... 1,768 Austrian ports, 408 ; Turkey, 17.
CLASS X.
Gums :
Arabic .do.... 1, 130 Egypt, 733 ; Great Britain, 397.
Balsam .do . 1 Italy, 1.
Caoutchouc .. ..do .... 160 France, 140 ; Great Britain, 19; Italy, 1.
Catechu do... 2,819 India, 2,691 ; Great Britain, 128.
Incense.. .do.... 405 India, 227 ; Turkey, 97 ; Great Britain, 75 ; Italy, 5;
Greece, 1.
Manna ..... ..do.... 465 Italy, 468.
Mastic .do.. 7 Turkey, 7.
Myrrh.. do .... 32 India, 27 ; Italy, 5.
Opium. .do .... 110 Turkey, 110.
Scammony .do.. 6 Turkey, 6.
Shellac .do.... 28 Italy, 25; Great Britain 3.
Tragacanth..... .do.... 112 Turkey, 112.
Turpentine (Venice)...do .... 13 France, 12; Austrian ports, 1.
Not specified do.... 27, 451 Egypt, 22,736; Italy, 2,438; Great Britain, 1,156 ; Turkey,
890 ; India, 172; France, 58 ; Greece, 1.
Pitch.. .do.... 3,939 Great Britain, 1,945 ; Turkey, 1,791 ; Italy, 196 ; Austrian
ports, 7.
Resin... ..do .... 58,822 United States, 53, 100 ; Italy, 2,605 ; Greece, 1,556 ; Bel
gium, 1,100 ; France, 317 ; Great Britain, 142; Austrian
ports, 2.
Tar....... .do.... 5, 357 Norway and Sweden, 3,780 ; Italy, 548 ; Turkey, 432
Austrian ports, 407 ; Egypt, 190.
Varnishes . .do.... 94 Great Britain, 83; France, 8 ; Italy, 2 ; Turkey, 1.
CLASS XI.
Cassia, Purgatine.. do.... 5 France, 5.
Coculus indicus .... .do.... 118 Great Britain, 118.
Cinchona .do.. 52 Great Britain, 41 ; Italy, 10 ; Greece, 1.
Colocynth ..do.... 196 Turkey, 191 ; Egypt, 5.
Herbs, mosses, &c ..do .... 5, 508 Austrian ports, 4,561 ; Italy, 306 ; Turkey, 165 ; Greece ,
90 ; Egypt, 60 ; France, 23; Malta, 3.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 73
Statement showing the commerce at Trieste, &c.- Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued.
Jalap. ..metrical quintals. 46 Turkey, 46.

.... do ....
Juniper-berries.......... 100 Austrian ports, 100.
Laurel-berries ..do.... 944 Austrian ports, 921 ; Italy, 16 ; Greece, 7.
Laurel-leaves.. ..... do.... 1,836 Austrian ports, 1,726 ; Greece, 89; Italy, 21.
Lemon-juice .. .do.... 64 Italy, 64.
Lemon and orange peels ...do .... 1, 155 Italy, 1,154 ; Greece, 1.
Licorice paste . .do .... 519 Italy, 279 ; Turkey, 184 ; Austrian ports, 44 ; France, 12.
Medicines, prepared . .... do.... 239 Italy, 186 ; Austrian ports, 31 ; France, 10 ; Great Britain ,
6; Egypt, 3 ; Turkey, 2 ; Greece, 1.
Orris-root... ... do .... 161 Italy, 161.
Roots and medicines, not speci 224 Italy, 171 ; Egypt, 20 ; Austrian ports, 17 ; Turkey, 16.
fied, met. quin.
Sarsaparilla... .met. quin . 7 Italy, 4; Great Britain, 3.
Seeds :
Aromatic. .... do .... 1, 424 Turkey, 957 ; Italy, 440 ; Greece, 13 ; Great Britain, 12 ;
Austrian ports, 2.
Cotton.... ...do .... 2 India, 2.
Flax and hemp .. .do.... 7,234 Turkey, 6,133 ; Italy, 513 ; Greece, 462 ; Austrian ports,
103; Russia, 23.
Mustard.... ..do .... 3,463 Italy, 3,280 ; Turkey, 166 ; Greece, 8 ; France, 5 ; Aus.
trian ports, 4.
Rape ..do.... 2, 502 Russia, 2,082 ; India, 336 ; Italy, 82; Turkey, 2.
Sesame ..do..... 3,721 Turkey, 3,278 ; Greece, 412 ; Egypt, 26; Russia, 5.
Not specified ..do.... 2, 842 Turkey, 2,368; Greece, 226; Italy, 143; Egypt, 60 ; Aus
trian ports, 23 ; Great Britain, 20 ; India, 6.
Seuna ..do.... 1, 153 Egypt, 1,083 ; Italy, 39 ; Great Britain, 31.
Tobacco, leaf .do... 56, 342 Turkey, 32,691 ; United States, 9,627 ; Italy, 9,190 ;
Egypt, 1,788 ; Greece, 1,199 ; Austrian ports, 1,072 ;
Russia, 775.
Valonia ....do.... 192, 619 Turkey, 152,617 ; Greece, 38,841 ; Italy, 603 ; Egypt, 268 ;
Austrian ports, 166; France, 124.
Drugs, &c., not specified ...do .... 930 Great Britain, 756 ; Turkey, 61 ; Italy, 58; India, 31 ;
Greece, 12 ; Egypt, 5 ; France, 5; Austrian ports, 2.
Tobacco, manufactured .... do .... 912 Austrian ports, 588 ; Turkey, 197; Italy, 44 ; India, 31 ;
Greece, 26 ; Egypt, 17; Great Britain, 10.
CLASS XII.
Asforen .... do .... 63 Turkey, 62 ; Austrian ports, 1.
Barks, dye. ...do .... 4,358 Austrian ports, 3,495 ; Turkey, 457 ; United States, 203 ;
Italy, 201 ; Egypt, 1.
Cochineal. .do.... 16 Italy, 10; France, 6.
Gamboge ..... .do.... 116 India, 71 ; Great Britain, 45.
Indigo.. do.... 4, 224 Italy, 3,730 ; Egypt, 473 ; Great Britain, 20 ; Austrian
ports, 1.
Inks.. ..do.... 545 Italy, 256; France, 241 ; Great Britain, 41 ; Turkey, 5;
Austrian ports, 2.
Lead, white .... do ..... 280 Belgium, 195; France, 62; Greece, 13 ; Great Britain, 10.
Lead, red ..do .... 388 Groat Britain, 327 ; France, 58 ; Austrian ports, 2 ; Tur
key, 1.
Litharge ...... ....do .... 87. Italy, 87.
Madder. ..do.... 12 Italy, 12.
Mountain green …………….. do .... 16 France, 16.
Nutgalls .do.... 1, 673 Greece, 934 ; Turkey, 420 ; Austrian ports, 210 ; Egypt,
61 ; France. 41 ; Italy, 7.
Orchis, &c ....…………………. .do.... 936 Italy, 830 ; Great Britain, 106.
Orpiment.... ..do .... 16 Turkey, 16.
Roots, dye. ...... do.... 262 Italy, 144 ; Egypt, 116 ; Turkey, 2.
Saffron ....... ...do .... 1 Italy, 1.
Sumac ... do.... 23, 611 Austrian ports, 11,839 ; Turkey, 10,061 ; Italy, 1,711.
Woods, dye :
Bimas ..do.... 138 India, 81 ; Great Britain, 57.
Logwood ..do.... 22, 621 Central America, 10,790; Italy, 6,300 ; United States,
3,454; France, 1,126 ; Great Britain, 824 ; India, 127.
Sandal ..do.... 6, 789 Africa (west coast), 6,585 ; Great Britain, 204.
Yellow .do.. 1, 065 France, 557 ; United States, 508.
Yellow, Greek ..do.... 4,593 Turkey, 4,593.
Not specified . ......do .... 3,999 United States, 2,221 ; Great Britain, 1,446 ; St. Domingo,
150 ; France, 101 ; India, 80 ; Austrian ports, 1.
Yellow-berries .do.... 728 Turkey, 728.
Colors not specified.. ..do.... 1,037 Great Britain, 728 ; Italy, 213 ; France, 65 ; Turkey,
11; Greece, 8 ; Austrian ports, 7 ; United States, 4 ;
Egypt, 1.
CLASS XIII.
Cotton :
Raw....... ..... do.... 397, 705 India, 201.778 ; Egypt, 85,416; Italy, 76,479; Turkey,
31,903 ; Greece, 1,148 ; Great Britain, 974 ; France, 7.
Fabrics of.. ......... do .... 24, 919 Great Britain, 22,188 ; Italy, 1,795 ; Turkey, 600 ; Aus.
trian ports, 298 ; Malta, 22 ; Egypt, 8 ; France, 4;
Greece, 3; Russia, 1.
Statement showing the commerce at Trieste, &c. — Continued .

IMPORTS-Continued.
Articles. Amount. Whence.
Cotton-Continued :
Yarns .....metrical quintals. 9, 890 Great Britain, 9,582 ; Italy, 257 ; Turkey, 29 ; Austrian
ports, 12 ; Greece, 7 ; Malta, 3.
Flax... .do ... 1 Italy, 1.
Flax, fabrics of .do .... 2,528 Great Britain, 1,874; Italy, 396; France, 78 ; Greece, 74 ;
Egypt, 54 ; Austrian ports, 36 ; Turkey, 15 ; Russia, 1.
Flax yarns, thread do.... 29 Italy, 29.
Hemp .. .do 25, 155 Italy, 19, 143 ; Egypt, 4,339 ; India, 1,555 ; Great Britain,
85 ; Turkey, 29; Austrian ports, 4.
Hemp cordage . .do.... 6,152 Italy, 5,571 ; Great Britain, 431 ; Austrian ports, 87 ;
Turkey, 51 ; Greece, 12.
Silk :
Raw.. .do.... 44 Austrian ports, 15 ; Turkey, 10 ; Italy, 9 ; Egypt, 9 ;
India, 1.
Fabrics of. do .... 8 Turkey, 4 ; Italy, 2 ; Greece, 1 ; Egypt, 1.
Cocoons .do .... 698 Turkey, 601 ; Austrian ports, 96 ; Greece, 1.
Refuse .do.... 12 Turkey, 7; Austrian ports, 5.
Worm eggs. .do.... 1 Turkey, 1.
Wool.. .do .. 18,254 Turkey, 7,891 ; Russia, 4,473; Austrian ports, 4,090 ;
Greece, 1,208 ; France, 211 ; Italy, 176 ; Great Britain,
132; Egypt, 73.
Wool, fabrics of.. ..do .... 387 Turkey, 175 ; Egypt, 60 ; Italy, 52 ; Austrian ports, 44
France, 24 ; Great Britain, 22 ; Greece, 5 ; India, 5.
Wool yarns .do.... 2 Turkey, 2.
Textile fabrics .do .... 4, 107 Great Britain, 2,224 ; Italy, 1,495 ; Egypt, 302 ; France,
57; Turkey, 21 ; Austrian ports, 8.
Clothing ...... .do.... 66 Italy, 62 ; Greece, 2 ; Austrian ports, 1 ; Turkey, 1.
Sacks . do.... 1,940 Great Britain, 775 ; Egypt, 720 ; Italy, 445.
Rags .do .... 4,250 Austrian ports, 4,041 ; Turkey, 99 ; Egypt, 85 ; Italy, 15
Greece, 10.
Tow and oakum . .do.... 2,083 Italy, 1,175 ; Austrian ports, 636 ; Turkey, 149 ; Russia,
71 ; Greece, 50 ; Great Britain, 2.
Paper . .do.... 19, 614 Austrian ports, 11,556 ; Italy, 7,641 ; Turkey, 336 ; France,
38; Great Britain, 20 ; Greece, 18; Belgium, 3; Egypt, 2.
Paper-hangings . .do.... 333 Italy, 301 ; Great Britain, 25 ; Turkey, 3; Austrian ports,
2; Egypt, 2.
Playing-cards .. dozen. 122 Italy, 82 ; Turkey, 40.
CLASS XIV .
Timber :
Ship .cubic meters . 472 Great Britain, 264 ; Austrian ports, 128 ; India, 80.
Square .do .... 175 Austrian ports, 124 ; Italy, 51.
Masts and yards ....number. 20 Italy, 20.
Oars . do.... 5,938 Austrian ports, 5,938.
Beams and rafters .....do .... 1, 143 Austrian ports, 1,143.
Joists ...... .do .... 1, 114 Austrian ports, 1,014 ; Italy, 100.
Planks .do.... 384 Italy, 212 ; Austrian ports, 172.
Cart and truck .do.. 50, 474 Austrian ports, 50,474.
Boards, divers .do.... 17, 930 Austrian ports, 8,232 ; Italy, 6, 468 ; Greece, 3,230.
Staves, beech do.... 3,259, 656 Austrian ports, 3,259,656.
Staves, oak .do.... 88, 122 Austrian ports, 66,122 ; Italy, 22,000.
Hoops, wooden .. ..bundles . 8, 519 Austrian ports, 8,389 ; Italy, 130.
Wood :
Box .met. quin. 2, 121 Turkey, 2,048 ; Austrian ports, 73.
Ebony. .do .... 75 India, 75.
Nut .do... 70 Turkey, 70.
Lignumvita .do .. 150 Central America, 150.
Quassia .do .... 380 Great Britain, 380.
Cane and bamboo.. .do.... 441 India, 229; Great Britain, 153 ; Turkey, 56 ; Italy, 3.
Cork .do.... 341 Italy, 336 ; France, 5.
Palm and olive branches...do.... 84 Egypt, 55; Turkey, 16 ; France, 10 ; Greece, 2; Austrian
ports, 1.
Plants, living .. .do.... 318 Italy, 300 ; Egypt, 14 ; Austrian ports, 2 ; Turkey, '2 .
Basket-work ..... do . 19 France, 8 ; Italy, 7 ; Austrian ports, 4.
Brooms, &c .. .number. 212, 390 taly, 212,290 ; Austrian ports, 100.
Cabinet-works . ......met. quin . ) 287 Italy, 128 ; Gibraltar, 48 ; Egypt, 45; Austrian ports, 44;
Turkey, 21 ; Russia, 1.
Turner-work .do .... 180 Italy, 78 ; Egypt, 52 ; Turkey, 50.
Matting ..pieces. 52, 284 Italy, 47,024; Great Britain, 2,750; India, 2,200 ; Egypt,
180; Russia, 100 ; Austrian ports, 30.
Wooden wares.....cubic meters . 681 Italy, 526 ; Austrian ports, 61 ; France, 49 ; Turkey, 28 ;
Great Britain, 15 ; Egypt, 1 ; Russia, 1.
Wood for fuel .do.... 30, 284 Austrian ports, 29,527 ; Italy, 696 ; Turkey, 61.
Wood-ashes ........... met. quin. 60 Austrian ports, 60.
Charcoal .......... do.... 507 Austrian ports, 507.
CLASS XV.
Cattle, neat .number. 273 Austrian ports, 240 ; Turkey, 23.
Horse ..do .... 1 Egypt, 1.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 75

IMPORTS-Continued.
Articles. Amount. Whence.
Land-turtles ..met. quin. 199 Turkey, 195 ; Greece, 4.

Leeches do.... 57 Austrian ports, 27 ; Turkey, 25 ; Greece, 4 ; Italy, 1.
Bones and hoofs. .do.... 6,851 Austrian ports, 4,322 ; Italy, 1,769 ; Turkey, 557; Greece,
120 ; Egypt, 83.
Bones, sepia .do.... 512 Italy, 501 ; Austrian ports, 10 ; Russia, 1.
Horns .do.... 1, 015 Austrian ports, 740 ; Greece, 131 ; Egypt, 66 ; Italy, 61 ;
Turkey, 17.
Ivory. do.... 2 Egypt, 1 ; India, 1.
Mother of pearl ... do .... 11, 571 Egypt, 10,793 ; India, 683 ; Italy, 55 ; Turkey, 34 ; Aus
42trian ports, 6.
Tortoise-shell .do .... 29 Egypt, 26 ; India, 2 ; Italy, 1.
2
5
Bristles, and fabrics of ..do.... France, 11 ; Austrian ports, 10 ; Italy, 9.
Hair :
Horse .do.... 364 France, 266 ; Italy, 85 ; Austrian ports, 10 ; Turkey, 3.
Camel, &c do.. Turkey, 15 ; Italy, 1.
Not specified . ..do .... Great Britain, 12 ; Greece, 10 ; Italy, 3 ; Turkey, 3 ;
France, 2.
Vegetable . .do.... 5, 197 Algiers, 4,052 ; France, 1,445.
Feathers :
Bed .do .... 45 Egypt, 34 ; Turkey, 11.
Ornamental . .do.... 25 Egypt, 23 ; Turkey, 2.
Hides and skins :
Neat do... 10, 644 Egypt, 3,273; Austrian ports, 2,449 ; Great Britain, 1,423 ;
India, 1.032 ; United States, 910; Italy, 820 ; Turkey,
330 ; Greece, 261 ; France, 82; Russia, 64.
Calf. ..do.... 43 Austrian ports, 31 ; Turkey, 6 ; India, 5 ; Russia, 1.
Goat and sheep ..do.... 23, 964 Turkey, 12,772 ; Austrian ports, 5,584 ; Greece, 4,981 ;
Egypt, 318 ; Italy, 300 ; France, 8 ; India, 1.
Hare ..do.... 173 Turkey, 110; Austrian ports, 52 ; Greece, 11.
Not specified do.... 17, 803 Egypt, 6,484 ; Austrian ports, 2,641 ; Italy, 2,404; Tur
key, 2,041 ; Great Britain, 1,698 ; India, 1,306 ; United
States, 716; Greece, 450 ; France, 54 ; Russia, 10.
Scraps.... ..do.... 789 Egypt, 402; Greece, 166 ; United States, 119 ; Turkey, 75;
Austrian ports, 24 ; Italy, 3.
Peltry . .do.... 120 Turkey, 68 ; Greece, 48 ; Austrian ports, 4.
Leather :
Sole ..do.... 2,952 Great Britain, 1.647 ; Italy, 323 ; India, 262; United
States, 224 ; Egypt, 199 ; Austrian ports, 106 ; France,
102 ; Greece, 75 ; Turkey, 13 ; Russia, 1.
Russia.. .do.... 5 Greece, 5.
Calf .do.... 64 Turkey, 36 ; Austrian ports, 23 ; Egypt, 5.
Sheep and goat. .do.... 645 Turkey, 564 ; Greece, 69 ; Austrian ports, 12.
Not specified .do.... 1,771 Italy, 1,551 ; India, 145 ; Austrian ports, 51 ; Turkey, 21 ;
Greece, 2; Great Britain, 1.
Fabrics of.... .do.... 46 Italy, 40; Austrian Ports, 2 ; Turkey, 2 ; Egypt, 1 ;
Great Britain , 1.
CLASS XVI.
Art, works of ...value . $14,843 Egypt, 4,917 ; Italy, 4,758; Turkey, 3,088 ; Austrian
ports, 1,296 ; India, 624 ; Greece, 120 ; France, 40.
Books and prints......met. quin. 584 Italy, 454 ; Turkey, 58 ; Austrian ports, 33 ; Greece, 13 ;
Egypt, 9 ; Russia, 8 ; India, 7 ; France, 1 ; Great Brit
ain, 1.
Charts, engravings, &c ....do.... 2 Greece, 1 ; Turkey, 1.
Instruments, musical and scien $9, 670 Italy, 6,292 ; Turkey, 996 ; Austrian ports, 826 ; Russia,
tific, value. 544; Great Britain, 440; Egypt, 372; India, 200.
Fancy articles, toys, &c .met.quin. 468 Italy, 179 ; Great Britain, 124 ; Turkey, 71; Egypt, 47 ;
Austrian ports, 39 ; Greece, 6 ; India, 2.
Clocks :
Wooden .number. 40 Austrian ports, 40.
Metal ..do .... 8 Italy, 8.
Watches ........ do.... 176 Italy, 136 ; France, 40.
Hats :
Fur, silk, felt, &c ......do .... 1,840 Italy, 1,560 : Austrian ports, 80 ; Greece, 80 ; Great Brit
ain, 80 ; France, 40.
Straw, palm, &c...met. quin. 135 Italy, 127 ; Austrian ports, 7 ; Greece, 1.
Gunpowder . ..... ...do.... 40 Great Britain, 40.
Matches ...... ............ do .... 1, 981
Spunk ……………… .... .do.... 102 Italy, 1,972 ; Austrian ports, 8 ; Greece, 1 .
Sponges ... ...... ... do.... 2, 101 Greece 999 ; Turkey, 769 ; Egypt, 264 ; France, 35 ; Great
Guano Britain, 17 ; Austrian ports, 14 ; Italy, 2 ; India, 1.
.do.. 4 Turkey, 4.
Carriages, wagons ...... number. 17 Austrian ports, 14; Italy, 1 ; Algiers, 1 ; Great Britain, 1.
Machinery.. value . $297, 455 Great Britain, 292,820 ; Italy, 1,474; Austrian_ports,
1,401 ; Egypt, 736 ; Greece, 620 ; Turkey, 264 ; Russia,
140.
Merchandise, divers, not speci $33, 003 Italy, 12,722 ; Great Britair , 1,156 ; Austrian ports ,
fied, value. 2,680 ; Turkey, 2,190 ; Egypt, 1,706 ; Greece, 1,046 ;
France, 817 ; India, 280.
Statement showing the commerce at Trieste, &c.— Continued .

IMPORTS-Continued.
AGGREGATE VALUE OF IMPORTS AS GIVEN BY THE LOCAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE .
By sea. By land. Total.
1875 $58, 551, 248 $40, 762, 288 $99, 319, 536
1876 55, 677, 926 31, 568, 796 87,246, 722
Decrease 2,873, 322 9, 199, 492 12, 072, 814
EXPORTS.
Description. Quantity. Whither.
CLASS I.
Iron :
Pig, &c....metrical quintals . 5, 175 Great Britain, 2,375 ; Italy, 1,231 ; Austrian ports, 995 ;
United States, 507 ; Greece, 56 ; Turkey, 11.
Cast .... ....... ..do .... 4,462 Austrian ports, 4,255 ; Italy, 154; Turkey, 22 ; Greece,
18 ; Egypt, 13.
Wrought ……………
. ...... do .... 27, 239 Italy, 13,131 ; Austrian ports, 9,111; Turkey, 1,659 ; Great
Britain, 1,581 ; Greece, 1,010 ; United States. 410 ; Spain,
250; Russia, 41 ; Egypt, 22 ; Malta, 17 ; India, 4.
Sheet ...... ..do.... 2,369 Austrian ports, 942 ; Italy, 915; Greece, 296 ; Turkey,
216.
Scrap .do.... 4, 187 United States, 2,957; Italy, 652 ; Turkey, 328 ; Austrian
ports, 195; Great Britain, 52 ; Greece, 3.
Anchors .do.... 667 Austrian ports, 646 ; Turkey, 8 ; Greece, 7 , Italy, 6.
Chains ....... ..do .... 2, 453 Austrian ports, 2,362: Great Britain, 43 ; Greece, 25;
Turkey, 22 ; Italy, 1.
Hollow wares .do.... 3 Austrian ports, 3.
Nails ...... .... ..do.... 6, 672 Greece, 2,082; Austrian ports, 1,998 : Turkey, 1,471 ;
Italy, 972 ; Malta, 94 ; Egypt, 52; Russia, 3.
Rails (railroad) . .do.... 38, 196 Austrian ports, 38,139; Turkey, 57.
Wire ...... .do.... 3, 487 Italy, 1,660 ; Turkey, 1,133 ; Austrian ports, 641 ; Egypt,
27; Greece, 14 ; Malta, 12.
Fabrics of ..do .... 28, 738 Austrian ports, 16,794 ; Italy, 4,739 ; Turkey, 3,516 ;
Greece, 2,596 ; Egypt, 710 ; France, 167 ; Russia, 134 ;
India, 62 ; Great Britain, 20.
Steel do.... 23, 232 Turkey, 7,008 ; Great Britain, 5,547 ; Greece, 2,588;
France, 2,548 ; Italy, 2,314 ; Brazil, 1,348 ; Austrian
ports, 725; India, 632 ; Egypt, 209 ; Gibraltar, 178 ;
Spain, 97; Tripoli, 20 ; Malta, 18.
Steel files ..do.... 146 Italy, 93 ; Greece, 28 ; Austrian ports, 16 ; Turkey, 5;
India, 4.
Steel needles ..do.... 35 India, 14; Egypt, 11 ; Turkey, 6 ; Austrian ports, 2 ;
Malta, 2.
Steel razors ...do .... 16 India, 8 ; Egypt, 5; Turkey, 2 ; Gibraltar, 1.
Steel scythes and sickles..do.... 873 Turkey, 388 ; Italy, 304 ; Russia, 156 ; Austrian ports,
17 ; Greece, 6 ; India, 2.
Brass .do.... 544 Austrian ports, 312 ; Italy, 94 ; Great Britain, 51 ; Tur.
key, 44 ; Greece, 29 ; Egypt, 11 ; Russia, 3.
Brass, fabrics of ...do .... 190 Austrian ports, 74 ; Italy, 38 ; Greece, 28; Turkey, 20 ;
India, 15; Russia, 9 ; Egypt, 6.
Bronze .do.... 97 Italy, 88 ; Austrian ports, 7; Greece, 2 .
Bells .do ... 850 Austrian ports, 821 ; Turkey, 12 ; Greece, 11 ; Italy, 6.
Copper ..do.... 786 Italy, 377 ; Austrian ports, 372 ; Turkey, 136 ; Greece, 1.
Copper, fabrics of do.... 813 Italy, 274; Austrian ports, 241 ; Turkey, 137 ; India, 59 ;
Greece, 38 ; Egypt, 4.
Lead ..do .... 1,752 Austrian ports, 1,087 ; Italy, 576 ; France, 39 ; Turkey,
29; Greece, 21.
Lead, sheet, &c ……………. .do.... 929 Turkey, 379 ; Austrian ports, 320 ; Italy, 229 ; Egypt, 1.
Tin ...... do.... 486 Italy, 324 ; Austrian ports, 91 ; Turkey, 59 ; Greece, 11 ;
India, 1.
Tin plates..... ..do .... 943 Austrian ports, 493 ; Turkey, 200 ; Greece, 108 ; Italy,
78; Great Britain, 34; Egypt, 13 ; India, 4 ; Russia, 3.
Tin wares ... ..do.... 36 Austrian ports, 21 ; Italy, 13; Greece, 1 ; Turkey, 1.
Zinc ………….. ..do .... 2, 494 Great Britain, 1,094 ; Italy, 683; Austrian ports, 446 :
France, 204 ; Turkey, 50 ; Greece, 14 ; India, 3.
Zino, fabrics of .... ...... do.... 115 Turkey, 63; Austrian ports, 43 ; Italy, 9.
Silver wares ..do.... 48 Italy, 33 ; India, 12 ; Greece, 1 ; Great Britain, 1 ; Tur.
key, 1.
Silver, German ..do .... 361 Italy, 259; Austrian ports, 74 ; Turkey, 16 ; Greece, 9 ;
Egypt, 3.
Mercury ............. do.... 32 Italy, 14; Turkey, 10 ; Austrian ports, 4 ; Egypt, ;
Greece, 1.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 77
Statement showing the commerce at Trieste, &c.- Continued .

EXPORTS-Continued.
Arms......... metrical quintals. 438 Austrian ports, 324 ; Turkey, 44 ; India, 38 ; Greece, 30 ;
Egypt, 2.
All other metallic fabrics..do.... 3, 610 Italy, 1,458; Austrian ports, 839 ; Turkey, 548 ; Greece,
304 ; Egypt, 165 ; India, 141 ; Great Britain, 119 ; Rus
sia, 35 ; Malta, 1.
CLASS II.
Alabaster met. quin . 5 Austrian ports, 4 ; Greece, 1.
Amber .do... 3 India, 2 ; Italy, 1.
Antimony .do .... 76 France, 31 ; Italy, 24 ; United States, 9 ; Great Britain,
7; Turkey, 5.
Arsenic .do.... 169 India, 63; Turkey, 51 , Italy, 40 ; Greece, 8 ; Egypt, 6
Austrian ports, 1.
Asphaltum .do.... 97 France, 84 ; Great Britain, 13 ; Russia, 3.
Cement, hydraulic .do.... 4, 961 Austrian ports, 3,472 ; Turkey, 704; Italy, 558 ; Egypt,
215; Greece, 9 ; Russia, 3.
Clays :
Santorin, &c .do .... 5, 853 Austrian ports, 5,754 ; Russia, 101 ; Turkey, 2.
Vicenza .do.... 2, 455 Turkey, 1,570 ; Italy, 541 ; Greece, 132 ; France, 90 ;
Austrian ports, 82 ; Hamburg, 21 ; Egypt, 11 ; Great
Britain, 8.
Coal, fossil ..do.... 216, 244 Austrain ports, 135,498 ; Italy, 80,746.
Coral .do . 11 Italy, 7 ; Turkey, 4.
Emery. .do.... 78 Hamburg, 61 ; Italy, 7 ; Russia, 6 ; Turkey, 2 ; Great
Britain, 2.
Flints ... do .... 37 Egypt, 28 ; Austrian ports, 8 ; Greece, 1 .
Graphite .... .... .do.... 59 Austrian ports, 39 ; Spain, 15 ; Italy, 5.
Gypsum do.... 765 Austrian ports, 542 ; Egypt, 101 ; Greece, 48 ; Italy, 40 ;
Turkey, 34.
Lime .do.... 1,070 Austrian ports, 868 ; Great Britain, 202 ; Turkey, 5.
Manganese .do... 1 Austrian ports, 1.
Magnesia .... .do.... 28 Great Britain, 12 ; Turkey, 11 ; Italy, 3; Austrian ports,
1 ; Greece, 1.
Marble .do.... 482 Austrian ports, 487 ; Egypt, 18 ; Turkey, 15 ; India, 10;
Italy, 6 ; Greece, 5 ; Great Britain, 1.
Ores, & c .do.... 1, 187 Great Britain, 542; Austrian ports, 450 ; Russia, 101 ;
Slates France, 47 ; Greece, 33 ; Egypt, 8 ; Turkey, 6.
.do.... 1,697 Austrian ports, 1,180 ; Turkey, 307; Greece, 136 ; Rus.
Stone : sia, 50 ; India, 17 ; Egypt, 4 ; Great Britain, 3.
Building ..do ... 118,851 Egypt, 96,647 : Austrian ports, 9,492 ; Turkey, 6,626 ;
Italy, 4,921 ; Greece, 943 ; Russia, 222.
Hewn .do.... 22, 985 Egypt, 20,214 ; Austrian ports, 1,685 ; Russia, 644 ;
Greece, 232 ; Italy, 92 ; Turkey, 78 ; India, 40.
Grind. ..number. 1, 171 Austrian ports, 946; Turkey, 210; Italy, 12; Greece, 3.
Mill ..do .... 108 Austrian ports, 64 ; Greece, 37 ; Italy, 4; Egypt, 2; Tur
key, 1.
Whet met.quin. 14 Austrian ports, 7 ; Russia, 4; Italy, 2 ; Greece, 1.
Pumice ..do... 100 Austrian ports, 41 ; Italy, 35; Turkey, 17; Greece, 4;
Great Britain, 3.
Sulphur ...... .do.... 3,598 Austrian ports, 2,279; Great Britain, 1,142 ; Turkey,
153 ; Italy, 22; Greece, 2.
Tripoli .... ... .do.... 611 France, 267; Great Britain, 228; Austrian ports, 101 ;
Italy, 10 ; Greece, 3 ; Turkey, 2.
Bricks and tiles.........number. 354, 135 Austrian ports, 328,035 ; Italy, 11,100 ; Turkey, 10,000 ;
Greece, 5,000.
Crucibles ...... .met. quin. 319 Italy, 150 ; Egypt, 86 ; Turkey, 37 ; Greece, 24 ; Aus
trian ports, 12; France, 6 ; Malta, 4.
Earthenwares (crockery) .. do .... 5,972 Turkey, 2,241 ; Austrian ports, 1,824 ; Egypt, 880
Greece, 624 ; Italy, 272 ; India, 113 ; Russia, 14 ; Great
Glass : Britain, 3 ; France, 1.
Wares .do.... 34, 424 Turkey, 12,155 ; Italy, 8,705 ; Greece, 5,443 ; Austrian
ports, 5,230 ; Egypt, 1,547 ; Russia, 664 ; India, 394 ;
Malta, 209; Gibraltar, 26 ; France, 24 ; Great Britain,
12; Tripoli, 8 ; Spain, 4 ; Brazil, 1.
Beads, &c .do.... 1, 828 India, 674 ; Turkey, 627 ; Egypt, 271 ; Russia, 142 ;
Italy. 43; Great Britain, 22 ; Malta, 21 ; Greece, 19 ;
Mirrors Brazil, 5 ; Austrian ports, 2 ; Tripoli, 2 ; France, 1.
.do.... 280 Turkey, 101 ; Greece, 67 ; Austrian ports, 62 ; Egypt,
Broken .do.... 26 ; Italy, 20 ; India, 4.
1,737 Italy, 1,592 ; Austrian ports, 144 ; Turkey, 1.
CLASS III.
Acid :
Muriatic, &c.………. .met. quin. 87 Turkey, 42 ; Austrian ports, 19 ; Greece, 19 ; Italy, 7.
Nitric ..do.... 63 Greece, 19; Austrian ports, 18; Turkey 18 ; Italy, 8.
Sulphuric ……………………….. ..do.... 293 Austrian ports, 120 ; Turkey, 101 ; Greece, 58; Italy, 14.

EXPORTS-Continued.
Alum ……………………..metrical quintals . 769 Austrian ports, 314 ; Italy, 192 ; Turkey, 152 ; Egypt,
52; Greece, 28 ; Great Britain, 1.
Argols ..do.... 70
Borax do... 10 Great Britain, 53; Turkey, 15 ; Austrian ports, 1 ; Italy, 1.
Austrian ports, 10.
Chloride of lime. ..do.. 507 Italy, 363; Austrian ports, 119 ; India, 23 ; Turkey, 2.
Natron ..do ... 446 Austrian ports, 250 ; Italy, 145; Hamburg, 50 ; Turkey, 1.
Phosphorus do .. 13 Turkey, 12 ; Greece, 1.
Potash .do.... 495 Turkey, 300 ; Austrian ports, 120 ; Greece, 50 ; Italy, 23 ;
Salts : Egypt, 2
Sea .do.... 1,273 Austrian ports, 1,266 ; Italy, 5 ; Greece, 2.
Mineral .do.. 4 Austrian ports, 4.
Ammonia ..do .... 114 Austrian ports, 63 ; Turkey, 27 ; Egypt, 14 ; Italy, 5 ;
Greece, 4 ; Indla, 1.
Glauber .do.... 75 Italy, 37 ; Austrian ports, 23 ; Greece, 10 ; Turkey, 5.
Acids not specified ....do .... 1,266 Austrian ports, 1,044: Turkey, 99 ; Greece, 59 ; Italy,
28; Egypt, 18 ; India, 15 ; Russia. 3.
Saltpeter . .do.... 131 Austrian ports, 107 ; Greece, 13 ; Turkey, 9 ; Italy, 2.
Soda. ...do .... 4, 618 Italy, 3,056 ; Austrian ports, 1,341 ; France, 75 ; Egypt,
60; Greece, 52 ; Turkey, 21 ; Great Britain, 3.
Tartar. .do.... 706 Great Britain, 489 ; United States, 196 ; Italy, 10 ; Greece,
6 ; Turkey, 3 ; Austrian ports, 2.
Vitriol do.... 1, 037 Austrian ports, 498 ; Turkey, 338 ; Italy, 119 ; Greece,
78 ; Russia, 4.
Water, mineral ..... .do.... 1,570 Austrian ports, 783 ; Egypt, 336 ; Turkey, 203 ; Russia,
99 ; Greece, 80 ; Italy, 57 ; Brazil, 12.
CLASS IV.
Beer ...met. quin 60, 397 Austrian ports, 23,615 ; Egypt, 16,868 ; Turkey, 16,144 ;
Greece, 1,583 ; India, 1,105 ; Italy, 1,076 ; Spain, 6.
Cordials and liqueurs ......do.... 1,237 Austrian ports, 426; Turkey, 334 ; Great Britain, 278 ;
France, 70; Spain, 42 ; Italy, 39 ; Russia, 19; Greece,
13; United States, 10 ; Malta, 2 ; Gibraltar, 2 ; Egypt,
1; Hamburg, 1.
Rum ..do .... 21, 047 Turkey, 15,521 ; Greece. 2,094 ; Italy, 1,785 ; Austrian
ports, 1,410 ; Egypt, 132 ; Malta, 101 ; France, 4.
Spirits, divers . ..do.... 45, 151 Italy, 15,879 ; Turkey, 12,029 ; Austrian ports, 11,172 ;
Egypt, 4,357 ; Greece, 835 ; Malta, 317 ; France, 296 ;
Great Britain, 249 ; India, 16 ; Russia, 1.
Vinegar ..do .... 2, 673 Austrian ports, 2,364 ; Turkey, 248 ; Italy, 41 ; Great
Britain, 14 ; India, 4 ; France, 2.
Wines ..... .do.... 30, 317 Italy, 14,137 ; Turkey, 7,447 ; Austrian ports, 3,142 ;
Hamburg, 2,057 ; France, 1,342 ; Great Britain, 1,030 ;
CLASS V. Egypt, 769 ; India, 299 ; Greece, 45 ; Russia, 32 ; United
States, 17.
Barley ..hectoliters . 18, 698 Austrian ports, 15,963; Greece, 988 ; Turkey , 902 ; Italy,
487 ; Egypt, 358.
Barley malt. .do .... 281 Greece, 233 ; Austrian ports, 48.
Maize do.... 177, 738 Austrian ports, 145,031 ; Great Britain, 24,210 ; Italy,
5,383 ; Greece, 1,585 ; Turkey, 1,539.
Millet .do.... 55 Austrian ports, 51 ; Greece, 4.
Oats .do .. 30, 514 Austrian ports, 19,606 ; Italy, 10,908.
Rice.. met. quin. 74, 311 Austrian ports, 51,818 ; Turkey, 11,924 ; Greece, 7,772 ;
.hectoliters Italy, 2,734 ; Egypt, 58 ; Malta, 3 ; France, 2.
Rye 29, 641 Austrian ports, 17,182 ; Italy, 12,459.
Spelt do.... 63 Austrian ports, 63.
Spica celtica.. ....met. quin.! 1,645 Egypt, 1,439 ; France, 110 ; Malta, 45; Turkey, 17 ; In
dia, 17 ; Gibraltar, 12 ; Italy, 5.
Wheat . .hectoliters. 166, 913 Austrian ports, 112,394 ; Italy, 54,099 ; Great Britain, 222
Greece, 164 ; Turkey, 29 ; Egypt, 5.
Wheat flour .met. quin. 636, 101 Great Britain, 292,439 ; Austrian ports, 188,965 ; Brazil,
110,620 ; Turkey, 27,953 ; Italy, 5,831 ; Egypt, 5,818 ;
Greece, 2,357 ; India, 2,065 ; Malta, 29 ; Russia, 12 ;
France, 10 ; Spain, 2.
Grits ... ..do.... 46, 899 Austrian ports, 24,285; Great Britain, 13,259 ; Italy,
9,329; Malta, 20 ; Egypt, 6.
Biscuit, &c ..do.... 36, 979 Austrian ports, 23,779 ; Italy, 8,125 ; Great Britain,
4,707 ; Turkey, 217 ; Egypt, 140; Greece, 10: Russia, 1.
Maccaroni ..do.... 12, 348 Austrian ports, 10,870 ; Great Britain, 1,145; United
States. 182 ; Turkey, 100 ; Greece, 45 ; Italy, 6.
Starch... do.... 606 Austrian ports, 418 ; Italy, 92; Turkey, 54; Greece, 35 ;
France, 5; Russia, 2.
Yeast... ...do .... 86 Italy, 71 ; Turkey, 10; Greece, 3 ; Austrian ports, 2.
Beans . ..hectoliters . 88, 911 France, 40,361 ; Holland, 29,783 ; Austrian ports, 10,175
Great Britain, 4,890 ; Italy, 1,590 ; Greece, 858; Egypt
536 ; Gibraltar, 518 ; Turkey, 160 ; Malta, 40.
Hay and straw .met. quin. 8,958 Austrian ports, 4,898 ; Egypt, 3,865 ; Great Britain, 93;
Italy, 91 , Turkey, 10 ; Greece, 1 .
Hops .do.... 104 Russia, 39 ; Greece, 29 ; Tarkey, 27; Egypt, 9.
Onions and garlic.... .do.. 101 Austrian ports, 55 ; Greece, 22 ; Italy, 20; Malta, 2;
Egypt, 2.
AUSTRIA- HUNGARY. 79

EXPORTS-Continued .
Articles. Quantity. Whither.
Pease, lentiles, &c ....hectoliters. 4,844 Italy, 2,208 ; Austrian ports, 751 ; France, 587 ; Greece,
547 ; Egypt, 539 ; Great Britain, 170 ; Malta, 37 ; Tur
key, 5.
Potatoes..... met. quin. 4,850 Greece, 3,713; Austrian ports, 652 ; Turkey, 457 ; Egypt,
24; Italy, 4.
Sauerkraut, &c .do.... 2,069 Austrian ports, 1,903 ; Egypt, 72 ; Italy, 57 ; Turkey, 37.
CLASS VI.
Butter.. ..met. quin. 3,683 Egypt, 1.694 ; Austrian ports, 1,353 ; Turkey, 482; Greece,
Cheese... .do.... 140 ; Great Britain, 12; Italy, 1 ; France, 1.
1, 151 Austriau ports, 833 ; Italy, 139 ; Turkey, 89; Greece, 62 ;
Russia, 19 ; Egypt, 7 ; Great Britain, 1 ; India, 1.
Comestibles, divers ........do .... 11, 836 Austrian ports, 8,035; Egypt, 1,061 ; Turkey, 971 ;
Greece, 897 ; Italy, 798 ; Russia, 42 ; United States, 17 ;
India, 8 ; Great Britain, 7.
Fish :
Anchovies . ...do .... 16 Austrian ports, 7 ; Italy. 4; Egypt, 3 ; Greece, 2.
Cod, dry .do.... 5, 331 Austrian ports, 4,510 ; Greece, 601 ; Italy, 167 ; Turkey,
34; Egypt, 19.
Eels, pickled.. ..do.... 26 Italy, 11; Turkey, 8; Austrian ports, 6 ; Greece, 1.
Herrings . .do.... 183 Italy, 114; Greece, 60 ; Turkey, 5; Austrian ports, 4.
Sardels and sardines ...do .... 4, 245 Italy, 2,587 ; Austrian ports, 1,487 ; Egypt, 103 ; Turkey,
Not specified ..do .... 362 Greece, 263 ; Italy, 60 ; Austrian ports, 24 ; Egypt, 15.
Caviar, &c .do.... 91 Greece, 56 ; Italy, 29 ; Austrian ports, 4 ; Egypt, 2.
Glue.... .do.... 261 Austrian ports, 164 ; Greece, 46 ; Italy, 29 ; Turkey, 16 ;
Russia, 5 ; Egypt, 1,
Honey. ...do .... 1,884 Great Britain, 1,396 ; Holland, 149; Hamburg, 183 ; Rus
sia, 99; France, 47; Austrian ports, 7 ; Italy, 3.
Lard .. ..do.... 2, 471 Austrian ports, 1,682 ; Egypt, 748 ; Greece, 26 ; Italy, 9 ;
Turkey, 6.
Meats, salt and smoked ....do .... 1,904 Italy, 872; Austrian ports, 775 ; Egypt, 179 ; Turkey, 47 ;
Greece, 14 ; France, 7.
Meats, dried.……. ..do.... 115 Austrian ports, 57; Italy, 27 ; Egypt, 14 ; Turkey, 11 ;
Greece, 5 ; Great Britain, 1.
Salt pork.. .do .... 806 Austrian ports, 786 ; Italy, 15; Egypt, 3; Turkey, 2.
Sausage-skins .do.... 83 Italy, 65 ; Turkey, 14; Austrian ports, 4.
Soap. .do .... 9, 473 Austrian ports, 4,227 ; Turkey, 4,195 ; Italy, 776 ; Egypt,
195; Greece, 44 ; Great Britain, 27; Russia, 6 ; India,
2; Malta, 1.
Spermaceti, and candles of..do .... 12 Turkey, 6 ; Greece, 5 ; Italy, 1.
Stearine ...do.... 2, 375 Italy, 1,037 ; Greece, 784; Turkey, 351 ; Austrian ports,
81 ; Great Britain, 63 ; Egypt, 53 ; Holland, 3; India, 3.
Stearine candles . ..do.... 9,309 Turkey, 4,345 ; Italy, 2,930 ; Egypt, 747 ; Austrian ports,
723 ; Greece, 280 ; Russia, 183 ; India, 115 ; Great
Britain, 11 ; France, 5.
Tallow do.... 1,057 Italy, 995 ; Austrian ports, 48 ; Turkey, 7 ; Egypt, 7.
Tallow candles ...do .... 64 Austrian ports, 53 ; Italy, 11.
Wax .do.... 1, 409 Italy, 876 ; Turkey, 247 ; Greece, 186 ; Egypt, 48 ; Aus
trian ports, 21 ; Russia, 16 ; France, 15.
Wax candles ..do .... 28 Turkey, 18 ; Austrian ports, 6 ; Greece, 4.
CLASS VII.
Cacao ...met. quin 937 Great Britain, 855 ; Austrian ports, 59 ; Italy, 18 ;
Chocolate ..... Turkey, 3 ; Greece, 1 ; France, 1.
...do .... 97 Austrian ports, 47 ; Italy, 39 ; Turkey, 9 ; Greece, 2.
Coffee .do.... 37,760 Austrian ports, 16,607 ; Italy, 9,905 ; Turkey, 7,434 ;
Greece, 3,585 ; Russia, 130 ; Great Britain, 37 ; Malta, 2.
Coffee, substitutes for. .do.... 541 Italy, 345 ; Austrian ports, 152 ; Turkey, 27 ; Greece, 17.
Tea ...... .do.... 12 Turkey, 11 ; Greece,
Cassia . ..do.... 88 Greece, 41 ; Turkey, 16 ; Italy, 15 ; Austrian ports, 14.
Cinnamon ..do .... 40 Greece, 27; Austrian ports, 6; Turkey, 4 ; Italy, 3.
Cloves . .do..... 34 Italy, 12; Greece, 10 ; Austrian ports, 8 ; Turkey, 4.
Ginger .do.... 18 Turkey, 16 ; Austrian ports, 2.
Nutmegs ..do.... 2 Italy, 2.
Pepper do.... 1,933 Italy, 979 ; Austrian_ports, 379 ; Egypt, 210 ; Greece,
186 ; Turkey, 170 ; Russia, 8; Malta, 1.
Pimento do.... 53 Italy, 36 ; Austrian ports, 13; Greece, 3 ; Turkey, 1.
Sugar:
Raw, and molasses ......do .... 807 Austrian ports, 537 ; Italy, 212 ; Greece, 45 ; Turkey, 13.
Refined .. do.... 175, 320 Turkey, 79,006 ; Italy, 47,640 ; Austrian ports, 25,862 ;
Greece, 22,000 ; Egypt, 721 ; Malta, 68 ; India, 23.
CLASS VII.
Almonds ....met. quin . 591 Great Britain, 382 ; Austrian ports, 64 ; Italy, 57 ;
Greece, 36 ; Russia, 34 ; Turkey, 19.
Capers ………………..do ……….. 1 Austrian ports, 1.

EXPORTS- Continued.
Carobs .........metrical quintals. 12, 720 Great Britain, 5,798; Italy, 3,177 ; Russia, 2,435 ; United
States, 651 ; Hamburg, 380 ; Austrian ports, 279.
Citron (candied) .do .... 72 Italy, 57; Great Britain , 15.
Currants .do.... 10, 161 United States, 8,738 ; Russia, 5 ; Holland, 461 ; Greece,
442; Hamburg, 223; Great Britain, 191 ; Turkey, 18 ;
Italy, 14 ; France, 14.
215 Great
Dates .. .do .. Britain, 187 ; Austrian ports, 21 ; Italy, 7.
Figs .. .do... 5,373 Great Britain, 2,172 ; Austrian ports, 1,495 ; Russia,
692 ; Italy, 560 ; United States, 386 ; Turkey, 47 ;
Hamburg, 21.
Lemons, oranges, citrons ..do.... 13, 346 Italy, 10,988; Austrian ports, 1,730; Great Britain, 487;
Turkey, 68 ; Malta, 44; Greece, 29.
Nuts :
Wall and cocoa . .do.... 123 Great Britain, 66 ; Austrian ports, 26 ; Italy, 11 ; Russia,
do.... 9; Turkey, 7 ; Egypt, 3 ; Greece, 1.
Pistachio 2 Italy, 2.
Olives . . do.... 175 Italy, 162; Austrian ports, 13.
Oranges .do.... 8, 359 Italy, 7,377 ; Austrian ports, 880 ; Great Britain, 67;
Malta, 34.
Oranges, dry. do... 4 United States, 3 ; Austrian ports, 1.
Pignoli .do.. 4 Austrian ports, 4.
Prunes and dried fruits ....
..do... 136, 488 Great Britain, 64,082; United States, 56,236 ; Italy ,
14,602 ; Austrian ports, 744 ; France. 485 ; Turkey, 205;
Raisins Greece, 67 ; Russia, 35; Egypt, 26 ; India, 6.
.do .... 4,609 Russia, 1,355; Holland, 1,461 ; Hamburg, 1,102 ; Italy,
646 ; Austrian ports, 45.
Raisins and currants, not speci 13, 819 Great Britain, 6,328 ; Italy, 4,109 ; United States, 2,438 ;
fied, met. quin. Austrian ports, 568 ; Russia, 344 ; Turkey, 31 ;
Greece, 1.
Tamarinds ... .met. quin 231 Italy, 182 ; Turkey, 36 ; Austrian ports, 7 ; Great
Britain, 3 ; Russia, 3.
CLASS IX.
Essences, aromatic ....met. quin . 17 Italy, 6 ; Turkey, 4; India, 3 ; Greece, 2 ; Austrian
Oils : ports, 1; Egypt, 1.
Almond .do .... 26 Great Britain, 11 ; United States, 7 ; Greece 3; Aus
trian ports, 2; Turkey, 2 ; Russia, 1.
Anise .do.... 11 France, 4; Italy, 3; Turkey, 3; Austrian ports, 1.
Aromatic .do .. 10 Turkey, 5; Greece, 4 ; Italy, 1.
Castor... ... do .... 223 Great Britain, 67; Greece, 50 ; Russia, 48 ; Turkey, 32 ;
501 Austrian ports,
Cotton. .do 427 ; Italy, 74.
Fish .do.... 106 Italy, 45; Greece, 24 ; Austrian ports, 20 ; Turkey, 16;
.do.... Egypt, 1.
1 Austrian
Juniper ports, 1.
Laurel. do .. 5 Great Britain, 3 ; United States, 2.
Linseed . .do.... 1, 041 Austrian ports, 890 ; Turkey, 66 ; Italy, 49 ; Greece, 36.
Lubricating .do.... 4, 442 Italy, 3,568; Russia, 486 ; Egypt, 201 ; Austrian ports,
129; Turkey, 47 ; Greece, 17.
Olive .do.... 19, 525 Great Britain, 5,357 ; Italy, 4,287; Austrian ports, 4,079 ;
Russia, 2,759; Turkey, 2,226 ; Hamburg, 430 ; France,
228; Greece, 118 ; Egypt, 25 ; United States, 13 ;
India, 3.
Palm and cocoa ........do .... 567 Italy, 190 ; Great Britain, 186 ; Turkey, 183 ; Austrian
ports, 9.
Rosemary ..... .do.... 26 Great Britain, 17; United States, 7 ; Greece, 2.
Sesame .do.... 15 Greece, 13 ; Turkey, 2.
Petroleum ..do.... 23, 800 Austrian ports, 13,149 ; Turkey, 4,402 ; Egypt, 1,978;
Greece, 1,886 ; India, 1,239 ; Italy, 1,143 ; Great Brit
ain, 3.
Oleine do.... 436 Italy, 436.
Oil-cake . .do.... 66 Austrian ports, 66.
CLASS X.
Gum :
Aloe. .do.... 1 Russia, 1.
Arabic do.... 2 Italy, 2.
Benzoin ....... do.... 1 Greece, 1.
Balsam . ......... .do.... Italy, 6; Turkey, 2.
Bird-lime .do.... 398 Greece, 34 ; Italy, 5.
Camphor .do.... 14 Turkey, 12; Austrian ports, 1 ; Greece, 1.
Caoutchouc , fabrics of..do .... 126 Italy, 73 ; Greece, 18 ; Turkey, 18 ; Austrian ports, 7 ;
Catechu Egypt, 6; Russia, 4.
..do .... 47 Italy, 47.
Copal . .do.... 1 Italy, 1.
Gutta do.... 116 Egypt, 72; Turkey, 44.
Incense... ..do.... 143 Turkey, 48; Greece, 42 ; Austrian ports, 31 ; Italy, 22.
Manna ………………… ..... do .... 42 Turkey, 20; Greece, 10; Austrian ports, 4 ; United
States, 4 ; Russia, 3; Great Britain, I.
Statement showing the commerce at Trieste, &c. —Continued.

EXPORTS-Continued.
Gum-Continued.
Mastic ........ met. quin. 2 Greece, 2.
Myrrh.. ....... do ... 2 Austrian ports, 1 ; Great Britain, 1.
Opium.. ...do... 10 Italy, 10.
Shellac ......... .do .... 28 Great Britain. 9; Spain, 6 ; Austrian ports, 5 ; Italy, 4 ;
256 Turkey, 3; Greece, 1.
Turpentine, Venice ....do .... United States, 104 ; Great Britain, 82 ; France, 17; Tur
key, 16; Russia, 16 ; Italy, 11 ; Hamburg, 3; Austrian
ports, 3; Greece, 2; Egypt, 2.
Resins, not specified ...do.... 15, 070 Great Britain, 12,081 ; United States, 1,032 ; Italy, 1,001 ;
France, 483 ; Holland, 217 ; Hamburg, 91 ; Greece, 74;
Russia, 36 ; Turkey, 33 ; Austrian ports, 14; Egypt, 4 ;
Pitch .. ... do .... India, 4.
3,552 Austrian ports. 2,262 ; Italy, 744 ; Greece, 271 ; Turkey,
Resin. ..do .... 7, 109 262; Egypt, 13.
Tar.. .... do.. Austrian ports, 4,742 ; Italy, 2.193; Turkey,98; Greece,76
Varnishes ...do .... 1,09578 Italy, 875; Austrian ports, 130 ; Greece, 76; Turkey, 17.
Austrian ports, 31 ; France, 7; Turkey, ; Greece, 6 ;
CLASS XI. Egypt, 5; Italy, 2.
Cassia, Purgatine......met. quin . 4 Austrian ports, 2 ; Greece, 2.
Cocculus indicus .......... do. 11 Austrian ports, 5 ; Greece, 3 ; Italy, 2; Turkey, 1.
Cinchona do... 22 Austrian ports, 9: Italy, 7 ; Greece, 6.
Colocynth ..do ... 110 United States, 109 ; Hamburg, 1.
Herbs, mosses, &c.... ..do .... 2, 701 Great Britain, 316 ; United States, 730 ; Turkey, 369;
Italy, 236 ; France, 164 ; Greece, 121 ; Egypt, 65 ; Russia,
63; Austrian ports, 27.
Juniper-berries .. ..do .... 307 United States, 221 ; Great Britain, 48 ; Hamburg, 32;
Russia, 4; Greece, 2.
Laurel-berries .do .... 145 Holland, 37; Russia, 35; United States, 31 ; Hamburg,
Laurel leaves ...... ...do .... 551 Great Britain, 310; United States, 139 ; Hamburg, 59 ;
Russia, 21 ; Holland, 16 ; Austrian orts, 4; Italy, 2.
Lemon and orange peels ...do………. 114 United States, 61 ; Great Britain, 33 ; Austrian ports, 7;
Russia, 6; Italy, 5; Greece, 2.
Licorice paste ..do.... 408 United States, 142; Great Britain, 136 ; Italy, 55; Hol
land, 33 ; Egypt, 27; Hamburg, 12 ; Austrian ports, 1 ;
Greece, 1 ; Russia, 1.
Medicines, prepared ....... do .... 1,983 Italy, 1,266 ; Austrian ports, 286 ; Greece, 176 ; Egypt, 151 ;
Turkey, 94; India, 10.
Orris-root... ...do .... 40 Great Britain, 34 ; United States, 5 ; Russia, 1.
Rhubarb ..do 1 Great Britain, 1.
Roots, medicinal, not spc'd.do .... 177 United States, 60 ; Great Britain, 37; Greece, 20 ; Tur
beer key, 18; Russia, 16; Hamburg, 15; Italy, 4 ; France, 4;
Austrian ports, 2 ; Egypt, 1.
Sarsaparilla .. ...d8 .... 3 Italy, 2 ; Russia, 1.
Seeds:
Aromatic ..do .... 583 Great Britain, 324 ; Italy, 114; Greece, 57; Hamburg. 50 ;
Austrian ports, 23 ; United States, 6 ; Russia, 5; Tur
key, 2; Egypt, 2.
Flax and hemp ....hectoliter. 2, 680 Italy, 2,663; Austrian ports, 17.
Mustard.. ....met. quin . 6, 028 United States, 3,694 ; Great Britain, 2,324 ; Austrian
ports, 6: Greece, 2: Tarkey, 1 ; Egypt, 1.
Sesame... ..hectoliter. 2,270 Italy, 2,265 ; Greece, 5.
Not specified ......met. quiu. 2, 073 Italy, 1,928; Turkey, 61 ; Greece, 34 ; Holland, 20 ; Aus
trian ports, 17 ; United States, 5 ; Egypt, 4; Hamburg,
-3 ; India, 1.
Senna ..do .... 129 Great Britain, 79 ; Italy, 20 ; France, 10 ; United States,
10; Greece, 4 ; Russia, 4 ; Austrian ports, 2.
Tobacco, leaf ........... do .... 4, 752 Austrian ports. 4,533 ; Turkey, 102 ; Great Britain, 61 ;
Greece, 38 ; Egypt, 15; Malta, 3.
Tobacco, manufactured .... do .... 6, 764 Austrian ports, 6,058; Turkey, 219; Egypt, 148 : Great
Britain, 68 ; Russia, 178 ; Greece, 62; Italy, 24 ; India, 7.
Valonia....... ..do.... 32, 924 Italy, 30,628 ; Austrian ports, 1,246 ; Greece, 745 ; Great
Britain, 285 ; Holland, 17 ; Turkey, 3.
Drugs not specified ........ do .... 5, 727 Italy. 2,390 ; Greece, 1,250 ; Turkey, 1,166 ; Austrian ports
454 ; Russia,246 ; Egypt, 128 ; Great Britain,89 ; India,4.
CLASS XII.
Alizarin and madder..metq, uin 85 Austrian ports, 45 ; France, 25 ; Great Britain, 15.
Anatto do.... 13 Italy, 13.
Asforen . ...do .... 6 Italy, 6.
Barks, dye.. ...do .... 3,205 Austrian ports, 2,360 ; Italy, 605 ; Great Britain, 226 ;
Russia, 8; Greece, 2 ; Turkey, 2 ; Holland, 1.
Cinnabar ..do .... 29 Great Britain, 9; Italy, 8 ; Turkey, 5; Russia, 4; France,
2 ; Egypt, 1.
Cochineal ...do .... 9 Austrian ports, 9.
Gamboge. do.. 28 Austrian ports, 13 ; Turkey, 7; Greece, 6 ; Italy, 2.
Indigo... ..do .... 111 Austrian ports, 30 : Turkey, 30 ; Italy, 18 ; Great Britain
18 ; Greece, 13 ; Egypt, 2.
6 C R
Statement showing the commerce at Trieste, &c.—Continued .

EXPORTS-Continued.
Inks.... ......met. quin. 564 Austrian ports, 236 ; Turkey, 176 ; Italy, 103 ; Egypt, 18;
Greece, 17 ; Russia, 10 ; India, 4.
Lead, white .. ..do .... 1,214 Austrian ports, 355 ; Great Britain, 270 ; Turkey, 182 ;
Greece, 167 ; Italy, 106 ; France, 67 ; Egypt, 49 ; Russia,
17 ; Malta, 1.
Lead, red.. .do.... 232 Austrian ports, 107 ; Greece, 47 ; Italy, 39 ; Turkey, 33 ;
Egypt, 6.
Litharge do ... 1, 460 Italy, 1,205; Turkey, 193; Greece, 58 ; Austrian ports, 4.
Mountain green do.. 5 Austrian ports, 3 ; Italy, 2.
Nutgalls . .do .... 486 Great Britain, 175 ; France, 148 ; Holland, 93 ; Hamburg,
37; Italy, 12 ; United States, 2 ; Russia, 1.
Ochers, & c. .do.... 1,840 Austrian ports, 943; Turkey, 568 ; Greece, 230 ; Italy, 43 ;
Egypt, 24; Malta, 22 ; Great Britain, 5 ; Russia, 5.
Roots for dyeing.. ..do.... 184 Great Britain , 55 ; Italy, 64 ; Turkey, 40 ; Egypt, 11 ;
Russia, 10 ; Austrian ports, 4.
Smalt.. .do .... 18 Italy, 15 ; Greece, 3.
Sumac.. do.... 7,348 Great Britain, 4,133 ; Holland, 2,274; Hamburg, 683;
Austrian ports, 237; Russia, 11 ; Italy, 8 ; France, 2.
Ultramarine .do .... 48 Russia, 37 ; Austrian ports, 6; Turkey, 3 ; Greece, 2.
Verdigris .. do .... 6 Italy, 3 ; Austrian ports, 2; Turkey, 1.
Woods :
Bimas .do.... 2 Turkey, 2.
Logwood do.... 4,895 Italy,
423 . 2,997 ; Turkey, 760 ; Greece, 715 ; Austrian ports,
Sandal do.... 3 Italy, 3.
Yellow ... do.... 151 Italy, 137 ; Austrian ports, 14.
Yellow, Greek . do... 361 Hamburg, 236 ; Italy, 90 ; Holland , 33 ; Austrian
ports, 2.
Not specified . ..do .... 1,843 Italy, 741 ; Austrian ports, 463 ; Greece, 181 ; Holland,
151 ; India, 62 ; Egypt, 5 ; Great Britain, 1.
Yellow-berries .do .... 234 Italy, 234.
Colors, not specified ... .do.... 1,356 Austrian ports, 674 ; Turkey, 224 ; Russia, 162 ; Greece,
130 ; Egypt, 103 ; Italy, 59 ; Malta, 4.
CLASS XIII.
Cotton:
Raw . ..met. quin. 53, 707 Italy, 53,354 ; Turkey, 184 ; Austrian ports, 98 ; Russia,
36; Great Britain, 21 ; Egypt, 10 ; Greece, 3 ; India, 1.
Fabrics of .. do.... 39, 591 Austrian ports, 18,569 ; Turkey, 11,637 ; Italy, 3,088 ;
Egypt, 2,518 ; Greece, 2,359 ; India, 622 ; Russia, 95 ;
Great Britain, 63 ; Malta, 10.
Yarns ..do .... 3, 779 Turkey, 1,326 ; Austrian ports, 753; Egypt, 610 ; Italy,
585; India, 420 ; Greece, 77 ; Russia, 8.
Flax . ..do .... 29 Italy, 14; Austrian ports, 7 ; Greece, 5 ; Egypt, 3.
Flax, fabrics of .do... 1,782 Austrian ports, 751; Italy, 445; Turkey, 268 ; Greece,
251 ; Malta, 36 ; Egypt, 21 ; India, 7 ; France, 2; Rus.
sia, 1.
Flax thread, & c ..... ..do.... 368 Egypt, 320 ; Austrian ports, 15 ; Italy, 15 ; Greece, 11 ;
Russia, 7.
Hemp . ..do.... 2,271 Italy, 820 ; Egypt, 737 ; Austrian ports, 401 ; Greece, 219;
Malta, 48 ; Turkey, 46.
Hemp cordage... .do.... 9, 690 Greece, 4,617 ; Turkey, 2,171 ; Austrian ports, 1,975 ;
Egypt, 768 ; India, 20 ; Great Britain, 44 ; Italy, 25 ;
Silk : Russia, 10.
Raw ..do .... 4 Turkey, 3; Egypt, 1.
Fabrics of. .do .... 38 Turkey, 21 ; Greece, 10 ; Egypt, 3 ; Austrian ports, 2;
India, 2.
Cocoons .do.... 18 Italy, 17 ; Turkey, 1.
Refuse. do.... 8 Turkey, 5 ; Italy, 2 ; France, 1.
Wool.. ...do .... 10, 474 Italy, 6,174 ; United States, 3,254 ; Great Britain, 898;
Austrian ports, 91 ; Turkey, 43 ; France, 8 ; Greece, 3 ;
India, 2 ; Egypt, 1.
Wool, fabrics of ...do .... 9, 955 Turkey, 5,822; Egypt, 1,207 ; Greece, 743 ; Italy, 574;
Austrian ports, 339 ; India, 231 ; Russia, 26 ; Great
Britain, 13.
Wool yarns . do.... 47 India, 39 ; Italy, 3; Turkey, 3; Greece, 1 ; Egypt, 1.
Textile fabrics .. do.... 1,741 Austrian ports, 854; Greece, 561 ; Italy, 250 ; Turkey, 54 ;
France, 10 ; Egypt, 7 ; Russia, 3; Malta, 2.
Clothing.. ..do.... 405 Egypt, 175 ; Turkey, 132; Austrian ports, 68 ; Greece,
16; India, 8 ; Italy, 5; Russia, 1.
Sacks .... ..do.... 2, 861 Turkey, 1,907 ; Italy, 489 ; Greece, 279 ; Austrian ports,
112 ; France, 43 ; Egypt, 29 ; Russia, 2.
Rags .do .... 11,057 United States, 4,495 ; Italy, 4,031 ; Great Britain, 1,324 ;
Austrian ports, 1,143; Turkey, 29 ; Greece, 23; France,
12.
Tow and oakum ..... ..do.... 1, 647 Austrian ports, 740 ; Italy, 360 ; Turkey, 287 ; Greece,
246; Great Britain, 47 ; Egypt, 7.
Waxed cloth .do.... 26 Turkey, 11 ; India, 9; Austrian ports, 4; Egypt, 2.
Paper do.... 70, 213 Turkey, 36,284 ; India, 8.820 ; Great Britain, 7,492; Greece,
6,989 ; Egypt, 6,811 ; Austrian ports, 2,182 ; Russia, 613;
Italy, 458 ; Brazil, 228 ; Malta, 185 ; France, 149. :

EXPORTS-Continued.
Paper-hangings .......met. quin. 2,389 Russia, 1,319 ; Turkey, 470 ; Greece, 371 ; Austrian ports ,
107 ; Great Britain, 100 ; Malta, 10 ; Italy, 6 ; Egypt, 6.
Playing-cards ..... .dozen. 42, 582 Turkey, 33,985 ; Greece, 4,744 ; Austrian ports, 2,650 ;
Italy, 688 ; Egypt, 605.
CLASS XIV.
Timber:
Ship .... .cubic meters. 13, 881 Austrian ports, 7.850 : Egypt, 3,102; Turkey, 1,109 ; Italy,
1,081 ; Spain, 298 , Greece, 269 ; Algeria, 96 ; France, 38 ;
India, 38.
Square ....... .....do .... 7, 818 France, 3,795; Austrian ports, 1,674 , Italy, 859 ; Turkey,
697; Malta, 448 ; Algeria, 329 ; Greece, 16.
Masts and yards ....number. 13, 052 Austrian ports, 5,655 ; Egypt, 5,373 ; Italy, 883 ; Turkey,
439; Greece, 427 ; Malta, 270.
Oars ........ ..do.... 7, 187 Greece, 2,806 ; Spain, 1,130 ; Malta, 1,000 ; Italy, 919 ; Tur
key, 622 ; France, 500 ; Austrian ports, 80 ; India, 80 ;
Russia, 50.
Beams and rafters .....do .... 345, 226 Austrian ports, 121,943 ; Italy, 105,654 ; Egypt, 71,452 ;
France, 18,232 ; Great Britain, 12,708 ; Greece, 10,297 ;
Turkey, 2.443 ; Spain. 1,740 ; Algeria, 452 ; India, 155 ;
Tripoli, 100 ; Malta, 40.
Joists, &c ...... ..do.... 1,972, 339 Egypt, 802,061 ; Italy, 703,501 ; Greece, 217,613 ; Turkey,
87,022; Austrian ports, 85.412 ; Malta, 47.641 ; France,
15,065 ; Tripoli, 5,585 ; India, 2,660 ; Spain, 600 ; Alge.
ria, 173.
Truck and cart . .do.... 79, 037 Egypt, 32,433 ; Italy, 13,630 ; Greece, 11,797 ; Spain, 9,103 ;
Algeria, 3,600 ; Malta, 2,465 ; Turkey, 2,350 ; Austrian
ports, 2,209 ; India. 1,350 ; France, 100.
Planks ..do.... 189, 651 Italy, 66,184 ; Austrian ports, 53.131 ; Greece, 40,852 ;
Egypt, 12, 173; Turkey, 9.144 ; France, 6,450 ; Malta,
821 ; Algeria, 336 ; Great Britain, 314 ; India, 240.
Boards (thin and thick)do.... 8, 066, 415 Italy, 4.404, 695; Egypt, 1,301,154 ; Greece, 1,156,878 ; Tur
key, 511,859; Austrian ports, 289.050: Algeria, 250,751 ;
Malta, 80.283 ; France. 45,170 ; India, 18,165 ; Spain,
2,720 ; Tripoli, 1,600 ; Russia, 490.
Staves :
Oak ..do.... 36, 027, 966 France, 28,077,985 ; Great Britain, 4,918,685 ; Austrian
ports, 20,666 ; Greece, 4,650 ; Italy, 3,400 ; Egypt, 2, 580.
Beech ...do .... 2, 569, 315 Greece, 1,495,347 ; Malta, 401,430 ; Italy, 255,745 ; France,
159,560 ; Egypt, 78,753 ; Austrian ports, 81,215 ; Spain,
60,000 ; Great Britain, 25 000 : Turkey, 12,325.
Hoops (wooden) .... ..bundles. 17,477 Austrian ports, 6,066 ; Greece, 5,604 ; Malta, 4,230 ; Tur
key, 1,177 ; Italy, 400.
Woods:
Fine box ... .met. quin. 598 Holland, 290 ; Italy, 236 ; Great Britain, 41 ; United States,
30; Greece, 1.
Ebony . ..do.... 7 Italy, 7.
Nut ..do.... 20 Austrian ports, 15 ; Greece, 5.
Lignum-vitæ ..do 12 Austrian ports, 11 ; Turkey, 1.
Quassia... ...do.... 24 Italy, 15; Turkey, 5; Greece, 2 ; Austrian ports, 1 ; Rus
sia, 1.
Not specified . ..do.... 11 Italy, 9 ; Austrian ports, 2.
Canes and bamboos ........ do .... 290 Italy, 277; Great Britain, 10 ; Greece, 2 ; Austrian ports, 1.
Cork .do.... 34 Italy, 22; Austrian ports, 8; Greece, 4.
Plants, living .do.... 342 Austrian ports, 159 ; Turkey, 90 ; Greece, 85 ; Egypt, 8.
Basket-work .do.... 1,336 Turkey, 586; Egypt, 232 ; Austrian ports, 230 ; Greece,
154; Italy, 42 ; Malta, 36 : Russia, 6.
Brooms, & c ..... ....number. 106, 141 Austrian ports, 59,266 ; Italy, 23,870 ; Greece, 11,245
Egypt, 7,950 ; Turkey, 3,810.
Cabinet-work .........met. quin. 5,405 Austrian ports, 2,073 ; Egypt, 1,063; Turkey, 918 ; Greece,
904 ; Italy, 207 ; Russia, 72; Great Britain, 34 ; India,
18 ; France, 6 ; Brazil, 6 ; Malta, 5.
Turners' work.............do .... 6 Italy, 3; Turkey, 1 ; Egypt, 1 ; India, 1.
Lemon and orange boxes.number. 193, 120 Italy, 137,930 ; Greece, 51,970; Turkey, 2,400 ; Malta, 600 ;
Egypt, 170; Austrian ports, 50.
Matting ...do.... 9, 510 Turkey, 7,804: Greece, 1,060 ; Italy, 300 ; Austrian ports,
246 ; Great Britain, 100.
Wooden wares .....met. quin . 5,483 Austrian ports, 1,725 ; Egypt, 1.154 ; Turkey, 1,025 ;
Greece, 784; Italy, 524 ; Malta, 241 ; India, 18 ; Russia,
9; Gibraltar, 3.
Wooden ashes . ...do.... 23 Austrian ports, 23.
Wooden charcoal ..do ... 2,224 Austrian ports, 1,843 ; Italy, 331.
CLASS XV.
Asses and mules ...... number. 1 Italy, 1.
Cattle, neat .. ..do... 70 Austrian ports, 41 : Egypt, 25 ; Turkey, 3 ; Italy, 1.
Calves....... ……………………………… .. .do .... 1, 166 Austrian ports, 1,158 ; Greece, 8.
Horses ..do .... 28 Austrian ports, 15 ; Greece, 9 ; Italy, 4.
Leeches ..met. quin. 1 Italy, 1.

EXPORTS-Continued.
Bones and horns.......met. quin 868 Austrian ports, 486 ; Italy, 316 ; France, 84.
Bones, sepia……. .do... 347 United States, 310 ; Great Britain, 30 ; Hamburg, 3; Italy,
2; Russia, 2.
Ivory.. do.... 1 Italy, 1.
Mother of pearl .do ... 358 Turkey, 276 ; Italy, 39 ; Egypt, 27 ; Austrian ports, 16.
Tortoise-shell .do.... 1 Italy, 1.
Bristles, and fabrics of . ...do.... 147 Austrian ports, 41 ; Egypt, 35 ; Turkey, 27 ; Greece, 26 ;
Hair: Italy, 13 ; Russia, 3; India, 2.
Horse ..do .... 61 Austrian ports, 27 ; Italy, 21 ; Greece, 8 ; Turkey, 3 ;
France, 2.
Camel's, &c.. .do . 12 Italy, 12.
Vegetable . .do .. 153 Italy, 111 ; Greece, 28 ; Great Britain, 12; Austrian ports,2.
Not specified ....do ... 4 Turkey, 4.
Feathers, bed 18 Italy, 18.
Hides and skins :
Calf .do.. 61 Italy, 57 ; Greece, 3; Austrian ports, 1.
Goat and sheep ........do .... 529 Italy, 370; Great Britain, 108; Austrian ports, 23; France,
16; Turkey, 5 ; Greece, 2.
Neat ...do .... 2,290 Austrian ports, 1,049 ; Italy, 1,045; Great Britain, 94 ;
Hare Greece, 68 ; Turkey, 19 ; Egypt, 9 ; France, 6.
.do.... 9 Italy, 9.
Not specified .... do .... 13, 332 Italy, 6,346 ; Austrian ports, 3,609 ; France, 1,527 ; Great
Britain, 755 ; Turkey, 606 ; Greece, 405 ; Egypt, 45 ;
Russia, 39.
Scraps .. ..do.... 139 Italy, 121 ; Austrian ports, 18.
Peltry.... ...do.... 90 Turkey, 90.
Leather :
Calf ..do .... 123Italy, 68 ; Turkey, 39 ; Greece, 10 ; Austrian ports, 5;
Russia, 1.
Goat and sheep .. ..do.... 171Greece, 112 ; Italy, 50 ; France, 9.
Russia.. .do.. 250Greece, 210 ; Italy, 36 ; Turkey, 4.
Sole and harness ...... do .... 1, 259Austrian ports, 936 ; Turkey, 107 ; Italy, 85; Greece, 59 ;
Egypt, 36; Russia, 34 ; France, 1 ; India, 1.
Not specified . ...do .... 3,986 Austrian ports, 1,525 ; Italy, 1,099 ; France, 543 ; Turkey,
452 ; Greece, 204 ; Russia, 80 ; Egypt, 53 ; Great Brit
ain, 30.
Fabrics...... .do.... 1,018 Egypt, 625; Austrian ports, 165 ; Turkey, 135 ; Italy, 35 ;
Russia, 28; India, 21; Greece, 10.
CLASS XVI.
Art, works of .value. $6,542 Austrian ports, 1.812 ; Italy, 1,668 ; Turkey, 1,121 ; Egypt,
728; Greece, 448 ; India, 420 ; Russia, 193 ; Gibraltar,
Books and prints ......inet. quin 929 Turkey, 345 ; Greece, 197 ; Russia, 193 ; Egypt, 146 ; Aus
trian ports, 61 ; India, 44 ; Italy, 32 ; Great Britain, 7 ;
France, 2; Malta, 2.
Charts, engravings, &c .... do .... 55 Turkey, 25 ; Austrian ports, 14 ; Egypt, 7 ; Greece, 4 ;
India, 4 ; Italy, 1.
Instruments, musical & scientific, $50, 463 Turkey, 16.280 ; India, 9,720 ; Russia, 8,561 ; Austrian
value. ports, 6,423 ; Egypt, 4,252 ; Greece, 2,831 ; Italy, 2,276;
France, 80 ; Great Britain, 40.
Jewelry, &c ..... .value. 19, 424 Turkey, 13,520 ; Egypt, 2,200 ; Austrian ports, 1,600 ;
India, 1,304 ; Greece, 800.
Toys, fancy goods, &c..met. quin. 8, 969 Turkey, 5,095 ; Greece, 1,416 ; Egypt, 1,052 ; Austrian
ports, 562 ; India, 495 ; Italy, 179 ; Russia, 152 ; Malta,
16; France, 2.
Clocks :
Wooden .number 3,810 Russia, 1,440 ; Turkey, 1,143 ; India, 600 ; Austrian ports,
321: Greece, 306.
Metallic .do.... 64 Turkey, 30 ; Greece, 26 ; Egypt, 4 ; Italy, 3 ; India, 1.
Watches ... do ... 227 Turkey, 105; Greece, 88 ; India, 32 ; Austrian ports, 2.
Hats, fur, silk, felt, &c .....do.... 1, 750 Greece, 1,440 ; Turkey, 160 ; Austrian ports, 110 ; Egypt,
40.
Hats, straw, palm, &c..met. quin 52 Greece, 29 ; Turkey, 16 ; Austrian ports, 7.
Gun-caps ... .do .... 189 Turkey, 129; Austrian ports, 49 ; Greece, 5 ; Egypt, 5 ;
Italy, 1.
Gunpowder ... .do .... 652 Austrian ports, 612 ; Italy, 7 ; Turkey, 3.
Matches..... .do .... 21, 823 Turkey, 11,559 ; Egypt, 3,482 ; Russia, 2,925 ; Greece,
2,225 ; Austrian ports, 1,145 ; India, 300 ; Malta, 132 ;
Italy, 50 ; Great Britain, 5.
Spunk.. ..do .... 1, 427 Turkey, 1,110 ; Egypt, 109 ; Italy, 88 ; Austrian ports, 59;
France, 36 ; Greece, 25.
Sponges . ..do.... 341 Great Britain, 139 ; Italy, 138 ; United States, 44 ; Aus
18 Austrianports,
trian 15 ; Russia, 3 ; India, 2.
Guano.. .do..... ports, 15 ; Italy, 3.
Ice .... do.... 20, 918 India, 16,018 ; Italy, 2,495 ; Austrian ports, 2,277 ; Greece,
70 ; Egypt, 43 ; Turkey, 15.
Carriages, wagons, &c.. number.. 29 Austrian ports, 20 ; Greece, 5 ; Egypt, 2 ; Turkey, 1 ;
India, 1.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 85
Statement showing the commerce at Trieste, &c. — Continued.

EXPORTS-Continued.
Machinery....... ..value. $157, 017 Austrian ports, 75,044 ; Turkey, 26,878 ; Greece, 14,677 ;
Italy, 13,760 ; Egypt, 12,498 ; Russia, 11,464 ; India,
1,244 ; France, 1,172 ; Great Britain , 280.
Merchandise, divers ... do .... 174, 137 Turkey, 27,237 ; Greece, 49,784 ; Egypt, 22,000 ; India,
20,308 ; Italy, 13,463 ; Russia, 5,147 ; Austrian_ports,
5,120 ; Great Britain, 822 ; United States, 200 ; France,
40 ; Malta, 36.
Aggregate value of exports as given by the local chamber of commerce.
By sea. By land. Total.'
1875 $43,538, 041 $37, 362, 585 $20, 900, 626

1876 39, 158, 550 38, 153, 878 77, 312, 498
Decrease 4,379, 491 3,588, 198
Increase.. 791 , 293
,1876
31
.December
the
ending
year
for
Trieste
of
port
Statement
at
navigation
showing
86
.
ENTERED CLEARED
.
Fla
. g to
or
From Steamers
. vSailing
.- essels .
Total Steamers
. .- essels
vSailing Total
.
No. Tons
. No. Tons
. No. Tons
. No. Tons
. ..
No Tons
. No. Tons
.
Austrian Austrian
ports 614 5,93 92 8,308 ,09362 4, 22 , 54
6186 613 90,327 8,354 8,9184 4, 67 , 11
2182
Greece 20 2,342 20 2,342 3 2,393 16 3,808 19 26,01
Turkey 216 , 72
7140 23 3, 82 239 , 54
1144 230 ,671
150 18 4,774 248 4, 45
155
Wallachia 1 256 1 256
Russia 10 , 36
711 23 6,354 33 18 0, 90 4 4,877 4 4,877
Egypt
.. 53 7,6321 157 54 ,86378 52 5,6613 2 963 54 4,6776
2* - *
Tunis 158 2 158
Algeria
... 1 135 1 135 7 5,246 7 5,246
Africa
,west
coast 1 362 1 362
Malta 6 495 6 495
Italy 247 87,326 96 5,798 343 9, 24
94 246 85,933 61 1,678 307 92
,111
Fra nce ..
..………………………… 1 1,363 8 2,401 9 7,367 111 8,4196 111 8, 96
41
Spa
.. in 1 450 1 450
Britain
Great 99 ,34084 99 3, 84
40 4 1,732 4 7,1 32
India
. 12 14,949 12 ,949
14 14 , 62
318 14 , 62
318
United
States 6 3,207 6 3,207 3 7,164 3 1,764
Brazil 2 390 2. 390 6 1,271 6 1,271
.Total 1, 53 ,459
413 ,0492 , 41
6160 5,245 , 00
1574 1, 62 , 76
0419 0,488 3, 11
157 5,250 , 87
3576
Danish Austrian
ports 1 849 1 849
Holland 1 166 1 166
Sweden
and
Norway 3 445 3 445
India------- 849 849

Brazil 1 152 152 2 305 2 305
Total
. 1 849 4 597 5 4,1 46 1 849 3 471 4 3,120
French France 1 369 369 2 501 2 501
Jamaica 1 361 1 361
Brazil 1 351 1 351
Total
. 2 730 2 730 3 852 3 852
German Austrian
ports 222 222
Italy 2 276 2 276 666 666
………………...
Franc
...... e
............ 223 223 ,143 2 1, 43
132
139
..Spain 210 1 210

1711
Holland 1 163 163
Hamburg
. 125 125
Britain
Great
. ...... 6 1, 92 6 1, 92
B,. altic
Russia 1 135 1 135
Norw
and
Swedeay
…………
n... 126 126
..
India 1 252 252 ......
United
States
.......... 5 1,753 1,753
Domingo
St.
.. 1 163 163
Brazil …………….... 7 1,360 7 1,360 15 7,236 15 2,736
.
Total 25 5, 55 25 5, 55 24 1,590 24 1,590
Greek Austrian
ports 7 1,253 7 1,253 16 1,072 16 0,172
Greece 1 43 118 8, 05 119 8, 48 1 243 185 , 79
221 186 5,2122
Turk
, ey 115 0, 30
10 115 , 30
010 81 4,695 81 4,695
..
Moldavia 2 897 11 2,475 13 ,372 1 729 1 211 2 940
Wallachia 18 4,041 18 4,041 2 787 2 787
.....
Russ..ia 29 5,797 29 5,797
Malta 7 921 7 921
Algeria 380 1 380
Italy …………….. 11 1,795 11 1,795 1,593 12 1,593
Fran
-----ce 948 3 948
123
Britain
Great 1 360 1 360
.Total 3 940 310 5,3456 313 , 96
435 2 972 308 6,3386 310 58
6,34
British Turkey
. 3,788 4 3,788
Moldavia 1 733 1 733 6, 93 693
Egypt
.. 894 1 894 7,871 7,871
167
200!
Malta......... 1 1,009 1 1,009
Italy 10 3,980 4 599 14 9, 79 8,322 9 8,322
........
France 3 2,692 2 742 5 4,334
.
Britain
Great 123 , 78
3130 840 127 2, 18
131 106 111
,003 1 417 107 20
,4111
Peres!
India
. 7 3,621 747 9 ,0768
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
United
States 930 3 930 9 6,851 9 6,851
Brazil 2,113 6 1,213 15 0,329 15 0,329
·236
.
Total 143 , 15
7148 19 4,329 162 ,044
153 144 , 20
0149 18 1,488 162 , 08
2153
Dutch Italy 2 335 2 335
Belgium
. 6 1,044 6 1,014
Holland 331 331
Hamburg
. 361 361
Great
.
Britain 7 1, 49 7 1, 49 157 157
RRI
BRussia
, altic 468 468
United
States 02 1 302 302 302
Brazil 2 367 2 367 677 4 677
221314
.
Total 16 2,862 16 2,862 15 6,231 15 6,231
87
C
.&
c.- ontinued
Trieste
the,port
of
at
navigation
showing
Statement
88
ENTERED
. .
CLEARED
Fl to
or
From Steamers
. .- essels
vSailing .
Total Steamers
. .- essels
vSailing .
Total
. ag
No. .
Tons No. .
Tons No. Tons
. No. Tons
. No. .
Tons No. Tons
.
Austrian
ports 255 , 68
410 255 ,41068 443 4,1591 443 ,491
15
Italian
. 5,3047 42 4,2832 6 703 48 , 35
129
Greece 43 3,2946 12 2,101 55
.....
Turkey 11 0,144 11 1,044 1 658 10 965 11 6,1 23
Wallachia 1 200 1 200
(Black
)Russia
Sea 5 1,253 5 1,253
Tripoli 1 146 1 146
Tunis 1 200 1 200
Algeria 3 525 3 525 5 1,877 5 1,877
Malta 1 286 1 286 7 1,222 7 ,21 22
Italy... , 39
016 3,1 61 58,724 4,149 74
,763 28 , 29
315 1, 62 , 17
453 1,250 , 46
768
France 53 , 07
035 17 3,714 70 7, 21
38 52 6,3405 62 ,678
20 114 ,25583
Britain
Great 25 8,964 25 ,9864
888888
United
States 29 , 44
114 29 , 44
114 10 4,865 10 4,865
Jamaica
.. 3 767 3 767
Brazil 1 200 1 200
.
Total 184 , 92
320 1,724 , 90
4101 1,908 8, 82
181 183 , 24
079 7,1 07 , 64
599 1,890 , 88
5178
Portuguese Italy 1 129 1 129
Brazil 1 129 1 129
Total
. 1 129 1 129 1 129 129
Russian Austrian
ports 1 1,875 1 1,875
Greece 5 957 5 957
Turkey 1 1,092 390 4,182
33
.
Moldavia 1 132 1 132
Russia 2 5,121 1,465 9 2,986 1 429 386 3 815
2. 227.
Italy 680 1 680

.
Great
Britian 1 680 1 680 1 1,875 1 1,875
Total
.. 4 0,476 8 1,597 6,573 4 4,076 9 7,1 33 13 5,809
1241
Spanish Spain 1 135 1 135 2 479 479

United
States 1 257 1 257
22
Total
. 2 392 2 392 2 479 2 479
Italy
Norwegi
and
Swedish an 3 874 3 874 480 480
France 1 909 2,979 9 3,888
Spain 221 221
281
201
Belgium
. …………….... 1 178 1 178
.
Holland ........ 5 1,481 5 ,4181
Great
Britain 4 1,076 4 1,076 1 909 1 271 2 1, 80
Sweden
Norway
and 3 404 3 404
India
. 1 677 1 677
States
United 5 1,888 5 1,888
Brazil 8 1,777 8 1,777 6 1, 94 6 1, 94
..
Total 1 677 24 1,697 25 8,674 2 1,818 23 6, 26 25 ,4844
Turkish Austrian
ports 2 107 2 107
Greece 162 3 162 17 1,550 17 1,550
Turkey 96 9,687 96 6,987 79 4,973 79 4,973
Italy ...... 3 168 3 168 202 2 202
.
Total 104 7,424 104 7,424 98 6,725 98 7,625
4228
Samos Turkey 5 455 455 4 461 4 461
Wallachia 1 154 154
51
.
Total 6 609 6 609 4 461 4 461
Wallachian Greece 296 2 296
Turkey 7 921 7 921 872 6 872
Q260
Moldavia 1 241 1 241

Italy 1 123 1 123
.Total 8 1, 62 8 1, 62 9 1,291 9 1,291
States
United Greece 287 1 287
Italy 3,094 7 0,394
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
France 669 1 669

Spain 513 1 513
..
Algeria 425 425
United
States 17 8,304 17 8,304 6,337 6 6,337
Brazil
....... 1 247 1 247
Total
. 17 8,304 17 3,804 18 8,872 18 8,872
Grand
total 1,489 , 08
1649 3,662 , 74
5336 7,851 , 82
6985 1,498 8, 35
654 3,630 , 09
2330 7,828 0, 44
985
89
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Trieste to the
United States during the four quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
year.
.Dec. 31, 1876. Mar. 31, 1877. June 30, 1877. Sept. 30, 1877.
Brimstone.. $6,733 88 $6, 733 88

Currants $15, 298 09 22,661 46 $33, 371 25 71, 330 20
Dried fruits 6, 425 27 $3,763 61 10, 193 88
Druggist wares .... 20, 939 64 11, 187 76 7,071 45 21, 770 79 60, 969 64
Gum 71, 758 22 55, 253 57 76, 690 87 63, 247 02 266, 949 68
Goatskins . 82, 131 76 8,812 87 1, 193 97 92, 138 60
Insect powder... 7,635 48 7,661 15 1,025 85 16, 382 48
Oil, olive 17,094 95 8,970 16 26, 065 11
Oil, almond.. 389 54 360 57 750 11
Oil, juniper.. 98 81 305 38 154 40 558 59
Oil, rosemary 345 28 345 28
Oil, laurel 201 66 201 66
Gums 142, 518 31 74,887 36 53, 265 46 16,780 11 287, 451 24
Rags 7,428 12 6, 590 91 8, 360 35 4,990 27 27, 369 65
Sponges 12, 770 20 10, 808 12 12, 306 29 3,328 88 39, 213 49
Spiegeleisen... 6, 287 23 3,994 09 10,281 32
Seeds, mustard 13, 214 54 1, 172 73 14,387 27
Seeds, canary 1, 294 98 256 48 1,551 46
Wool.. 33,775 05 23, 636 27 2,399 01 59, 810 33
Miscellaneous 21,716 67 15,961 63 15, 946 34 18, 674 30 72, 298 94
Total in United States gold. 347, 139 09 341, 905 67 236,755 66 139, 182 99 1,064, 983 41
Total for preceding year... 603, 042 26 454, 485 82 380, 738 46 182, 204 09 1, 620, 470 63
Decrease 255, 903 17 112, 580 15 143,982 80 43, 021 10 555, 487 22
ALEXANDER W. THAYER.
VIENNA.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Vienna to the
United States during the four quarters of the year ending September 30 , 1877.
Quarter ending
year.
Dec. 31, 1876. Mar. 31, 1877. June 30, 1877. Sept. 30, 1877.
Buttons $136, 991 41 $214, 264 63 $188, 477 07 $215, 647 80 $755, 380 91
Cigar ribbons 4, 941 96 5, 402 44 6, 562 14 6, 166 81 23, 073 35
Cloth and woolen goods.. 27, 624 81 14, 682 71 30, 747 52 27, 312 77 100, 367 81
Dress goods 2,764 93 6,718 25 5, 175 15 3,566 77 18,225 10
Drugs aud chemicals 33, 022 59 8, 270 35 25, 346 63 22,348 26 88,987 83
Fancy goods... 37, 109 32 21, 576 39 21, 636 65 52, 563 52 135, 885 88
Furniture 10, 854 84 13,569 05 6, 234 44 2,695 28 33, 353 61
Glass and china ware 5, 143 70 2, 614 94 3,600 22 8,732 90 20,091 76
Gloves .. 31, 682 10 27,842 50 15, 972 37 26, 269 10 101, 766 07
Glycerine and soap 3, 101 05 2,588 50 5, 675 54 2,859 66 14, 224 75
Leather, skins, and furs 14,067 95 24, 449 67 28, 338 62 42, 668 83 109, 525 07
Linen goods... 43, 516 43 53, 091 08 45, 414 04 97,500 32 239,521 87
Musical instruments 8, 974 07 12, 008 91 18, 612 61 8,955 24 48,550 83
Pipes and pipe fixtures . 26, 452 68 24, 553 84 27, 398 97 38,429 70 116, 835 19
Prunes 11, 480 26 14, 224 66 19, 621 94 10,917 40 56, 244 26
Silk and velvet 8, 239 46 5,519 82 20, 022 02 33, 781 30
Wine, beer, and liquor 4,722 33 3, 397 31 6, 415 10 5,952 06 20,486 80
Miscellaneous . 6,948 64 4, 782 11 2,465 20 8, 241 50 22, 437 45
Total in United States gold . 409, 399 07 465, 276 80 463, 214 03 600, 849 94 1,938, 739 84
Total for preceding year….. 405, 273 40 339,908 82 327, 240 24 380, 080 95 1,452, 503 41
Increase 4, 125 67 125, 367 98 135, 973 79 220, 768 99 486, 236 43
PHILIP SIDNEY POST.

BELGIUM. 91
BELGIUM .
ANTWERP , November 21 , 1877. (Received Jan. 11 , 1878. )
Report upon the trade and commerce of Belgium for the year 1876 .
GENERAL AND SPECIAL COMMERCE .*
The general importations for 1876 amounted to 2,460,000,000 francs ,

a gain of 43 per cent. over 1875, while the special importations amounted
to 1,448,000,000 francs, a gain of 10 per cent. over 1875. The general ex
portations amounted to 2,083,000,000 francs, being a decrease of nearly
one per cent., and the special exportations amounted to 1,064,000,000
francs, a loss of 1,000,000 francs when compared with 1876.
This is the worst feature of the commercial condition of the kingdom ,
in that the special imports show an increase of 10 per centum , whereas
the special exports indicate a decrease of nearly one per cent. From an
analysis of the statistics, it will be seen that the decrease results from
the falling off of the staple manufactured articles of this country. The
decrease in exports of wrought iron was 16,507 tons ; machinery, 3,394
tons ; steel , 1,827 tons ; flax and hemp and fabrics thereof, 13,215 tons ;
coal, 235,478 tons ; while the largest augmentations are recognized as
transit passing under the denomination of special exports ; for example,
grain, 134,830 tons ; stone, 148,760 tons. So that while the transit trade
of the kingdom swells the totals and indicates prosperity , the export trade
reveals a sad condition in respect to domestic manufacturing interests.
The surplus productions and manufactures of the great nations have
entered the lists, are now met in deadly conflict in the broad arena of
universal competition, and victory will rest upon the banners of those
who can win the old or discover new markets for superior and cheaper
manufactures. In these battles the successful weapon is steam-power
machinery, presided over by intelligent labor.
The following table will indicate, in order of magnitude, the nations
with which Belgium carried on her principal commercial trade for 1876.
If the special commerce be subtracted from the general, the balance
will represent the direct transits and quantities stored in bonded ware
houses.
* The general commerce comprises all the commerce of Belgium, including shipments
of merchandise in transit to and from France, Holland , Switzerland, and Western Ger
many, as well as her special commerce. The special commerce comprises all imports
entered at the custom-house, and exports of Belgian goods, and is, therefore, the com
merce proper of Belgium, the remainder being goods in transit.
Statement showing the commerce of Belgium with the principal countries of the worldfor the
year 1876, stated in millions offrancs.
Importations . Exportations. Total commerce.

Duties in
Countries. thousands
BORRACHE
General. Special. francs. General. Special. General. Special.
Germany 651 196 3,711 573 244 1,224 440
5002222
2927882-8FP
France 353 7,964 546 314 1, 122 667
England. 249 3,923 412 162 770 441
22888
Holland 185 2, 684 195 581 350
-88
42988858858
Russia 115 329 19 134
United States 111 621 11 143
**
Switzerland 2 72 102
~*
Rio de la Plata 22232 24 4
Sweden and Norway 1,525
≈A
Spain 12 158 41
Brazil 13 605 36
7
%°
¤®
I2
Chili and Peru . 26 35
=
~
Turkey. 22 2 33
Italy . 12 110
Uruguay 24 1 1
Australia 1
India and China. 19 1
..
Austria 1 13 4 17
All others 20 19
Totals 2, 461 1, 443 21, 743 2, 083 1,068 4,544 2,516
The preceding table gives the United States the sixth rank in order
of importance in respect to the importations and seventh for the expor
tations. The special imports from the United States amounted to
nearly 8 per cent. of the total amount.
IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES.
The following table will exhibit the principal articles imported into
Belgium , their amount and changes, for the last four years.
Statement showing the values of the principal imports from the United States into Belgium for
the years 1876, 1875, 1874, and 1873.
No. Articles. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873.
Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs.

1 Petroleum 33, 996, 014 26, 883, 956 36, 188, 657 34, 674, 640
2 Grain and flour. 28,888, 775 15, 354, 081 53, 884, 904 32,045, 827
3 Meat 13, 229, 616 3, 620, 829 8, 835, 044 27, 541, 543
4 Lard and tallow.. 11, 523, 136 6, 701, 701 10, 511, 662 16, 974, 845
5 Tobacco... 9, 789, 193 2,816, 570 9, 017, 278 4,741, 639
6 Cotton 8,962, 553 5, 345, 300 8, 961, 942 12, 870, 396
7 Leather and hides . 6, 236, 695 10, 793, 164 5,552, 162 1,371, 049
8 Coffee 2, 178, 684 2,358, 807 964, 382 1,454, 611
9 Resin and turpentine.. 1,530, 556 1,769, 341 1,765, 589 2,863, 319
10 Oils 735, 430 209, 865 130, 750 512, 745
11 Metals, minerals, and clays . 439, 402 189, 620 277, 005 257, 864
12 Wood 403, 230 706, 520 897, 893 591, 223
All other articles 2, 171, 271 1,371, 146 1,867, 103 2, 191, 471
Total, francs 120, 084, 555 78, 120, 900 128,854, 371 138, 091, 172
Total, United States gold.. $23, 176, 319 $15, 077, 334 $24, 868, 894 $26, 721, 596
The foregoing table shows great gains ; the losses in 1875 being recovered
in 1876. Although 1873 surpasses by frcs. 18,000,000 the last year, yet as
that was a very extraordinary year, the imports of 1876 should be con
sidered perfectly satisfactory. When it is stated that for 1867 the im
portations amounted to only 40,000,000 francs, and kept at that figure
BELGIUM. 93
until the year 1871 , when they rose to 102,000,000 , the condition of
1876 will appear more flattering.
While the general importations were 120,000,000 francs, the special im
portations were 110,904,000 francs. Since about 5,000,000 francs of leather
and 4,000,000 francs of tobacco passed as transits or entered the bonded
warehouses, and the special imports of wood exceeded the general im
ports by 137,000, francs, all the free articles of the table, which embrace
all excepting leather, tobacco, and wood, entered practically as special
mports, irrespective of their intended destination .
AMERICAN MANUFACTURES .
Another fact is worthy of remark ; of the twelve categories, com
prising 98 per cent. of the whole imports , only one represents the
manufactures of the United States, viz , leather, which unfortunately
shows the only serious decrease for 1876. All the others, about 95 per
cent. of the importations from the United States, are the natural pro .
ductions of our country in a crude state, or at most subjected to no ex
tensive processes requiring manual or skilled labor. The miscellaneous
includes certain articles, such as machinery, mercery, books , and objects
of art, that, with leather and cigars, make up the total of manufactures
of the United States imported to this country.
Heretofore the imports of machinery have included pumps , sewing.
machines, and a few agricultural instruments, such as lawn-mowers
and grain-reapers ; other objects, such as lamps, plain glassware, toys, and
electroplated silverware, have been offered and favorably received, but in
certain cases the prices were too high for the market. In some cases cot
ton fabrics, shirting and unbleached muslins, have been successfully im
ported in small quantities, but the duty on cotton priuts, 15 per cent.
advalorem, amounts to an embargo against their profitable importation .
The high prices have been in general the cause of the scarcity of our
manufactures upon the Belgian market, for the masses of the people
care more for cheapness and strength than for the elegance and utility
which are acknowledged on all hands to characterize the American man
ufactured articles. Recently, however, greater efforts are being put
forth to introduce more generally such articles as hardware of all kinds,
tools, cutlery, lamps , stoves, school -apparatus, slates, pencils, and maps,
wheel-hubs, iron safes, horseshoes, and nails ; in fact, our manufact
urers are boldly invading every domain of trade , irrespective of national
specialties, and, aided by the reduction of labor and the shrinkage of
values, with the great development of the employment of machinery in
the United States , they have brilliant opportunities before them .
Although the Flemish are very slow to adopt new articles even when
their superiority is unquestioned , being constitutionally opposed to new
modes of life or implements of labor, yet they cannot resist the strong
appeal of economy, as may be seen in present extensive use of Ameri
can petroleum , salt meats, and lard. But it would require great effort to
place in the hands of the peasantry new- shaped scythes or shovels .
However, the only unknown quantity in the problem of introduction
left to be solved is what momentary sacrifices must our manufacturers
and exporters make to reduce prices to such figures that their cheap
ness will overcome natural peculiarities. For if the prices can be suffi
ciently reduced , the markets can be won. To solve the problem there
is only one method left, viz, to give it a fair, honest trial ; and at no
period in the history of nations have the commercial conditions exist
ing between the two countries been more favorable than at the pres
ent.
HOW TO INTRODUCE AMERICAN MANUFACTURES.
From a knowledge of the efforts heretofore made and the unsatisfac

tory success attending them , I am induced to recommend the following
conditions as necessary to any successful introduction of the manufact
ures of the United States on the Antwerp market.
1st. A demand must be created for our productions and styles of
manufactured articles. This can be done only by placing the articles
on the market at an actual loss, if necessary, and get them introduced
into the leading establishments and houses of the country. To do this
prejudices have to be broken down and tastes formed. The element of
economy is the most powerful appeal that can possibly be made to
upturn the former and implant the latter ; when the demand is secured
it will be time enough to expect compensation .
2d. Thearticles must be placed upon the market by capable and honest
parties. Confidence has been lost. Bad faith and serious losses on
both sides have attended nearly every attempt hitherto made to develop
the sale of American articles. To consign goods to unreliable and inca
pable parties is to court failure.
3d. To avoid the difficulty, branch houses should be located in the
principal cities of Belgium under the immediate direction of an interested
and responsible member of the home firm , and from these traveling com
mercial agents could , by means of samples, sell directly to retail-houses,
avoiding as far as possible the expenses attending the system of selling
through middle-men . To appreciate fully this last remark, we need only
refer to the frequent appeals that are made to the law to adjust diffi
culties arising from deception and misrepresentation. These expenses
have become so great that consumers prefer to pay a big price for an
article known to be good , rather than have the risk of importing what
may prove an inferior one. By putting the articles on the market
through a responsible party these difficulties would be to a large extent
removed and confidence restored .
The total general exports from Belgium to the United States for
1876, as per iuclosure C, amounted to 23,397,234 francs, or $4,515,666 ,
being a decrease of 27 per cent. when compared with 1875, and 31 per
cent. when compared with 1874, which year shows the largest exports
to the United States of any one on record . For 1867 the amount was
18,960,000 francs , but for 1872 it had increased to 29,430,000 francs.
The special exports for 1876 amounted to 11,433,000 francs , being a
decrease of 31 per cent. The principal differences between the general
and special exports are as follows : of the manufactures of wood 20 per
cent. was in transit ; all the iron but 30,000 francs ; 75 per cent. of the
clothing ; all the wool ; over 90 per cent. of the mercery ; 75 per cent.
ofthe paper ; all the textile fabrics but 183,000 francs woolen , and 9,000
francs cotton ; and 30 per cent. of the glass . The above statistics dem
onstrate more clearly the falling off of the manufacturing interest of
Belgium, since her special exports decreased 31 per cent., whereas her
general exports decreased only 27 per cent. for 1876.
BELGIUM. 95
Statement showing the value of principal general exports from Belgium to the United States
for the years 1876, 1875, 1874, and 1873.
Articles. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873.
Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs.

Glass 7,700, 069 11, 030, 159 10, 242, 615 10, 658, 465.
Textile fabrics . 3, 487, 200 5,755, 371 6, 541, 517 3, 098, 354
Iron 2, 011, 692 2, 517, 592 1,056, 144 627,589
Sugar 2, 004, 342 10, 360 245, 698 264, 374
Hides and skins 1,311, 768 518, 004 525, 754 182, 199
Rags 940, 310 1, 216, 294 1, 134, 605 1,039, 607
Wines 630, 582 736, 232 696, 054 506, 538
Steel.. 575, 228 382, 614 114, 633
Coffee ... 556, 541 309, 737 527, 358 932, 164
Gloves . 508, 825 512, 740 745, 781 859, 057
Wood 415, 652 592, 623 798, 353 209, 330
Fruit ……………... 405, 776 258 600, 976
Arms 404, 000 470, 810 326, 477 390, 596
Machinery. 265, 841 501, 697 197, 793 51,000
Clothing 241, 912 202, 579 323, 353 370, 639
Wool 218, 499 805, 845 352, 293 213, 220
Zinc ............ 124, 818 749, 955 332, 627 764, 028
Lead . 85,250 3, 289, 550 5, 285, 834 4, 174, 961
All others 1,448, 929 2,841, 346 3,702, 910 4,713, 879
Total, francs . 23,397, 234 32, 443, 766 33, 750, 775 29, 062, 000
Total, United States gold $4,515, 666 $6, 261, 647 $6, 513, 900 $5, 608, 966
The foregoing table contains eighteen articles, which comprise 98 per

cent. of the total exportations to the United States. Glass, lead, and
textile fabrics show great falling off for 1876, while sugar and hides, on
the contrary, show great gains. The leading manufactures of glass ,
wood, and skins show in each instance a serious decrease, at once dis
couraging to the Belgian manufacturers, and promising to those of the
United States.
COMMERCE OF BELGIUM FOR NINE MONTHS OF 1877.
The importations for the first nine months of 1877 amount to about the
same totals as those for the like period of 1876. The augmentations
are as follows : cattle and sheep, 12,000,000 francs ; wool , 23,000,000 ;
flax, 13,000,000 ; rye and flour, 12,000,000 ; meat, 8,000,000 ; petroleum ,
3,000,000 ; oils, 3,000,000. The following articles show a like decrease ,
viz : wheat, 27,000,000 francs ; coffee, 9,000,000 ; raw silk, 8,000,000 ;
woolen and silk fabrics, 6,000,000 ; oil- seeds, 7,000,000 ; building-timber,
4,000,000, and rice, 4,000,000.
The exportations for the first nine months of 1877 show an increase of
one per centum, when compared with a like period of 1876. The prin
cipal augmentations are as follows, viz : flax, 30,000,000 francs ; machi
nery, 13,000,000 ; thread and yarn, 16,000,000 ; rye, oats, and barley,
7,000,000 ; stone, 6,000,000 ; zinc, 4,000,000 ; leather, 2,000,000 ; meats ,
3,000,000, and candles, 3,000,000. The following show the principal
diminutions, viz : wheat, 17,000,000 ; wool , 10,000,000 ; hides, 8,000,000 ;
sugar, 10,000,000 ; coal, 7,000,000 ; sheep , 6,000,000 ; raw silk, 5,000,000 ,
and window-glass, 2,000,000 .
The foregoing figures indicate a favorable condition for the transit
trade of the kingdom, but a further decrease of several important
articles of Belgian production and manufacture, viz, sugar, coal, and
window.glass. In view of the tremendous decrease of wrought iron
during 1876, it will be worthy of note that 1877 for the first nine months
shows a further decrease to the amount of 2,000,000 francs for the
exportations of sheet-iron and rails.
Statement showing the importations and exportations for the Kingdom of Belgium from 1867
to 1876 (stated in millions of francs).
Importations. Exportations.
Years.
1867. 1,478 775 1,298 597

1868. 1, 621 864 1, 410 657
1869 . 1, 712 904 1, 491 692
1870. 1,760 921 1,522 691
1871 . 2, 439 1,277 2,058 889
1872. 2,320 1,278 100 1, 051
1873 . 2, 425 1,423 2, 165 1, 159
1874 . 2, 259 1,293 070 1, 115
1875 .. 2, 319 1,307 2,108 1, 102
1876. 2, 460 1, 448 083 1,064
The above table presents certainly a very satisfactory condition of the

commerce of the kingdom , notwithstanding the constant complaint heard
everywhere of stagnation of business and decrease of trade. The table
gives an increase of over 64 per cent. for the last ten years in the total
imports and exports ; and the total of 1876 has been exceeded only once
during the decade, viz, in 1873, which result was brought about by an
unusual activity in the grain trade, which experienced for that year the
enormous increase of 316,000 tons . Consequently the present commer
cial condition of Belgium would seem to be excellent, but to be fully
appreciated it must be brought into comparison with the commerce of
the leading nations of Europe.
COMMERCE OF EUROPE FOR FIVE YEARS .
The following comparative statement shows the total general commerce

of the principal countries of Europe for the last five years (stated in
millions of francs) :
Years. Belgium. England. France. Germany. Austria. Italy.
1872 . 4, 125 9, 258

1873. 4, 588 17,055 9, 398 8, 431 1,078 2,320
1874. 4,328 16, 692 9, 124 7,625 1,057 290
1875. 4, 426 16, 387 7,400 1,066 2,272
1876 .. 4, 543 15,775 8,978 1, 026
The statistics of the foregoing table have been taken from what I be
lieve to be a reliable source, and the contrast of Belgium's constant
increase and development with a uniform decrease of all other leading
commercial nations of Europe is certainly striking and worthy of note.
THE FINANCIAL CRISIS .

Targ
The financial crisis has not serious ected this country, but Bel
gium has suffered in common with surrounding nations in her man
ufacturing interests. Her special portrade has decreased , and hav
ing lost to a great extent the foreign markets for her surplus manufact
ures, she suffers from overproduction, and the sharp competition of
surrounding nations in general ; recently by that of the United States
BELGIUM. 97
in particular, which , aided by a combination of circumstances, has been

able to pour out her surplus productions and manufactures upon every
market of the globe. While the interior manufacturing cities and vil
lages have suffered greatly from the consequent depression of business ,
Antwerp, from the nature of her employment, has not felt the crisis so
keenly ; yet her merchants, forwarding- agents, and ship-owners have
suffered from the shrinkage of values, for in the presence of the actual
state of business, and trade in general, the competition becomes so
sharp that carrying rates and port expenses have to be reduced to the
lowest possible figure. Consequently, a general complaint, perhaps
somewhat chronic, is heard on all sides, and the large dividends and
expenditures of 1871 have dwindled into small returns and a conse
quent necessary economy. In the early part of the present year, there
were hopeful signs of a recuperation of confidence, but the war between
Russia and Turkey, and more recently the unfortunate political crisis
in France, plunged us again into feverish uncertainty ; for while a few
branches of trade may be profited by the war, the general effect is a fur
ther depression of the manufacturing interests of this country.
BELGIAN MERCANTILE MARINE .
The following table exhibits the class, number, and tonnage of the
Belgian merchant- marine at the close of 1876 :
Sailing-vessels. Steamers. Total.

Port of registry.
No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
Antwerp . 17 11, 243 20 24, 669 37 35, 912

162
Ostend.. 1,947 6 1,947

Ghent 363 1 192 3 555
Brussels 2 318 2 318
Total 25 13, 553 23 25, 179 48 38, 732
The foregoing table shows a net decrease of 8 vessels and 8,214 tons ; 3
being lost and 10 sold . No new vessels have been constructed during
the year, but 5 were bought and nationalized . Of the 48 composing the
Belgian marine, 8 were built in the kingdom .
In addition to the 48 registered vessels, there were 259 vessels , ag.
gregating 8,261 tons' burden , and manned by 1,590 men , engaged in the
fishing trade, of which 146 were engaged in the cod fisheries. The catch
for these last, during 1876, was 1,754 tons. The fishing vessels belong
chiefly to Ostend, Blankenberghe, Antwerp, and Huyst.
JAMES RILEY WEAVER.
7 CR
BIBLIOTHECA
REGIA
MONAGENSIS
Statement showing the quantities and values of the general importations from the United States
into Belgium for the years 1876 and 1875.
IMPORTS.
1876. 1875.
Articles.
Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.
Francs. Francs.
Animal substances, not otherwise designated 372, 535 232, 780
Books.... kilos .. 1,717 10,880 570 3,990
Carriages 2,750 100
Chemicals 2,000 15, 460
Cacao .kilos.. 19, 035 34, 263 23, 753 38, 005
Coffee ..do ... 1,089, 342 2, 178, 684 1,072, 185 2,358, 807
Copper and nickel . ..do ... 214, 707 472, 356 201 522
Cotton. .do... 5, 121, 459 8,962, 553 2,672, 650 5, 345, 300
Drugs.. do... 17, 548 29, 832 1,000
Dye-woods . do... 392, 744 137, 460 1,536, 620 537, 817
Fish and oysters. .do.. 300 600 2, 153 1,334
Flour.. .do.. 2,553, 958 1, 276, 992 633, 643 285, 138
Fruit, dried 70, 162
Grain, corn and oats 2,792, 960 642, 381
rye .kilos .. 1,478, 326 295, 665 874, 130 174, 826
wheat ..do ... 97, 577, 565 27, 316, 118 54, 737, 444 14, 251, 736
Hides, tanned do.. 911, 328 5, 467, 968 1,087, 734 7,070, 270
untanned . ..do ... 591, 329 768, 727 1, 959, 418 3,722, 894
Honey ..do ... 231, 877 255, 064 21,000
Hops do.. 132, 433 165, 541
Lard and tallow do.. 10, 475, 578 11, 523, 136 6, 092, 456 6, 701, 701
Linen 11, 222 4, 290
Machinery. 87,000 35,000
Meat... .kilos .. 2,819, 744 13, 229, 616 2, 413, 886 3, 620, 829
Mercery and iron ware.. 36,000 29,000
Minerals, metals, and clays. .kilos . 3, 138, 584 439, 402 1,354, 450 189, 620
Objects of art 5,000 8,000
Oils .kilos .. 735, 430 735, 430 209, 865 209, 865
Oil-seeds. 13, 000
Petroleum .kilos.. 84,995, 455 33, 996, 014 96, 014, 131 26, 883, 956
Resin.. ..do... 6, 122, 625 1,530, 556 7,077, 365 1,769, 341
Rice ..do ... 10,384 9, 346 1,375 1,238
Seeds.. .do ... 192, 602 115, 561 7, 152 4,291
Starch and farina. .do... 210, 035 126, 022 296, 185 162, 901
Stone.. do... 141, 955 9, 337 92,000 6, 454
Tan-bank. ..do.. 23, 647 4, 729 87,240 17,448
Tobacco, cigars . ... do ... 11, 975 299, 375 2, 464 61, 600
leaf .do ... 4, 900, 657 9, 311, 248 1, 334, 621 2,669, 242
other manufactured . do .. 89, 285 178, 570 42, 864 85,728
Other vegetable substances .. 6, 575
Wax .. kilos . 22, 019 85,874 2, 525 9, 468
Wood, building-timber.. ..cub. meters .. 2, 617 385, 730 5,563 607, 440
cabinet- making. 17,500 99, 080
Wool .kilos.. 68,755 171,888
Miscellaneous . 108, 162 69, 160
Total, francs . 120,084, 555 78, 120, 900
Total, United States gold ... $23, 176, 319 $15,077, 334
NOTE.-In his report showing the trade and commerce of Antwerp, the consul says : In the absence
of any published statistics of the importations from the United States into Antwerp, I have been com
pelled to report the amounts for the whole kingdom. But as the amounts above given, with slight ex
ceptions, are imported by way of Antwerp, they consequently give a very correct idea of the import
trade between this port (Antwerp) and the United States.
BELGIUM . 99
Slatement showing the quantities and values of the principal general exportations from Bel
gium to the United States for the years 1876 and 1875.
1876. 1875.
Description.
Francs. Francs.
Animal substances, not otherwise designated 79,500 133, 622
Arms 404, 000 470, 810
Books, maps, engravings, &c 32, 188
Brandy and gin.. .liters 44, 628 19, 333 848, 883 332, 068
Cheese .kilos. 51, 029 76, 543 27, 276 40, 914
Chemicals, carbonate of soda ..do.. 406, 685 101, 671 69, 037 17, 260
others 69, 193 137, 453
Clothing 241, 912 202, 579
Coffee kilos 273, 964 556, 541 140, 714 309, 737
Copper and nickel ..do .. 17, 670 370,814 814, 000
Cordials ..do.. 6, 543 11, 777 7, 331 13, 196
Drugs ...do .. 82, 897 93, 209 98,416 112,896
Dyes and dye-woods, madder ... do .. 16, 235 11, 365 78,509 58,886
other ..do.. 31, 664 11, 083 249, 986 95, 148
Fish, herring ..do .. 31, 110 11, 511
Flax.. ..do.. 20, 130 56, 354
Fruit, prunes .do.. 507, 830 405, 776 258
Glass, plate 3,602, 903 3,926, 842
window . .kilos 10, 028, 890 4, 011, 556 17, 259, 343 6,903, 737
Glassware .do.. 78, 250 85, 610 137, 345 199, 580
Gloves 508, 825 512, 740
Grain and flour 1,000
Hides and skins, tanned . .kilos. 27, 145 135, 538 16, 752 26, 829
untanned.. ..do .. 904, 946 1, 176, 430 226,933 431, 175
Hops .do.. 4, 957 6,000 10, 270 17,973
India-rubber 1, 161
Instruments, chemical, musical, &c .. 12, 127 29, 245
Iron, cast and scrap .kilos 15, 357, 099 1,689, 281 19,663, 005 2, 162, 931
wire and wrought . ..do .. 365, 166 158, 671 536, 761 183, 599
nails and other manufactures . .do.. 273, 111 163, 740 277, 089 171, 062
Jewelry.. 4, 657
Lace . 94, 644 286, 145
Lard and grease.. .kilos 48, 287 53, 115 44, 575 49, 032
Lead. .do.. 155,000 85,250 5,981, 000 3, 289, 550
Machinery, iron and steel. .do.. 299, 495 265, 841 523, 505 501, 697
Manufactures of leather 86, 365
Meat. ..kilos . 35, 495 53, 242 14,030 21, 045
Mercery and ironware 109, 167 126, 376
Minerals, ores, and clays .kilos 306, 975 12, 279 4,000
Objects of art .. 80, 880 133, 100
Paper, letter and other .kilos 78,285 93, 942 44, 242 53, 091
wall .do.. 3, 509 8,773 4,590 11, 475
Perfumery . 13, 051 14,530
Pewter . kilos 19, 819 55, 493
Plants and flower-bulbs 28, 010
Porcelain and faience . kilos 23, 661 41, 622 4, 103 20, 515
Pottery.. .do.. 226, 100 4,974 42, 557 6, 383
Preserved fruits, &c.. do.. 15, 694 42, 102
Rags .do .. 3, 134, 365 940, 310 4, 007, 214 1, 216, 294
Soap. .do.. 6, 165 30, 825
Silk, raw .do.. 225 18, 000
Steel, manufactured. .do.. 256, 114 512,228
wrought and unwrought. .do.. 180,000 63,000 637, 689 382, 614
Stone, cut and dressed .. .do 82, 900 5, 803 350, 297 24, 521
Sugar, raw do.. 3, 543, 367 1, 967, 315 17, 001 10, 360
refined . .do.. 44, 611 37, 027
Sulphur .do.. 50, 058 10, 116
Tea.. .do .. 1,285 8,995 1, 155 8,085
Tissues : cotton, muslins .do .. 6, 287 42, 356 43, 812 495, 068
cotton, prints..... .do.. 23, 016 229, 450
linen .. .do .. 9, 555 132, 193 1,067, 347
silk .do.. 5, 212 651, 500 2, 609 234, 812
woolen cashmeres ..... ..do .. 121, 019 2,388 , 137 211, 277 3, 958, 144
others ..do.. 8, 439 166, 202
Tobacco, cigars do.. 389 6, 275 1,354
Wines liters. 489, 636 630, 582 692, 093 736, 232
Wood, manufactures of.. 399, 602 592, 623
others 16, 050
Wool .kilos 72, 833 218, 499 295, 178 805, 845
Zinc .. .... do.. 283, 086 184, 818 1, 155, 198 749, 955
Miscellaneous 20, 724 233, 023
Total, francs 23, 397, 234 32,443,766
Total, United States gold . $4,515, 666 $6, 261, 647
ANTWERP .
NOVEMBER 21 , 1877. (Received January 11 , 1878.)
Report upon the commerce and navigation of Antwerp for the year 1876.
I have to submit the accompanying tabulated reports of the commerce

and navigation of the port of Antwerp for the year 1876.
These tables have been carefully compiled from official sources placed .
at my disposal by the authorities of the port and by the minister of
finance at Brussels , whose courteous assistance I wish publicly to ac
knowledge. The quantities are official, the result of the actual declara
tions of shippers, verified by the customs officers when they refer to
special importations , but otherwise they are not always perfectly reliable.
The values are mostly approximative, computed from a tariff of prices,
modified and corrected annually at the department of finance at Brus
sels . These valuations are based chiefly on the prices-current of Ant
werp and Brussels, on the proposals of the government inspector
general, or on private information .
GENERAL AND SPECIAL COMMERCE .
The table of importations embraces general imports, which comprise

three categories, as follows : importations declared for consumption,
those for bonded warehouses, and those for direct transit ; whereas spe
cial importations include the first class and such portions of the second
as may be subsequently removed from the custody ofthe customs officers
by declaration for consumption and consequent payment of duties. I
have preferred to tabulate the general importations for two reasons :
first, special importations convey a false impression , in that they do not
represent the actual commerce of the port or kingdom, since under exist
ing regulations they are made to include large quantities of merchandise
in direct transit ; for, in order to obviate certain formalities, many free
articles, such as grain, cotton, petroleum, hides, &c. , although intended
to pass in direct transit, are declared first for consumption, and afterwards
for exportation, which process assimilates these articles to Belgian pro
ductions and classifies them with special commerce. Secondly, Antwerp
being essentailly a commercial city, its prosperity depends more upon
the quantity of merchandise handled , whether special imports or transit
goods-that is, more upon the activity and magnitude of her commercial
movement- than upon the amount consumed or manufactured in the
kingdom . Consequently the transit trade becomes a most important
factor in the commercial prosperity of this port, and in order to arrive
at a full and just idea of the progress and magnitude of the trade of the
port of Antwerp , an examination of its general commerce becomes a
necessity.
10
BELGIUM. 101
INCREASE OF COMMERCE .
The following tabulated statement shows the importations, exporta
tions, and transits at the port of Antwerp , from 1867 to 1876, stated in
millious of francs :
GAKKAPIISP
Importations (general Exportations (special Transit.
commerce). commerce).
Years.
From en
Total. By sea. Other. Total. By sea. Other. Total. Direct. trepot.
1867 590 491 99 218 170 48 129 102 27

1868 609 540 69 191 132 59 94 63 31
1869 605 510 95 224 189 35 106 76 30
1870 671 552 119 235 200 35 156 122 34
1871 1,035 898 137 285 246 39 266 180 86
1872 905 812 93 350 301 49 175 137 38
1873 967 887 80 381 317 64 118 95 23
1874 ……….. 893 815 78 348 284 64 136 108 .28
1875 916 842 74 331 262 69 165 131 34
1876 1,057 973 84 333 254 182 151 31
The foregoing table shows for the decade embraced the extraordinary
increase of nearly 100 per cent. in the general importations by sea, while
the special exportations show an increase of about 50 per cent. The
period of this great development dates back to 1871, when, during the
Franco-German war, Antwerp received an impetus that has never been
lost ; for 1876 surpassed by 75,000,000 francs , or 353,000 tons, the impor
tations by sea of that eventful and until now unparalleled year of 1871 .
The special exports , and those in transit, of the tables embrace only
such merchandise as quit the port of Antwerp with documents obtained
from the two Antwerp bureaus, to the exclusion of those which pass
through Antwerp by virtue of having executed the custom-house formal
ities at any other bureau of Belgium . This accounts for the apparent
disparity of the general exports with the general imports at Antwerp,
the former being only 50 per cent. of the latter, whereas for the kingdom
these last exceed the former by only 13 per cent. Were it possible to
obtain the same care and exactitude in regard to the declaration of the
quantities of the exports as for the imports, this excess, in all proba
bility, would be greatly reduced or entirely removed ; for it cannot be
possible that such an industrious and economical people as the Flemish
should consume more than they produce. The fact remains, however,
that in absence of official verification the declaration of exporters is not
always trustworthy.
THE TRANSIT TRADE.
This port, from its geographical position , possesses extraordinary ad
vantages for the development of an immense transit trade, unequaled
perhaps by any port on the continent of Europe. Holding a central
position, easy of access, it serves as a natural outlet for the manufact
ures of France, Germany, and Switzerland , and an inlet for the produc
tion of the entire continent of America as well as those of the Mediter
ranean, India, England , and Scandinavia. Consequently large quanti
ties of textile fabrics, yarn and thread , iron, machinery, beer, and gin
pass out annually through the port in transit, while still larger quantities
of coffee, fruit, rice, wood , wool, cereals, oils, and resin enter for the
interior of the continent.
The table does not exhibit the full magnitude of the transit trade at
this port, embracing as it does only the quantities declared at the two
Antwerp bureaus, and excluding all transits from the other bureaus of
the interior, and likewise, generally, all free goods that pass as special
exports . In the table the transits for 1876 amounted to 35 per cent. of
the total exports at Antwerp, but for the kingdom they amounted to 50
per cent. If to this could be added the amount of free goods passed as
special imports and exports the ratio would be increased to probably
75 per cent. of the total commerce of Antwerp.
COMPETITION OF FLUSHING AND TERNEUZEN.
The competition of Flushing has proved harmless to the interests of
Antwerp . When, several years ago, the superb new docks of Flushing,
and a railroad to connect that port with the Rhine and the interior of
Germany, were under construction, fears were entertained that Antwerp
would lose a large portion of her transit trade. The new Dutch port at
the mouth of the Scheldt was represented as the sword of Damocles hang
ing over the head of the great commercial metropolis of Belgium, but
the record of the last three years has shown conclusively that these ap
prehensions were groundless. The suspended sword has acted as a
check upon reckless abuses and a stimulus to merchants and municipal
authorities to remedy defects and develop every possible facility and im
provement for the dispatch of business in this port. It is now claimed
that Antwerp being farther in the interior and having a shorter line of
communication to the Rhine than Flushing, the difference of expenses
will more than equalize the extra cost of ascending the Scheldt, since
water communications must always be the cheapest. Another princi
pal reason for the slight influence that Flushing has exercised upon this
port arises from the fact that to change the settled currents of com
merce requires marked advantages. Since all the principal commer
cial houses of the surrounding countries are already established perma
nently or represented financially at Antwerp , they would find it expen
sive to transfer even agencies to Flushing , which would become a neces
sity if Flushing should to any great extent supplant Antwerp.
But while Flushing has lost for the present any serious claims of
rivalry that she recently possessed , another Dutch port, situated on the
Scheldt, about 10 miles above Flushing, is now regarded as the special
.rival of Antwerp , namely, Terneuzen. Terneuzen is but a very small Dutch
port at the mouth of the canal leading from the Scheldt to Ghent, but
the general government has been negotiating with Holland in order to
secure a ship-canal from Ghent to the Scheldt by Terneuzen . To secure
the consent of Holland the Government of Belgium proposed to enter
into a treaty with Holland granting terms which the people of Antwerp
pronounced too liberal, viz, that Terneuzen should possess the same
rights and privileges, and the same railway tariff, as Antwerp . The
proposition was defeated last year in the Chamber of Deputies, but
Antwerp is fearful that it may be introduced again and passed, in which
case this port would doubtless suffer a material loss from the competi
tion of such a near rival. The authorities and commercial people of
Antwerp would obviate the danger by the construction of a ship - canal
by way of Bruges, to enter the North Sea at Huyst or Blankenberghe,.
thus giving Ghent a direct outlet to the sea, without creating a danger
ous rival on the Lower Scheldt.
IMPORTS .
The total value of the general importations at the port of Antwerp
for 1876 was, as per inclosure A, 1,057,089,163 francs, or $ 204,018,208,
being an increase of over 15 per cent. when compared with 1875, and an
increase of nearly 20 per cent. over the value for 1874.
DUTIES ON IMPORTS .
The entry-duties are levied on the merchandise declared for consump
tion. The amount collected for 1876 at Antwerp was 7,946,740 francs, of
which sum 3,432,131 francs was collected from merchandise stored in
BELGIUM . 103
bonded warehouses and afterwards declared for consumption . The fol

lowing articles furnished the largest revenues during the year, and paid
the following duties :
Coffee, 13.20 francs per 100 kilograms .
Wood, oak and walnut, 1 franc per cubic meter, round or squared ; other
timber, 3, 6, and 9 francs per cubic meter, according to size and condition .
Fruits pay as follows : almonds, 20 francs ; citrons and figs, 6 francs ;
prunes and raisins, 15 francs per 100 kilograms, and others 10 per cent.
ad valorem.
Tobacco-leaf, 13.20 francs ; cigars, 258 francs, and other manufactured
42 francs per 100 kilograms.
Sugar, refined, pays a duty of 51.13 francs per 100 kilograms.
Iron, cast and scrap, 0.50 francs ; manufactures of, 4 francs, and
wrought, 1 franc per 100 kilograms.
Sirup, 15 francs per 100 kilograms .
Textile fabrics, woolen , 260 francs per 100 kilograms , or 10 per cent.
ad valorem; cotton, from 7.30 francs to 14 francs per 100 kilograms ;
linen , 10 per cent. ad valorem, and silk, 300 francs per 100 kilograms.
Brandy, 72.50 to 145 francs per hectoliter of 50 degrees .
Beer, 6 francs in casks and 7 francs in bottles, per hectoliter.
Cheese, 10 francs per 100 kilograms.
The amount of duties collected on the eleven foregoing categories was
over 7,000,000 francs, or about 90 per centum of the whole amount col
lected. The Belgian tariff of duties on importations contains 49 catego
ries, embracing 147 subdivisions or separate duties. Of these last , only
29 are ad valorem , which are, almost without exception , 5.10 or 15 per
cent.; which last amount occurs in only two instances, viz, for spices
and cotton prints. Manufactured articles embrace all the remainder,
and pay 10 per cent. , whatever may be the nature of the material, with
the exception of shawls, laces, jewelry, and manufactures of wood , which
pay 5 per cent. ad valorem. Thus the great mass of the duties in Bel
gium are specific, and collected principally on a very few articles relatively.
PRINCIPAL IMPORTS .
The following table presents, in a condensed form, the chief articles
of importation, their magnitude and changes , for the last three years :
Articles . 1876. 1875. 1874.
Francs. Francs. Francs.

Wool 214, 982, 100 202, 082, 000 177, 232, 500
Grain and flour.. 176, 163, 690 97, 150, 860 167, 588, 460
Coffee 62, 487, 600 76, 729, 621 61, 504, 040
Textile fabrics 53, 376, 189 28, 892, 228 18, 010, 782
Cotton 52, 440, 510 55, 232, 150 58,425,000
Hides 50,592, 134 59, 992, 560 64, 845, 000
Petroleum and resin 38, 518, 950 34,922, 270 35, 630, 270
Wood 36, 590, 084 27,422, 050 29, 455, 250
Yarn and thread 32, 133, 528
Oil-seeds 30, 973, 600 27, 041, 350 19,396, 550
Guano and compost 29, 726, 900 21, 540, 750 13, 128, 750
Lard and tallow . 23, 254, 000 18, 395, 400 20, 577, 000
Metals, minerals, and clays 20, 868, 820 18, 570, 540 20, 454, 420
Meat 18, 277, 500 6, 325, 000 14,955, 000
Iron... 18, 126, 985 18, 506, 028 18, 403, 108
Sugar ...... 17, 426, 720 15, 442, 340 20, 021, 240
Rice . 17, 258, 225 16, 668, 855 11, 565, 450
Tobacco 15, 391, 660 12, 660, 000 17, 118, 050
Flax and hemp... 14, 384, 188 22, 182, 120 14, 226, 000
Chemicals 12, 526, 123 6, 384, 750 4,735, 920
Oils 11, 714, 700 11 , 432, 700 9, 423, 560
Copper and nickel. 10, 274, 928 10, 831, 200 10, 307, 800
All other articles.. 99, 100, 027 127, 553, 080 86, 428, 443
Total, francs 1,057, 089, 163 915, 957, 912 893, 432, 593
Total, United States gold . $204, 018, 208 $176, 779, 877 $172, 432, 490
From the foregoing table it will be seen that the principal augmenta
tions are as follows : grain, 79,000,000 francs ; textile fabrics , 25,000,000 ;
wool, 13,000,000 ; meat, 12,000,000 ; wood , 9,000,000 ; guano, 8,000,000 ;
chemicals, 6,000,000 ; lard , 5,000,000 ; petroleum, 4,000,000 ; oil seeds,
4,000,000; tobacco, 3,000,000 ; and sugar, 2,000,000. The articles show
ing a diminution are the following : Coffee, 14,000,000 francs ; hides,
9,000,000; flax and hemp, 8,000,000 ; and cotton, 3,000,000. It will also be
observed that nearly all the importations which show an increase are
chief articles of production and export of the United States, while only
one, cotton, shows a marked decrease. Meat, that had fallen to 6,000,000
francs in 1875, rose to 18,000,000 ; while grain shows an increase of over
81 per cent. when compared with 1875. The table embraces twenty
two categories , comprising nearly 91 per cent. of the total importations.
SPECIAL EXPORTS.
The special exportations from the two Antwerp bureaus for 1876
amounted in value, as per inclosure B, to 332,897,011 francs , or $ 64,249,123 ,
being an increase of only one-half of one per cent. when compared with
1875. These special exports do not include the amount passing in transit,
which for 1876, as per inclosure B, amounted to 182,460,000 francs, or
$ 35,214,780, being an increase of 10 per cent.
GENERAL EXPORTS .
In order to show the magnitude and modifications of the principal

articles of general exportation at Antwerp, I submit the following table,
which embraces the special exports and those in transit for the last
three years :
Principal articles. 1876. 1875. 1874.
Francs. Francs. Francs .

Textile fabrics 42, 660, 400 37, 166, 100 38, 946, 000
Iron.. 35, 833, 450 40, 999, 676 45, 378, 805
Machinery 34, 289, 100 31, 176, 700 33, 076, 800
Grain and flour.. 33, 022, 580 23, 122, 500 23, 066, 930
Coffee 32, 660,000 31,647, 200 24, 501, 600
Glass.. 28, 866, 800 31, 221, 880 28, 498, 960
Sugar 22, 660, 584 21, 242, 320 30, 989, 580
Wool . 16, 035, 000 11, 742, 500 25, 051, 500
Yarn 16, 008, 750 24, 288, 000 22, 349, 350
Paper 15, 407, 406 13, 202, 840 11, 322, 800
Hides and skins 13, 870, 155 16, 433, 900 19, 360, 500
Lard and tallow. ………….... 10, 608, 400 8, 103, 700 8,032, 000
Zinc 8, 518, 250 8, 102, 250 9, 977, 500
Candles 6, 985, 000 7,855,000 10, 034, 000
Wood 5,819, 140 2,710, 515 4, 688, 293
Oil and oil seeds . 5,692, 900 3,264, 650 " 2,392, 750
Stone.. 5, 264, 000 4, 141, 760 306, 166
All other articles .... 181, 155, 096 179, 406, 509 146, 390, 466
Total, francs 515, 357, 011 495, 828,000 484, 364, 000
Total, United States gold $99, 463, 903 $95, 694, 804 $93, 482, 252
The foregoing table embraces 595,766 tons of special exports, and 121,456
tons of transit goods, making a total of 717,222 tons for general exporta
tion, being an increase of 3 per cent. when compared with 1875 ; while
the values show an increase of over 4 per cent. for the same period. The
principal augmentations in the special exports are grain, stone, oil seeds,
minerals, lard and tallow, building timber, and coal ; while, on the con
trary, iron , window-glass, potatoes, petroleum, machinery, flax and hemp ,
BELGIUM. 105
guano, and steel show material diminutions, but particularly iron, which
fell off 23,840 tons, or nearly 24 per cent.
The transits comprised 85,119 tons of direct transits , and 36,337 tons
from bonded warehouses, being an increase of 2 per cent. over 1875. The
gains appear in building- timber, crude sugar, and syrup , while iron , win
dow-glass, and leaf tobacco show corresponding losses. The diminution
in the iron was over 45 per cent. of the transits of 1875.
NAVIGATION BY COUNTRIES.
The following table will show the principal countries, in order of im

portance, with which the navigation of this port has been carried on for
the last two years :
Tonnage for 1876. Tonnage for 1875.

Countries.
Arrivals. Departures. Total. Arrivals. Departures. Total.
From and to
England . 919, 776 1, 478, 891 2,398, 667 860, 751 1,246, 124 2, 106, 975
United States . 251, 276 227, 112 478, 328 215, 251 192, 312 407, 563
Russia 323, 719 103, 852 427, 571 211, 869 80,008 291, 877
Sweden and Norway 138, 144 111, 161 249, 305 126, 950 104, 236 231, 186
Germany 144, 938 99, 215 244, 153 121, 607 99, 754 221, 361
Rio de la Plata.. 166, 301 46,950 213, 251 133, 146 30, 536 163, 682
France 107, 126 86, 901 194, 027 100, 697 84, 149 184, 846
Spain . 54, 151 40, 715 94,866 57, 096 30, 590 87,686
Turkey 82, 109 10, 554 92,663 56, 631 8, 216 64, 847
Italy. 64, 796 16, 123 80, 919 39, 370 11, 021 50, 091
Peru . 47, 667 17,980 65, 647 38, 379 27, 187 65, 566
India 56, 896 56, 896 26,, 570 9,407 35, 979
Holland . 12, 291 32, 684 44,975 22, 648 26, 702 49,350
Denmark 10,307 24, 125 34, 432 13,568 26,988 40, 556
Brazil. 15, 248 17, 576 32, 824 21, 221 14, 145 35, 366
All others 77, 400 115, 522 192, 922 68, 306 110, 131 178, 437
Total tonnage.. 2,472, 145. 2,429, 361 4,901, 506 2, 113, 760 2, 101, 508 4, 215, 268
The foregoing table represents the maritime trade with the United
States as second in importance and amounting to 10 per cent. of the
whole ; while that with England amounts to 49 per cent. After the
United States follow Russia, Sweden, Germany, &c., in a rapidly de
scending series. It should be observed that the above table embraces the
movement of ships of all nationalities, for when we come to compare
the tonnage of the trade of the port in respect to the nationalities of the
vessels engaged, the United States falls from the second rank and 10
per cent. to the eighth rank and to 2 per cent. of the total tonnage.
ARRIVALS BY FLAG .
The following table will show the nationality and tonnage of the ves
sels entered during the years 1876 , 1875, and 1874 :
1876. 1875. 1874.

Flag.
No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
United States. 57 51, 449 36 35, 762 56 54, 119

Austrian 39 21, 652 25 12, 451 38 18, 626
Belgian 187 185, 869 201 172, 347 181 157, 456
Danish 252 78, 103 201 51, 120 218 65, 901
Dutch 73 21, 148 103 38, 875 88 21, 649
British 2,395 1,525, 221 2,247 1,307, 747 2, 196 1, 192, 804
French 263 90,779 342 83, 631 368 94, 858
German. 355 165, 024 327 132, 948 441 164, 342
Greek 15 7,982 4 2,582 11 6, 311
Italian .. 98 48,767 85 39, 839 132 61,070
Norwegian. 337 122, 263 338 112, 476 443 147,963
Portuguese 16 9, 509 18 13, 100 2 389
Russian 53 30,968 60 23, 410 50 19, 765
Spanish... 114 49,905 104 43, 001 75 29, 349
Swedish 160 72, 690 175 76, 208 157 68, 892
Turkish 1 3, 300
Total 4, 414 2, 481, 329 4, 267 2, 148, 797 4,456 2, 103, 494
The foregoing table shows for 1876 an increase over 1875 of nearly 16
per cent., thus exhibiting the largest tonnage which ever entered this
port in any one year.
INCREASE OF ARRIVALS BY FLAG.
This increase extends to vessels of all nationalities excepting the

Dutch, Portuguese, and Swedish. The tonnage of American vessels at
the port for 1876, shows a great increase, viz, over 44 per cent. The
arrivals increased from 36 to 57. These were as follows : from the United
States 38, of which 11 arrived from Philadelphia, 7 from San Francisco ,
6 from New York, 5 from Baltimore, 5 from Boston, 2 from New Or
leans, 1 each from Wilmington and Savannah ; from South America
arrived 14, laden with guano, wool , wheat, and general cargo ; from
India came two with rice and linseed ; one vessel came from France in
ballast and two re-entered for repairs. The cargoes from the ports of
the United States were as follows : 93,338 barrels petroleum, 12,758
tons wheat, from San Francisco ; 5,150 tons general cargoes ; 7,265 bales
cotton , 5,705 barrels naphtha, 3,516 barrels turpentine, and 6,520 bar
rels flour. The value of the 54 cargoes was estimated at $5,190,767 .
The arrivals for the first three quarters of 1877 have been 31 , with aton
nage of 33,085 tons, being a decrease of 14 vessels and 5,406 tons in
comparison with 1876. The cargoes were principally, 9 with wheat and
7 petroleum from the United States, and 7 guano cargoes from Peru .
STEAM ARRIVALS.
During 1876 the total arrivals of steamers at this port amounted to

3,016, with an aggregate of 1,969,255 tons, being a gain of 299 vessels
and 329,345 tons, or an increase of 20 per cent. over the tonnage for 1875.
Taking into consideration that already in 1875 the steamers comprised
nearly 77 per cent. of the total entry tonnage, this increase is very ex
traordinary. The arrivals of sailing- vessels for 1876 amounted to 1,398 ,
with an aggregate tonnage of 512,074 tons, being a loss of 152 vessels ,
BELGIUM . 107
but a gain of 13,187 tons when compared with 1875. The tonnage of
the American sailing-vessels is 10 per cent. of the total entry tonnage
of sailing-vessels at the port for 1876. The development of steamers at
the port has been wonderful, but 1876 shows the greatest increase since
1872, since which date the tonnage for steamers has nearly doubled .
The competition of steamers has become so great, that the reduction of
their freights attracts all sorts of cargoes except the most cumbersome ;
for it is affirmed that the additional insurance, the interest for the time
occupied , and the greater expenses while discharging, more than over
balance the difference of the carrying rates for steamers and sailing
vessels.
DEPARTURES BY FLAG .
The following table shows the nationality and number of vessels cleared
from the port, laden or in ballast, for the years 1876, 1875, and 1874 :
SEE
1876. 1875. 1874.

BOKEPLER
Flag.
bal Laden. In bal Laden. In bal
Laden. Inlast. last. last.
៣៨៨
United States 47 13 25
ផង
១៧
នទីិង
Austrian.... 26 6 14 18
នន្ម័ី
ធី
យ
វទី
អ៊ិ
ម
ន
ផ
៨៨
ទី
Belgian 171 14 186 17 161
Danish. 125 126 114 88 105
.
Dutch 18 86 19
British.... ..... 1, 625 764 1,578 631 1, 625 607
French.....………………………… 155 119 130 200 156 223
German . 229 125 230 113 267 178
Greek. 13 2 3
Italian... 15 76 12 69 106
Norwegian.. 280 61 276 385
Portuguese 17
Russian 12 38 13 48
Spanish.. 108 5 94 13
“
គ
Swedish …………….. 99 64 101 73

Turkish 1
Total 2, 705 1,715 2, 643 1, 590 2, 675 1,868
The foregoing table does not present the actual condition of the export
trade of the port, since a arge number of vessels take on part cargo
to ballast them, and are then reported as clearing fully laden. It is very
doubtful if 50 per cent. of the tonnage that enters the port goes out laden.
Of the 54 American vessels clearing during 1876, only seven were even
partly laden, aggregating 1,358 tons, general cargo, 900 tons spiegeleisen ,
and 3,981 empty barrels, not more than 4 per cent. of the capacity of the
vessels cleared. Most of the American vessels arriving at Antwerp are
unsuitable to the outward trade, their tonnage being too large ; what
cargoes are left by the steamers are taken up by small vessels , which
sail at cheaper rates than do those of the United States. The reasons
assigned for the fact is that American vessels pay their crews higher
wages, and feed them better, and are not satisfied with as small margins,
consequently they are compelled to refuse freights that to others may be
acceptable. During the last two years, difficult and vexatious as the
guano trade has been, several of our ships, of heaviest tonnage, have
cleared in ballast for Callao.
EMIGRATION.
For 1876, the number of emigrants leaving this port direct for their
various destinations was as follows : 3,444 Germans, 1,251 Austrians,
108 COMMERCIAL RELATIONS. .
1,107 Russians, 571 Italians , 282 Americans, 200 Belgians, 162 Swiss , 160
Luxemburgians, 96 French, 86 Dutch, and 15 others, making a total of
7,374 emigrants. Of these, 4,204 were men, 2,821 women , and 349 chil
dren. Their destination was as follows : New York 1,283, Philadelphia
1,916 , Rio de Janeiro 1,911 , St. Catharine's 1,746, Rio Grande do Sul 509 ,
and Buenos Ayres 9 ; or for the United States 3,199, and for South
America 4,175.
POPULATION.
The population of Antwerp , as per last published report, December
31, 1875, was 160,513, showing an increase for 1875 of 3,852 ; brought
about by excess of births over deaths, 1,686 , and excess of floating pop
ulatation, 2,156. The males were in excess of the females by 5,327 . The
number of dwelling- houses was 21,505, or a net gain of 531 , as 21 houses
had been destroyed and 552 erected during the year.
BIRTHS .
The total number of births was 5,947 , of which 3,006 were of the male
sex. 621 were illegitimate. During the year 106 of the latter were recog
nized and 258 made legitimate in conformity with the civil code.
DEATHS .
The whole number of deaths, exclusive of 266 still-births, was 4,285,
being a death rate of 26.7 per thousand . These statistics are reliable,
the declarations of birth and death being obligatory.
REVENUES .
The receipts of the city of Antwerp for 1875 from all sources were
17,846,495 francs, and the expenditures 15,324,254 francs. Among these
last appear 735,089 francs for public instruction , 548,300 francs for pub
lic charities, and 374,526 francs for commerce and navigation. The city
debt for May 31 , 1876, was 105,369,080 francs.
IMPROVEMENTS OF THE CITY.

r
The city develops rapidly, adding each year over 500 houses fo
residences and business, some of them being fine specimens of architect
ural beauty and design. Public buildings and splendid monuments are
being erected on the various thoroughfares, giving Antwerp the appear
ance of a modern city ; 349 additional gas-jets illuminate the public
parks , squares, and thoroughfares, and the long wished -for desideratum ,
the water-works, are in course of construction .
IMPROVEMENT OF DOCKS.
The improvements of the docks, which have been under consideration

for so long, have been begun, and are progressing favorably. The recti
fication of the Scheldt and enlargement of the quays have been finally
determined upon and await the approval of the general government. The
one essential remains to be accomplished, viz, to furnish the port with
facilities for transshipments of merchandise from the cars to vessels , and
vice versa, that the extraordinary expenses may be reduced .
DOCK MONOPOLY .
The handling of cargoes has for many years devolved upon certain
corporations that possess an almost absolute monopoly of the same.
Several parties have attempted to break down the monopoly, but were
BELGIUM. 109
unable. Consequently these corporations throw all their weight and

influence against any modifications or development of the facilities of
the port which would diminish the demand for their employment. But
from the foregoing report will be seen the necessity of such modifications
being adopted as will reduce the expenses of transshipments, in order to
prevent the export trade of Antwerp from falling still further into a
most deplorable condition , which will affect not only her import but also
her transit trade, since the expenses of the port and particularly the
lack of outward cargoes enhance the inward freights. If proper facil
ities could be given for discharging coal, iron, and glass directly from
cars into the vessel's hold there is no reason why these articles should
not compete more favorably with those of England and the continent,
thus benefiting not only the port but the entire kingdom . The author
ities at Brussels have suggested the plan of taking direction and con
trol of the whole question, paying all expenses and collecting all dues ;
but this is regarded by the municipal authorities of Antwerp as an
encroachment upon their rights and privileges. In the mean time no
other plan of compromise can be hit upon and nothing is done.
THE RUBENS FÊTES.
The three hundredth anniversary of the birth of Peter Paul Rubens
was made the occasion of a series of fêtes of unusual splendor in this
city during the month of August, 1877.
The Antwerp school of art, so highly and justly renowned , owes much
to the transcendent genius of Rubens, whose master- pieces and those of
his pupils adorn almost every principal museum of Europe. The munici
pal authorities spent 378,000 francs for beautifying and illuminating
the city . The citizens duplicated the sum in special or general decora
tions, transparencies, and illuminations, while the masses, irrespective
of party or religion , gave themselves up to jollification and a general
glorification of Rubens and Flemish art.
JAMES RILEY WEAVER.
Statement showing the commerce at Antwerp for the year ending December 31, 1876.
A.-IMPORTS.
Articles. Value Amount of

Quantity. entered . duties. Whence imported.
Tons. Francs. Francs.

Animal substances.. 4,722, 893 Free. Russia, France, Holland, Saxony, Eng.
land, Rio de la Plata.
Animals 5, 850, 113 16, 060 Holland, Prussia, France, Luxemburg.
Arms 5, 191, 475 Free. Prussia, Holland, France, England,
Portugal.
Beer 509, 145 116, 874 Prussia, England, Holland.
Books and typographical 392, 716 Free. France, Prussia, Holland, Saxony,
productions. Russia.
Brandy and gin . 1, 212 54, 540 225, 816 Prussia, France, England, Cuba, Hol
land.
Butter 283 961, 048 Free. France, Holland, Luxemburg, Prussia.
Clothing 937, 278 43, 104 England, France, Sweden, Prussia,
Bremen.
Cheese. 1, 199 1,798, 500 116, 057 Holland, Switzerland, France, Prussia.
Chemicals :
Soda .. 27, 333 6, 833, 250 Free. England, Prussia, France, Holland.
Other 5, 692, 873 Free. England, France, Prussia, Holland,
Peru.
Coal 243, 585 4, 628, 115 Free. England, Prussia, France, Holland.
Cocoa.... 603 1,058, 201 69, 663 France, England, Hayti. Prussia, Brazil.
Coffee . 29, 756 62, 487, 600 2, 624, 530 Brazil, England, Hayti, France, Ham.
Copper and nickel : burg, United States.
Manufactures of. 208, 748 8, 306 France, Prussia, Russia, England , Hol
land.
Statement showing the commerce at Antwerp, &c.— Continued.

A.- IMPORTS- Continued.
Articles. Value Amount of Whence.

Quantity. entered. duties.

Copperandnickel - Con'd.
Unwrought .. 3,819 8, 402, 180 Free. Prussia, France, England, United
States, Switzerland.
Wrought 640 1,664, 000 27, 326 England, France, Prussia, Holland,
Denmark.
Cordage 181 252, 840 Free. England, Russia,Sweden, United States,
Bremen.
Cotton .. 34, 455 52, 440, 510 Free. Prussia, France, England,United States,
Switzerland, Holland.
Drugs 1,922, 700 Free. England, France, Italy, Hamburg, Rus
sia, United States.
Fish .. 4,363 1, 558, 670 Free. Holland, England, Sweden and Norway,
France, Prussia.
Flax and tow 11, 556 14, 384, 188 Free. Russia, England, Prussia, France, Hol
land.
Flour and biscuits . 9, 780 5,026, 920 Free. United States, England, Bremen,
France, Hamburg.
Forage 2, 171 306,740 Free. Holland, France, Luxemburg, Prussia,
Bremen.
Fruit 6, 617, 951 711, 007 Portugal, England, Greece, Spain,
Glass : France, Italy.
Plate 637, 568 246 France, Prussia, England, Holland.
Window 407 162, 632 893 Prussia, France, Saxony, Holland.
Glass ware .. 59, 762 7,767 Prussia, Holland, France, Saxony.
Grain :
Barley 85, 656 18, 844, 320 Free. France, Turkey, Russia, Holland, Al
geria, Spain.
Rye..... 73, 737 14, 747, 400 Free. France, Russia, Turkey, Prussia, Hol
land.
Wheat ....... 401, 760 112, 492, 800 Free. Russia, United States, Prussia.
Other 100, 209 25, 052, 250 Free. Russia, Holland, France, Sweden, Nor
way, Prussia.
Guano and compost... 90, 423 29, 726, 900 Free. Peru, France, England, Holland, Prus.
Hides and skins : sia.
Manufactures of 281, 134 8, 137 England, France, Prussia, Luxemburg,
Austria.
Tanned and dressed.. 2,403 14, 418, 000 42, 098 United States, England, Prussia,
France, Luxemburg.
Untanned .... 27, 610 35, 893, 000 Free. Rio de la Plata, Uruguay, Prussia,
Holland.
Honey 801 880, 630 74, 084 Cuba, United States, France, Prussia,
England.
Hops 698 872, 131 Free. England, United States, Holland, Ham
burg.
India-rubber . 381,550 10, 092 England, Holland, Prussia, France.
Instruments, musical and 247,929 7,224 Prussia, France, Switzerland, England,
other. Holland.
Iron :
Manufactured 4, 485 2,354, 625 24, 137 France, England, Holland, Prussia,
Sweden and Norway.
Scrap and cast 107, 918 11,870,980 257, 415 Luxemburg, England, Prussia, Hol
land, Sweden and Norway.
Wrought . 9, 289 3,901, 380 26, 107 Prussia, Holland, England, France,
Sweden and Norway.
Lard and tallow 21, 140 23, 254, 000 Free. United States, Rio de la Plata, France,
Holland, England.
Lead 582, 689 5, 521 Spain, England, Holland, Prussia.
Machinery. 7,097 8,871, 250 47, 395 England, France, Prussia, Holland.
Meat 12, 185 18, 277, 500 Free. United States, England, Holland.
Mercery and iron ware... 1, 794, 474 58,926 England, Holland, United States, Swe
den, Prussia, France.
Metals and minerals 149, 063 20,868, 820 Free. France, Spain, Holland, England, Italy,
Prussia.
Objects of art 2,138,927 Free. England, France, Prussia, Italy, Rus
Oils : sia, United States.
Alimentary . 149 342, 700 Free. France, Holland, Italy, Eugland, Prus
sia.
Other ... 11, 372 11, 372, 000 Free. England, France, Holland, Prussia,
Italy, United States.
Oil-cake 4,766 1, 000, 860 Free. France, Prussia, Russia, Holland, Eng
land.
Ores 36, 888 737, 769 Free. Spain, Algeria, Italy, France, England.
Paints and colors 15,751 5, 300, 400 Free. France, Hayti, Prussia, England, Hol
land.
Paper.. 407 488, 738 17, 165 England, Prussia, France, Holland.
Perfumery.......... 103, 315 3,593 England, Prussia, France
Petroleum 86, 137 34, 458, 856 Free. United States, England, Prussia.
Pewter:
Manufactured .. 109, 667 759 Prussia, England.
Unwrought ... 372 1,040, 754 Free. Holland, Eugland, Prussia.
BELGIUM . 111
1
Statement showing the commerce at Antwerp, fc. -Continued.
A.-IMPORTS-Continued.
Value Amount of Whence.

Articles. Quantity. entered. duties.

Porcelaine and faience . 115, 524 8, 116 England, Holland, France, Saxony
Prussia.
Pottery . 171, 521 11, 924 Holland, England, Italy.
Preserves :
In brandy and sugar. 504 1, 438, 662 31, 373 Switzerland, Prussia, Franco, England.
Other 319 766, 507 21, 134 Italy, Algeria, England, Spain, France,
United States.
Rags.... 1, 416 566, 400 Free. France, Holland, Prussia, Italy, Eng
land, Hamburg.
Resin 29, 620 4,060, 094 Free. United States, England, Prussia.
Rice 66,225 17,258,225 Free. India, England, France.
Salt.. 31, 027 1,583, 210 Free. England, France, Portugal, Holland,
Seeds: Prussia.
Oil.. 88, 496 30, 973, 600 Free. Russia, India, England, Prussia, Hol
land, France, Turkey.
Other 1,270 762,000 Free. France, England, Holland, Prussia,
Luxemburg .
Silk, raw.. 49 5,382, 740 Free. England, France , Prussia, Switzerland .
Soap . 234 404, 118 12, 598 Holland, France, Prussia, England,
Italy.
Spices 294, 308 71, 908 France, England, Holland, Prussia.
Steel.. 1, 786 1, 285, 220 23, 795 Prussia, England, France, Holland ,
Stone: Sweden and Norway.
Cut and dressed .. 6, 359 445, 130 5, 404 France, Luxemburg, Prussia, Italy,
Holland, England.
Polished and sculp 206, 550 3, 137 France, Prussia, Saxony, Italy, Eng
tured. land.
Sugar: 16,591, 740 Free.
Crude... 25, 139 Holland, Prussia, England, Austria,
France, Cuba.
Refined 1,006 834, 980 420, 532 France, Holland, Prussia, Hamburg.
Sulphur 12, 297 2, 459, 332 Free. Italy, France.
Sirup 5, 336 1, 334, 000 183, 746 France, Holland, England, Prussia,
Denmark.
Tan-bark 2,936 591, 113 Free. Italy, Algeria, England, Spain, France,
United States.
Tea... 50 346, 375 5,534 England, India, Holland.
Tin 4,039, 740 16, 028 England, Holland, France.
Tissue :
Cotton 1,952 16, 396 800 50, 873 England, Prussia, France, Switzerland,
Holland.
Linen.. 1,960 23, 519, 724 23, 292 Prussia, France, England, Holland.
Silk 10 1,287, 625 7,534 France, England, Switzerland, Prussia.
Woolen 716 12, 172, 000 152, 621 England, Prussia, France, Switzerland.
Tobacco :
Leaf. 7,813 14,844, 700 697, 944 United States, Holland, Prussia, Eng
land, Bremen.
Cigars and edother 53 1,046, 960 65, 780 United States, England, Prussia, Hol
mauufactur . land, Cuba.
Vegetable substances 929,335 Free. Holland, France, Prussia, Spain, Al
geria.
Vinegar.. 241, 534 52, 120 Prussia, France, Holland, Luxemburg.
Wax, crude 218 849, 446 Free. Portugal, France, England, United
States, Spain, Hamburg.
Wines 5, 75, 239 9, 199 France, Prussia, Holland, England,
Wood: Luxemburg.
Cabinet-making. 1,847 646, 450 4, 984 England, France, Mexico, United
States, Holland, Bremen.
Construction 291, 824 35, 186, 928 1, 381, 071 Sweden and Norway, France, Prussia,
United States, Russia.
Machinery of 307, 031 2, 353 England, France, Prussia.
Manufactures of.. 449, 675 15, 307 France, Prussia, Saxony, Holland, Aus
tria.
Wool 79, 623 214, 982, 100 Free. Prussia, England, France, Rio de la
Yarn and thread : Plata, Australia, Uruguay.
Cotton . 4,979 27, 384, 500 55, 324 England, Prussia, France.
Linen 511 2, 553, 310 Free. England, Russia, Holland, Prussia.
Woolen 217 2,495, 718 21, 583 England, Hamburg, Portugal, Holland.
Yeast ...... 506, 743 Free. England.
Zinc 337 203, 302 729 Holland, Italy, Denmark, England,
Sweden.
All others 5,828,000 40, 495
Total, francs . 1,057, 089, 163 7,946, 740
Total, United States $204, 018, 208 $1,533, 721
gold.
Statement showing the commerce at Antwerp, Sc.- Continued.

B.-EXPORTS- (SPECIAL COMMERCE).
Value, includ
Articles. Quantity. ing costs and Whither.
charges.
Tons. Francs.
Brandy and gin .. 4, 065 182, 925 Cuba, Rio de la Plata, France, England , Spain, Prus
sia.
Butter 238 F09, 200 England, France, Prussia, Bremen.
Candles 2,794 6, 985, 300 England, Chili, Brazil, Spain, France, Rio de la Plata.
Chalk 159 2,067 Holland, France, Prussia, Luxemburg, England.
Coal.. 7, 080 151, 600 France, Holland, Luxemburg, Prussia, Malta.
Colors and paints .. 4,295 1,503, 250 Prussia, Holland, England, France, Hamburg.
Flax and hemp.. 1,557 3, 892, 500 France, England, Prussia, Holland, United States.
Flour and biscuits. 3,584 896, 000 Holland. Prussia, Luxemburg, France, Switzerland.
Forage 904 126, 560 France, Holland, Prussia, England, Sweden and Nor
way.
Fruit... 3, 821 1, 245, 152 England, Prussia, France, Holland, Luxemburg.
Glass :
Window plate... 63, 326 25, 330, 400 England, United States, Russia, Spain, Sweden and
Norway.
Glass ware 4, 040 2, 504, 800 England , Holland, Cuba, Hamburg, India, France.
Grain :
Rye 45, 650 9, 130, 000 Holland, Prussia, France, Switzerland, Luxemburg.
Wheat 62, 349 17, 457, 720 Prussia, Holland, Luxemburg, France, England.
Other 23, 079 5, 538, 860 France, Prussia, Holland, Italy, Austria, Russia.
Guano and compost 12, 586 3,045, 812 Prussia, Switzerland, Holland, Sweden and Norway.
Hides :
Raw .. 9, 035 12, 117, 455 Prussia, France, England, Holland, Hamburg.
Tanned 123 541, 200 Prussia, France, England, Switzerland, Holland, Aus
tria
Hops . 1, 440 1 , 800, 000 England, France, Prussia, Holland, Saxony.
Iron :
Manufactured 17, 133 9, 320, 352 England, Holland , Hamburg, Cuba, Russia, Chili.
Mineral 3, 512 49, 168 France, Prussia, Holland, England.
Scrap and cast 1, 413 155, 430 Holland, France, England, Brazil, Prussia, Portugal.
Wrought.... 59, 476 16, 355, 000 Prussia, France, United States, Holland, England.
Lard and tallow 9, 644 10, 608, 400 Prussia, Holland, France, England, Switzerland.
Lead 6, 173 3,395, 150 France, England, Holland, Russia, Prussia, United
Machinery : States.
Cast.. 26, 919 21 , 535, 200 Russia, France, Spain, Prussia, England, Italy.
Manufactured iron 4, 161 6, 241, 500 Prussia, France, Holland, Switzerland, Italy, Eng.
and steel. land.
Minerals and clays .. 11, 547 461, 880 Holland, France, Prussia, Eugland, Russia.
Oils 1,775 1,775, 000 Prussia, Switzerland, Holland, England, France.
Oil-seeds 11, 194 3,917, 900 Prussia, France, Holland, Switzerland, England.
Paper . 12, 289 15, 407, 406 England, Holland, Spain, Brazil, France.
Rags 4,766 1, 429, 800 Prussia, Holland, England, United States, France.
Resin and petroleum . 10, 220 3,740, 520 Prussia, Switzerland, Holland, France, Saxony.
Rice 6, 660 3, 330, 000 France, Prussia, Holland, Cuba, Switzerland."
Seeds 836 543, 400 France, Prussia, England, Holland, Hamburg.
Soap 155 33, 325 France, Holland, Chili, Luxemburg, Prussia.
Stone 75, 200 5, 264, 000 France, Holland, Prussia, Turkey, England.
Steel :
Manufactured 267 534,000 Russia, Spain, Prussia, England, United States.
Wrought... 920 552, 000 Spain, Portugal, Russia, Italy, Luxemburg.
Sugar:
Raw... 19, 686 10, 827, 300 France, England, Holland, United States, Sweden and
Norway.
Refined 7,078 5,874, 740 England, France, Sweden and Norway, Holland, Den
mark.
Sulphur 5, 601 1, 120, 200 Prussia, France, England, Russia, Portugal.
Tan-bark. 1,705 341,000 Prussia, England, Holland, France.
Thread 759 3, 992, 340 France, Prussia, Switzerland, Holland.
Tissue :
Cotton 1,397 7,823, 200❘ Prussia, Holland, Austria, France, Hamburg.
Linen 303 1,999, 800 Prussia, Holland, France, Russia.
Woolen 767 13, 039, 000 England, France, Holland, Prussia.
Tobacco, manufactu'd. 242 973, 324 England, France, Holland, Prus Portugal.
Vegetables :
Potatoes 19, 585 1, 958, 300 England, France, Holland, Prussia.
Other 1,377 41, 310 France, Holland, England, Prussia.
Wood :
Cabinet-making .. 61 22, 265 Prussia, Holland, France, Portugal.
Construction 8, 291 989, 400 France, Holland, Prussia.
Yarn 1,423 16, 008, 750 France, Prussia, Switzerland, Holland.
Zinc .. 13, 105 8, 518, 250 France, England , Holland, Prussia, Italy.
Others declared and 61, 457, 000
estimated in francs.
Total, francs 332, 897, 011
Total, U. S. gold $64, 249, 123
BELGIUM. 113
Statement showing the commerce at Antwerp, &c.— Continued.

EXPORTS (IN TRANSIT).
Description. Quantity. Value.* Whitber.
Tons. Francs.
Brandy and gin 730 364,995 Prussia, Switzerland, Luxemburg, Spain,
United States.
Chemicals 33 8, 250 Prussia, France, Switzerland, Holland.
Coffee... 13, 064 32, 660, 000 Prussia, Switzerland, France, Luxemburg,
Holland.
Copper and nickel 166 431, 600 Prussia, Switzerland, Austria, France.
Cotton ........ 1,284 1,926, 000 Prussia, Switzerland, France, Holland.
Drugs ……………………… 107 117, 700 Prussia, Switzerland, France, Holland.
Dyes 378 132, 300 Prussia, France, Switzerland, Luxemburg.
Flax and hemp .. ... 86 215, 000 France, Prussia, England.
Fruit ........ 2, 564 828, 172 Prussia, France, Holland, Switzerland.
Glass, window 2,579 1, 031, 600 Prussia, France, Holland.
Hides, untanned 141 211, 500 Prussia, Switzerland, France, Holland.
Iron 28,436 9,952, 600 France, Switzerland , Prussia, Holland.
Machinery ........ 5, 427 6, 512, 400 Switzerland, France, Prussia, Italy, Holland.
Meat. …………………………………. 71 78, 100 Prussia, France.
Oil . ......... 215 215,000 Prussia, Switzerland, Holland, Spain.
Rags . 14 4, 200 Prussia, France, Switzerland.
Resin 71 25, 986 Prussia, France, Holland, Luxemburg.
Rice ..... 42 21, 000 Holland, England, Prussia.
Steel.. 833 333, 300 Portugal, Spain, Italy, Russia.
Sugar, crude 10, 218 5, 619, 900 England, France, Holland, United States.
refined . 408 333, 644 Switzerland, Holland, Prussia, Rio de la Plata,
England.
Sirup and molasses. 3, 465 866, 250 France, Sweden, Holland, England.
Tissue, cotton.. 1,884 10, 550, 400 Switzerland, Prussia, France, Holland.
woolen...... 544 9, 248, 000 England, France, Prussia, United States.
Tobacco, leaf. 1, 494 2,841, 600 Holland, France, Prussia, Spain.
Wines 2,792 4, 427, 714 Prussia, Holland, United States, France.
Wood, cabinet-making . 549 192, 150 Prussia, Holland, England, France, Portugal.
construction 40, 484 4,807, 475 France, Holland, Prussia.
Wool 5,345 16, 935, 000 Prussia,
land. France, England, Holland , Switzer
Others declared in francs 71, 463, 164 Prussia, France, Holland, Switzerland.
Total, francs 182, 160, 000
Total, United States gold $35, 214, 780
* Including costs and charges.

Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Antwerp to the
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
December March 31, June 30, September year.
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Barrels. $34, 606 84 $38, 310 32 $54, 694 61 $30, 532 48 $158, 134 25
Books 690 05 1,087 46 1,777 51
China clay 938 49 665 30 1,603 79
Church vestments. 649 50 401 44 1,050 94
Coffee 46, 338 54 46,388 54
Extract of meat.. 5,952 12 4,400 40 7,874 40 7,272 24 25, 499 16
Glass, plate 7,483 79 3, 528 91 11, 012 70
window 1, 957 08 4,361 75 2,985 08 4,544 62 13, 848 53
Hides and skins . 202, 778 74 102, 943 12 33, 073 46 18,748 06 357,543 38
Linen and other manufactures 1, 431 82 3,999 64 5, 431 46
Paintings 1,018 85 5, 105 04 1,535 99 3,523 89 11, 183 77
Paper 3,036 81 5, 341 26 2, 124 42 2,089 45 12, 591 94
Rags and paper stock 1, 491 06 4, 763 61 4, 415 14 10, 669 81
Roans.. 8,006 80 10, 899 87 18, 906 67
Sourkrout 3,732 59 740 71 4,473 30
Spiegeleisen... 26, 966 43 61, 179 92 92,474 70 43,516 65 224, 137 70
Sugar ....... 383, 332 10 27, 760 71 411, 092 81
Sulphur ………………… . 2,077 48 628 63 2,706 11
Willows.. 1,273 80 965 00 482 50 2, 721 30
Wine and liquor 331 72 581 63 1,466 00 6 56 2,385 91
Wool.. ........... 6,709 98 6,709 98
Zino ........ ........... 9, 356 21 9, 072 47 18, 428 68
Miscellaneous ........... 2,326 99 1,992 50 5,001 27 2,514 83 11,835 59
Total in United States gold 726,342 93 280, 129 68 224, 911 80 128, 749 42 1, 360, 133 83
Total for preceding year... 254, 295 79 223, 162 23 112, 920 44 222, 877 84 813, 256 30
Increase. 472, 047 14 56, 967 45 111, 991 36 546, 877 53
Decrease ......... 94, 128 42
8 C R
GHENT .
Statement showing the value of declared exports from Ghent to the United States for the four
quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
year.
Dec. 31, 1876. Mar. 31, 1877. June 30, 1877. Sept. 30, 1877
Rags and waste papers $89,527 27 $94, 673 14 $132, 919 91 $86, 587 70 $403, 708 02
Rabbit skins and hair 25, 999 93 14, 345 14 44, 348 40 43, 399 97 128, 093 44
Ultramarine blue. 1,283 45 3, 136 25 3,690 75 2, 016 85 10, 127 30
Plants .. 540 49 313 82 210 95 1,065 46
Machinery ............. 439 79 2, 039 04 2,478 83
Flax ……………. 1,970 97 3, 478 43 6,676 32 1,072 53 13, 198 25
Wool...... ……………………………… 3,800 88 3, 028 14 35, 934 01 42,763 03
Roans 3,855 36 2,991 86 8,830 45 15, 677 67
Miscellaneous 411 55 205 85 1,005 00 574 75 2,197 15
Total 1877. 123, 974 53 123, 036 13 227,566 25 144, 732 24 619, 309 15
Total 1876 . 45, 380 64 73, 919 43 136, 866 77 146, 164 05 402, 330 89
Increase. 78, 593 89 49, 116 70 90,699 48 216, 978 26
Decrease 1, 431 81
JAMES MILLWARD.
OSTEND.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular agency at Ostend to the
Quarter ending
Dec. 31, 1876. Mar. 30, 1877. June 30, 1877. Sept. 30, 1877. year.
Chicory, in powder $1,254 79 $480 61 $1,735 40

Flax 2, 370 25 2, 634 59 5,004 79
Total .. 3,625 04 3, 115 15 6,740 19
Total for preceding year 1, 754 93 3, 533 80 4,996 33 1,170 40 11,955 46
Increase 1,870 11
Decrease 418 65 4,996 33 1,170 40 5,215 27
A. VAN ISEGHEM.
VERVIERS AND LIEGE.

Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Verviers and
Liege to the United States, during thefour quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
Articles. Total.
Dec. 31, 1876. Mar. 31, 1877. June 30, 1877. Sept. 30, 1877.
CHATA B
Woolen goods... $28, 581 64 $36, 093 06 $9,858 93 $30, 162 22 $104, 695 85
Zino.. 1,611 22 13, 081 22 14, 692 44
Fire-arms 7,935 73 5,179 99 10, 182 93 21, 487 63 44, 786 28
Fancy goods 67 57 694 13 327-38 1, 089 08
Steel 188 45 1, 461 85 8 07 1, 658 37
Machinery ……..... 1,337 84 1,337 84
Glassware . 41 62 126 23 856 19 1,024 04
Paper ...... 318 24 318 24
Miscellaneous . .... 16, 107 75 6,272 39 9, 670 79 17, 077-38 49, 128 31
Total in United States coin 53, 241 00 49, 133 52 33, 355 84 83,000 09 218, 730 45
Total for preceding year · 86, 907 82 79; 063 46 49, 925 53 46,336 92 262, 233 73
Increase.. 36, 663 17
Decrease 33, 666 82 29, 929 94 15, 569 79 43, 503 28
GEO. C. TANNER.
BRAZIL. 115
BRAZIL .
RIO DE JANEIRO, November 1 , 1877. ( Received December 15. )
Report upon the agriculture, industries, railroads, and immigration of

Brazil.
I have the honor to herewith submit my annual report upon the agri
culture, industries, railroads, and commerce of Brazil, for the year ending
June 30, 1877.
AGRICULTURE AND EMANCIPATION.
Agriculture, beyond a doubt the backbone of the empire, cannot at

present be said to be in a very flattering condition. There have been
strong appeals made to the imperial chambers asking for the adoption
of some measure that may lead to the solution of the great labor ques
tion, which has been an all-absorbing topic since the law of gradual
emancipation of the slaves went into force. It is estimated that during
the past five years there have been not less than thirty thousand able
bodied slaves given their freedom through the means of the public
emancipation fund, gifts, and donations by philanthropic people, and by
the efforts of the slaves themselves, many of whom have, by careful
management, been able to to earn enough money to purchase their own
freedom. According to the latest report published on the subject, there
appears to be, all-told, in the empire, 1,419,966 slaves. The following
statement gives their distribution through the empire by provinces :
Statement showing the distribution of slaves throughout the empire of Brazil by provinces.
Provinces. Number. Provinces. Number.
Amazona8 1, 130 Espirito Santo 22, 659

Pará . ………………………...... 25, 916 Rio de Janeiro.. ............... 322, 987
Maranham. ………..... .... 63, 967 San Paulo.. ..................... 154, 861
Piauby ....... 24, 318 Paraná ............ 9, 792
Ceará.. 33, 409 Santa Catharina …………………………….. 13, 884
Rio Grande do Norte. 12, 858 Rio Grande do Sul ........... 77, 633
Parahyba.. 26, 033 Minas-Geraes ............... 298, 496
Pernambuco ............…………………. 93, 752 Goyaz ...... 7,888
Alagoas …………………………. 30, 216 Matto-Gross0 7, 130
Sergipe ........... 27, 634
Bahia.. 165, 403 Total . 1,419,966
The minister of agriculture, in his last annual report, when treating

on this subject, said :
The greatest difficulty to planting arises from the scarcity of labor, which, especially
since the law of free birth, has become a problem, the solution of which can no longer
be laid over without danger of drying up the fountains of our national wealth. Within
a few years more, owing to mortality and to legal and private emancipations, slavery
will disappear from our plantations, and with it the labor on which our production
depends. As yet the south supplies itself with the slaves which the impoverished
north sends to it for sale ; but this is merely a transposition of labor from one part of
the empire to another, which exhausts the north, and which is far from remedying
the labor difficulties which are felt in all parts of the south.
Coffee. Of the three most important and in fact principal agricultural
products, coffee is by far the greatest in extent. It stands out promi
nently as the only one that not only maintains itself, but is actually in
creasing in extent year by year.
Sugar- cane.- The culture of the cane is undoubtedly undergoing a
period of decay, especially in the northern provinces , due in great part,
it is claimed , to the decline in the price of sugar ; but many Brazilians
are of the opinion that to the export duty which was imposed in 1875
is largely to be attributed the decay of this production.
Cotton. This article has fallen off for several years, which falling off
is also ascribed to the export duty of 1875. Whilst this allegation I
have no doubt has some foundation, it cannot be overlooked that the
government has, by encouraging the erection of factories and by main
taining a duty on foreign cotton fabrics, to some extent encouraged the
production of cotton.
MANUFACTORIES.
The absence of regular and reliable statistics of these industries makes

it quite out of my power to enter minutely into the subject. It is, how
ever, beyond any doubt a fact that manufactories are increasing here
very considerably ; inasmuch as in the markets at present there are to
be found a considerable quantity of home-manufactured articles, some
of which but a few years since were almost ( if not quite) exclusively im
ported . Among those articles are optical, nautical, and surgical instru
ments ; shoes, boots, and hats ; liquors of various kinds ; beer and vinegar ;
wrapping-paper aud paste-board ; snuff, tobacco, and cigars.
Founderies. - Of all the manufactories in Brazil, the minister of pub
lic works gives the first place to its founderies. Of these there are
eighteen reported , twelve of which are for iron , and six for bronze, brass ,
and copper. About one thousand workmen are employed in them .
Car shops.- There are in Rio several important factories of vehicles
of different kinds, including street-cars and carriages of various descrip
tions. The very extensive shops of the Dom Pedro II Railroad being
the largest and most important.
Hat factories, on a small scale, abound in Rio de Janeiro, and accord
ing to the latest and best information obtained , they turn out about
$600,000 worth per annum .
Cotton factories.-There are thirty cotton factories reported , some of
which are of considerable importance. Eleven of this number are located
in the province of Bahia, five in the province of Rio de Janeiro, six in
San Paulo, and one each in the provinces of Alagoas , Pernambuco, and
Maranham. The combined capital of fifteen of the more important ones
is reported to be equal to about $ 2,500,000. So far as I have been able
to ascertain none of these enterprises up to this time have proved
renumerative investments.
Woolfactories. - In the province of Rio Grande do Sul is a wool factory
which is said to have a capital of about $ 100,000 . It has twenty looms
and one thousand spindles, and the goods turned out are said to equal
the best that are imported. I understand it pays very well.
FISHERIES.
The coast of Brazil and the numerous rivers abound in excellent

fish. The whale and porpoise on the coast abound in great quantities,
and are largely sought for their oil. Large quantities of fresh, salt, and
preserved fish are consumed by the population, and if the trade was only
properly managed , it would in my opinion soon become an important
branch of industry and commerce in Brazil . Shrimps , prawns, and
BRAZIL. 117
lobsters are abundant, as well as oysters, but the latter are certainly
very inferior to those commonly found in the markets of the United
States. They are large in size and very tough, and have a disagreeable
flavor ; but notwithstanding this they are in some places on the seaboard
reported to be the almost exclusive food for many of the poorer in
habitants. There have been some fishing companies organized in this
capital, one of which, the " Guanabara," had a capital of $300,000, and
while it lasted rendered good service to the inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro.
Notwithstanding it had a guarantee of 5 per cent. for five years upon
the capital , it did not succeed, but after a struggle of some two years it
went to pieces and was sold out for debt. So at present there are no
fisheries in Brazil worthy of mention which are conducted on any con
siderable scale, the markets being supplied by the hundreds of Portu
guese and Italians who ply their trade in small boats and in a most
primitive manner.
IMPERIAL RAILROADS.
Dom Pedro II Railroad. - This is by far the most important railroad

in the empire, being the trunk of almost the entire existing system of
railways, and that which has the largest traffic. Beginning at the cap
ital ofthe empire, it crosses an important part of the province of Rio. One
of its branches penetrates into the province of San Paulo and connects
with the entire railway system of that province. Other branches of
this line extend into the province of Minas- Geraes. From the latest
published reports , it appears that there are now open to traffic (includ
ing all the branches ) about 400 miles of this line. Crossing high mount
ains, which it is forced to ascend from the very commencement, it at
once becomes a worthy subject of professional study. In its first section
of about 50 miles there are no less than sixteen tunnels , all of which
are cut through solid rock, mostly granite, the combined length of which
is about four miles. The gross receipts of this road during the year
1876 are reported at $4,000,000, showing an increase of about $250,000
over the year preceding.
Santos and Jundiahy Railroad.-After the Dom Pedro II, this is the
next in importance, owing to its location, passing as it does through a
portion of one of the richest productive provinces ( San Paulo ) in the
empire. It was constructed by and belongs to an English company, and
has a capital of $ 13,250,000 , on which it has a government guarantee of
7 per cent. It begins in the town of Santos, which has a good seaport,
and terminates at Jundiahy, being about 90 miles in length . It ascends
the steep Cubatão Mountain by means of four inclined planes, the com
bined length of which is about 8,000 yards. The service is performed
by stationary engines and steel-wire ropes. This road has the following
branches, all of which penetrate a productive country : The San Paulo
and Rio de Janeiro Railroad ; the Itu Railroad ; the Mogy Morim and
Campinas Railroad ; and that to Ipanemma, an iron foundery which be
longs to the state. I am unable to give the length of these several cou
nections or branches for want of reliable data.
Recife and San Francisco Railroad. -This road also belongs to an
English company. It has a capital of a little more than $8,000,000 ,
upon which it has a government guarantee of 7 per cent. There are at
present 80 miles reported to be in operation, but the entire length of the
contemplated line is about 350 miles. Many years will doubtless elapso
before this is realized, if, indeed, it ever is. That portion of the line
now in operation begins at one of the suburbs of the city of Pernam
buco, and terminates at the town of Palmares, on the bank of the river
Una, after crossing some of the richest sugar districts in the province.
The Bahia and Joazeira Railroad also belongs to an English company ,

and has a capital of $ 9,000,000, with a government guarantee of 7 per
cent. This road has for some years had in operation about 85 miles of
the line, that is to say, between the city of Bahia and the town of Ala
goinhas. There are extensions of this line under construction, but I am
not sufficiently informed to give their contemplated length. It is a well
known fact, however, that that portion of the road which has been in
operation for a number of years has been anything but a paying enter
prise, the total receipts having fallen short of the running expenses by
a very considerable sum.
Besides these four lines (the Dom Pedro II, Santos, Bahia, and Per
nambuco), which are generally known as the main trunk lines, there
is a considerable number of other roads of less magnitude whose routes
have already been surveyed , and , in many instances, the government
guarantee of 7 per cent. obtained. I am, however, not able to enter
more fully into the subject at this time for want of reliable information .
Provincial railroads.— Railway enterprises have met with considera
ble encouragement in most of the provincial legislatures. In fact there
has, I am thoroughly convinced , been more encouragement given than
the financial condition of the several provinces warranted , and in too
many instances given so lavishly as to, if not wholly destroy their credit,
at least damage it to such an extent that capital has not been found, at
home or abroad, with which to construct some of the projected roads
that might become fairly good paying enterprises. There are in thir
teen provinces (not including the provinces of Rio and San Paulo) no
less than thirty- four concessions or grants for railroads, which alto
gether amount to about 4,000 miles in length, all of which have provin
cial guarantees of not less than 7 per cent.; but, notwithstanding this,
a sufficient amount of capital has only been realized to construct 50
miles, all told . This is merely mentioned to demonstrate the fact that
while a great number of railways appear on paper, in fact very few,
comparatively, exist in the empire without the support of the national
treasury .
IMMIGRATION.
In treating of agriculture, the minister who holds that portfolio of

the imperial government expressed a conviction that the longed-for cur
rent of immigration to this empire was about to become a reality. It
must be admitted in support of this prediction that the arrivals of late
years show a tendency to an increased European emigration to Brazil.
There seems to have been a very considerable immigration expected
from Russia, inasmuch as the religious society of Mennonites during the
last year sent a delegated committee to Brazil to make an investigation
and report results, which report I believe to have been favorable. As
yet, however, there have been no arrivals . In 1876 the arrivals of im
migrants numbered 30,567 , chiefly Portuguese, Italians, Austrians, and
Germans.
PUBLIC DEBT.
The following is a statement of the public debt of the empire on the

31st of December, 1876 :
Foreign debt ..... $92, 570, 505
Internal debt .... 146, 845, 189
Paper money ... .... 74, 700, 000
Deposits 16,366, 500
Treasury bills, about 11, 500, OCO
Total...... $341,982, 194
BRAZIL . 119
IMPROVEMENT OF PORTS .
The minister of agriculture, commerce, and public works , in his last

annual report, declares that the time has now arrived when the improve
ment of some of the more important ports of Brazil should be com
menced ; that of Pernambuco seems to be of most importance, as he
states that (in accordance with the report of the English engineer, who
not long since made a survey of all the ports of Brazil) about $2,000,000
will be required for the dredging of the anchorage, the removal of
shoals, and the reconstruction of quays. The port of Ceará is also
indicated as one which will require an expenditure of not less than
$1,000,000, and he indicates that an appropriation shall be asked for
at no distant day to enable the commencement of the said improve
ments.
JOSEPH M. HINDS .
BRAZIL.
PARA, November 24, 1877. (Received December 22.)

Brazil : A report upon the riches of the country, impoverishment of the
people, agriculture, immigration, taxation, and the disadvantages under
which Americans and American trade labor.
THE VALLEY OF THE AMAZON.
The valley of the Amazon is the richest in the known world. From
its mountains may be dug gold , silver, iron, copper, quicksilver, zinc,
tin, &c., enough to employ all the surplus mining labor in the United
States. Its waters, a vast net-work of river communication , only need
ing proper utilization by means of increased steam navigation , railroad
and canal facilities, are stocked with turtle and fish, while from the sands
may be washed gold, diamonds, and precious stones. Its forests abound
in game, and in rare and valuable drugs, such as Peruvian bark, sarsa
parilla, ipecacuanha, &c., and in variegated cabinet-woods of finest grain
and most enduring texture ; in spices, and gums and resins of medi
cinal virtues the most varied ; while animals, birds, fruits, flowers ,
insects, shells, & c., offer exhaustless resources in this treasury of
nature's dominion. But this magnificent valley, by illiberal and unwise
legislation, and a consequent dearth of immigration , is impoverished , and
the millions of square miles that should now be teeming with wealth
are almost entirely untilled .
HOSTILITY TO IMMIGRANTS.
The Brazilian Government professes to offer great inducements to

immigrants, and yet these are more than neutralized by disabilities and
present disadvantages. Land is cheap, and tools and machinery are
imported free of duties, excepting port and official charges , amounting
to about 10 per cent. The ground is easily cleared , as the roots of the
trees do not strike deep. The soil is extraordinarily fertile, and sugar
cane, coffee, tobacco, cotton, anatto, cacao, India rubber, nuts, balsam.
copaiva, and numerous other valuable products, richly repay the labor
of cultivation. But a deep-rooted jealousy of foreigners exists in Brazil ,
and the policy of the government does not tend to encourage immigra
tion, though the need of it is the great obstacle to the permanent welfare
of the Northern Provinces. The existing laws clearly indicate the
drift of the undercurrent. Foreigners are denied the right of citizen
ship, except under peculiar circumstances, such as marrying a Brazil
ian, &c., which, of course, obliges them to labor under legal disabilities .
OPPRESSIVE DUTIES .
The import and export duties are so oppressive as to become a process

of self- strangulation, and effectually prevent progress, and at this time
the rulers talk seriously of increasing the duties on imports and exports ,
which are already from 50 to 70 per cent. , hoping thereby to increase
the revenue .
A statement of imports from the custom-house reports would only
show the duties to be from 5 per cent. to 30 per cent., but there is a war
tax in addition to those rates of 50 per cent. on the duties, which they
do not publish.
But the export duty completely paralyzes all enterprise, and is a more
effectual hinderance to the prosperity of Brazil than all the other domes.
tic causes combined.
For instance, a man buys a farm and plants, let us suppose cotton ,
and he pays his laborers $25 per month . At the end of the year he
brings to Pará for shipment 100 bales of cotton , and he calculates that
after paying freight and insurance charges he will gain 6 per cent.
over the cost of labor and fertilizers. To his surprise the producer
is informed that before he can export his cotton, he must give to
the government 16 bales out of the 100. For what ? The government
did not assist him in planting or paying the workmen, and it takes
away from him all the profit he might have made, and 10 per cent. of
his principal .
These export duties are levied upon everything produced , I believe,
except Peruvian bark ; consequently, Brazil can never hope to compete
with the United States until she removes all taxes from labor. No
emigrant in the United States ever pays a farthing when exporting his
products to Europe, and Great Britain receives all kinds of provisions
free of duty.
The export tax imposed upon the producer is increased also by the
tithe required for the church ; and between the two, the working classes
are under a burden that irremediably impoverishes them .
THE MIDDLE CLASS .
Brazil has no large and respectable middle class like the United States .
The present middle class are the empregados, government employés,
who dare not protest against the ever-increasing taxes for fear of losing
their situations ; hence the people are obliged to pay such heavy taxes
as to cause failures in every branch of business.
CATHOLIC ASCENDENCY.
Every department of government in this country, national, provincial,

and municipal, is under the absolute control of Catholicism , no mau
being eligible to office who is not a Roman Catholic.
THE ENGLISHMAN vs. THE AMERICAN IN BRAZIL .

England, a maritime nation , is ahead here, from the fact that she
delights in a quarrel with a weaker power to gain advantage through
BRAZIL . 121
any real or pretended insult to her subjects. The bold and ambitious
Englishman, therefore, thoroughly backed up by his government, and
in the enjoyment of liberal pay, assumes the patronizing style to such
a degree that Americans, I am sorry to say, are timid of asserting them
selves, some denying their country altogether, and a few (Southern
Confederates) regretting their misfortune to be born citizens of the
United States.
NAVIGATION OF THE AMAZON .
The greatest boon to North and South American commerce would be

the free navigation of the Amazon River and its tributaries , the trade
of which is now almost monopolized by England , while the United
States from its contiguity ought to reap the largest benefit.
STEAM COMMUNICATION WITH THE UNITED STATES.
The next great blessing would be direct and speedy steam com
munication with the United States. England already enjoys this
advantage with Pará, the port of entry to the Amazon , by means of
three regular lines of ocean steamers, while the trade of the United
States, has, at present, no other means of transit than by schooners , at
the mercy of wind and waves. Individually, I have had to wait from
seven to eight and even nine weeks for my letters, when interests at
home important to me were lying in abeyance. I am happy to hear,
however, that a subvention has been granted by the Brazilian Govern
ment to Messrs. Roach & Son, of Chester, and that we are to have a
line of steamers between the two countries . It cannot be too soon .
It would be pleasant to give a more favorable inside view, but I have
stated the obstacles in the way of commerce, so much needed with the
home government, faithfully, in order that the head of the State
Department at Washington may be able to cope successfully with the
exclusive policy of Brazil.
GOODS SUITABLE FOR THE BRAZILIAN MARKET.
In compliance with the circular letter of July 13, ultimo, as to how

best to enlarge the trade between the two countries, I have taken pains
to ascertain that the articles largely in demand here, and supplied
mostly by Portugal, are alpaca, muslin, macaroni, vermicelli, onions,
garlic, dried beans and peas for soup, pearl barley, bacon, salt pork,
wax and dipped candles, cod-fish, canned fish, and potatoes, also salt,
all of which might be furnished abundantly by the United States.
In conclusion, it affords me pleasure to state that the trade with the
United States shows a general increase in the imports during the last
year, as will be seen by reference to the inclosed statement. The returns
of exports and navigation are not yet completed at the custom-house ;
consequently, I am not able to send those statements at this time, but
will endeavor to forward them at an early day.
ANDREW CONE.
BAHIA.
OCTOBER 31 , 1877. (Received December 11.)
Report upon the commerce, agriculture, and industries of Bahia for 1877.
The general state of trade of this commercial district during the past
year shows many indications of improvement ; the crops have been good,
and in some instances, larger than those of the preceding year ; the
higher prices of produce which have ruled in the past year have put
money into the hands of the planters, and into more general circulation ,
and the small number of failures , and the absence of commercial difficul
ties during the year, tend to prove that the commercial depression which
has existed so long in this section of Brazil is being considerably alle
viated. The diamond trade, a very considerable branch of commerce,
still continues prostrated, but strong hopes of its revival are entertained .
PRINCIPAL IMPORTS.
American and European flour. -The principal articles of import from

the United States to this province consist of flour, kerosene, cotton
goods, and lard, together with a variety of other articles not amounting
in value to a large sum. The American flour which is imported here is
not considered so good as the Trieste and Hungarian , and it does not
command the same price in the market as the latter by 3 to 6 milreis
per barrel. It is scarcely used at all for bread making for city use, for
which purpose the Austrian flour, making a whiter bread , is exclusively
used. The American is principally sent to the interior, and largely in
the form of biscuits . The brands of American flour preferred here are
those of Baltimore and Richmond, the latter particularly, owing to the
belief that it keeps longer in this climate. Unknown brands are looked
upon with suspicion.
The flour trade of Bahia is in the hands of three or four parties who
control the market and by combination prevent others going into the
business. The quantity of flour imported into Bahia is comparatively
not large ; it amounts to about 70,000 barrels per annum, of which the
United States furnish one-half.
Kerosene. This article has been imported during the past year in
larger quantities than usual ; over 80,000 cases have been landed here
within the year. The trade, however, has been spoiled by the importa
tations of outside speculators, which have tended greatly to embarrass
the operations of those regularly engaged in the business . The pro
vincial assembly has recently voted a tax upon this article of 260 reis
(about thirteen cents) per tin, which is considered unconstitutional, and
should the leading importers and dealers make representation against
the matter to the Imperial Government, I have no doubt the same would
be abolished . The stock of kerosene at present on hand here is equiva
lent to at least six months' consumption, and, having been purchased at
high prices, a good deal of money must be lost upon it.
American cotton goods.- A great effort has been made during the year
to extend the trade in cotton goods at this port, and some of the prints
sent out are good, suitable, patterns, being fast in color and of a good
cloth, but the trade in them (as I am informed) has been injured by their
arriving here made up as seven-eighths goods, which have long since
gone out of consumption . To sell in this market it is necessary that the
BRAZIL . 123
goods come out nine-eighths, in pieces of 29 to 30 inches in width and

the length never running more than 24 to 25 meters per piece. The
width of the fold ought to be 10 inches. The cloth as a general rule is
too heavy, and to pay less duties a much lighter though better one ought
to be used-say what they call in England a Spanish or Mexican cloth.
The Madapolams and sheetings sent out are really too good for this
market. They ought to come (as I am informed) in a cloth not counting
more than 15 X 15 picks in a square of 5 millimeters. The pieces ought
to be 29 to 30 inches wide, and each piece containing only 24 yards.
The finish of the goods which have come out is quite suitable, being
what is called the soft finish and not calendered .
The blue drills from the United States have for many, years, from
their superiority, commanded a decided preference in this market, but
the trade in them has been completely overdone for some time back
owing to a number of outside speculators operating in them ; the conse
quence is that many of the dry-goods merchants who used to import
them and make handsome profits, are finding it more to their interest to
buy here on the spot from speculators. An inferior article of blue drills
(an imitation of American) is imported into this market from England ,
which, being of lighter cloth, pays less duty and leaves a fair profit to
the importer.
WANT OF AMERICAN HOUSES IN BAHIA.
It is unfortunate for the development of American commercial and

manufacturing interests that there should be no American houses of
business established in this port to introduce and exhibit the inventions
and improvements in machinery and agricultural implements of the
United States, and to bring more clearly under observation such pro
ductions of the United States as can be introduced here advantageously.
Numerous articles of commerce, as also machinery, such as is used for
factories, distilleries, and refineries , which are at present all received
from England or France, could and should be furnished by the United
States were suitable facilities of direct steam communication established
and a proper degree of energy manifested.
The entire American business of this port, amounting last year in the
aggregate to over $2,750,000, is conducted by foreign houses, which are
content to confine themselves to the limited requirements of the trade,
and are by no means interested in the energetic prosecution of Ameri
can business interests. A general American agency, with branches at
the various ports on this coast, for the importation of products from the
United States direct, would doubtless reap great advantages, for there
is probably no country at the present day where there is presented
such a field for American foresight, impulse, and enterprise as that of
Brazil.
PRINCIPAL EXPORTS .
Sugar.-The sugar crop of the past year exhibits an increase of about

fifty per cent. over that of the previous year, although by no means as
large as the crops of some former years. Prices generally have been
very good ; and although toward the close of the season a serious de
cline was experienced , the loss caused thereby fell mainly upon the spec
ulators holding large stocks in expectation of a still further advance.
Owing to the speculative feeling a large demand for sugar for the
United States from this port was created, and a greater quantity, say
about 13,000 tons, was shipped than at any previous period .
Coffee. The yield of the coffee crop was also somewhat larger than in
the previous year, and as the production of this crop does not necessa
rily require slave labor, and is not so dependent upon the variations of
the weather, it will doubtless continue to increase both in quantity and
quality ; it is, moreover, a safer article of production than sugar, and
can be relied in almost any contingency for more profitable results.
Of the other productions of this province, such as tobacco, cocoa,
hides, and wood, the quantities produced have been about the same as
in the previous year, but with a slight difference in value in favor of the
present year's crop .
DUTIES ON EXPORTS.
The duties upon exports from this province have varied somewhat,
and at present the amount exacted upon custom-house valuation is as
follows :
On sugar : Imperial duties, 7 per cent.; provincial , 3 per cent.; and 1
real per kilogram, with 3 per cent. additional.
On cotton and tapioca : Imperial , 9 per cent.; provincial, 2 per cent.;
and 1 real per kilogram, with 3 per cent. additional.
On coffee, cocoa, rum, piassava, tobacco, and wood : Imperial , 9 per
cent.; provincial, 6 per cent.; and 1 real per kilogram, with 3 per cent.
additional.
On hides, dry : Imperial, 9 per cent.; provincial, 400 reis each, with 3
per cent. additional.
On hides, salted : Imperial, 9 per cent.; provincial, 300 reis each , with
3 per cent. additional.
LABOR AND EMANCIPATION.
The apprehensions in regard to the probable want of laboring hands

in this section of Brazil seem to have been allayed , the sugar crop
alone requiring slave labor ; and the ability of the planters to produce
by economy of labor probably double the present yield of the sugar
crop with the hands now employed is admitted . Other crops, nota
bly that of tobacco, are yearly increasing without the necessity of black
or slave labor, and the opinion is gaining ground that the emancipation
of the black race, which is now being gradually accomplished in Brazil ,
will so slightly affect the labor question in this province as to be scarcely
perceived.
FAILURE OF IMMIGRATION.
Immigration to this province seems to have arrived at a termination .

Hopes of establishing successful colonies in this part of Brazil have been
abandoned . Those previously established have almost dwindled to
nothing. A few Americans who came out here some years ago still re
main upon the banks of the Pardo and Jequitinhonha Rivers , but they
are eagerly desirous of realizing what they may possess, in order to
return to the United States.
PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS.
Public improvements in Brazil are of slow growth, and the province.

of Bahia is not an exception to the rest of the country. Progress, how
ever, is accomplished , although slowly, and the city of Bahia at the
present time shows evidence of gradual but steady improvement. Its
BRAZIL. 125
streets are being improved, better graded, and repaved , and its present
system of street tramways will bear favorable comparison with those of
more important places.
The development of the province is retarded , however, by the slow
progress made in building highways and railroads. The latter interest
gives some promise of hopeful expectation. The San Francisco Rail
road, which extends some sixty miles out of this city, and which has
existed in its present condition for the last sixteen years, is now being
actively extended by the Brazilian Government, and will be carried to
a point on the San Francisco River, about 190 miles from this place,
where it will connect with a road from Pernambuco. The Bahia Cen
tral Railroad, which is intended to run through the center of the prov
ince to the diamond region , and eventually to a more southern point on
the San Francisco River, has been commenced and a branch section has
been completed, but the main line makes slow progress . The govern
ment granted to an English engineer, for the construction of this line,
a guarantee of 7 per cent. upon about $8,000,000. It was supposed that
a company could be formed and the money raised in England without
difficulty, but, although over two years have elapsed since the granting
of the subsidy, nothing of a decisive character has been done. Favor
able accounts in regard to the matter have, however, recently been re
ceived from England, and it is hoped that the plan will be eventually
carried out. The completion of these two lines of railroad will add
greatly to the advancement and development of the resources of this
province.
Manufactures.-The manufacturing interests of Bahia are of no great
extent. A few factories, additional to those previously reported , have
been established for the manufacture of coarse cloth and " twist," and
are doing well, but are not so prosperous as predicted . The other facto
ries existing in this city and the towns of the neighborhood are of
small extent and importance, and are for the production of soap , candles ,
cigars, beer, &c., to a comparatively limited extent. There are also in
Bahia and throughout the province a large number of distilleries and
several sugar refineries.
A statement of the banks, societies, companies, and agencies author
ized in this city will be found in Table E, herewith transmitted .
Port charges. The port charges at Bahia are as follows : light-house
dues 20 to 50 milreis, according to tonnage ; hospital dues 640 Rs. per
inan ; bill of health , Rs. 23000 ; government charge for clearance, Rs .
128000 ; lighterage, about Rs. 408000 per lighter, with Rs. 228000 per
day demurrage ; gratification to custom-house guards is also paid by
the vessel.
RICH'D A. EDES .
Statement showing the commerce at Bahia for the year ending September 30, 1877.
A.-IMPORTS.
Articles. Value entered. Whence imported.
Beef, jerked $208, 650 44 River Plate.

Boots and shoes.. ………………………………… ....... 187, 782 60 France, Great Britain .
Butter and lard …………................ 232, 480 45 United States, France, Great Britain.
Clothing ………………………………………………………………. 98,714 25 Germany, France, England.
Coal ………………………….. 392, 148 56 Great Britain.
Codfish, and other fish …………………………. 216,327 44 British possessions.
Drugs and medicines ……………………………………………….. 209, 640 80 United States, England, France.
Flour . ................. 588, 292 45 United States, Austria.
Glass and crockery …………...……………………………… . 165, 720 36 France, England, Germany.
Hats, caps, &c. …………………………….. 168, 750 62 England, France, Germany.
Iron, manufactured ……………………………………………………. 392, 184 30 Great Britain, United States, Germany.
Iron, rough. ……………………….......... 65,072 40 Great Britain.
Leather and skins ........ 87,540 20 Portugal, France, Spain.
Machinery . 95, 642 50 United States, England, France.
Manufactures of
Cotton 3,965, 720 46 Great Britain, United States.
Wool ………………….. 499, 845 60 Great Britain, Germany, France.
Flax .………………………………………. 202, 865 42 Do.
Silk .................... 326, 746 85 France, Great Britain.
Gold and silver ................ 98,750 40 Germany, England, France.
Oils, kerosene and other ............ 297, 342 20 United States, Italy, Portugal.
Paper.. ……………..... 129,850 40 Germany, France, England.
Powder 78, 680 30 Great Britain, Belgium.
Salt.. ................ 137, 480 65 Portuguese possessions, West Indies.
Spirits . ..................... 184, 227 40 Great Britain, Germany, France.
Wine 670, 544 20 Portugal, France, Spain.
Miscellaneous 1,270, 500 00
10,971, 501 25
Amount ofduties . 3,982, 268 00
B.-EXPORTS.
Value, includ.
Articles. Quantity. ing costs and Whither exported .
charges.
Sugar ..kilograms.. 37, 705, 220 $3, 601, 253 50 Great Britain, United States, Channel
Islands.
Coffee....... ..do...... 7, 237, 311 1,976,753 85 United States, Great Britain, Germany,
France.
Cocoa . .do...... 1, 192, 250 331,859 10 Great Britain, France, Germany.
Tobacco …………..... do.. 14, 911, 352 3, 011, 914 84 Germany, Great Britain, Africa.
Cotton . ……………. .do..... 72, 250 16, 695 50 Great Britain, English Channel.
India rubber.....
....... ... do .... 40, 827 24,087 93 United States, France, England.
Piassava..…………………… do.... 5,048, 780 99, 769 50 Great Britain, France, Portugal.
Hides ........ .number.. 94, 472 316, 481 00 United States, European ports.
Rosewood …………….. ..logs.. 9, 587 223, 315 50 Do.
Brazil-wood ..pieces.. 96, 294 62, 476 00 Do.
Rum pipes.. 1,548 78, 918.00 River Plate, Africa.
Tapioca . .barrels.. 7,062 66,381 00 England, France, Germany.
Diamonds, &c 220, 599 50 France, Great Britain.
Cigars . 980,000 17, 700 00 Great Britain, Portugal.
Various articles.. 65, 450 00
Total.... 10, 313, 685 22
1C.
.showing
S877
,-
30
September
ending
year
the
for
Bahia
of
port
at
navigation
the
tatement
ENTERED
. .
CLEARED
to .
Steamers .vessels
Sailing Total
. Steamers
. .
vessels
Sailing .
Total
Flag
. or
From
No. NTons
. o. Tons
. No.
.
Tons No. Tons
. No. Tons
. No. Tons
.
England
.. States
.,portsnited
UEuropean 166 , 16
1217 179 54,817 345 , 33 168
9279 ,566
219 183 8,5557 351 , 23
4275
, rance
Fports
European 49 9, 48
72 16 4, 28 65 , 76 49
377 , 48
972 17 6,460 66 , 08
677
France 106 , 24 47
0104 ,152
87 63 17,832 110 ,984
104
Germany States
., nited
UChannel
English 47 1,8752 59 , 72
816
United
States Britain
.,Great
States
United ..... 16 ,5669 16 5,669 17 6,767 17 6,767
Portugal ..... Plate
.R, iver
Portugal 49 10,867 10,867 .47 ,31047 47 10,347
Sweden
Norway
and States
., nited
UChannel
English 42 10,875 42 10,875 39 0, 95 39
10 0,1095
Spain ,Portugal
.Spain 982 982 5 982 5 982
Austria .
Channel
English 1,680 1,680 6 1,680 1,680
Denmark
. ports .....
European …………….. 980 980 7 1,440 1,440
Russia .CBritain
, hina
Great ...... 1,786 1,786 4 786 7,186
Italy Plate
, iver
RItaly 4,1 22 1,422 4 1, 87 4 1, 87
Argentine
.
Republic ,Africa
Plate
River
...... ----- 4 ,185 1, 85 4 185 4 1, 85
Brazil European
ports
. …………. 13 4,180 4,180 16 1,877 16 1,877
Holland ..do 1, 50 1, 50 3 1, 50 3 ,150
, 20
0132 82 , 20
0132
cocox
Brazil
. ………........ Coastwise
packets
.mail 82 , 20
0132 , 20 82
0132
BRAZIL .
Total 344 , 36
2509 406 0, 93
115 750 ,329
624 346 , 86
6511 415 7, 45 761
117 4, 31
629
.
មី ន យ ៨៦បាន០០០ ឆិ È គី ទី ៩ ៖
127
D.-TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES.
Statement showing the imports and exports between Bahia and the United States during the
year ended September 30, 1877, and the tonnage employed therein.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Quantities. Value.
Flour.. bbls.. 33, 392 $291, 678 00

Kerosene ..... cases .. 80, 450 237, 250 00
Cotton goods ...... .do.. 2, 010 245, 240 00
Lard.. …………….................. ....pkgs .. 4, 020 35, 780 00
Resin... .bbls.. 3,166 14,775 00
Drugs and patent medicines …………….............. ............. cases .. 1, 104 27, 685 00
Locomotives .number.. 6 76, 400 00
Hardware...…………………… ..pkgs .. 77 6, 220 00
Pianos ……………………… number.. 21 7, 680 00
Miscellaneons 26, 370 00
Total 969, 078 00
Tonnage employed.
Flag. No. Tonnage. Value of

cargoes.
United States 7 1,617 $228, 420 00
Foreign . 24 9, 012 746, 658 00
Total.. 31 10, 629 969, 078 00
EXPORTS.
Brazil wood ……………….. ..pieces.. 26, 194 $13, 453 14

Coffee.... bags .. 18, 261 312, 144 23
Hides .... number.. 21, 373 70, 555 38
India rubber. .bbls.. 137
Do ……………………..………. cases .. 108 9,793 50
Rosewood. ………………………………… .........
...logs .. 2, 156 48,700 55
Sugar .....➖➖ ....bags.. 152, 533 1,402, 268 62
Do ...... cases.. 284
Miscellaneous 1,932 52
Total *1, 858, 847 94
Tonnage employed.
No. Tonnage. Value of

Flag. cargoes.
United States 3 823 $125, 275 00
Foreign 48 22, 247 1,733, 572 94
Total .... 51 23, 070 1,858, 847 94
* An increase of $1,370,618.27 as compared with preceding year. Increase principally in sugar and
coffee.
Societies
-
E.
sin tatement
authorized
cbanks
,a ompanies
nd
.agencies
Bahia
of
province
the
.
Denomination .
credit
of
Seat .
credit
of
Character Nominal
capital
. Realized
.capital
.Bahia
do
Banco Bahia nd
aloans
..,deposits
Discounts $,.800
0Rs 000
00
$,4. 57
89Rs
Caixa
Economica .do .do 0$,600 $3, 00
04,678 65
do do
9 CR
Caixa
Commercio
Sociedade 0$,600 0$,600
Caixa
Hypothecaria
.. do do 000
,02100 0, 00
$950
Economias
Caixa
de ..do do 300 0$,673 00
Mercantile
Banco ..do do 0$,800 0$,500
Discounts 88
9999
and
Bank
Brazilian
The
.New
London London deposits
and $, 90
88,888 0$,400
Queimado
the
of
Company Bahia
.. Company
Water
City
.. $0, 00
1,200 $0,100
.Publico
Interesse
of
Insurance
Company ..do Marine
and
insurance
fire $, 00
0100
Commercial
Insurance
of
Company .do ..do 2, 000, 000$000 0$,2100 040 $, 00
...
Allianca
Insurance
of
Company ... do do $0,200 $000
100,000
Railroad
Francisco
San
and
Bahia
of
Company London Railroad tr
,0.18s£00 tr
,0.18s£00
Economicos
Vehiculos
of
Company Bahia Tramroa
City d .900
$0,Rs .850
,0Rs 008000
Urbanos
Transportes
of
Company ..do .do $000
1,200,000 733
,0008000
imited
Gas
,Lthe
ofBahia
Company London .
Company
Gas
City 00
tr
,0.1s£50 str
,0.5£000
Amarenze
St.
Aquaria
of
Company Bahia Amaro
.of
Santo
Company
Water ,Rs
.2$050 00 .200
$0,Rs 28
..
Navigation
Steam
Bahia
the
of
Company London Navigation
Coast 1,0.s£60 00
tr s
1
.
2
,
£ 49
tr
80
Nazareth
.de
Tramroad
of
Company Bahia Railroad
Nazareth
of .200
$0,Rs .300 54
$0,Rs
Industrial
Animação
..of
Company ..do Amaro
Santo
of
Railroad $0,5100 1,500,000
$000
.Railroad
Central
Bahia
of
Company ..do Railroad 13 $0, 00
.
Seguros
de
Transatlantica
Sociedade Hamburg Fire
insurance $0,9100 71 1,971
$0, 00
Company
Assurance
Union
the
of
Agency London insurance
marine
and
.Fire ,0.25s£tr 00
BRAZIL .
London
Agency
Company
Assurance
Northern
the
of ..do ..
insurance
Fire ,0200 0,1.£
s00 tr
50
Agency
Company
Insurance
Liverpool
and
London
the
of Liverpoo
. l ..do ,0400
.
Company
Insurance
Marine
Foreign
and
British
the
of
Agency London Marine
insurance ,0Rs
.1$000
Company
.Insurance
Royal
the
of
Agency Liverpool insurance
life
and
.Fire str
,0.2£ 00
Agency
.
Company
Insurance
Fire
Commercial
Scottish
the
of Glasgow .do 0,200 s00
,0.1& tr
Company
Imperial
.Fire
Insurance
Agency
the
of London Fire
insurance $,.120
2Rs 22
4
Garantia
Seguros
Companhia
.de
Agency
the
of Porto insurance
marine
and
Fire
. $0,1 00 .600
0$,Rs 0
129
PERNAMBUCO .
Statement showing the imports from the United States at the port of Pernambuco in the year
ended June 30, 1877.
Articles. Custom-house Rate of

Quantity. valuation. duty.
Per cent.
Oils .kilograms. 4,867 $1,216 50 10
Codfish and other fish . .do... 9, 101 729 00 10-30
Spirituous drinks . ..liters .. 5,996 1,900 50 30
Shoes pairs.. 60 160 00 30
Meats .kilograms.. 4, 248 738 50 10-30
Drugs and medicines. .do... 945, 327 4,808 50 3
Wheat-flour .do.. 5, 262, 671 212, 976 50 10
Hardware. .do... 9, 618 5, 239 00 30
Do.. dozen.. 29 274 50 30
Iron, in bars. .kilograms .. 120 21.00 30
Jewelry . do... 8 147 00
Do dozen.. 38 1,353 50
Crockery, glass .. kilograms .. 2,213 686 50 30
Various machinery do... 646 195 50 10
Do.. .number .. 1 15 00 10
Butter and lard.. kilograms .. 143,740 43, 121 50 30-20
Manufactures of cotton .do... 35, 828 36, 691 00 30
Manufactures of linen . do ... 7,974 2,247 00 30
Paper and pasteboard do... 36, 206 3, 105 50 30
Kerosene .do.. 2,048, 893 282, 135 00 30
Resin .do ... 556, 888 14, 837 50 30
Sundries.. 41, 610 00 10-30
Total. 654, 209 00
The custom - house in Pernambuco thus states the total amount of

import duties collected by it during the year :
By duties per column given above primary rates... $2,534, 951 87
By duties additional to primary rates... 1, 188, 892 42
By charges for dispatching 9, 057 00
Total 3,732, 801 29
This sum indicates a total import from all countries of about $ 9,000,000
at custom-house valuation .
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-There is collected on all articles of import an additional duty of 45 per cent. of
the amount of duty which results from the rates given in the last column.
BRAZIL . 131
Statement of the exports from the port of Pernambuco to all countries during the year ending
June 30, 1877.
Custom-house
Articles. To what countries. Quantity. valuation for
each country.
Rum ..liters .. Argentine Confederation 976, 741 $65, 183 78

Do .do.... Uruguay 127, 280 9, 249 12
Do .do... France.. 61 4 82
Do .. .do.... Portugal . 42, 498 2,565 42
Total. 1, 146, 580 77, 003 14
Cotton .kilograms .. France.. 275, 638 52, 087 55
Do. do... Great Britain 7, 195, 647 1,311, 174 59
Do do... Spain .. 2, 339, 144 422, 206 21
Do .do . Portugal. 562, 180 103, 422 92
Do do... Russia 579, 840 108, 576 42
Total. 10, 952, 449 1,997,467 69
Sugar kilograms .. Argentine Confederation 9, 533, 090 1, 187, 628 53
Do.. do.. Uruguay.. 2, 380, 395 264, 650 70
Do .do.. United States*. 32. 417, 060 2,633, 179 29
Do .do... France 278, 100 23,419 80
Do .do . Great Britain 29,683, 900 2,415, 361 75
Do .do.... Portugal .. 6,927, 562 672, 111 07
Total.. 81, 220, 107 7,196, 351 14
Hides and skins kilograms.. United States 207 31 52
Do ... .do ... France.. 916,828 114, 993 52
Do .do... Great Britain. 533, 033 78, 585 90
Do do... Spain . 595 226 98
Do. do... Portugal . 600, 477 116, 203 94
Total. 2,051, 140 310, 041 86
Molasses .kilograms.. Argentine Confederation 2,400 54 00
Do... .do... Portugal..... 107, 015 1,904 66
Total. 109, 415 1,958 66
Sundries Germany . 16 11
Do Argentine Confederation 81 72
Do Hanseatic cities 22 50
Do United States . 102 47
Do France. 3,014 89
Do Great Britain . 7, 122 08
Do Portugal... 29, 404 30
Total. 39, 764 07
Grand total 9, 622, 686 56
RECAPITULATION OF TOTAL VALUE OF EXPORTS TO EACH COUNTRY.

Germany $16 11
Hanseatic cities 22 50
Argentine Confederation 1, 253, 948 03
Uruguay 273, 899 72
United States . 2,633, 513 28
France 193, 520 58
Great Britain 3,812, 244 32
Spain . 422, 433 19
Portugal. 924, 512 41
Russia.. 108, 576 42
Total 9, 622, 686 56
Statement showing the navigation between the port of Pernambuco and the United States dur
ing the year ending June 30, 1877.
ENTERED.
Flag. Steamers. Sailing-vessels. Total.
B322111
American . 18 4, 423 18 4,423
British 4 5, 434 19 4,387 9, 821
Danish 2 417 417
German 2 390 390
Norwegian 1 217 217
Swedish 280 280
Spanish.. 174 174
Brazilian
Portuguese
Total 4 5, 434 44 10, 288 48 15, 722
CLEARED.
American .
&=~
22 6, 364 6, 364
British 13 14, 066 6, 971 21, 037
Danish 2 422 422
German
Norwegian
Swedish
3113
3113
612 612
Spanish . 230 230
Brazilian 255 255
Portuguese . 793 793
Total 13 14,066 60 15, 647 73 29, 713
JOSEPH W. STRYKER.
RIO GRANDE DO SUL.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Rio Grande to
the United States during the four quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Dried ox and cow hides . $139, 175 60 $361, 162 10 $241, 319 09 $136, 392 36 $878, 049 15
Salted hides 2, 668 14 8, 645 24 11, 313 38
Mixed hair 15, 146 06 41, 486 31 30, 319 06 15, 010 43 101, 961 86
Wool . 8,415 89 20, 283 61 48, 556 45 17, 213 86 94, 469 81
Kip hides 40, 315 19 40, 315 19
Miscellaneous, comprising bones, horns,
glue-stock, & c. 5, 182 68 9,498 37 5,604 22 4, 162 97 24,448 24
Total. 210, 903 56 441 , 075 63 325, 798 82 172, 779 62 1, 150, 557 63
GEORGE F. UPTON.
BRAZIL . 133
RIO DE JANEIRO .
Statement showing the commerce of Rio de Janeiro for the years (ending June 30) 1875, 1876 ,
and 1877.
A.-IMPORTS, BY ARTICLES.
Articles. 1875. 1876. 1877.
Cottons $11,088, 853 10 $10, 728, 070 29 $9, 411, 736 22

Woolens.. 3, 200, 974 29 3,815, 788 74 3,396, 711 49
Linens.. 1,784, 807 15 1,516, 912 67 1,607, 766 55
Silks 1, 451, 163 20 1,056, 213 09 1,333, 705 56
Paper of all descriptions . 646, 411 04 664, 427 42 962, 545 50
Iron of all descriptions 1,706, 183 30 1,756, 187 95 1,399, 389 57
Copper of all descriptions 560, 881 25 481, 613 34 504, 186 38
Lead of all descriptions . 128, 405 89 162, 107 90 167, 588 31
Gold and silver * 2,596, 966 65 5,462, 912 72 1,980,871 69
Woods 802, 795 49 698, 902 94 749, 066 14
Meats 4,975, 525 10 4,257, 439 79 4,568, 187 45
Vegetables. 2,009,725 15 2, 419, 400 23 2, 522, 527 43
Plants.... 1,038, 795 54 1,034, 752 58 1,056, 372 15
Juices.. 4,843, 678 93 4,616, 749 62 4,010, 892 12
Dyes t.. 1, 141, 346 83 1,034,954 52 1, 265, 540 79
Chemicals . 940, 078 29 1, 163, 111 05 1, 164, 293 03
Earthen and glass ware 562, 193 41 553, 024 88 590, 998 91
Stones .. 2, 132, 572 94 2,245, 852 06 1,935, 735 11
Pelts and hides. 1, 727, 127 94 1,689, 479 44 1,596, 785 04
Machinery 841, 094 31 805, 434 30 795, 962 71
Sundries 2,458, 827 72 2, 682, 083 29 2,675, 359 50
Total.. 47, 238, 407 52 48, 845, 418 82 43,696, 221 65
* Including platina, &c. † Including those articles usually kept in a perfumer's stock.
B.-IMPORTS, BY COUNTRIES.
Whence imported . 1875. 1876. 1877.
Great Britain . $20, 202, 226 34 $21, 596, 524 83 $17, 279, 698 49
France 9,796, 678 08 9, 189, 664 95 8,770, 680 54
Portugal 2,933, 503 73 3,432, 193 36 3,428, 382 96
Germany.. ………......... 2,944,795 66 3, 116, 723 32 3, 148, 310 64
Argentine Republic . 2,318,989 64 3,056, 335 64 1,594, 462 80
United States 3,054, 618 23 3,017, 193 77 3, 289, 480 10
Uruguay …………… .. 2,581, 867 20 2,658, 104 53 2,793, 952 65
Belgium.. 1, 779, 169 17 1,565, 510 98 2,238, 741 98
Spain ..... .......... 909,906 48 430,207 96 427, 205 81
Italy …………………………. 275, 611 15 371, 004 99 223, 400 86
Sweden ..... 169, 138 62 136, 742 27 121, 672 10
Austria ................... 106, 180 46 51,004 00 82, 406 91
Chili . ......... ..... 67, 002 71 15, 831 03 59, 288 60
Russia ..... .... 14, 484 00 3,481 50 8, 993 92
Holland .............. 14, 205 10 505 00 1, 998 17
All other countries . 70, 030 95 204, 390 69 227, 245 12
Total...... 47, 238, 407 52 48, 845, 418 82 43,696, 221 65
Statement showing the commerce of Rio de Janeiro, &c.—Continued.

C.-EXPORTS, BY ARTICLES.
Articles. 1875. 1876. 1877.
Rum. $59, 345 23 $22, 294 30 $3,462 08

Cotton. 48, 914 87 230, 128 38 28, 602 80
Sugar ........... 77, 030 15 100, 220 59 65,904 79
Coffee ... 49,368, 372 77 47, 250, 158 32 44, 455, 691 04
Hides 312, 929 36 349,695 78 451, 038 33
Diamonds 186, 950 00 163, 614 00 330, 116 50
Farina .. 65, 421 12 69, 761 73 56, 715 05
Tobacco . ………………… .. …………….. 467,372 06 652, 574 85 937, 794 24
Rosewood ----.... 92,562 40 91, 754 38 128,812 90
Gold ……………….. 763, 466 13 1,280, 601 80 984, 529 80
Sundries 103, 311 28 61, 402 15 3,075, 763 22
Total. 51, 545, 675 97 50, 272, 206 28 50, 518, 430 75
D.-EXPORTS, BY COUNTRIES.
Countries. 1875. 1876. 1877.
United States $28, 141, 519 63 $27, 380, 796 20 $24, 266, 895 53
Great Britain 4,607, 101 50 5, 196, 707 33 6, 027, 726 15
France 6,609, 221 73 5,064, 674 11 5,675, 458 50
Germany. 3,692, 343 81 4, 292, 568 28 4, 014, 304 86
Channel (for orders) 2, 109, 915 10 2,500, 947 37 1,343, 053 94
Portugal 1,687, 992 93 1,679, 935 26 3,073, 946 80
Mediterranean ............. 439, 399 26 1,091, 544 72 328,901 32
Uruguay. 716, 410 42 926, 166 43 2, 127, 449 66
Belgium. 1,736, 386 16 908,117 05 824, 099 02
Sweden and Norway 288, 598 59 536, 490 17 235, 708 83
Argentine Republic ... 378, 223 20 389, 818 45 1,316, 075 00
Russia 251, 549 96 241, 949 44 183, 315 94
Italy... 808, 367 14 40, 887 14 134, 108 46
All other countries 78, 646 54 21, 604 33 967,386 74
Total ..... 51, 545, 675 97 50, 272, 206 28 50, 518, 430 75
FRANCIS M. CORDEIRO.
Annual exportation ofcoffee from Rio de Janeiro for the twenty years ending June 30 , 1877.
Year. Quantity. To Europe,

& c.
To United
States. Total.
1858.. Bags.. 1, 492, 850 1,077, 630 2,570, 480

1859 . ...do 853, 709 1,377, 050 230, 759
1860 . ..do 1,077, 072 1, 408, 312 485, 384
1861 .. ... do 1,416, 845 1,408, 312 2,825, 157
1862.. ...do 1, 626, 241 907, 290 2,533, 534
1863 .. ...do 1,346, 266 • 473, 390 2,819, 656
1864.. ...do 1, 195, 533 456, 753 1,652, 259
1865 . ... do 1, 140, 540 671, 359 1,811 , 625
1866. do 2, 333, 504 863, 760 3, 197, 460
1867 . ... do 1, 339, 892 1, 028, 743 2,368, 634
1868. .
.. do 1,754, 374 1,051, 606 3, 255, 989
1869 ...do 1,368, 800 1,404, 129 772, 929
1870 . ...do 1, 613, 415 1,526, 374 3, 139, 789
1871. ...do 1,024, 473 1,680, 260 2,704, 742
1872 . ... do 1, 227, 782 1,656, 844 2, 884, 626
1873 . ...do 1,077, 158 1, 383, 193 2, 460, 351
1874. ..do 1, 007, 909 1, 425, 800 433, 709
1875. ...do 1, 151, 782 1, 521, 499 673, 281
1876. ...do 1, 110, 301 2, 041, 995 3, 152, 296
1877. ...do 1,317, 498 1, 448, 424 2,765 , 922
BRAZIL. 135
Statement showing the quantities of rosewood, cotton, tobacco, and tapioca exported per annum
Rosewood
at Rio de Janeiro during the ten years ending June 30, 1876.
Tobacco
oca
. ton
Tapi
.
Cot
.
Year.
.
Dozen. Tons. Tons. Barrels.
1867.. 568 5, 208 3, 052 11, 394
1868. 4, 591 8,303 1,957 10, 202
1869 1, 112 3,307 1,755 12, 913
1870. 1, 043 1,314 621 7,175
1871 1, 019 2, 329 2, 316 6, 165
1872. 1,640 1,803 2, 055 12, 903
1873. 9, 116 1, 603 1, 114 4, 586
1874 1, 647 222 633 4,821
1875 .. 1,646 402 843 3,677
1876 .. 540 263 372 3,389
Statement showing the amounts of duties collected at the custom -house at Rio de Janeiro for the
ten years ending December 31, 1876.
Year. Imports. Exports. Total.
1867 $11, 207, 086 25 $3,276, 128 00 $14, 483, 214 25

1868 8, 131, 983 25 3,809, 099 00 11, 941, 082 25
1869 13, 004, 999 25 3,868, 496 00 16,873, 495 25
1870 11, 281, 506 00 3, 103, 241 00 14,384, 747 00
1871 14, 209, 712 50 3, 586, 315 50 17, 796, 028 00
1872 14, 216, 759 00 3,729, 106 00 17,945, 865 00
1873 14, 813, 607 00 4,456, 306 25 19, 269, 913 25
1874 15, 887, 426 25 4,457, 174 00 20, 344, 600 25
1875 15,021, 482 25 4,675, 349 00 19, 696, 831 25
1876 15,091, 093 25 4, 185, 244 00 19, 276, 337 25
JOSEPH M. HINDS.
CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES .
NICARAGUA.
SAN JUAN DEL NORTE.
Statement showing the commerce of San Juan del Norte for the year ending September 30, 1877
IMPORTS.
Articles. Value en Whence im

tered. ported.
Liquors, dry goods, cutlery, powder, guns, shot, &c.. $528, 124 England.
Provisions, hardware, dry goods, boots and shoes, medicines, lumber, &c .. 168, 800 United States.
Boots and shoes, extracts, liquors, &c.. 45, 594 France.
Boots and shoes, toys, & c 3, 335 Germany .
Liquors, soap, hats, sugar, &o.. 7,243 West Indies.
Total 753, 096
, ncluding
EXPORTS.
charges
Whither
exported
Value
.costs
and
i
.
Articles.
Gold and silver.. $160, 245 40 England.

India rubber 191, 053 20 Do.
Coffee, hides, indigo, tortoise-shell, deer-skins, and copper. 79, 613 91 Do.
Gold and silver.. 5,892 50 United States.
India rubber 291, 470 41 Do.
Hides, deer skins, coffee, cocoa-nuts, &c. 88,657 11 Do.
Gold and silver. 18, 308 70 France.
Rubber, coffee, and indigo. 11, 244 05 Do.
Deer-skins 7,072 10 Germany.
Rubber, hides, and coffee 2,030 80 Do.
Gold and silver. 1,340 00 West Indies.
Hides 15,690 00 Italy.
Brazil wood 2,357 50 Do.
Total 874,976 28
CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES. 137
Statement showing the navigation at the port of San Juan del Norte for the year ending Sep
tember 30, 1877.
Entered. Cleared.
Flag. From and to Steamers. Sailing.

vessels. Total. Steamers. Sailing Total.
vessels.
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons.
British... England... 1237, 142 1 183 13 37, 325

Do. New York 1 1,900 1 1,900
: .....
Do. Mosquito Coast 1 220 1 220
.....
United States . Port Limon, C. R. I 168 1 168
Do.. New York. 4 1, 133 4 1 , 133
..
Do. Mosquito Coast 872 872
French France 325 1 325
Norwegian Englaud 1 163 1 163
1
·
!!!!!
British. .do 12 37, 142 1237, 142
Do .. New York. 11, 900 1 1,900
Do.. Italy 183 1 183
Do.. Port Limon, C. R.. 220 1 220
United States.. Mosquito Coast 168 872 7 1,040
Do. New York... 1, 139 1, 139
French Mexico . 325 325
Norwegian .do 1 163 163
Total 14 39, 210 14 2, 896 28 42, 106 14 39, 210 14 2, 902 28 42, 112
Statement showing the imports and exports between San Juan del Norte and the United States
for the year ending September 30, 1877.
Articles. Imports. Emports.
India rubber. $291 , 470 41

Hides 55, 031 59
Deer-skins . 20, 601 10.
Coffee.. 8,970 42
Gold coin 5, 195 00
Cocoa-nuts 2,493 99
Indigo 546 50
Silver coin 500 00
Copper amalgam 500 00
Gutta-percha 378 00
Bar gold 197 50
Antelope-skins 64 75
Tortoise-shell 60 00
Tiger-skins 10 00
Cow-horns 76
Provisions, dry goods, hardware, boots and shoes, tobacco, medicines,
lumber, &c... $168, 800 00
Total 168,800 00 386, 020 02
WILLIAM E. SIBELL.
SALVADOR.
SONSONATE-ACAJUTLA.*
Statement showing the commerce of Sonsonate and Acajutla during the year ending September
30, 1877.
IMPORTS.
Articles. United All other Total.

States. England. Germany. France. countries.
Pkgs.
Cotton yarn and cloth . $1,881 43 $235, 235 91 $5, 234 18 $15, 122 96 $87 134, 135 $257,561 61
Linen yarn and cloth. 4,946 22 $8 4,946 22
Woolen yarn and cloth 251 20 5, 226 64 1,100 31 4, 673 39 75 00 81 11,326 54
Silk yarn and cloth .. 587 19 4,839 32 294 00 2,511 43 4, 000 00 43 12, 231 94
Mixed fabrics 1, 193 78 962 33 443 70 17 2,599 81
Provisions 1,569 40 4, 135 33 332 65 3, 416 58 1, 123 95 1,418 10,577 91
Flour 27, 014 33 7, 733 27, 014 33
Liquors and wines 468 64 295 00 1,351 45 6,958 24 1, 971 08 3, 135 11, 044 41
Earthen and glass ware. 59 80 2,878 69 5,304 68 958 58 720 9,201 75
Drugs, medicines, and perfumery 5, 693 06 432 31 131 27 4,980 78 683 24 492 13, 920 66
Ironware 1, 907 01 3, 775 33 248 45 660 50 96 17 731 6, 687 49
Haberdashery 21, 911 03 20, 142 50 16, 953 45 49, 027 60 1,162 18 5, 539 109, 196 76
Hats 758 20 4 758 20
Books 625 85 9 625 85
Machinery 3,085 58 453 90 119 80 363 66 146 4,022 94
Specie... 53,500 00 +38, 060 00 58 91, 560 00
Free goods 2, 143 76 10, 447 77 1,446 75 652 96 45 00 547 14, 736 24
Total.... 120, 072 46 296, 002 70, 32, 516 99 90, 914 86 48, 505 65 24, 896 588, 012 66
EXPORTS.
Articles. United Italy. All other Weight, Value.

States. England. Germany. France. countries. pounds.
Balsam of Peru .. $660 00 $8, 186 00 $4, 760 00 $ 1,840 00 $103 00 $950 00 16, 499 $16, 499 00
Silver ore. 5,985 00 9, 396 00, 96, 137 15,381 92
Coffee 609, 691 20 475, 621 50 125, 070 00 139, 560 00 13, 792 50 18, 382 00 9, 214, 118 1, 382, 117 20
Deer-skins 1,057 80 3,247 1,057 80
Hides . 9,459 24 5,400 00 123, 827 14, 859 24
Coffee in fruit 200 00 2,500 200 00
Cigars 515 00 103, 000 515 00
Mats 483 00 159 483 00
Indigo 7,350 00 51, 300 00 377 00 59, 027 59,027 00
Muscavado 20, 122 95 801 75 697, 490 20, 924 70
Cigarettes 410 00 410 00
Sugar. 3,240 00 250 00 34,900 3,490 00
Specie . 4,500 00 4,50 00
Sundries . 49 85 275 00 6, 048 324 85
Total.... 651, 581 19511, 895 17 139, 603 00 146, 849 85 13, 895 50 25, 965 00 1, 519, 789 71
+ Acajutla is the port of entry for the consular district of Sonsonate,
+ Central America, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador.
CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES. 139
Statement of the movement of shipping at the port of Acajutla for the year ending September
30, 1877.
ENTERED,
Steamers. Sailing Total.

vessels.
Flag. From
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
United States . Panama, San Francisco , and coast . 55 80, 988 55 80, 988
Do.. San Francisco .. 1 118 1 118
1325OQ
1326211
Do.. Coast 22 22
French ...do .. 1, 7
55 1, 557
Danish .do . 2 365 365
Prussian. ..do . 6 1,850 1,850
Colombian ...do. 488 488
Bolivian do . 1 132 132
British 1 329 329
Total 55 80, 988 17 4,861 72 85, 849
J. MATHÉ.
CHILI.
VALPARAISO, October 31 , 1877. (Received December 5. )

THE GENERAL DEPRESSION .
The revolutionary condition of the adjoining republics, Bolivia and
Peru, aside from the depressed state of their finances and the general
stagnation of trade in South America, has weighed heavily upon the
prosperity of Chili for the past year, the people of those republics being
the principal consumers of the agricultural productions of this country,
which is her great source of wealth. Her silver and copper mines being
controlled by European capitalists , the country derives little benefit
from this source.
EXORBITANT AND DISCRIMINATING TAXATION .

Another great obstacle to the commercial prosperity of her people.
comes from the government itself, especially from the excessive tax lev
ied upon the merchants and the arbitrary manner in which this tax is
collected . Wholesale merchants are assessed from $2,000 to $ 3,000 per
annum ; it makes but little difference what their sales may have been
for the year. This tax once levied , after ten days' notice, must be paid ;
if not, a guard of soldiers takes possession of the premises , their goods
are seized , and promptly sold at auction to meet the tax. No appeal
will be heard for an abatement until the tax is paid . The courts are
seldom appealed to for redress, for the reason that justice is slow and
litigation very expensive.
The principal reason of this high tax levied upon the commercial com
munity is the non-taxation of the real estate, with the exception
of the government lands and that owned by householders in the cities
and towns of the republic. Less than two hundred persons are the
owners of all the real estate in the republic.
Within the past two years repeated efforts have been made by the
administration to have measures passed by Congress to lessen the bur
den upon commerce by levying a small tax upon real estate , but the in
fluence of the large property- holders , who control the national legisla
ture, prevented the recommendations of the administration from being
acted upon.
REVENUES AND THE BONDED DEBT.
From the duties collected upon importations and from the tax collected
from the merchants the revenue is derived for the support of the govern
ment. When a deficit occurs, a loan is resorted to . In this way the
bonded debt of the country is increasing every year. It now amounts
to $39,000,000, drawing interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum.
TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES .
The total imports into the Republic of Chili from the United States
for the year 1876 amounted to $2,626,055 ; the total exports to the United
States for the same period were $ 1,085,602 , showing an increase in im
ports of $ 492,612, and an increase in exports of $ 571,668 over those of
1875. The largest increase of importations was in shirtings , drills ,
flannels, and tickings,
CHILI . 141
REVENUE.
Table D shows the revenue required for the support of the govern
'ment of Chili for the year 1877 to be $ 15,516,030 , and the expenditures
to be $ 17,959,524.63, showing a deficit of $ 2,443,494.63.
Table E shows the funded debt of Chili to be $ 39,542,500 , bearing an
average rate of 5 per cent. interest per annum.
D. J. WILLIAMSON.
Statement showing the commerce of Chili for the year 1876.

[Values stated in Chilian currency. Chilian dollar = $0.80 United States gold.]
A.-IMPORTS.
Whence imported . Value. Whence imported. Value.
¡England $12, 625, 728 Uruguay. $115, 464

France 7,503, 498 Central America 96, 548
•Germany 3,729, 651 India 62, 613
Argentine Republic.. 3,097, 736 Portugal 61, 307
United States. 2,626, 055 Bolivia .. 55, 522
Peru . 2, 420, 323 Polynesia 28, 218
Belgium 740, 444 Paraguay 25, 080
Spain 733, 855 China 6, 238
Brazil. 478, 320 Whaling cruise 116, 962
Italy 453, 168
¿Ecuador 254, 311 Total *35, 291, 041
*A decrease of $2,846,459 from preceding year.
B.- EXPORTS.
Whither exported. Value. Whither exported . Value.
England $21, 380, 322 Central America.. $195, 142

France.. 4, 449, 866 Colombia 109, 171
Peru.. 4,392, 176 Polynesia 89, 133
Bolivia.. 2,487, 448 Cape of Good Hope 50, 584
United States.. 1,085, 602 Portugal 2, 085
Germany 1,066, 509 Cuba 1,300
Uraguay. 746, 383 Mexico 1,000
Argentine Republic.. 474, 579 Sh stores 631, 178
Ecuador 326, 677
Brazil.... 281, 984 Total *37, 771, 139
** An increase over preceding year of $ 2,430,093, principally in wheat, barley, wool, and nitrate of soda.
C.-Statement showing the minerals exported from all ports in the Republic of Chili for the
year 1876. ( Included in table of exports, B. )
Whither. Copper in Silver in Lead. Coal. Total.

bars. bars. Copperore.
Great Britain $6,500,000 $1,300, 064 $250,000 $50, 200 $8, 100, 264
France 1, 110, 586 110, 465 1, 221, 051
"United States 277, 972 $5, 130 283, 102
Germany 37,524 21, 659 59, 183
Peru 14, 635 77, 779 92, 414
Bolivia. 3, 208 44, 445 47,653
Ecuador 1,050 1,050
Sandwich Islands 1,554 1,554
Total 7,665, 953 1,554, 412 527, 972 50, 200 7,734 *9, 806, 271
* A decrease of $8,717,605 as compared with preceding year.
D.-Statement showing the estimated revenue, from all sources, for carrying on the govern
ment for the year 1877.
Customs. $7,400,000
From tax on merchants ( licences) . ...... .... 3,610,000
Stamp-tax .... ………...... 410,000
Post-offices, telegraphs, railways, mints, and toll-roads . 3,675 , 030
Mejillones guano .. .... ... 321,000
Sales of public lands .. 100,000
Total revenue 15, 516, 030
EXPENDITURES.
Minister of the interior . $4, 192, 871 98
Minister of foreign affairs .. 268,451 03
Minister of justice, worship, and education . 1,959, 077 79
Minister of finance . 8, 249, 726 49
Minister of war .. 1,810,766 38
Minister of marine ... 1, 239, 923 49
1 138,707 42
Extraordinary expenses of executive department
Total expenditures ... 17,959, 524 63
E.-Funded debt of Chili ; interest payable semi- annually, in London.
Description of debt. Amount. Interest. Payable.
Per cent.
Bonds issued in 1843 $1,246, 500 3 1894
Bonds issued in 1858. 5, 312, 500 43 1897
Bonds issued in 1866 . 4, 018, 500 1888
Bonds issued in 1867. 7,720,000 1891
Bonds issued in 1870 . 5,063, 500 1902
Bonds issued in 1873 .. 10, 655, 500 1899
Bonds issued in 1875 ... 5,525,000 1899
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-The above loans were negotiated in England by the following agents : Bar
ing Brothers & Co., London, loans of 1843 and 1858 ; J. S. Morgan & Co., London, loans of 1866, 1867, and
1870 ; Oriental Bank Corporation, London, loans of 1873 and 1875.
VALPARAISO .
Statement showing the value of declared exports from Valparaiso to the United States during
the year ending September 30, 1877.
Articles. Value in Chilian Articles. Value in Chilian

currency. currency.
Nitrate of soda. $794, 575 62 Goat-skins . $7,567 02

Wool 196, 434 91 Alfalfa eeed . 7, 335 17
Coal 31, 971 15 Tennent's ale 4,276 50
Walnuts 22, 145 34 Honey 2, 764 63
Hides . 16,953 94 Miscellaneous.. 16, 625 49
Rags... 12, 117 47
Leaf tobacco.. 8,451 20 Total *1, 121, 218 44
* $1,121,218.44 Chili paper or silver currency, equal to $896,974.76 United States gold.-D. J. W.
CHILI. 143
Statement showing the navigation at the port of Valparaiso for the year ending September 30,
1877.
ENTERED.
Steamers. Sailing- vessels. Total.

Flag.
British. *198 293, 834 244 138, 009 442 431, 843
Chilian †178 73, 881 19, 991 250 93, 872
German.. 22 23 428 61 26, 620 83 .50, 048
French. 32, 041 32, 041
Nicaraguan 31, 277 31, 277
United States . 1 395 26, 411 27, 306
25788
Guatemala 2 1,240 22, 884 24, 124
Belgian 5,946 5, 946
Italian 4,943 8 4, 943
Norwegian. 4,332 9 4,332
3,594 6 3,594
a
Swedish
331
Argentine 13 2,933 2, 933
Peruvian. 3 938 938
Portuguese 1 909 909
Tahitian 599 599
Russian. 561 561
Spanish . 1 384 1 384
Costa Rican. 1 287 1 287
Denmark 1 227 227
Holland . 1 181 181
Total 414 396, 211 652 320, 134 1,066 716, 345
CLEARED.
Steamers. Sailing-vessels. Total.

Flag.
GOOOBAR
British 196 293, 607 249 141, 080 445 434, 687
Chilian 177 78, 022 90 26, 996 267 105, 018
German . 24 25, 978 28,410 88 54,388
French 30, 164 46 30, 164
Nicaraguan 30,875 82 30, 875
United States . 395 25, 571 34 26, 466
Guatemala 589 22, 501 59 23, 090
Belgian . 5, 590 5,590
Italian 5, 920 5, 920
Norwegian. 3,601 3, 601
Swedish 3,245 3,245
Argentine 14 3, 154 3, 154
Peruvian 4 1,836 1,836
Portuguese 1 909 1 909
Tahitian 5 856 5 856
Russian.
Spanish.. 1 329 329
Costa Rican. 1 287 287
Denmark 1 227 227
Holland.. 1 181 1 181
Total 413 402, 245 667 328,578 1,080 730, 823
* 36 steamers, with atonnage of 126,000 tons, arrived direct from Liverpool via the straits of Magellan ;
62 arrived from Panama, calling at Callao, Peru, and other ports.
+Coasting steamers.-D. J.W.
D. J. WILLIAMSON.
CHINA .
Nine statistical statements showing the commerce and navigation at the treaty ports of China
forthe year 1876 , and previous years.*
1.-TRADE OF THE SEVERAL COUNTRIES WITH CHINA FOR THE YEARS 1869, 1872, 1875, AND 1876.
Countrries. 1869. 1872. 1875. 1876.
† Hk. tls. Hk tls. Hk. tls. Hk. tls.

Great Britain Importsfrom. 24, 830, 168 26, 253, 343 21, 132, 640 20,873, 392
Exports to... 31, 863, 165 38, 689, 163 29, 164, 511 35, 267, 897
Total.... 56, 693, 333 64, 942, 506 50, 297, 151 56, 141, 289
SImports from. 19, 192, 864 20, 926, 823 27, 525, 119 27, 371, 681
Hong-Kongt. Exports to ... 11, 025, 015 12,087,258 12, 747, 010 14, 477, 235
Total .... 30, 217, 879 33, 014, 081 40, 272, 129 41,848, 916
India SImports from. 17, 685, 532 16,630, 903 14, 855, 282 16, 613, 946
Exports to... 133, 634 411, 488 240, 945 187,986
Total......... 17,819, 166 17, 042, 391 15,096, 227 16,801, 932
Singapore and Straits .. Imports from. 827,322 727, 018 699, 660 869, 948
Exports to...| 656, 097 412, 960 793, 290 593, 254
Total... 1, 423, 419 1, 139, 978 1, 492, 950 1, 463, 202
Australia SImports from. 764, 733 416, 596 556, 589 522, 764
Exports to... 1,680, 221 2,056, 035 2,048, 857 1,855, 715
Total.... 2,444, 954 2,472, 631 2,605, 446 2,378, 479
=
New Zealand Imports from. 29, 684
Exports to... 87,956 90, 243 177, 496 97, 868
Total .. 87,956 119, 927 177, 496 97, 868
South Africa.. SImports from.
Exports to... 118,490 93, 404 73, 164
Total ... 118,490 93, 404 73, 164
SImports from. 159, 885 60, 322 55, 440
British America Exports to ... 44, 013 7, 161
Total ....... 159, 885 104, 335 62, 601
United States of America ....SImports from. 1,382, 918 369, 161 1, 015, 863 738, 528
Exports to... 8, 173, 532 11, 942, 614 7,674, 303 7, 259, 018
Total... 9,556, 450 12, 311, 775 8, 690, 166 7,997,546
South America .. SImports from. 66, 654 39, 133 131, 019
Exports to... 129, 226 173,579 46,292
Total 195, 880 173,579 39, 133 177, 311
Continent of Europe . Imports from. 643, 817 350, 846 766, 207 824,290
Exports to... 3,027, 188 4,360, 570 8,579, 423 14, 103, 571
Total.. 3, 671, 005 4,711, 416 9, 345, 630 14,932, 861
rts from. 34, 824
Continent of Russia (Odessa) . SImpo
Exports to... 914, 175 1,369, 127 999, 512
Total........ 948, 999 1,369, 127 999, 512
Arranged in the Bureau of Statistics, Department of State, from Chinese official statistics published
by order of the inspector-general of customs at Shanghai, and transmitted to the Department of State
bythe minister of the United States at Peking. The imports from Hong-Kong come originally from
Great Britain, America, India, the Straits, and other countries.
The Haikwan tael, in which the customs revenue and all values are stated, is equivalent to $1.45.
CHINA. 145
Nine statistical statements showing the commerce and navigation at the treaty ports of China,
fc.-Continued .
1.-TRADE OF THE SEVERAL COUNRTIES WITH CHINA, &c. —Continued.
Countries. 1869. 1872. 1875. 1876.
Hk. tls. Hk. tls. Hk. tls. Hk. tls.

Siberia and Russia, via Ki. S Imports from . 50, 198 13, 470
akhta. Exports to... 1,748, 372 1,707, 517 3,021, 973 3, 281, 489
Total ..... 1,798, 570 1,720, 987 3,021, 973 3,281, 489
Russian Manchuria ... Imports from. 111, 991 192, 741 100, 817 98, 740
Exports to... 7,369 39, 634 71, 651 96, 754
Total... 119,360 232, 375 172, 468 195, 494
Imports from. 1, 961, 253 2,831, 412 2, 485, 689 3, 136, 334
Japan... Exports to... 1, 172, 140 1,314, 022 1, 953, 177 1,717, 497
Total... 3, 133, 393 4, 145, 434 4, 438, 866 4,853, 831
Philippine Islands ………………………. Imports from. 179, 772 202, 531 60, 949 109, 901
Exports to... 181, 863 239, 839 234, 732 224, 354
Total. 361, 635 442, 370 295, 681 334, 255
Cochin China Imports from. 354, 729 458,376 123, 559 399, 149
Exports to ... 26, 057 114, 188 79, 980 77, 055
Total 440, 786 572, 564 203, 539 476, 204
Siam. Imports from. 429, 623 409, 611 333, 396 459, 884
Exports to... 167, 146 148, 335 107, 148 199, 489
Total ...... 596, 769 557, 946 440, 544 659, 373
Java.... Imports from. 12, 132 215, 315 230, 202 185, 882
Exports to... 343, 938 500, 384 278, 181
Total...... 12, 132 559, 253 730, 586 464, 063
Suez Imports from. 8, 400
Exports to... 256 124, 077 11, 505 2, 020
Total ..... 256 124, 077 19, 905 2, 020
Total imports... 68, 493, 706 70, 222, 539 69, 993, 827 72, 390, 898
Less re-exports to foreign countries ... 1,385, 173 2,905, 490 2, 190, 580 2, 121, 324
Total Netimports.. 67, 108, 533 67, 317, 049 67, 803, 247 70, 269, 574
Exports 60, 139, 237 75, 288, 125 68, 912, 929 80, 850, 512
Grand total.. 127, 247, 770 142, 605, 174 136, 716, 176 151, 120, 086
2.-IMPORT (NET) OF FOREIGN GOODS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 1875 and 1876.
1875. 1876.
Articles.
Opium : Hk. tls. Hk. tls.

Malwa ... *piculs. 38, 695. 97 16,055, 297 43, 908. 99 18,026, 015
Patna.. .do... 15, 419. 91 6, 027, 280 16, 019. 59 6, 263, 920
Benares .do.. 7,520.80 2, 208, 566 8, 617.93 3, 212, 187
Other kinds .... .do... 1, 312. 71 463, 922 1, 304. 34 516, 872
Total.. 62, 949. 39 25, 355, 065 69,850. 85 28, 018, 994
Cotton goods :
Shirtings, gray, plain . .pieces . 4, 384, 848.00 7, 097, 409 5, 196, 033. 00 7,505, 261
Shirtings, white, plain.. .do... 906, 532.00 1,828, 736 888, 070.00 1,706, 393
Shirtings, white, figured, brocaded, spotted, &c.,
pieces... 28, 379.00 58,032 15, 554.00 29, 258
Shirtings, dyed, plain .. . pieces . 82, 195, 00 188, 743 16, 688.00 37, 498
Shirtings, dyed, figured, brocaded, spotted, & c.,
pieces.... 59, 186.00 151, 986 21, 313.00 53, 887
* Picul, equals 133 pounds.
10 C R
Nine statistical statements showing the commerce and navigation at the treaty ports of China
fc.-Continued .
2.-IMPORT (NET) OF FOREIGN GOODS, &c. -Continued.
1875. 1876.
Articles .
Cotton goods-Continued . Hk. tls. Hk. tls.

T -cloths -pieces . 3, 135, 270. 00 3,768, 976 3, 370, 671. 00 3, 672, 166
Drills, English, Dutch, and American .do... 762, 194.00 1,779, 088 1, 289, 215.00 2,625, 709
Sheetings . do.. 148, 187.00 407, 182 118, 181.00 302, 180
Jeans and twills -pieces 5:30, 260.00 870, 282 290, 460.00 427, 458
Chintzes, furnitures, and cotton prints. do... 157, 856. 00 194, 084 112, 424. 00 135, 173
Turkey-red cloths and cambrics .do... 144, 934. 00 256, 163 148, 627.00 246, 912
Damasks, dyed ... .do... 17, 181.00 67, 797 9,719.00 37, 195
Velvets, velveteens, and fustians. do. 61, 855,00 354, 730 48, 524.00 278, 634
Jaconets, cambrics, lawns, and muslins ..... do .. 39, 317.00 38, 003 58, 143. 00 47, 619
Domestics, gray do 1, 944. 00 4,277
Handkerchiefs dozen. 198, 146. 00 86, 721 224, 690.00 103, 143
Cott goods, unclassed . ...... pieces . 61, 861.00 162, 329 61, 224. 00 168, 927
Cotton yarn and thread ..piculs. 91 , 102.98 2,746, 605 112,908. 00 2,838, 833
Total.. 20, 061, 143 20, 216, 246
Woolen goods :
Alpaca pieces 73.00 382 65.00 351
Blankets . ..pairs. 18, 993. 00 61, 636 5,927.00 19, 638
Bombazets . pieces. 4, 716.00 19, 567 1,234. 00 5, 326
Bunting .do... 687.00 2,349 479.00 2, 014
Camlets, English .do.. 94, 169.00 1, 137, 765 84, 107.00 985, 502
Camlets, Dutch.. .do.. 2,944.00 49, 342 2, 510.00 39, 702
Camlets, imitation, camleteens, Japanese cords,
pieces... 401.00 2, 428 169.00 1, 129
Cloth, broad, medium, and habit.. pieces. 36, 662.00 735, 375 45, 241.00 849, 755
Spanish stripes .do ... 58,257.00 646, 459 66,830.00 694, 466
Russian cloth.. .do... 8, 273.00 231, 644 8, 582.00 236, 301
Flannels do 1,808.00 17,826 2, 556.00 23, 304
Lastings. do... 50, 097.00 505, 217 45, 763.00 448, 103
Lastings, crape .do.. 8, 152. 00 39, 437 2,092.00 11, 849
Long-ells . do... 105, 023.00 655, 595 98,887.00 600, 108
Lusters and Orleans, plain and figured : China
brocades, corded lusters, cotton cords, Russell
cords, Martaban crape, Union crape, fancy
crape, China crape, demi-mohair, &c ... pieces. 128, 418.00 410, 403 92, 197.00 284, 323
Woolen goods, unclassed .. 4, 133.00 45, 996 9, 100.00 57, 410
Total ....... 4,561, 421 4, 259, 281
Miscellaneous piece-goods :
Woolen and cotton mixtures . 069.00 10. 591.00
Linen goods .do... 13,
.pieces
16, 953. 00
56, 891
97, 614 8, 414. 00
42, 479
46,876
Canvas .bolts. 3, 931.00 23, 343 2, 140.00 12, 851
Total.. 177,848 102, 206
Metals :
Copper, bar and rod. piculs. 5, 353.99 88,914 5, 928.37 98,759
Copper, sheet and nails, and Muntz metal .do ... 4, 945. 47 86, 432 5, 633.33 100, 372
Copper, old do... 1, 413. 74 15, 366 1, 195. 20 13, 103
Copper, ore and unmanufactured do... 263. 09 6, 146
Copper, wire .do.. 209. 15 5, 229 218.56 5, 464
Copper, manufactured and ware, unclassed do ... 623. 19 17, 149
Iron, nail-rod do... 227, 249. 17 571, 748 165, 878. 41 379, 104
Iron, bar .do ... 46, 523. 71 104, 617 43, 448. 28 85,417
Iron , hoop ...do ... 1, 394. 66 2,999
Iron, wire do.. 13, 925. 44 83, 702 10, 905. 77 57, 256
Iron, pig and kentledge. do.. 102, 088.92 110, 159 41, 959. 94 37, 498
Iron, ware and manufactured, unclassed . do . 36, 925. 22 85,590 34, 945. 41 150, 661
Iron, unmanufactured, unclassed do... 15, 485. 25 27,772 26, 505. 10 36, 334
Lead, in pigs.. do... 170, 939.94 961, 112 186, 353.97 1,023, 159
Lead, tea and sheet . do... 696. 29 5, 227 407.86 2,909
Quicksilver.. .do.. 5, 647.46 504, 540 4, 433. 02 266, 010
Spelter and zinc do.. 2, 171.73 10, 665 582.73 3, 553
Steel .. .do... 22, 025.03 87,749 15, 018. 36 61, 279
Tin in slabs ……………................. do... 68, 624. 29 1, 153, 360 65, 061. 38 1, 008, 009
Tin plates .do... 10, 145, 20 59, 986 7,320. 10 36, 396
Manufactured, unclassed, as hardware, brass
ware, brass buttone, steelware, tinware, cut
lery .. 246, 782 318, 376
Total... 4, 226, 099 3,692, 804
CHINA. 147
fc.-Continued .
2.-IMPORT (Net) of foreiGN GOODS, &C. - Continued.
1875. 1876.
Articles.
Sundries : Hk. tls. Hk. tls.

Sugar, brown -piculs 445, 490. 20 1,097, 669 248, 335, 50 554, 828
Sugar, white.. do... 209, 134.56 958, 896 141, 856.92 618, 549
Betel- nuts .do ... 20, 996. 70 62, 519 5, 046. 03 16, 634
Birds' nests . .do... 791. 41 531, 696 649. 44 438, 362
Bicho de mar ... do ... 22, 110. 23 385, 251 19, 155. 01 340, 812
Cloves and spices .. ..do 10, 718 50 212, 056 12, 380. 52 255, 201
Coal ...tons 143, 279.00 969, 198 127, 565. 00 729, 422
Cotton, raw.. .piculs 169, 675.99 1, 494, 478 236, 917. 74 2,251, 417
Fish, dry and salt ..do ... 41, 689. 44 326, 227 69, 278.86 475, 513
Flint stones .do... 39, 662. 53 16, 312 47, 121. GO 19, 730
Ginseng ..do .. 2, 941. 15 858, 186 3,089.96 980, 096
Grain and pulse ..do. 9, 331. 17 11, 032
Indigo.... .do 40, 446. 58 161, 158 25, 719. 09 103, 188
Isinglass .do . 5, 759.97 144, 983 7,435. 47 187, 773
Matches gross 326, 863.00 186, 040 463, 555.00 260, 947
Mangrove bark. -piculs 75, 378. 00 56, 603 57, 595, 90 40, 514
Needles mille . 823, 625.00 127,558 685, 285.00 105, 529
Oil. 255, 916 206, 915
Paints ..piculs 4,713, 20 38,854 4, 691. 51 90, 088
Pepper, black and white.. do 66, 218. 29 527, 832 49, 257.09 318, 903
Rattans ..do 43, 960. 50 141, 364 45, 495. 72 133, 320
Rice .do ... 84, 611. 86 106, 773 576, 278.99 660, 478
Sea-weed and agar-agar .do.. 267, 334.90 570, 737 296, 823.68 609, 396
Sandal-wood .do. 80, 810. 75 391, 578 109, 857. 24 544, 670
Sapan-wood.. .do... 165, 011. 63 373, 692 120, 700. 61 278, 509
Wood, other sorts, unclassed. 114, 559 105, 879
Shell-fish, awabi, shrimps, & c .piculs 21, 149. 16 229, 607 19,809. 74 211, 812
Silk, raw .do ... 426.40 68, 694 361.62 82, 694
Silk, manufactured .do .. 6. 74 3, 048 3.92 1,764
Tea, Japan ..do.. 9,037. 78 38, 835 12, 191. 04 94, 303
Timber, of all kinds 389, 139 564, 326
Vegetable wax.. ..piculs 559.68 5,695
Window-glass . boxes 42, 246. 00 114, 767 33, 219.00 87,439
Unenumerated . 2, 461, 751 2, 600, 000
Total... 13, 421, 671 13, 980, 043
Grand total 67, 803, 247 70, 269, 574
3.-EXPORT OF NATIVE GOODS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 1875 AND 1876.
1875. 1876.
Articles.
Hk. tls. Hk. tls.

Silk, raw and thrown .piculs 74, 183. 2319, 489, 225 76, 291.04 30, 542, 016
Silk, refuse do... 8, 583. 18 346, 991 10, 331. 47 493, 736
Silk, coarse and wild.. do... 5, 731. 63 618, 053 3,094, 95 366, 183
Silk, cocoons. .do ... 3,070. 72 241, 015 3,198.89 251, 965
Silk, piece-goods .. .do ... 6, 467.82 4,022, 538 5, 888.86 3, 986, 038
Silk, manufactured goods, unclassed .do... 530. 23 176, 270 470.91 172, 400
Silk-worms' eggs ..do ... 18.00 3, 198
Tea, black ..do... , 438, 611. 17 29, 739, 7931 , 415, 348. 75 30, 159, 983
Tea, green .do ... 210, 281. 67 4, 965, 480 189, 714. 19 4, 641, 691
Tea, brick .do... 166,900. 31 1, 976, 448 153,950. 66 1,819, 433
Tea, dust .do... 2, 594. 01 15,791 3,798. 92 26, 769
Bags, of all kinds pieces 317, 612. 00 10, 429 468, 110. 00 15, 769
Bamboo, of all kinds, and ware 15, 231 45, 259
Beans. .piculs . 135, 087. 98 122, 591 20, 326. 06 21, 342
Cassia lignea . .do... 53, 047. 24 269, 845 32. 090. 05 199, 958
Camphor do... 7, 139. 83 37, 825 8, 794.92 51, 319
China, earthenware, and pottery .do ... 56, 345. 46 390, 381 82, 445. 22 307, 882
Coal .do.. 70.00 142 11, 343. 60 6, 526
Clothing, Chinese, boots and shoes 567, 974 462, 133
Cotton, raw ..piculs 31, 610. 35 322, 569 42, 976. 80 393, 508
Curios 48, 755 49, 548
Dyes, colors, and paints ..piculs . 1, 118. 03 20, 609 1, 082.50 15, 341
Fans, of all kinds. ..pieces . 1, 127, 590.00 29, 354 2,955, 10). 00 31, 367
Nine statistical statements showing the commerce and navigation of China at the treaty ports,
fc.-Continued.
3.-EXPORT OF NATIVE GOODS, &C.- Continued.
1875. 1876.
Articles.
Hk. tls. Hk. tls.

Fish, of all kinds.. -piculs 6, 559.92 77, 401 8, 341. 66 80, 219
Fire- crackers .do... 18, 869. 13 192, 260 29,080. 64 289, 881
Flour.. ..do ... 4, 224. 41 4,919 6, 419. 21 7,639
Fruits, of all kinds .do 42, 708.95 60, 149 57, 491. 51 75, 101
Fungus .. .do ... 12. 73 257
Grains and pulse .do... 56, 170.57 58,283
Glassware, bangles, & c do... 7,761.97 137, 136 5, 780. 71 109, 569
Grass-cloth ..do ... 785.04 97, 695 1, 118. 85 111, 778
Hair, of all kinds .do.. 7, 026. 94 89, 625 11, 253. 88 121, 930
Hemp rope and twine. .do... 1, 193. 35 17, 026 10, 076. 44 82, 871
Hides, of all kinds.. do... 5, 156. 00 43, 714 14, 881. 69 126, 494
Hoofs, of all kinds .. do.. 1, 814. 79 5, 499 824.32 2, 402
Horns, of all kinds . ..do ... 158. 24 17, 536 265. 31 16,982
Indigo... ..do .. 1, 736. 73 5, 527 4,315. 61 16, 037
Lung-ngans .do 5, 463. 68 26, 510 5, 326. 41 26, 733
Mats and matting -pieces 520, 245.00 294, 742 297, 570.00 213, 434
Medicines piculs. 10, 734. 94 64, 207 11, 959. 82 56, 201
Metals, manufactured , unclassed, as knives, cutlery,
brass ware, copper ware, iron, tin and pewter
ware piculs 8, 444.30 115, 009 13, 035.72 148, 676
Metals, unmanufactured, unclassed ..do .. 14.00 137 246. 73 1,634
Musk ..do 14. 171 109, 716 16. 60 130, 201
Nankeens .do... 1,244. 52 53, 146 1,446. 79 105, 483
Nut-galls .do. 12, 640. 66 77, 483 20, 492. 59 147, 854
Oil, of all kinds .do... 2, 993. 44 15, 231 1, 896. 69 8, 874
Paper, of all kinds, and paper ware, books, tin-foil,
brass foil piculs 39, 787.92 429, 747 40, 636. 43 447, 150
Preserves .. .do... 13, 227. 22 111, 888 19, 373. 35 164, 525
Provisions and vegetables .do... 61, 592. 32 84,598 89, 838. 35 121, 628
Rattans and rattan-ware do... 412.93 3,595 693. 17 7,783
Rhubarb ... .do... 3,920.75 167, 782 5, 247. 61 214, 109
Safflower do.. 2, 680. 12 174, 602 2,758. 44 179, 322
Skins, of all kinds 6, 267 35, 916. 00 26, 810
Straw braid . .piculs . 19, 341. 09 422, 177 20, 894. 46 417, 457
Sugar, white. do... 128, 649. 94 536, 023 351, 561. 74 760, 735
Sugar, brown .do ... 427, 298. 62 905, 140 892, 857.82 1,454, 807
Sugar-candy do 37, 062.55 168, 016 19, 026. 13 100, 859
Tobacco .do... 16, 667. 65 144, 138 8, 860. 10 78,319
Vermicelli and macaroni. do... 24, 226. 54 73, 096 33, 776. 72 119, 387
Wax . .do... 48.35 3, 078
Wool .do... 5, 525. 94 34, 796 5, 816. 87 32, 062
Sundries, unenumerated. 715, 752 715, 856
Total 68, 912, 929 80, 850, 512
4. -RE-EXPORT OF FOREIGN GOODS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 1875 AND 1876.
Value.
Articles.
1875. 1876.
Hk. tls. Hk. tls.

Opium . 114, 626 35, 147
Cotton goods.. 1,079, 807 1,258, 198
Woolen goods 323, 845 279, 616
Miscellaneous piece-goods 3, 262 3,717
Metals 189, 809 149,000
Sundries. 479, 231 395, 646
Total 2, 190, 580 2, 121, 324
CHINA. 149
fc.-Continued .
5.-TEA : PARTICULARS OF EXPORT FOR 1876.
Japan .
Destination. Black. Leaf. Dust. Brick. Green. Grand
total. Un- Colored. Total.
colored .
Piculs. Piculs. Piculs. Piculs. Piculs. Piculs. Piculs. Piculs . Piculs.

Great Britain 960, 263 3, 799 10 68, 154 1,032, 226 1, 140 1, 140
Hong -Kong .. 118, 777 74 2,389 121, 240 ... 15 15
India . 449 3,386 3, 835 32 32
Singapore and Straits.. 1, 147 42 1, 189
Australia 113, 465 47 113, 512
New Zealand. 6, 174 15 6, 189
British America. 383 383
South Africa 3,37 8 5 3,383
United States of Amer
ica 98,996 115, 535 214, 531 566 566
South America 15 15
Continent of Europe .. 11, 672 136 11, 808
Continent of Russia.. 38, 427 1 38, 428
Russia and Siberia, via
Kiakhta . 49, 930 148, 633 198, 563
Russian Manchuria 2, 139 5, 054 7, 193
Japan 511 254 765 1
Philippine Islands . 163 163
Cochin China .. 1,925 1,925
Siam 2,234 2,234
Java 5,301 5, 301
Suez 4
Total . 1, 415, 349 74 3, 799 153, 951 189, 714 1,762, 887 1,754 -.75 2 4
6.-EXPORTS OF TEA FOR THE YEARS 1866 TO 1876, INCLUSIVE.
Year. Black. Green. Leaf. Dust. Brick. Total.
Piculs. Piculs. Piculs. Piculs. Piculs. Piculs.

1866. 961, 617 189, 790 1 22, 226 18, 504 1, 192, 138
1867. 1,042, 229 223, 434 8 26 65, 277 1, 330, 974
1868. 1, 191, 497 220, 002 854 9, 734 53, 123 1, 475, 210
1869. 1,214, 631 230, 945 679 8, 373 73, 521 1, 528, 149
1870. 1,087, 121 227, 481 1 3, 499 62, 896 1, 380, 998
1871. 1,362, 634 232, 617 146 456 83, 790 1, 679, 643
1872. 1, 420, 170 256, 464 85 950 96, 994 1,774, 663
1873. 1,274, 232 235, 413 372 416 107, 330 1,617, 763
1874. 1, 444, 249 212, 834 3,504 74, 792 1, 735, 379
1875 . 1, 438, 611 210, 282 2,594 166, 900 1,818, 387
1876 . 1, 415, 349 189, 714 74 3,799 153, 951 1,762, 887
Nine statistical statements showing the commerce and navigation at the treaty ports of China '
fc.-Continued.
7.-NAVIGATION IN 1871 , 1873, 1875, AND 1876.
VESSELS ENTERED AND CLEARED .
Flag. 1871. 1873 . 1875. 1876.
No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons.
United States . 4, 600 3, 187, 643 5, 001 3,483, 203 3,85 2,777, 367 3,547 2,410, 421
Austrian 11 2,228 2 580
Belgian 4 7, 004
British 7, 160 3, 330, 881 6, 955 3, 645, 557 8,277 5, 167, 435 8, 604 5, 181, 643
Chinese ( Shipping* 344 176, 017 1,557 811, 344 2, 133 1, 336, 656
Junkst 474 30, 013 521 31, 101 854 60, 095 930 68, 209
Danish 273 59, 371 195 51,448 176 56, 319 202 64, 610
Dutch . 203 59, 791 55 12, 368 32 7,538 52 26, 471
French 277 135, 829 189 151, 233 239 165, 551 228 170, 749
German . 1, 480 428, 747 1, 702 492, 033 1,577 561, 577 1,587 661, 668
Hawaiian 12 1,800 22 10, 405
Italian . 7 3, 328
Japanese 3 734 92 96, 553 125 117, 134
Peruvian 11 440 17 16, 760 5 2,703
Russian.... 88 34, 340 62 49, 893 30 33, 502 47 35, 694
San Salvador. 2 2,908
Siamese. 115 45, 456 147 60, 980 150 67, 613 99 44,027
Spanish.. 50 18, 454 48 16, 727 73 24, 038 276 72, 212
Swedish and Nor
wegian 218 45, 884 131 29, 368 63 23, 373 114 36,347
Total... 14,963 7, 381, 557 15, 381 8, 227, 754 16, 994 9, 867, 641 17,946 10, 226, 421
* Vessels of the foreign type owned by Chinese and sailing under the Chinese flag.
Vessels built and owned by Chinese, but sailing under special licenses issued by the superintendents
of customs at Shanghai and Ningpo.
8. -ESTIMATED PROPORTION OF THE SHARE TAKEN BY EACH FOREIGN FLAG IN THE
IMPORT AND EXPORT TRADE, AND THE COASTWISE AND TRANSIT TRADE, 1876.
TOTAL TONNAGE. PERCENTAGES.
Foreign and
coastwise, in
clearances
ward and out Tonnage. Trade. Revenue.

Tonnage
tonnage
Tonnage
ward.
Duties
Transit
foreign
Total
Total
Total
dues
Flag.
dues
and
car
Entrieand
dues
coast
ports
on
.tripsl
at
.duties
ployed
and
em
Transit
Tota
s
ign
all
ports
.
.at
goes
.
.
.
Fore
all
Coast
.
.
.
.
British.. 8, 604 5, 181, 643 47. 95 50. 68 71.25 0.65 52.95 50. 57 65. 77 57. 46 16. 47 65.22
United States.. 3, 547 2, 410, 421 9.77 23.55 2. 42 43. 64 21. 10 25. 04 12. 78 10. 26 24. 44 12.97
German.. 1,587 661, 668 8.84 6.47 4.28 36. 11 5.38 2.52 6.90 14.64 1.69 6.95
French 228 170, 749 1.27 1.67 13.78 0.41 5.79 0.61 4.56 3.67 0.51 4. 46
Dutch 52 26, 471 0.29 0.26 0.36 0. 10 0. 21 0.01 0.39 0.53 0.38
Danish 202 64, 610 1. 12 0.64 0.26 0.39 0.34 0.52 2. 14 0.54
Spanish. 276 72, 212 1.54 0.70 0.63 0.47 0.54 1.53 0.63 0.98 1.62 0.66
Swedish and Norwe
gian 114 36, 347 0.64 0.35 0.16 0.25 0.21 0.38 0.84 0.37
Russian 47 35, 694 0.26 0.35 2.88 0.14 1.22 5. 10 0.61 0.7112. 02 0.85
Austrian. 2 580 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05
Italian .. 0.02 0.02
Japanese 125 117, 134 0.69 1. 15 2.82 1. 13 0.77 2.53 0.79
Non-treaty powers .. 99 44, 027 0.55 0.43 0.29 0. 19 0.23 0.31 1.50 0.32
Chinese.. 3, 063 1 , 404, 865 17.07 13.74 0.86 17.65 10.90 14. 60 6.38 4. 69 13. 23 6.49
Total. 17,946 10,226,421 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
CHINA. 151
Nine statistical statements showing the commerce and navigatian at the treaty ports of China
fc.-Continued.
9.-POPULATION OF THE TREATY PORTS .
Foreign.
Cities. Estimated
No. of No. of res Chinese.
firms. idents.
Newchwang .. 226 1, 616 60,000
359905
Tientsin.. 45 536 950, 000
Chefoo 45 362 30,000
Hankow 10 298 600,000
Kinkiang 1 31 40,000
Chinkiang. 4 70 140, 000
Shanghai 1 120 278, 000
Ningpo .. 1 23 120, 000
Foochow 17 78 600, 000
Tamsui 34 60,000
10 235,000
Takow, Taiwan-fu City, and Pitow 28
Amoy 1 36 88,000
Swatow 20, 000
Canton 5 365 1,500,000
Kiungchow and Hoihew.. 30,000
Total. 358 3,607 4,751, 000
CHINKIANG.
Statement showing the commerce of Chinkiang for the year ending June 30, 1877.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Quantity. Value entered.
Cotton goods:
Gray shirtings .. ..pieces.. 546, 645 $1, 312, 948
White shirtings do ... 23, 400 63, 181
T-cloths .do .... 181, 886 354, 678
English drills. ..do . 44, 711 140, 000
American drills . .do.... 1, 650 6, 187
Chintzes .. .do.... 9, 186 17, 224
Assorted .do.... 19, 775 62, 982
Woolen goods :
Camlets .do.... 4, 180 77, 121
Long ells .do.... 6,780 64, 071
Lusters.. .do.... 10, 134 50, 163
Spanish stripes . ..do .... 4, 608 89,856
Assorted .do.... 18, 583 225, 702
Metals:
Nail-rod iron .tons ... 2, 091 120,434
Iron wire.. do... 113 16, 180
Steel do... 130 13, 365
Lead in pigs.. .do .... 258 35, 221
Opium:
Malwa .. .pounds.. 1,321, 084 6, 167, 811
Patna... .do.... 57, 760 287, 860
Benares .do ... 41, 120 186, 891
Foreign sundries :
Black pepper . .do.... 373, 120 31, 482
Bêche de mer. .do.. 144, 075 64, 809
Sandal-wood . do.... 3, 793, 618 136, 296
Sapan -wood . do... 1, 236, 900 40, 282
Sea-weed do ... 668, 715 22, 123
Sugar .do.... 14, 421, 023 486, 756
Native sundries :
Hemp .do... 660, 800 44, 164
Wood-oil .do. 18, 773, 033 1,267, 188
Paper .do .. 834, 000 174, 535
Sugar ……….. do.... 17, 529, 866 820, 666
Vegetable tallow .do.... 4,597, 733 362, 079
Tobacco .do.... 2, 101, 666 174, 439
Total 12, 916, 694
NOTE.-Amount of duties : The customs returns do not show the duties received on specific importa
tions, but the aggregate customs revenue at this port during the year was $184,538.
NOTE.-Whence imported: All imports and exports break bulk in Shanghai.
Statement showing the commerce of Chinkiang, &c. — Continued.

EXPORTS.
Value, includ
Articles. Quantity. ingcosts and
charges.
Dried lily flowers. ..... pounds.. 1, 122, 666 $63, 158

Silk, piece-goods.. do... 91, 531 442, 779
Silk, raw ... ... do .... 112, 743 285, 380
Paper .do .... 74, 131 54, 977
Rice do .... 32, 433, 745 364, 880
Rice, tribute.. .do.. 2,370, 660 26, 670
Green tea... ..do.... 432, 000 168, 021
Wheat ....... .do.... 11, 138, 095 125, 504
Dried hides .. do... 154, 817 13, 934
Beans and pease.. do... 1,554, 120 15,735
Black dates . .do .. 109, 523 4, 623
Total 1,565, 661
NOTE.-Whither exported : To Shanghai for re-exportation.
Statement showing the navigation at the port of Chinkiang for the year ending June 30 , 1877.
ENTERED.
Flag. From or to Steamers. Sailing vessels. Total.
United States.. From Shanghai to Hankow, and 205 189, 187 123 14,378 328 203, 574
British from Hankowto Shanghai, via 272 280, 165 85 14, 108 357 294, 273
Other countries Chinkiang. 132 77, 180 212 18, 015 344 95, 145
Total 609 546, 532 420 46, 501 1, 029 592, 992
CLEARED.
Flag. From or to Steamers. Sailing vessels. Total.
United States .. From Shanghai to Hankow, and 205 189, 187 123 14,378 328 203, 574
British from Hankow to Shanghai, via 272 280, 165 85 14, 108 357 294, 273
Other countries Chinkiang. 132 77, 180 212 18, 015 344 95, 145
Total 609 546, 532 420 46, 501 1,029 592, 992
J. C. S. COLBY.
CANTON.
NOVEMBER 1 , 1877. (Received January 18, 1878. )

Report upon the trade and commerce of Canton, for the year ending Sep
tember 30, 1877.
In compliance with consular instructions, I have the honor to submit

the following report on the trade of this consular district for the year
CHINA. 153
ending September 30, 1877, accompanying which are tabular statements

showing the value of declared exports , number, tonnage, and move
ments of vessels entering and clearing, quantity of principal imports and
exports, and amount of dues and duties collected by the foreign customs
at this port during said period.
The trade for the year under review varies but little from that of the
preceding one.
The records of this office show the value of declared exports to the
United States to be $ 455,754.48 . Reliable statistics, however, show the
value of actual shipments to the United States, of principal exports,
manufactured , prepared and shipped from this port during the past
year, for which invoices were not declared at this consulate, to be
$ 1,564,075.19, which added to the value of declared exports , shows the
value of actual shipments to have been $ 2,019,829.67.
NAVIGATION.
Eight hundred and twenty- four steamers and sailing-vessels have en

tered the port during the year, the total tonnage being 528,913 tons. Of
this number only 67 were sailing- vessels, a falling off of nearly one-half
the number entering during the preceding year. This is accounted for by
the fact that competition in river- steamer freights between this port and
Hong-Kong has been carried to such an extent that cargo can be conveyed
to Hong-Kong for transshipment so cheaply that it does not pay sailing
vessels to frequent this port. Their tonnage-dues would far exceed the
steamer-freight on cargo to Hong- Kong ; e. g. , the freight on cotton to
Hong Kong (distant 100 miles ) being only 2 cents per bale, and other
merchandise at equally low rates .
Only 4 of the 67 sailing-vessels entering were American . These ar
rived from northern ports, bringing in cargoes of beans , bean -cake, &c.
TEA EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.
The shipments of tea to the United States have been somewhat less
than during preceding season.
The total quantity of Pouchong has gone forward in sailing - vessels ,
and is estimated at about 217,000 pounds , the approximate value of
which is $ 44,500 . Prices have ruled about the same as last year ; the
unsatisfactory condition of the home market has, however, not allowed
importers to realize much more than first cost.
Scarcely any shipments of congous and scented teas went forward at
the end of season 1876-'77 . The new season's " new make " congou be
gan to arrive in quantity at the end of March of the current year, and
some few shipments were made by steamer via San Francisco. As far
as can be ascertained , the quantity sent was not so large as that of the
former year ; and from reports current, it is feared the results were not
more remunerative. Some 3,000 half chests, valued at $ 20,000 , were
forwarded from Macao. Since the commencement of the season , the
shipments have been trifling.
Scented teas form a very small proportion of the export to the Uni
ted States, only a few parcels having been sent ; sale prices are said to
repay the importer, but at present the trade in these kinds is only
small, and a supply of any magnitude would doubtless tend to lower
prices.
It is impossible to give accurate figures of exports of congous and

scented teas , as shipments are principally made by mail steamers , and
their tea cargoes are mostly returned as description " unknown," and
often include some shipments from coast ports, sent to Hong - Kong for
transshipment.
About 3,000 half- chests, different varieties (sorts), weighing 1,260
piculs, and valued at $35,000, have been sent from Canton to New
York.
TEA EXPORTS TO GREAT BRITAIN.
The shipments of tea to Great Britain have been about the same in
quantity as last year . Season 1876 and 1877 closed with the commence
ment of 1877-78 ; shipments of scented teas being made by same mail
as the first sendings of the new crop congou.
The late shipments of scented tea were of poor scent, though of fair
make, and the losses sustained were very great. The market for con
gou has been a dragging one, an d losses have been the general rule.
Heavy shipments of scented tea by steamers have led to an overstocked
market, and consequently low prices. Heavy supplies have still to ar
rive, and lower prices must be expected before any reaction sets in .
TOTAL TEA EXPORTS.
The bulk of the export has been by steamer this season , only one sail
ing- vessel having cleared with tea. The total shipment of congou,
scented capers, and orange pekoes, aggregate 20,394,400 pounds, value
of same being $ 5,435,880 .
CASSIA EXPORTS .
There has been a slight falling off of shipments of cassia to the

United States, though prices have ruled a trifle higher ; 990,000 pounds
have been exported, valued at, say, $ 82,000. Considerable quantities
are also exported to the United Kingdom, continent of Europe, and In
dia. This article of export is supplied from three different districts ,
viz, Tai-wa, Lo Tung and Luk-po . Tai-wa cassia is as a rule preferred ,
owing to a stronger flavor.
EXPORTS OF MATTING.
Matting forms one of the principal exports from this port, and nearly
four-fifths of the total export is sent to the United States . The ship
ments to there this year are nearly double that of the preceding one, being
70,348 rolls, valued at $ 4.50 per roll , or $ 316,566.
FIRE- CRACKERS.
There has been a very perceptible decrease in the shipments of fire

crackers ; nothing more, however, than was anticipated . One hundred
and ninety-three thousand five hundred and seven boxes have been sent
to the United States, the value of same being estimated at $ 139,425.04.
GENERAL EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.
The shipments of some of the other principal ( exports to the United

States have been as follows :
China-ware ... $30,000 00
Fans, palm-leaf, 3,100,000 pieces ... 24,800 00
Fans, other, 70,000 pieces 7,000 00
Preserves, ginger, 3,005 cases . 14, 273 75
Straw hats, 130,000 pieces .... 13, 000 00
The aggregate value of sundries, at least . 100, 000 00
CHINA. 155
SILK EXPORTS .
As regards value, raw silk must be considered one of the leading ex

ports of Canton .
At the commencement of the year under review, prices were at the
highest point during the season 1876 and 1877 , quotations being for No.
1 rereeled Luck-low, $ 720 ; for No. 2, $ 700 ; and No. 3, $ 680 per picul.
These rates were not long maintained . Unfavorable advices from the
European markets checked operations, and a gradual fall set in , prices
at the close of the season showing a decline of quite $ 250 per picul on
rates as compared with those of October, 1876. Our home market has
acted in sympathy with those in Europe, and business has not generally
been so satisfactory as in former years ; consequently, less extensive
orders have been received here this season . The past year's export
shows a slight diminution from that of its predecessor, being estimated
at 6,918 boxes of 50 pounds each , and valued at $ 1,225,000 .
The export to Great Britain and continent of Europe for the year just
ended amounts to 11,892 bales , the value of which may be safely put at
$4,122,500.
Of silk piece-goods, some $ 30,000 worth have been sent to the United
States. Of this amount, however, at least $20,000 worth was for trans
shipment at San Francisco to Mexico and Central America, the last
shipments thence being embroidered silk and crêpe shawls, to the value
of $ 12,000.
SUGAR EXPORTS.
Sugar is quite an important item of export. During the past year

over 21,000,000 pounds of the raw material have been sent to Hong
Kong, where large quantities are refined and sent to northern ports .
Shipments are also made to Europe, some small quantities going to the
United States. Besides this and adjacent provinces, the islands of For
mosa and Hainan furnish large quantities.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
As in the past, the value of exports continues to far exceed that of

imports. It is quite impossible to obtain accurate statistics of imports ,
exce of those which pass through the foreign customs.
Nearly if not all foreign imports are purchased and reshipped at
Hong-Kong for Canton . A very large proportion of these are brought
here in native craft, and pass through the native custom-house, where
very little attention is paid to keeping statistics , or if kept, it is impos
sible to ascertain facts. This is accounted for by the fact that the
hoppo, or superintendent of native customs, is called upon to pay or
contribute a certain amount toward defraying the expenses of the
Peking Government, the surplus of receipts going into his own
exchequer. If correct statistics were kept, and accurate returns made,
the amount demanded from him would, of course, be at once increased.
Notwithstanding the very low freightage charged by river steamers , it
has not been sufficient to counterbalance the inducements by way of
reduction of duty, &c. , held out by the native customs to Chinese mer
chants to import their goods in junks.
TRANSIT PASSES.
1
The trade in foreign goods would be greatly increased but for the
excessive taxes levied at the barrier stations when conveyed inland .
This can only be remedied by a change in the treaty, or by insisting

upon a compliance with the provisions of present treaties , regarding
transit passes on which merchandise can be conveyed inland to any
part of the empire, on payment of original import duty and 50 per
cent. of same as an inland tax. This latter course, I am informed, has
caused a great reduction in inland taxes at one or two of the northern
ports.
I have attempted to acquire a knowledge of the rules regulating the
levying and collection of local and inland taxes on goods sent into the
interior, but find them very complicated , the taxes irregular ; it is
impossible to gain reliable information from either merchants or officials.
There exist so many complications in connection with the matter,
that it has been thought unwise by some to open the question of transit
passes.
I am advised, on good authority, that one of my colleagues declined
to apply for transit passes, though in strict accordance with treaty
rights (British treaty, 1858, article 28, and rule 7 of Chinese customs
tariff, agreed upon at Shanghai pursuant to article 26 , same treaty) ,
fearing the subject, if once opened and insisted upon, would lead to
infinite trouble and dispute, which he preferred to avoid .
As the system has never been in operation at this port, native mer
chants are very cautious about purchasing foreign goods, if to be con
veyed inland on transit passes , fearing consequences, those in authority
being opposed to the system. Certain goods sent in certain directions
to points not far from this port are subjected to taxes more than equal
ing the original import duty. There are stations in the immediate
vicinity of Canton under the jurisdiction of the hoppo, at which duties
are collected not authorized by the government, and so heavy on foreign
goods as to be really prohibitive. This unjust discrimination between
foreign and native goods has almost entirely destroyed the import
trade.
Transit passes would cause a very great loss to the provincial
exchequer ; therefore the officials' hostility to the system. They would
doubtless do all in their power, short of actual refusal, to prevent the
issuance of them .
The principal imports consist, as will be seen by accompanying tabu
lar statement, of cotton and woolen piece- goods, cotton yarn, lead,
quicksilver, ginseng, gold and silver thread , &c.
Of cotton goods the importations by foreign vessels have been as
follows :
Pieces.
Shirtings, gray. 84,599
Shirtings, white 82, 737
Shirtings, dyed 2,822
T-cloths 56, 113
Drills, American 1,273
Drills, English 3,239
It is estimated that at least an equal quantity has been imported
through the native custom house.
AMERICAN COTTON GOODS.
A few pieces of American shirtings were recently imported , and

proved, upon examination, to be of a superior quality to English manu
factures of same cost.
It is beyond doubt that American cotton piece-goods could compete
most successfully with those of English manufacture, if proper atten
CHINA. 157
tion were given to the subject by those desirous of extending our trade
in the East, and sufficient inducements held out by mauufacturers to
produce increased efforts on the part of our merchants here.
RAW COTTON IMPORTS .
The importation of cotton has been 110,588 piculs from Bombay,

Bengal, Rangoon , and Madras, and 26,106 piculs from Ningpo, Tung.
Chow, and Shanghai , prices ranging from $ 12.75 to $ 18.25 per picul.
RICE IMPORTS.
Although this (Kwang- tung) and adjoining (Kwang-si) provinces are

great rice- producing districts , the production has not been sufficient to
meet the wants of the people ; 189,958 piculs rice and 225,819 piculs , or
501,820 bushels, of wheat have been imported in foreign vessels.
MINES AND MANUFACTURES .
Very valuable and extensive silver, lead, coal, and iron mines are and
have been for years known to exist within this consular district, but,
with the exception of the latter, the superstitions of the people have
entirely prevented their development. Fat-shan, a city, it is said, of
about 1,000,000 souls , situated some 15 miles inland from Canton , is the
great manufacturing city of Southern China ; here large quantities of
iron ore are brought from some distance in the interior, and though
facilities are limited and appliances rude, great quantities of household
and farming utensils, nails, &c. , are manufactured .
CHINESE " TRADE-UNIONS ."
The great obstacles to the introduction of western improvements are

the superstitions of the people, their religious adherence to old customs ,
and the fact that all branches of industry, all vocations, even beggars ,
are controlled by organized associations or guilds ; therefore, when
persons are found who have business foresight enough to observe the
advantages to be gained by adopting these improvements, they are
prevented by the voice of these guilds, whose commands they dare not
violate. This disinclination to adopt new customs or changes is even
seen in their tardiness in accepting new coins as a circulating medium
THE TRADE-DOLLAR.
The trade-dollar, the best and most perfect coin ever circulated in
China, felt the effect of this for some time. I can, however, repeat
what I said in my dispatch No. 38, of 12th August last, to the depart
ment, that " the trade-dollar is well received in this portion of the em
pire," and I am still of the opinion that if the action suggested in the
dispatch referred to is carried out, its extensive circulation throughout
Northern as well as Southern China is certain .
FLOODS.
Canton and surrounding country was visited during the months of

May and June last by calamitous floods, affecting the great staple
crops- rice, silk, and tea ; interrupting the general industries of the
people as well as increasing the cost of the necessaries of life.
The water system of this province confers upon Canton natural ad

vantages of position scarcely equaled by any other port of the world.
It is rarely that there is a coincident flooding of two of the three rivers ,
and still more rarely that the three converge extraordinary floods upon
a common center where the city is situated ; such, however, was the
case the past summer.
The calamity was sudden and severe. Thousands of people lost their
lives, and several millions' worth of property were destroyed . In the
narrow gorges of the north river the rise of water was 34 feet. In the
Tsing-yuen and Fa-yuen districts the breaking of the embankments
caused the greatest loss to crops. A general subscription has been
demanded by the authorities to supplement government aid in the re
erection of dykes, in order to restore the river to its channel.
Many of the streets in the city were inundated to the depth of several
feet. The residences of nearly all the foreigners being situated on
higher ground, very little, if any, inconvenience was experienced by them .
Two or three of the banks in the city are said to have sustained losses
to the amount of several hundred thousand dollars by failures caused
by the floods.
It has been a common remark of the older Chinese that no floods since
that of 1833 have been so high and destructive .
This portion of the empire has been very free from disturbances,
good order being the general rule. Friendly relations exist between
the native and foreign residents.
MISSIONARIES.
The introduction and propagation of religious doctrines by our mis
sionaries in more remote localities have, in two or three instances, met
with considerable opposition , but on application to the authorities such
disturbances have been speedily suppressed .
My relations with the officials continue, as in the past, to be very
pleasant and satisfactory.
CHARLES P. LINCOLN.
Statement showing the principal articles of import into Canton from foreign countries and
Chinese ports during the year ending 30th September, 1877.
Cotton goods :
Shirtings, gray .pieces . 84, 599
Shirtings, white do ... 82, 737
Shirtings, dyed, plain . ... do ... 502
Shirtings, figured .. ..do ... 2, 320
T-cloths ..do ... 56, 113.
Chintzes and furnitures ..do ... 10, 235
Cambrics and muslins . ... do ... 4,913
Damasks, dyed do... 271
Drills, American ..do ... 1,273
Drills, English. ..do ... 3,239
Handkerchiefs . ..dozen . 25, 418
Velvets pieces . 2,539
Cotton, Indian piculs . 110, 588
Cotton -yarn .do ... 33, 773
Woolen goods :
Blankets ..pairs . 708
Bombazets pieces . 265
Camlets, Dutch do ... 251
Camlets, English . ..do ... 2,369
Camlets, imitation .do ... 17
Flannels . do... 259
Lasting ..do... 2,659.
Long-ells .do ... 2, 417
Medium cloth .... .do... 10, 332.
Spanish stripes .. .do... 1, 152
CHINA . 159
Metals :
Lead , in pigs .piculs . 34, 753
Quicksilver . do... 1, 124
Yellow metal do... 1,909
Opiam :
Malwa.. do... 145
Patna ..do ... 229
Foreign sundries :
Amber... .do ... 310
Birds' nests .do ... 77
Brass buttons .gross . 226
Cochineal piculs . 11
Cornelian stones . pieces . 642 , 135
Dye-wood .... ... do... 131
Elephants' teeth ..do ... 418
Ginseng, clarified piculs . 209
Ginseng, crude .. .... do ... 173
Jade-stones . ...... pieces . 2,809
Matches . gross . 6, 461
Paints piculs . 1:0
Silk, Tung-king, yellow .. ..do ... 53
Glass plates . pieces . 173
Tea, Japan .piculs . 412
Native sundries :
Carpets . pieces . 20, 131
Cotton ..do ... 26, 106
Medicine ..do ... 38, 502
Nankeens .piculs. 9, 269
Pease .do ... 272 , 460
Rice . .do ... 189 , 958
Silk piece-goods .do... 981
Tea, black . ..do ... 807
Wax, white ..do ... 2, 036
Wax, yellow. .do... 715
Wheat .do ... 225 , 819
Wool... ..do ... 1,483
Statement showing the principal articles of export to foreign countries and Chinese ports during
the year ending 30th September, 1877.
Canes .pieces . 3, 645 , 160
Cassia . .piculs. 52, 060
China ware .do.. 7,950
Fire-crackers .... .do... 19, 579
Hats, straw ..... ...... ..pieces . 136, 786
Matting ..... .rolls . 85,368
Preserves . .. piculs . 15,991
Silk-cocoons .do .. 966
Silk, fine raw ..do... 13,992
Silk, thrown .do... 179
Silk, refuse .do... 3,662
Silk, wild raw .do ... 1,377
Silk, piece-goods . .do ... 4,907
Sugar, brown, white, and candy .do... 168, 520
Tea, black... ... do ... 119, 365
Tea, green.. ...do ... 2,063.
Return of dues and duties collected for the year ending 30th September, 1877, at the port of
Canton.
Hk. Uls. m. C. C.
Import duty 161 , 186 2 1 4 $224,806 45.
Export duty 747,954 2 7 9 1,043, 171 83.
Coast-trade duty. 48, 630 9 0 5 67,825 55
Opium duty 11,775 5 7 6 16, 423 39
Tonnage dues 10, 899 4 0 0 15, 201 38
Total 920,446 3 7 4 1,367, 428 60
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Canton to the
United States during the four quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877 .
Quarter ending
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Canes, bamboo .. $355 79 $355 79

Cantharides 628 84 $331 84 960 68
Chinaware $7,641 02 1, 222 08 $4,379 83 8, 803 85 22,046 78
Cinnamon 964 58 964 58
Earthenware 757 72 757 72
Fans, paper 462 77 462 77
Fans, palm-leaf 1,326 43 1, 627 08 2,953 51
Feathers 368 38 184 19 184 19 736 76
Fire-crackers . 6, 120 86 5,636 27 3,770 00 3,973 95 19,501 08
Grass-cuffs 107 48 107 48
Hats, straw.. 4,906 51 245 84 5, 152 35
Ink, India .. 49 61 49 61
Matting . 29, 556 74 5,908 58 8, 616 26 34, 904 03 78, 985 61
Mats, tea 514 76 514 76
Merchandise 6,376 04 266 37 13, 439 90 20, 082 31
Paper 547 84 547 84
Personal effects 136 89 136 89
Preserves 732 09 850 11 790 83 768 35 3, 141 38
Shaws, silk 15, 269 06 15, 269 06
Silk- embroidery 77 16 77 16
Silk piece-goods 2, 951 59 311 59 3,263 18
Silk, raw 47, 101 70 45, 927 63 31, 562 37 120, 807 49 245,399 19
Silver ware 50 50 50 50
Straw-braid 2, 166 63 2,166 63
Sundries 250 54 250 54
Tea 3,702 78 4,208 64 17, 707 75 25, 619 17
Trunks, camphor- wood 22 50 22 50
Turmeric 307 32 307 32
Woodenware, black 3,871 33 3,871 33
Value of principal exports , the
port to the United States for which
the invoices were not declared at the
consulate 491, 018 79 376, 843 10 268, 211 65 428, 001 65 1,564, 075 19
Total 601, 685 09 460, 942 90 321, 990 14 633, 211 54 2,017, 829 67
Total for preceding year. 390, 851 36 179, 474 11 83, 008 28 203, 680 65 857, 014 93
Increase.. 210, 833 73 281 , 468 79 238, 981 86 429, 539 89 1, 162, 804 74
Statement showing the number, tonnage, and movements of vessels entered and cleared during
the year ending September 30, 1877, at the port of Canton.
Entered. Cleared.
Description.
No. Tons. No. Tons.
Sailing-vessels . 67 21, 839 60 19, 369

Steamers 81 58,901 81 59, 126
River steamers 639 421, 188 639 420, 002
Chinese steamers 37 31, 336 36 30,416
Total 824 533, 264 816 528, 913
NOTES.
Of sailing- vessels entered : 1 was from Point Lopez, 44 were from Hong-Kong, 20 were from New
Chwang, 1 was from Chefoo, and 1 was from Ningpo-67 entered.
Of steamers entered : 12 were from Hong-Kong, 104 were from Shanghai , 1 was from Swatow, and 1
was built at Canton- 118 entered.
Of river steamers entered : 483 were from Hong-Kong, and 156 were from Macao-639 entered.
Of sailing-vessels cleared : 2 were for London, i was for New York, 3 were for Hamburg, 17 were for
Hong-Kong, 4 were for New Chwang, 25 were for Tien-Tsin, and 8 were for Che Foo- 60 cleared.
Of steamers cleared : 15 were for Hong-Kong, 101 were for Shanghai, and 1 was for Hoi-how- 117
cleared .
Of river steamers cleared : 483 were for Hong-Kong and 156 were for Macao-639 cleared .
CHINA. 161
FOOCHOW.
OCTOBER 15, 1877. (Received December 13. )
Report upon the trade and commerce of Foochow for the year ending Sep
tember 30, 1877.
THE TEA TRADE.
There is substantially nothing to be said of the trade at this port
which has not appeared in my reports in former years. Tea is the only
article of export from here to foreign countries, and the proportion of
this shipped to the United States is comparatively small.
The efforts of foreign buyers to correct certain abuses practiced by
the natives in the manipulation of the product, as reported by me last
year, were feebly supported by the Chinese authorities and some of the
more considerate native dealers, and has resulted , it is believed , in a
slight improvement in the quality of this year's crop. However, the
competition offered by an excessive number of buyers enables the grow
ers and native dealers to dispose of an inferior article at remunerative
prices. They (the natives) do not care to look beyond to- day, and they
care little for the quality and reputation of the article, so long as it
meets a ready sale. The subjoined table shows the distribution of the
year's shipments as compared with those of 1876 :
Destination. 1976. 1877.
Pounds. Pounds.
Great Britain 56, 160, 000 59, 710,223
British Colonies 15, 973, 708 13, 730, 478
United States.. 2,592, 393 3,056, 034
India.. …………………… 31, 070
British Channel, for orders. 1,908, 625
Continent of Europe 1,852, 068 1,098, 000
South Africa.. …………………….. 112, 778 886, 139
Russia 370, 165
Chinese ports.. *8,938, 573 +6, 327, 020
IMPORTS .
By reference to Table A, it will be observed that there has been an
increase in the value of imports, as compared with last year, amounting
to $3,000,000. This excess is found mainly in the one article of rice,
which has been imported in large quantities to supply the deficit in last
year's crop owing to the disastrous freshets. There has, however, been
an increase of about $ 167,000 in the value of piece-goods as compared
with last year ; nevertheless, there has been a gradual falling off in the
foreign piece-goods trade bere during the last decade , which is attrib
utable to a combination of causes, the chief of which have been the
deterioration in quality of English manufactures , the disappearance of
American goods, and the persistency of the Chinese officials in levying
enormous taxes upon all such goods carried inland from the port.
AMERICAN AND BRITISH COTTON MANUFACTURES .
The importation of American cotton goods into China is a subject well
worthy at this time of our attention . The stagnation of business, cheap
ness of labor, and general depression of prices in the United States,
Of this amount 3,950,003 pounds was brick tea, destined for Russia.
Of this amount 3,653,160 pounds was brick tea, destined for Russia, and of the remainder of the
amount it is safe to say that 2,000,000 pounds was transshipped to foreign countries ; as. for instance,
shipments are often made hence to Amoy, to complete cargoes of vessels loading there.
11 C R
renders the present a particularly favorable time to seek markets for

exports ; and what with the present low prices ruling at home, the well
earned reputation of our cotton goods bere in earlier days, and the
depreciation in quality of the English manufactures , there should be no
difficulty in re-establishing a most lucrative trade with this country. It
has often been brought to the notice of the department, that the reputa
tion of our cotton goods, and the preference shown for them by the
Chinese some years ago, led to the use of American trade-marks by
English manufacturers during and since the late rebellion ; but the
natives would not be slow to distinguish between the genuine and the
imitation, were the two placed side by side. Aside from piece-goods ,
cotton and woolen , I know of no other American manufactures which
would be likely to meet a ready sale at this port..
FOOCHOW AGAIN FLOODED.
A freshet, more disastrous than that reported by me last year, oc
curred about the middle of June last. The water rose one foot higher
than last year, resulting in great destruction of life and property. In
many localities within the city walls it rose to the height of 7 to 10 feet.
Scores of natives were drowned in their houses, and many more were
crushed by the falling of walls. The sufferings of the people were beyond
conception . Thousands of houses which had been rebuilt and repaired
since the flood of last year were undermined by the rushing of the
waters, and again became a mass of ruins. The picture of desolation
presented, both in the city and in the densely populated suburbs, can
not be described . Property of the foreign residents near the river suf
fered more or less damage, and the quick succession of two such floods
led to a consideration of certain causes and possible means which might
be adopted to mitigate the damages which would otherwise result from
a recurrence. The existence of a rock barrier, placed across the river
four miles below the city some years ago by official order, to prevent
the nearer approach of foreign vessels, and the consequent silting up of
the channel above that point, was found to be the immediate cause of
the accumulation of such a volume of water at points above. The con
suls were addressed on the subject by the chamber of commerce, and
they in turn addressed the provincial officials, requesting them, both as
a means of saving the lives and property of their people and of conserv
ing the commerce of the port, to adopt certain feasible measures , which
were pointed out, to prevent future disaster. The consuls were treated ,
in reply, to a flowery and evasive epistle, which, although it promised
that a survey should be ordered , concluded by reminding them that this
matter was one which should be dealt with entirely by China, and that
it had no connection with mercantile treaties . A few days later a forced
contribution was levied by the governor-general and governor upon all
native merchants, gentry, and retired officials, who had escaped disaster ,
amounting in the aggregate to about $ 700,000, ostensibly to enable those
functionaries to " relieve the sufferings of the populace and deepen the
river's channel so as to give a free and uninterrupted flow of its waters out
to the sea." Many of the natives who were " invited " to contribute largely
to this fund , assert that it was mainly employed in replenishing an ex
hausted treasury. It is certain that the impoverished people were soon
left to shift for themselves, and that nothing has been done lookingtoward
the conservancy of the river. Even the bridge which connects the
island, upon which the foreign settlement and a large native suburb are
situated , with the mainland, where is situated the city proper, a portion
of which was carried away by the flood , has not yet been repaired , be
CHINA. 163
yond the erection of a temporary wooden span . The reputed " pro
gressive" governor, Ting Jih Chang, figured most conspicuously in the
levying of this " special tax" above mentioned , and it is openly declared
by many of the better class of his own people that he has profited by
this and other forced levies since his residence here, to the amount of a
good half million of dollars. He has obtained leave of absence, on the
plea of ill-health, left here for his home (near Swatow) early in Septem
ber, and it is predicted that his vacation will be indefinitely extended ;
in fact, it is positively asserted that he has dropped out of public sight.
His career as a reformer has not left for him an enviable reputation.
CHOLERA.
This disease broke out here about the middle of August, and assumed
violent epidemic form among the natives, which has not yet wholly
disappeared . It raged with fearful violence in localities most desolated
by the flood in June, and during the first twenty days of its prevalence
the number of cases resulting fatally was estimated at 250 to 300 per
day. No precautionary or preventive measures were adopted or advised ;
even the filth deposited by the flood were not removed, but the people,
believing it to be (in common with other late calamities) a manifestation
of Divine wrath, seemed to offer themselves as willing victims to the
ravages of the disease. Something like a general fast, humiliation and
prayer was ordered by the native authorities, but this, in the entire ab
sence of sanitary measures, did not accomplish any perceptible abate
ment of the death-rate. The total number of deaths from the disease
is estimated by the authorities at five to seven thousand . There was
but one case among the foreign residents, and that resulted fatally.
TELEGRAPHS .
In my report of last year I alluded to the abandonment, for the time
being, of a proposed line of telegraph from this city to Amoy, adding
that the authorities declared it to be their purpose to erect it eventually,
and that, as an evidence of their good intentions, they had forfeited and
paid the contract-price of the same, amounting to $ 154,500, and had es
tablished a school of telegraphy under the superintendence of one of
the employés of the Great Northern Telegraph Company. The contract
for the school was for one year, but up to the very end of that term
Ting-Fu-tai (the governor) was prolific in promises that it should be
continued until the pupils were perfectly competent to construct the
line ; but when the term had actually expired , the superintendent and
teachers were summarily dismissed and the pupils dispersed . The plant
which had been handed over to him by the contractors (the Great
Northern Company) had , in the mean time, measurably disappeared, and
he had little to show for so large an expenditure. He at last conceived
the project of erecting a line between two unimportant points on the
southern end of Formosa. It is just now reported that this line, 30
miles in length, has been completed , and that it has been engineered
and constructed entirely by, or under the superintendence of, the pupils
who were instructed in the Foochow school and those of another similar
school at Tien-tsin. In my opinion there is little significance to be at
tached to the erection of this line beyond the fact that it may be treated
as a test of the ability of Chinese to erect lines unassisted by foreigners.
Whether they possess the ability to work it, now that it is constructed ,
or whether they purpose to construct lines which are much needed, and
which would be of service to themselves or others, remains to be seen .
The governor has so far kept faith as to have maintained the short line
between the foreign settlement and the pagoda anchorage, which, dur
ing the shipping season , is of use to foreign merchants, and it is but
fair to say that it has been at a considerable expense in excess of its
earnings. It is managed by pupils of the late school at this place.
THE MISSIONARIES AND THE LITTERATI.
Recently a strong protest has come up from the litterati and gentry to
the high provincial officers against the residence of foreign missionaries
within the walled city, and the governor, Ting, before his departure on
sick-leave, conveyed this protest to Her Majesty's consul , at the same
time urging that the people regarded their presence there as the cause
of all the floods, fires, sickness, and other calamities which have lately
befallen them . Valuable property in one of the suburbs was offered by
the governor in exchange for that which has for many years been peace
ably occupied in the city by the English mission , and that official stated , I
am informed, that he made the proposition as a means of avoiding
possible violence and bloodshed . No similar proposition has been made
to me, although a number of American missionaries live within the city
walls. Several assaults have been committed upon Europeans and
Americans during the year, and the local authorities have been unusu
ally lax in bringing the offenders to justice. The right of residence of
foreigners in the interior is virtually conceded by the provincial author
ities, and a considerable number of Russian merchants have established
branch " hongs " in places convenient to the tea-growing districts, where
they reside and conduct the manufacture of " brick tea " during the tea
season, that is to say, about six months of the year. Three families of
American missionaries, availing of this concession to merchants , also of
the same right extended to Roman Catholic missionaries, bave, since the
date of my last report, established themselves at a point inland some 200
miles distant from the port. There they have acquired land without
serious opposition , and have erected residences and a chapel. These
belong to the " American Board " mission . I may remark that the com
mon people, when not influenced by the officials and the class from which
they spring, the litterati, are usually most kindly disposed toward our
missionaries and people in general.
M. M. DE LANO .
Statement showing the commerce at Foochow for the year ending September 30, 1877 .
A.-IMPORTS (FROM HONG-KONG AND SHANGHAI).
Articles. Quantity. Value.
Cotton and linen goods :

Shirtings .pieces... 74,199 $259, 696
T-cloths …………………… .. ………….. .do... 194, 962 389, 924
Drills ..do.... 19, 489 87,700
Chintzes, &c.... ...... .do.... 3,289 9, 202
Turkey red cloth do.... 6, 498 12,996
Velvets and velveteens . .do.... 976 3, 513
Jaconets and cambrics.. do.. 1,050 5,950
Handkerchiefs .dozens.. 8,579 8, 579
Linen goods ..pieces.. 199 1, 194
Woolen goods :
Blankets.. .pairs.. 1,368 6, 840
Camlets ........... pieces .. 6,704 134, 080
Cloth, broad, &c .do .... 1, 188 30, 888
Spanish stripes do... 3, 425 95, 900
Lastings.. .do... 3, 584 50, 176
Lastings, crape ..do .... 1,276 20, 416
Lusters and Orleans …………. .... .do.... 30 300
Long elle .... .do .... 1,419 12,771
Wool and cotton mixtures .......... do .. 2, 086 10, 430
CHINA. 165
Statement showing the commerce at Foochow, &c.—Continued .

A.-IMPORTS, &c. -Continued.
Articles . Quantity. Value.
Metals :
Iron, nail, rod, and bar .piculs .. 6, 394 $22, 379
Iron, old .do... 7,642 21, 397
Iron, ware, manufactured .do . 36 432
Lead, in pigs . .do .... 57, 565 431, 737
Tin, in slabs .do... 6, 274 156, 850
Tin, in plates .. .do ... 581 3,486
Opium :
Malwa.. .do .... 2,204 1,366, 480
Patna .do.... 1,340 830, 800
Benares ..do... 113 68, 930
Persian . .do.... 10 5, 300
Foreign sundries :
Bêche de mer. .do ... 2,546 40, 736
Ginseng ..do ... 165 16, 500
Horns ... do.... 1,245 6, 225
Isinglass . .do... 1,308 36, 624
Matches grOSS .. 26, 185 26, 185
Pepper ..piculs.. 33 297
Rattans do.... 2,304 9, 216
Sandal-wood ....... ... do .... 2, 063 20, 620
Sapan-wood.. .do .... 3, 411 8, 528
Sea-weed and agar agar . .do .... 5,937 17, 811
Shell-fish .do. 1, 891 26, 474
Window-glass .. .boxes.. 6, 278 28, 251
COAST PORTS.
Native sundries :
Bean-cako ..piculs.. 31, 542 31, 542
Beans and pease. .do. 58,456 146, 130
Brass buttons .do.... 75 3,000
Caps, felt. pieces .. 23, 268 6, 980
Cotton, raw piculs .. 289 4, 624
Fans, palm-leaf .pieces.. 495, 389 49, 538
Flour, potato . ..piculs .. 1, 084 2, 760
Fish, dry and salted .do ... 1, 084 5, 420
Fungus.. ..do... 1,024 46,050
Hemp .do.... 4,359 21, 795
Lily flowers, dried .do. 2, 589 51, 780
Mats, tea .pieces .. 1, 500, 000 60,000
Melon-seeds piculs .. 494 4,940
Medicines .do... 6, 016 48, 128
Nankeens ..do.... 605 72, 600
Oil-beans .. do.... 868 6, 076
Paper, tea .do.... 1, 973 5, 919
Rice. .do.... 830, 431 2,497, 293
Safflower .do .... 559 67,080
Silk piece-goods .do.... 515 210, 600
Sugar .do. 75 525
Tobacco, prepared .do .... 7,711 115, 665
Varnish .do.... 138 2,760
Wax, white. .do .... 697 4, 182
Wheat .do .... 94, 608 189, 216
Total 7,939, 716
Treasure. 6,930, 345
Grand total . 14, 870, 061
Total duties (cannot be given on the articles separately) 245, 458 78
RECAPITULATION OF REVENUES.
Import duty . $234,841 01
Export duty 2,293, 686 04
Coast trade duty. 21, 235 55
Transit duty. 22, 814 51
Tonnage dues .. 10, 972 80
Total 2,583, 549 91
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-This table does not embrace any imports in Chinese vessels, except steamers
of foreign type. Only a superficial and imperfect.knowledge ofthe immense trade carried on in native
vessels-junks and lorchas-can be obtained.
Statement showing the commerce at Foochow, &c.— Continued.

B.-EXPORTS.
Articles. Quantity. Value. Export duty. Whither exported .
Bamboo shoots.. ..piculs 40, 708 $498, 322 00

Bamboo ware.. do... 3, 467 20, 802 00
Flowers, dried . .do... 713 6, 417 00
Fruits. .do. 5,778 11, 556 00
Lamp-black do... 2, 585 6, 462 00
Lung-ngans .do... 2, 190 35, 040 00
Medicines .do... 2, 016 10, 080 00
Olives, fresh .do... 7,753 15, 506 00
Oranges, fresh do... 12, 795 25, 590 00 $2,304, 303 81 Coast ports and Strait
Oranges, dried do... 421 1, 473 00
Paper, first quality . ...do ... 9,990 199,800 00 settlements.
Paper, second quality.. .do... 34, 464 241, 248 00
Paper, joss... ..do ... 12, 962 51,848 00
Peel, orange ..do ... 949 4,745 00
Preserves .do.. 931 7,448 00
Rice, red . ...do .. 871 4,355 00
Timber, poles.. .pieces 111, 202 44, 480 00
Timber, planks ..... sq. feet. 52, 578 4, 206 00
Tea.... .pounds . 90,888, 533 18, 177, 706 00 Coast ports and foreign
countries.
Total 19, 367, 084 00
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.- This table embraces no exports in native bottoms. The duty cannot be
given on the articles separately. Value of declared exports to the United States : Tea, $710,416.81.
C. - Statement showing the navigation at the port of Foochow for the year ending September
30, 1877.
ENTERED .
Flag. From
American Coast ports 1 477 6 2, 323 7 2,799.

British Coast ports 172 147, 358 37 14, 011 209 161, 369
British Japan 2 3, 398 2 366 4 3, 764
British Colonies 4 1,346 1, 346
Chinese Coast ports 27 22, 558 *1, 500 340, 000 1, 527 362, 558
Danish Singapore 1 1,577 1,577
Danish Coast ports . 9 2,245 9 2,245
French Hong Kong 1 301 1 301
German Coast ports 3 2,843 18 5,279 21 8, 122
Norwegian Coast ports 1 274 1 274
Total. 206 178, 211 1,578 366, 144 1,784 544, 355
CLEARED.
Flag. To
No.. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons.
American Coast ports 1 477 6 2,322 7 2,799

British London 36 40,887 1 464 37 41, 351
British New York 1,370 1 1,370
British Colonies 2 1, 815 20 5,977 22 7,792
British Coast ports .... 128 96, 850 18 8,379 146 105,229
British Japan 2 366 2 366
Chinese Coast ports 27 22, 588 *1, 527 346, 029 1,554 368, 617
Danish London 1 1,577 1 1,577
Danish Colonies 2 475 2 475
Danish Coast ports 6 1,563 6 1,563
French New Zealand 301 1 301
Norwegian Coast port 1 274 1 274
Total. 196• 165, 564 1,584 366, 150 1, 780 531, 714
*Approximate.
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-The information in regard to number and tonnage of native craft is obtained
from the native harbor-master. The native customs officers decline, for some unaccountable reason, to
give any information on the subject.
CHINA. 167
HANKOW .
. OCTOBER 2, 1877. (Received December 2. )
Report upon the trade and commerce of Hankow , for the year ending June
30, 1877.
Agreeably to regulations, it becomes my duty to present to you a re

port on trade at this consulate and its agencies, for the year ending
June 30, 1877. Having taken over the office in February, the larger
portion of information must be obtained from outside sources, and it is
not possible for me to institute comparisons with the past from personal
observation. The present status of trade can, however, be very accu
rately given from the records of the Chinese imperial customs, of which
I make large use. Such remarks as I may make upon collateral topics
of interest will be based upon personal observation and experience, in
looking after the rights and privileges of American citizens.
DECADENCE OF AMERICAN INTERESTS.
I regret to be obliged to record an event that will greatly affect Amer

ican interests in this quarter, and disastrously influence American control
of the trade of the Yang-tze River. It is well known that the American
house of Russell & Co. have, for many years, largely owned and entirely
controlled the Shanghai Steam Navigation Company, whose splendid
American steamers bore our flag in almost daily departures from both
Shanghai and Hankow, and largely secured the carrying trade of both
imports and exports , at all the river ports. Their agencies gave em
ployment to many American citizens, aided enterprises of American
merchants, and gave character and prestige to the American name every
where on this great internal water-route. Early in this year this com
pany sold out all its vast interests, and transferred all its real property
at the several ports , as well as its entire fleet of steamers , to an entirely
native organization, known as the China Merchants' Steam Navigation
Company. The steamers were transferred to the dragon flag of the
empire, and in the early part of April the United States flag surrendered
its precedence, and almost disappeared from the river. Only one or two
small outside steamers remain , and these must yield to the native com
bination to secure a monopoly of the transit business. Three or four
lorchas only will continue under our flag, while the bulk of carrying
done by such American traders as remain will be on junks under Amer
ican charter, but not authorized to carry the flag. In addition to this
change of ownership , the employés of the new company are natives, and
the respectable number of American citizens directly employed through
the Shanghai Steam Navigation Company have retired from the various
ports, and our nationality has now but a meager representation of citi
zens either here or at any port on the river. The transfer of so great
a tonnage, with nothing to replace it, is a disaster ; but the loss of
American influence and position, from the loss of numbers, in these com
munities, is a still greater one, which those remaining deeply regret.
DETAILS OF TRADE .
The records of imports , exports, duties, and tonnage are subjoined in

a tabular form , which will give accurate statistics on the several points .
Statement showing the imports at Hankow for the year ending June 30, 1877.
[Weight of picul 133 pounds avoirdupois . ]
Cotton goods :
Shirtings , gray .pieces .. 1,386, 756
Shirtings, white ... do .... 136, 752
T - cloths .. .do .... 479, 467
Drills ……..dɔ …….. 335, 738
Chintzes .... ........ do .... 31, 620
Turkey red ........ 9, 317
Muslins and cambrics ........... do .... 4,875
Brocades .......... ...... do .... 9, 240
Damasks .... ..do .... 8,518
Velvets and velveteens . .... ..do .... 18,275
Handkerchiefs ................................. zens ..
do 53, 548
Cotton yarn piculs .. 1, 138
Woolen goods :
Lusters and Orleans .pieces .. 48, 205
Camlets do.... 44,780
Cloth, medium, & c . ...... .do .... 14, 469
Lastings ... ..do .... 17,784
Long ells ..do .... 57,850
Spanish stripes .do .... 13, 040
Opium :
Malwa piculs .. 2,452. 31
Patna .do .... 204. CO
Metals :
Iron, nail-rod, and manufactured ..do .... 10,816. 27
Lead.... ..do .... 31 , 370. 16
Tin .... ..do .... 1,638.38
Tin in plates .. ..do .... 1, 305.79
Quicksilver .do .... 2,100.39
Miscellaneous :
Sugar, white . .do .... 72, 931.03
Sugar, brown .... .... ..do .... 156, 150, 39
Cotton, raw .... ...... .do .... 233, 544. 13
Ginseng, American, clarified ………….. ..do .... 269. 03
Silk, piece-goods ..do .... 839.64
Window-glass ... ...... boxes .. 5,857
Neither the values of the goods enumerated in the foregoing table,
nor the countries whence imported, can be indicated accurately , since
the information is obtained from the imperial customs, and access to
their books for details cannot be had . It may be stated , however, that
Great Britain is the main source of foreign imports into China.
The following statement shows the principal exports from Hankow,
for the year ending June 30, 1877 :
Miscellaneons :
Dye stuffs . piculs.. 7,022.74
Fungus. ..... ... do ... 16, 600.51
Gypsum ...... ...... ..do ... 72, 630,00
Hemp .... .................. ... do .... 70,848.62
Hides, cow. .do ... 28,006, 45
Lily flowers . ............. .do ... 2,892. 68
Medicines ... .............. ..do ... 94, 568.95
Nut-galls --- ........ ... do .... 23, 302. 09
Oil, wood ....................... .do ... 234, 927.80
Opium, Zechuen ................. .... do ... 1,499. 17
Paper ............ do ... 13, 871.47
Rhubarb ..... ......... .do ... 4,787.55
Safflower ....... .do .... 5,463. 16
Silk, Zechuen .. .do .... 5, 576.30
Tobacco .do .... 108, 304.89
Varnish ...... do .... 6,947.09
White wax ... ...... .do .... 16, 694.52
Steel ........ ·· ..do .... 5, 119.80
Tallow, vegetable ...... ...do .... 79, 623.98
CHINA. 169
Teas :
Black . piculs .. 498, 457. 70
Brick, black .do .... 64, 222.87
do .... 19,0
, 085.23
Brick, green
DUTIES .
The gross amount of duties paid on the imports , exclusive of opium ,

was $442.23.
The gross amount of duties paid on exports, also exclusive of opium,
was $2,487,825.24.
The opium duty amounted, on both native and foreign , to $33,421.37 .
SHIPPING.
Statement showing the shipping and tonnage of Hankow , for the year ending June 30, 1877 .
Entered. No. Tonnage. Cleared. No. Tonnage.
Sailing vessels . 99 14,557 Sailing-vessels . 95 14, 058

Steamers 331 280, 752 Steamers 322 284, 669
Native craft . Native craft. 134 10, 877
Total. 430 295, 309 Total 651 309, 604
Of the arrivals reported above, 214 were river steamers plying regu
larly between Shanghai and Hankow and intermediate ports . Two of
the sailing-vessels were ocean craft and twelve of the steamers were
ocean vessels direct from London , and returning direct to the same port
with the present season's teas. These vessels show a combined tonnage
of 19,750 tons, and they took freightage aggregating 30,880,158 pounds
avoirdupois of teas.
The native craft embraced lorchas and chartered junks under foreign
direction , the former carrying the flag of the nationality of their owners.
The junks carry no flags, even when they are under foreign control.
Several of both classes are under American captains or charters, and
the receipts to the consulate from both sources, for tonnage- fees , letters ,
seals to passes , and clearance , has been $ 309.28 for the year.
The nationalities of the shipping employed in the Hankow trade, be
yond native craft, has been almost entirely confined to the United States ,
Great Britain , Germany, Spain, and Russia. The trade to foreign coun
tries for the entire year 1876 shows no American tonnage. British ships
have very largely done this carrying, equaling 72.23 per cent. of the
whole. But of the entire coast trade that of the United States flag was
40.90 per cent. of the whole, to 43.44 per cent. under the English flag.
Of the transit trade inland, 7,554 passes were issued by the imperial
customs to American houses , and only 3,521 to the British, out of a to
tal number of 11,151 passes. This gives a percentage of 58.86 per cent.
to Americans, and to English traders 40.52 per cent. But even this
coast-trade and inland pass system must hereafter be largely changed ,
in consequence of the withdrawal of the United States flag from the
river by the transfer into native ownership of the fine line of steamers ,
as noted earlier in this report.
The direct trade to the United States for the year ending June 30 is
confined entirely to shipments of 2,864 packages of tea, equaling about
100,000 pounds, and valued on, the consular invoices at $ 55,597.95. An

indirect home trade, however, which I have no means of even estimating,
grows out of teas and other less important products sent down the river
to Shanghai, and thence shipped to the United States as from the latter
port. A part of the teas also shipped direct to London are really des
tined for the United States Atlantic ports, aggregating no inconsider
able amount. For reasons thus suggested , the direct home trade from
Hankow, as above noted , is no complete indication of the value of the
exports from this port to America.
THE TEA TRADE .
The tea trade is the one great interest of Hankow, as the port is the
center of a vast tea-producing district of generally superior quality.
This business is almost entirely conducted in the months of May and
June. It is mainly in the hands of English and Russian hongs. The
tea is cultivated, gathered, and cured on the inland plantations , entirely
by the natives, then collected by native factors into lots or " chops " of
even quality, and under transit passes issued by the high authorities
and countersigned by the consul , it is taken to the inland streams, and
thence by small boats brought to Hankow for a market. The agents,
compradores, and tea-tasters begin to congregate in April , to be ready
for the first arrival, and about the first of May the earliest " chops " be
gin to come in, and from that time to the close of June the rush is simply
indescribable. Ocean steamers lying in the stream waiting for cargoes,
native boats crowding at the bund, coolies passing by thousands hither
and thither with tea- chests suspended from bamboo yokes, and the various
hongs thronged with native brokers exhibiting " musters," or samples,
and a lively competition raging for first choice and best lots, all combine
to present a picture to be seen nowhere else in the world.
Within the two months of this trade three-fourths of a million of
chests and half- chests are brought in, and change hands. At least from
$5,000,000 to $ 10,000,000 thus pass from foreign capital into native
hands, to be distributed to classes to be later referred to. From the 1st
of July the business subsides, and the calm of rest comes till another
year. The Russian hongs, however, continue a quiet business most of
the year, in the manufacture of " brick " tea, from the cheaper and later
qualities, from the dust of the trade, and from the scatterings and refuse
of the hongs. This is manipulated till it has a character peculiarly its
own, and then by hydraulic power it is compressed into molds to form
solid cakes of one pound each, known as " bricks," which they much
resemble in shape, size, and solidity. This tea is thus commodiously
compact for transportation , and is an important article of commerce
for Siberia and other countries where beasts of burden are the main re
liance for the conveyance of stores. The table of exports exhibits the
quantities of both green and black brick teas sent from Hankow during
the period embraced in this report. The entire teas of the present sea
son have been of an inferior quality, and held also at high prices. As a
result of the two causes combined , the trade has fallen short of that of
last year by more than 3,000,000 pounds.
TEA INDUSTRIES.
The importance of the industries growing directly out of tea culture,

to a population so dense as that of the dependencies of this consulate,
can scarcely be overestimated . The plantations are in small hands, the
CHINA. 171
entire family of men , women, and children being employed in the vari
ous stages of the culture, curing, and packing. The transportation is
by coolies solely to the water courses, each one bearing two chests at a
time, swung from the ends of the yoke borne on the shoulders. The
river boats are propelled mainly by oars, and employ multitudes. The
manufacture of boxes, or chests, is another great industry, every item
of the labor from getting out the timber to the dovetailing of the parts
being performed by patient hand toil, with tools that only a Chinaman
would not consider rude. Still another art that occupies many rude ar
tists is the painting of the chests after designs for each distinct " chop ,"
every individual chest being done by the brush, guided only by hand
and eye, unaided by either stencil or pattern. Casting the lead sheets
for the lining, also rudely done by hand, and the fashioning and solder
ing to fit the chests, is an equally extensive labor. And finally, multi
tudes are employed in weaving matting about the chests for their protec
tion, which is done from prepared thin strips of bamboo , so that a seam
less basket-work, often of three thicknesses, is completely woven around
every chest. When it is considered that these chests are numbered by
millions, the extent of all this varied labor at once becomes apparent,
and the effects of so general a distribution of property among employés
can be readily imagined . Probably in no other industry is the price of
the manufactured article so speedily and effectively distributed among
the producers .
STATE OF THE COUNTRY.
Generally peaceful and orderly conditions are preserved among the

people throughout this consular jurisdiction . No American has suffered
either personal inconvenience or discourtesy from people or officials, and
the friendship for our nationality seems to be distinctively real. When
the military examinations at the vice-royal city of Me Chang, on the
shore directly opposite Hankow, are in progress, they gather from ten
to twenty thousand strangers, mostly young men, and occasional out
breaks occur at such times, when foreigners specially suffer at the hands
of wild youths from districts entirely unvisited by foreigners. But
these disturbances are, perhaps, no more serious than similar affairs at
home would be if as many students were gathered with no oversight of
parents or professors. But in one aspect the contrast is very marked.
At home disorder and violence would be at once restrained by the strong
hand of the law, and the leaders would be punished. Here the author
ities seem afraid to touch the rioters, and arrest and punishment of such
offenders is a very rare exception . The interchange of official inter
course has been free and agreeable, and when differences of opinion
have occurred they have always been attended by assurances from the
natives that personal relations were not involved . The crops have been
fair, but not extra prolific, and the ravages of locusts, which at one
time were very threatening, were effectively interrupted by opportune
and heavy rains. Altogether the region is prosperous, and the people
industrious, and apparently happy and contented . The speculative
causes of this outside content, and the probable unrest beneath, it is
not my province here to discuss. At present law, order, and established
routine prevail unquestioned .
AGENCY OF KIU -KIANG.
Appertaining to this consular jurisdiction the open port of Kiu - Kiang

properly becomes a part of this report. Affairs there have had no
marked points of interest for the period embraced , but the transfer of
the Shanghai Steamship Navigation Company's steamers to the native
company caused the withdrawal of the business agency of Russell & Co. ,
which denuded the port of American citizens , except the Wesleyan mis
sionaries.
SHIPPING INTEREST .
The arrivals and departures of vessels at Kiu-Kiang vary but little
from those of Hankow. All steamers and lorchas from and to the latter
port call and report at the former. The principal difference is, native
craft leaving Hankow for down voyages do not necessarily call at Kiu
Kiang.
The gross value of foreign goods imported into Kiu -Kiang for the
entire year 1876 was 2,757,791 Haikwan taels. * The native imports for
the same period were 700,304 Haikwan taels. The total exports of
native origin were 9,533,772 Haikwan taels. These combined figures
give the total gross value of the trade of the port as 12,991,867 Haikwan
taels, or approximately $ 19,487,820. The total revenue was 663,982
Haikwan taels = $995,973. The foreign goods imported were scarcely
different in character from the Hankow report, but the native exports
show one noticeable peculiarity. · Chinaware, vases, and ornamental
standards are manufactured in and near Kiu- Kiang in large quantities ,
and of various qualities, the finest in China coming from this district.
The export of this for the year was 14,157 piculs .
KIU-KIANG TEAS.
By far the most important export from this port, like that of Hankow,
is its teas. These are largely produced in the district, and are noted
for their superior qualities, especially green teas. Considerable quanti
ties of these are sent to Hankow, to be re-exported for the foreign
demand . Of black tea the entire export of all grades was 202,287 piculs.
The green teas exported , including the " chops " of gunpower, imperial,
Young Hyson , Hyson , and Twan Kay, equaled 48,830 piculs.
AGENCY OF ICHANG.
Ichang is also under charge of this consulate, but as yet no commerce
with foreigners has been developed , and no steamers have been put on
the river above Hankow. Only one vessel has entered the port to the
30th of June, and that was under the United States flag. In my view
an entirely different class of steamers from any in this Eastern world
must be provided before the upper waters of the Yang-tze can be navi
gated with certainty and profit.
ISAAC F. SHEPARD .
HOI- HOW AND PAK HOI.

CANTON, November 1 , 1877. (Received January 18 , 1878. )
Report upon the trade and commerce ofthe newly-opened ports of Hoi- How
and Pak Hoi.
OPENING OF THE NEW PORTS .
Since my last report the ports of Kuing- Chew ( Hoi - How) , on the island
of Hainan, and Pak Hoi, on the mainland, within this consular district,
have been formally opened to foreign trade.
* Haikwan tael = $1.50.
CHINA. 173
HOI - HOW .
The expectations of the most sanguine have been realized in the de
velopment of trade at Hoi - How.
The following figures show to some extent the business of the port
during the past twelve months.
Forty-nine foreign vessels, with a tonnage of 20,733, entered and
cleared .
Importations were as follows :
Shirtings, gray pieces .. 8, 210
Shirtings, white .do ... 14, 196
T-cloths ..do ... 21,495
Drills, English . ..do... 4,006
Drills, American ..do... 3, 012
Opium piculs .. 914
Matches gross .. 2, 333
besides a great variety of other articles in smaller quantities.
One hundred and twenty- six thousand five hundred and fifty-two
piculs or 16,873,566 pounds of brown, and 39,614 piculs or 5,181,867
pounds of white sugar were exported .
Treasure imported , $ 548,885 ; exported , $ 148,254, showing a balance
in favor of the port of $400,602.
Duties collected at the foreign customs on imports and exports dur
ing said period amounted to 71,316 taels, or, say, $100,000 .
PAK HOI.
The port of Pak Hoi has been opened just six months, during which
period the trade by foreigners or in foreign vessels has been limited in
deed. Only three foreign vessels have entered the port, carrying in a
few passengers and very little cargo. Only one of these vessels took on
any exports, viz, 800 bags sugar and 1,600 piculs rice and wheat for
Hainan and Hong Kong.
It is but natural to infer from the experience of the past six months
that there is no business to be done at this port, but it is claimed by
many, and I am inclined to think correctly so, that the very reverse is
the case. Many causes have obstructed most successfully thus far such
endeavors as have been made to open up steamer traffic. The fact that
no duty is collected at Pak Hoi on exports shipped in native vessels, is
an inducement to native merchants to charter such craft, to the exclu
sion of foreign vessels. This fact also renders it quite impossible to ob
tain reliable statistics of the export trade, as none are kept except at
Lien-chow, the prefectural city, situated some fifteen miles inland .
If the British minister at the Chefoo convention had secured the
opening of Lien-chow to foreign trade, making Pak Hoi the port of en
try, as was Hoi- How to the port of Kuing- chow, it would have been far
more advantageous. As it is , imports in foreign vessels pay the import
duty at Pak Hoi (where but few foreign goods are consumed ) , and when
they are carried to Lien- chow (the principal mart for such goods ) inland
taxes are levied , increasing the cost so much as to place them beyond
the reach of the masses.
Seventy- eight thousand pieces of cotton , 2,400 pieces of woolen and
15,500 pieces of general goods were imported from Macao. The general
goods mainly consisted of raw cotton, of which there was a very large
importation, medicines , & c.
It is said there is a trade guild at Pak Hoi, having a branch at Macao,
which having some influence or understanding with the native customs
at Pak Hoi , duties on imports in native vessels from Macao are reduced,
making it advantageous to use native craft and to make purchases at or

through Macao.
The exports consist of sugar, star-aniseed , aniseed-oil, ground-nut
produce, rice, &c. , which are taken to Macao, Hong- Kong, and other
northern ports in large junks loaded to the water's edge. At least one
dozen of these leave the port each month. There is also a large trade
at a port about forty miles to the west of Pak Hoi, namely, Ch'in-chow
or Un-chow. Were steamers running to Pak Hoi regularly the trade
of this port would naturally make use of them .
Large junks also ply between Pak Hoi and the southern ports of Hai
phong, Saigon , Bankok, and Singapore. Until some of the obstructions
to trade in foreign goods by foreigners in foreign vessels are removed,
it is not safe to venture an opinion as to its proportions.
CHARLES P. LINCOLN.
NEWCHWANG.
SEPTEMBER, 29, 1877. ( Received December 11.)
Report upon the trade and commerce of Newchwang for the year ending
June 30, 1877 .
I have the honor to transmit to you herewith three statements , show

ing the imports, exports , and navigation of this port for the fiscal year
ending June 30 , 1877.
PRINCIPAL IMPORTS.
Piece- goods show an increase of about 40 per cent. on last year's fig.
ures, and the import of American cottons has rather more than doubled ,
partly owing to their durability, which makes them really cheaper than
the lower-priced English goods, partly to good crops, which have ena
bled the countrymen to pay higher prices than they could of late years
afford .
Metals have been imported in twice as large quantities as last year.
This may be attributed to the extension of Chinese immigration to the
right bank of the Yaloo, and the consequently increased demand for ag
ricultural implements.
Opium shows a considerable increase, as the native spring crop does
not come on the market, as a rule, until late in summer.
PRINCIPAL EXPORTS .
This table varies in many respects from that of last year. The high
prices demanded here, and the poor returns obtained in the south , have
caused a great diminution in the export of beans, native ginseng, and
medicines, while fungus and old deer-horns no longer take rank among
our principal exports. Bean cakes, on the other hand, have been largely
exported by agents of the Swatow sugar-growers, owing to the increased
foreign demand for the produce of their plantations ; but the high prices
paid by these have prevented the export of more than one cargo to
Ceylon.
Castor- oil has been exported in large quantities to Nagasaki for use
by the men-of- war and other steamers concentrated there during the
Japanese rebellion , but as the greater part was carried as far as Shang
CHINA. 175
hai in native craft, I am unable to state the quantity even approxi

mately.
Wild raw silk was again sought after, owing to the temporary ad
vance in the home silk markets, and large orders were sent from Shang
hai last autumn to be executed on the ingathering of the new crop .
Fears, however, of a general European war, caused these to be canceled ,
and thus once more retarded the opening of what may some day prove a
most important trade .
COAL.
The anticipations expressed in my last year's report on this subject

have not, as yet, been realized . The local authorities maintain that,
notwithstanding the Chefoo convention, the protection of transit- passes
does not extend to goods conveyed in junks from an unopened seaport
to one opened by treaty. Unless they concede this point the expenses.
incident to land-carriage from such a distance will utterly prevent any
trade in Kinchow coal, though reputed to be the best in China for steam
ers' use. The question will ultimately, no doubt, be referred to Peking
for solution.
NAVIGATION.
American tonnage , owing to the purchase by Chinese of the Shanghai

Steam Navigation Company's steamers, shows a considerable decrease ,
and, for the same reason, the Chinese flag is more largely represented
in these returns. The rebellion in Japan prevented the renewal this
spring of the Mitsu Bishi Mail Steamship Company's line to the north
of China, and the difference before referred to between the local and
southern prices of Newchwang produce has prejudicially affected the
employment of foreign tonnage at this port during the period embraced
by these tables.
IMMIGRATION INTO MANCHOORIA.
The continued influx of immigration into Manchooria has spread into

the border land between this empire and Corea. The Chinese author
ities, unable to check, have wisely decided to adopt and regulate this
movement ; and the whole of the debatable land between the Palisades
and the Yaloo has been formally annexed to this province, and placed
under civil administration . One of the officials lately appointed to that
district was, I may mention , attached in a subordinate capacity to the
mission dispatched to France after the Tientsin massacre.
The governor-general (Chung Shih ) referred to in my last report died
in November, and has been succeeded by his younger brother, Chung
How, who , as is well known , visited France to explain and apologize
for the Tientsin massacre. His energies seem to be chiefly directed
toward the organization of the border land, the maintenance of a per
manent armed force for the repression of disorder, and the augmenta
tion of the provincial revenues. The measures adopted for the last
purpose have made him extremely unpopular with the mercantile
classes, and as many stories are current to his discredit as formerly to
the credit of his predecessor.
COREA : TRADE AND IMPOSTS.
This country has been visited by a severe famine, and trade at the
Corean gate has consequently been of the most trifling description . I
have reason to believe that this autumn's crops are rather below the
average, and, though perhaps sufficient to prevent distress , will not lead
to any great improvement in trade.
At the present juncture a few remarks on the local imposts on trade
may be considered appropriate.
Duty is levied at fifteen stations within the Palisades as per annexed
list, all of them being near the banks of a river or the sea, and having
no name distinct from the town wherein situated .
LIST OF STATIONS .
Tien Chiao Chang and its dependency, Tiao Yü Tai ; Pietze Woa and
its dependencies, Siao Ping Tao, Yang Tou Wa, and Lu Shu Tun ;
Takushan and its dependencies, Ching Tui Tzu , Ta Chang Ho, Pei
Ching Tzu, Lung Wang Miao, Yingtsze ( port of Newchwang) ; Tien
Chwang Tai ; Ho Kou (for Kaichow) ; and Niang Niang Kung.
The officers in charge of the seven principal stations are appointed
for a period of five years by an official termed the ching chêng of Shan
hai-kwan, and pay the Yingtsze Taotai an annual sum (by monthly
installments ) fixed at the institution of each station supplying the defi
ciency, or appropriating the balance according to circumstances.
The officers in charge of the eight subordinate stations are appointed
and removable at pleasure by those of the stations on which their posts
are dependent, and to whom they have to make returns in like manner
as those to the Taotai of Yingtsze.
I have been unable to ascertain the amount of revenue accruing from
the duties at these stations. I have, however, reason to believe that the
average annual gross duties collected at Takushan amount to 75,000
taels, and that the net amount to be paid on account of that port by the
Taotai of Yingtsze into the imperial exchequer has been fixed at 36,000
taels. All these stations were established prior to the year 1861 .
LIKIN LEVIES.
Likin (the word may almost be rended by [1 % ] one per thousand) is
also levied at these stations , though on what basis I have been unable
to ascertain ; but the money thus obtained is applied to local or, at the
most, provincial purposes. It is also levied to the amount of one per
cent. on all sales and purchases of merchandise in all the cities of the
province. In Yingtsze until very lately it was levied only on goods im
ported through the native customs ; goods imported , however, in junks
employed in carrying the tribute rice to Tien- tsin were exempted from
this impost, as also goods imported through the foreign customs, and
all exports whatsoever.
This summer, however, it was decided by the governor and the taotai
to increase the amount of likin levied on imports in Yingtsze from
(31% ) three and a half to (7 % ) seven per thousand, and to extend
its application to all imports whatsoever, not excepting goods imported
in tribute-rice junks or through the foreign customs. At the same time
they established a likin on all goods exported by Chinese amounting to
(7% ) per thousand if passed through the native customs, and only
(4 % ) four per thousand if passed through the foreign customs. Goods
exported by foreigners are exempt.
The reason alleged is the necessity of providing funds to maintain in
this province a permanent force for the repression of brigandage, to
consist of 3,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, the annual expense of which
is estimated at 480,000 taels.
Imports at Yingtsze pay, as soon as landed, duty and likin , unless
imported by foreigners, in which case likin is paid by the native buyer.
CHINA. 177
Imports going hence by land to any of the above-mentioned places, or

others within this province, pay no further dues on departure hence
nor en route ; but, on arrival at the place of destination, are subject to
likin, if sold there, not, however, if the owner decides to send them for
sale to some other place by land.
Imports going hence by water (whether up the river Liao or to sea
ports) pay a further duty on shipment here, and on arrival at port of
destination pay, as soon as landed , duty and likin, whether sold or not.
In case of reshipment they are treated as if they were original exports ,
except that a drawback of likin is granted on goods promptly re- ex
ported in the vessel by which they were imported .
Exports brought hither by water, whether sea or river , pay (with the
exception of peas and oil ) duty and likin at the place of shipment, but
no dues en route nor on arrival bere. If brought hither by land, they
are only subject to an impost at place of departure, but pay no dues en
route nor on arrival here. When shipped hence they have to pay
export duty and , if shipped by Chinese, likin ; the latter, as before
stated, is only now being established , and meets with great opposition .
I may here state that goods exported through the foreign customs pay
about three times as high a duty as if shipped through the native cus
toms.
Boats engaged on this river, as either cargo-boats or otherwise, in
the local or carrying trade, have to pay once a year a species of ton
nage dues, the amount of which depends, in a great measure, on the
caprice of the collector for the time being.
I cannot find that beasts or carts employed in the conveyance of mer
chandise are subject on that account to any impost.
FRED'K BANDINEL.
Statement showing the commerce of Newchwang, for the year ending June 30, 1877.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Value en
Quantity. tered . Amount of duties. Whence imported.
Cotton goods :
Shirtings, grey -pieces. 200, 410 $541, 150
irtings, white .do.. 16, 895 54,048
Shirtings, dyed ..do .. 1,348 4, 0:35
Shirtings, figured, brocaded..do .. 1,098 3, 300
T -cloths ..do .. 268, 869 752, 830
Drills and jeans, American ..do.. 78, 932 355, 190
Drills and jeans, English ....do .. 155, 017 496, 055
Sheetings ..do .. 600 700
Turkey reds ..do .. 9, 967 30, 900
Chintzes .. ... do .. 10, 209 28, 585
Lastings ...do .. 6, 962 39, 983
Mabomedans ..do .. 2, 180 12, 317 Foreign goods England, France,
Velveteens ......... ..do .. 2, 029 16, 230 mostly under America, Rus.
Damasks ..do .. 120 806 exemption cer. sia, Spain, Tur
Muslins and lawns. ..do .. 11,877 26, 460 tificates. Du key, Italy, Bel
Dimities .... ..do .. 2, 955 17, 680 ty paid at gium, Norway,
Handkerchiefs .dozen. 600 780 Shanghai. Germany, aud
the Nother
Total cotton goods.. 2, 383, 049 lands.
Woolen goods :
Camlets, English .pieces . 1, 330 20, 615
Lastings ..do.. 5, 625 104, 060
Lastings, crape ...do.. 1,260 7,540
Lusters and Orleans ... do .. 6, 850 38, 360
Medium cloth ..do.. 242 10, 769
Russian cloth .. .do.. 470 25, 380
Spanish stripes ……………… ..do.. 582 16, 590
Long ells .do.. 920 6, 350
Total woolen goods 229, 664
12 C R
Statement showing the commerce of Newchwang, &c.— Continued .

IMPORTS.-Continued.
Articles. Value en Amount

Quantity. tered. of duties. Whence imported.
Metals:
Iron, nail-rod .pounds . 1,864, 000 50, 228 England, France,
Iron, bar... do.. 1, 549, 733 40, 850 America, Rus
Lead .... do.. 284, 600 16,965 sia, Spain, Tur
Quicksilver.. do .. 28, 533 16, 703 key, Italy, Bel
Steel do.. 310, 733 14, 690 gium, Norway,
Tin ... ……… do.. 927,867 177, 456 Germany, and
Foreign goods the Nether
Total metals ... 316, 892 mostly under lands.
exemption cer
Opium : tificates . Du.
Malwa.. .pounds 333, 400 1,688, 175 ty paid at
Patna do.. 3,360 11,592 Shanghai.
Benares ...do .. 5,280 26,730
Persian.. do .. 267 1, 472 India and Persia.
Total 1,727, 969
Sundries :
Needles ....mille 86, 620 $207, 888
Sugar, brown pounds 13, 496, 733 516, 252
Sugar, white.... .do.. 4, 041, 733 234, 167
Sugar, candy . .do.. 707, 400 50, 230
Paper, first quality ..do .. 629, 867 90, 325 Hong -Kong, Ja
Paper, second quality. .do .. 2,625, 067 279, 054 Native produce pan, Russian
Paper, Joss .do.. 392, 333 35, 650 half tariff duty. Manchooria ,
Seaweed, Russian. .do.. 2, 166, 467 35, 340 and China coast
Cotton, raw. ..do.. 541, 067 66,800 ports.
Silk, piece-goods . ..do.. 19,000 14,350
Grass cloth .do.. 18, 933 4, 258
Total sundries . 1, 534, 314
Grand total 6, 191, 888
EXPORTS.
Articles. Quantity. Value, including Whither exported.

costs and charges.
Barley, pearl .. ..pounds. 215,000 $4,250

Beans .do... 176, 579, 600 2,576, 536
Beancakes ..... ........ do... 125, 439, 200 1, 183, 600
Bean-oil .tuns. 217 25, 660
Deer-horns, young pairs. 927 77, 580
Ginseng, native ....... pounds 250, 800 87,564
Ginseng, Corean, first quality do... 6, 533 133, 402 Hong-Kong, Japan,
.do... 5,000 27,543 and China coast
Ginseng, Corean, second quality . ports.
Licorice .. .do... 77, 600 4,850
Medicines ..do... 810, 067 80, 196
Melon-seeds .do... 1,521, 200 129, 425
Prawns, dried .do... 825,000 163, 350
Samshu. ... .do ... 858, 267 39, 483
Vermicelli . do.. 680, 300 45, 355
Total. 4,578, 794
CHINA. 179
C.- Statement showing the navigation at the port of Newchwang for the year ending June
30, 1877.
ENTERED.
Flag. From or to Steamers. Sailing-vessels. Total.
24- E2E
United States 17 5, 237 12 5,084 29 10,321
British 18 11, 552 64 21, 194 82 32, 744
Chinese 13 8, 732 1 456 14 9, 188
Danish 15 4, 541 15 4, 541
Dutch Hong-Kong, Japan, and 855 2 855
French China coast ports ...... 15 5, 108 15 5, 108
German 114 37, 125 114 37, 125
Japanese 3 1, 458 3 1, 458
Siamese 8 3,708 8 3,708
Swedish and Norwegian 4 1,241 4 1,241
Total 51 26, 979 235 79, 310 286 106, 289
CLEARED.
United States 17 5, 237 12 5, 084 29 10, 321

British 18 11, 552 64 21, 194 82 32, 744
Chinese 13 1 456 14
∞-
8,732 9, 188
Danish 15 4,541 15 4, 541
Dutch .. Hong-Kong, Japan, and 2 855 2 855
French China coast ports .......
.. 15 5, 108 15 5, 108
German 114 37, 125 114 37, 125
Japanese 1,458 3 1, 458
Siamese 8 3,708 8 3, 708
Swedishand Norwegian 4 1,241 4 1,241
Total 51 26, 979 235 79, 310 286 106, 289
NINGPO.
SEPTEMBER 29, 1877. (Received December 1. )

Report upon the trade and commerce of Ningpo for the year ending June 30,
1877.
The accompanying tables of imports, exports, and navigation have
been compiled in accordance with the instructions contained in the
consular regulations, and filled in as fully and accurately as the infor
mation within my reach has permitted.
INCREASE IN OPIUM IMPORTS.
The imports at Ningpo for the past year differ little in kind or quan
tity from those of the preceding year. As usual, opium is the largest
import, amounting in value to more than all other articles put together ;
and this import still continues to increase, notwithstanding the increas
ingly large quantity which the Chinese are now producing for them
selves. The quantity imported into Ningpo was, in 1872, 881,866
pounds ; in 1873, 1,013,040 pounds ; in 1874, 1,029,833 pounds ; in 1875,
1,169,533 pounds ; in 1876, 1,263,334 pounds ; and a similar increase
will probably appear at the close of 1877.
STRAW HATS ; THEIR MANUFACTURE AND EXPORT.
In the exports of the past year there has been some increase in the
staple articles of silk, tea, and cotton . There is also an increase, and a
very large one, in the item of straw hats. These hats, I believe, are
manufactured exclusively at this place. The material employed is the
same as that used in the manufacture of floor-mats. These mats , in
the market reports , are called straw mats , and these hats are called
straw hats ; but this designation seems hardly appropriate. The ma
terial is not what is commonly called straw, but a marsh-grass, similar
to or identical with what is known among us as the bulrush. This
plant, instead of growing wild as with us, is extensively cultivated.
The roots of it are planted in the autumn by setting them out in small
bunches and in rows about a foot apart. The ground is kept wet, under
water in fact, all the time of its growth. The roots , thus set out, grow
and strengthen during the winter. In the spring they shoot up their
stalks in a tall, waving mass, that looks rich and beautiful. The plant
reaches its maturity in the month of June or July, when it is cut and
dried in the sun . In the process of drying it changes its dark green
color into a dingy yellow. When sufficiently dried it is tied up in
bundles and stored away for use. In this form it is bought and sold in
the country markets, and hundreds and thousands of women and
children find employment in weaving it into mats and now in braiding
it into hats. These hats are not only manufactured exclusively at
Ningpo, but almost exclusively for foreign use. Their manufacture and
export, I think, commenced in 1873-74. The number exported in 1874
was about one million. In 1875 it had reached to nearly four millions.
Last year there was a considerable falling off, but this year it has largely
increased, amounting to more than seven and a half millions . This
manufacture found its first market in the United States, and there, I
believe, it finds its chief market still.
NAVIGATION.
Table C exhibits the number, tonnage, and nationality of all vessels
entered at and cleared from the ports of this district during the year
covered by this report, excepting such native vessels as are not regis
tered , or not registered in such a way as to bring them under the super
vision of the general maritime customs. This class of vessels will be
referred to presently.
In the mean time attention is called to one or two particulars relating
to the shipping exhibited in these tables.
It will be observed that the larger number of vessels exhibited in
these tables are steamers , and that their tonnage, compared with that
of the other class, is large, the former being nearly 400,000, while the
latter is less than 20,000.
The number of vessels entered at and cleared from the customs of
Ningpo during the past year, compared with that of the preceding one,
is considerably less. The number reported for that year was 660 , while
for this year it is only 454. The decrease has been in steamers 115 and
in sailing vessels 91. This decrease in shipping would seem to indicate
a decrease of trade. But a comparison of the commercial tables of the
two years indicates no real falling off of trade. The amount of shipping
for the previous year was greater than the trade required . This may be
true of the present year also, but not to the same extent.
Hitherto American steamers have had the greater part of the carry
ing trade of Ningpo . This precedence continued until March last, when
Messrs . Russell & Co.'s steamers, that is, the steamers of the Shanghai
Steam Navigation Company, were all sold and transferred to the China
Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, and the American flag waved
no more over this splendid fleet so long and so justly the pride and
CHINA 181
boast of Americans in China. There are few merchant steamers now

in Chinese waters under the American flag. And the future- who can
tell what this will be ? On the sale and transfer of these steamers to
the Chinese company they had things all their own way on this line for
two or three months. Since then there has been a steamer, making her
three round trips a week, running in opposition . As the Chinese com
pany has run two steamers , and both of a better class, it has no doubt
retained most of the business ; and it seems likely that it will continue
to do so.
There has been , also , considerable decrease in the number of sailing
vessels entering and leaving this port. The number of these reported
a year ago was 241 ; the number reported now is 150. Themost ofthese
are small Chinese-built vessels of from fifty to one hundred or one hundred
and fifty tons, called luggers or lorchas. They carry small cargoes of
native produce between this port and Shanghai, or to and from the ports
on the Yangtse River. Much the larger number of these vessels are
under the Chinese flag, but some of them are under foreign flags , Eng
lish, German , Spanish , and American . There are very few at present
under the American flag.
UNREGISTERED VESSELS.
As already remarked , there is a class of vessels owned or trading at
this port that are not registered, or they are not so registered as to bring
them under the supervision of the foreign customs. These vessels con
sequently are not reported in the customs returns, nor are there any
reports of them published anywhere. But by special inquiry at the
office where these vessels report on their arrival and departure, it has
been ascertained that their number, capacity, and kind of cargo, for the
year covered by this report, are about ( for entire accuracy cannot be
vouched for) as follows :
1. Ofvessels trading between this port and the province of Shantung,
bringing beans, beancake, melon-seeds, dates, walnuts, vermicelli,
medicines, &c., and taking away paper, bamboos, poles, &c. , there were
130, with a carrying capacity of 3,000 piculs each.
2. Of vessels trading between this port and the province of Fookien ,
bringing indigo, sugar, &c. , and taking away cotton, cotton cloth, straw
mats, medicines, &c. , there were 220, with a carrying capacity of 2,500
piculs each.
3. Of vessels trading with Wenchow and the southern parts of this
province, bringing coffin-boards, poles , charcoal , alum, fruits, &c., and
taking away seeds, cotton , oil, beans, &c., there were 900, with a carrying
capacity of 850 piculs each.
4. Of vessels trading with Shanghai and the river ports and nearer
places, taking and bringing general produce, there were 250, with a
carrying capacity of 400 piculs each .
5. Of vessels employed in the fisheries there were 2,000, with a carry
ing capacity averaging 45 piculs each .
It would be difficult, perhaps impossible, to ascertain with accuracy
the aggregate tonnage of this class of vessels. But reckoning the picul
at 133 pounds avoirdupois, we shall have :
Tons.
First class, 130, with an aggregate tonnage of.. 26,000
Second class, 220, with an aggregate tonnage of. 36, 600
Third class, 900, with an aggregate tonnage of.. 51,000
Fourth class, 250, with an aggregate tonnage of.. 6, 667
Fifth class, 2,000, with an aggregate tonnage of... 6,000
Total . 126,267
As remarked in previous reports, the number of these vessels , particu

larly of the larger size, such as trade with the Fookien and Shantung
provinces, has greatly diminished since they have had to compete with
foreign- built vessels, and it seems likely that they will continue to de
crease. They are too clumsy and too unsafe in storms to compete suc
cessfully with foreign vessels, or vessels built after foreign models.
The smaller kinds of these vessels, used in the fisheries , or in trade with
the nearer places, answer a better purpose. They are built cheaply ,
worked cheaply, and for the work which they have to do they answer a
very good purpose.
REVENUE .
The Chinese tax almost everything brought into the country, and
everything taken out of it. And not only so, but they tax their own
produce when it passes from one port to another. They tax all goods
passing from the port into the country ; and from the country to the
port. In short, no goods can be moved from one place to another with
out being taxed . Hence the various designations employed in the fol
lowing statement, compiled from the customs returns , showing the
revenue collected from these sources during the past year :
16143032
Hk. tls. m . C. C.
63692075
2-00200 O
Import duty 13, 374
Export duty . 418, 149 9
Coast-trade duty .. 28, 029 8
Opium duty 276, 729 8
Tonnage dues . 2, 109
Transit duty, inward . 20,741 8
Transit duty, outward . 7, 150
Total ..... 766, 285 8 2 4
or $1,149,428.73.
ROCK TO THE EASTWARD OF POOTOO ISLAND.
There has been issued the following marine notice relating to this dis
trict :
No. 76.-Ningpo district.
Notice is hereby given that Captain Petersen , of the C. M. S. N. Co.'s steamer Ho
chung, has reported a rock unmarked on the charts to the eastward of Pootoo Island,
and he gives the following magnetic bearings as determining its position :
West Nine Pin Rock.. N. 330 E.
Half Tide Rock ... .... N. 120 E.
N. W. point of Isthmus Island . .... ……………………......... N. 140 W.
Northern end of Pootoo E. Bluff ....... .... N. 490 W.
The harbor master at Ningpo has verified the position of this pinnacle rock, and re
ported that there will probably be only 6 feet of water on it at low-water spring tides,
with from 7 to 13 fathoms around it.
See Admiralty Charts Nos. 1199 and 1969.
By order of the inspector-general of customs.
CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY.
The country within this consular district has been quiet and prosper
ous during the past year. There have been no serious droughts nor de
structive floods. Nor has there been unusual sickness, or calamities of
any kind. Crops have been usually good , and the necessaries of life
have been plentiful. Very different has been the state of things in some
other parts of the country, especially in the north, where, during the
past winter, many thousands perished from starvation . The supersti
tious rumors so rife throughout the country a year or more ago, causing
so much anxiety and so much real suffering, have been quiet during the
year.
CHINA. 183
The country has been quiet, but it has not been progressive . At
least, it has not been perceptibly so. There is no sign of discontent with
its present condition ; no reaching out and feeling after a better one.
COMMERCIAL CONDITION AND PROSPECTS OF THE PORT.
This subject has two aspects ; one relates to the capacity of the port
for trade ; the other regards regulations by which trade is affected .
Considered with reference to the former, the condition and prospects
of the port are encouraging. Trade is not falling off. On the contrary,
both imports and exports are increasing-the latter considerably. More
over, the port is surrounded by, or connected with, a comparatively
rich and productive country, where the great staples of China- tea , silk ,
and cotton - are largely produced , and where foreign goods have found ,
and where they are still likely to find , considerable markets. Ningpo,
as a port of trade, compared with the others open by treaty, has held,
and still holds, a respectable position . It might be difficult, perhaps
impossible, to fix with entire accuracy that position. But the amount
of revenue which its trade affords should furnish some clew to it. The
following statement, compiled from the customs records for the year
ending December 31 , 1876 , will show the relative importance of the sev
eral ports, so far as indicated by their revenue. In this statement the
ports are named in the order of the amount of duties collected :
Hk. tls. m . c. c. Hk. tls. m . C. C.
Shanghai . 3,465,496 5 7 2 Tientsin .. 312, 603 2 6 3
Hankow 1,801, 335 4 4 9 Newchwang 257, 221 0 8 5
Foochow 1,694,536 3 1 6 Chefoo 234, 534 1 5 4
Canton .. 977,711 999 Takow 167,944 3 6 2
Swatow 847,962 3 2 5 Chinkiang 149,866 7 37
Ningpo ... 719,590 1 4 5 Kiungchow. 43,573 8 0
Kiukiang 694,474 6 7 5 Tamsui 1,617 6 0
Amoy 573,872 2 95
CHINESE METHOD OF LEVYING IMPOSTS.

Foreign governments in their treaties with China have all accepted
the same tariff of duties and contemplated the same regulations of trade.
They have also stipulated that these regulations shall be uniform at all
the ports. These regulations are simple and definite, and their import,
as I suppose, is this : Foreign goods brought into a Chinese port must
pay the tariff duty. When this is done, and they are cleared from the
customs, the owner or agent is at liberty to sell them at the port in any
way and to any person he chooses, without let or hinderance, and with
out their being subjected to further taxation by the Chinese Govern
ment or their officials at the port of entry. If a suitable market is not
found at the port, the owner or agent can take them to any place which
he may choose inland by paying on them a transit duty equal to one
half of the import duty. And this duty, being paid, the goods are
liable to no further taxation . When a foreign merchant goes inland to
purchase Chinese produce for exportation a similar rule applies . He
must pay on them a transit duty of one-half the export duty, and
when shipping them he must pay the tariff export duty. These, with
the ordinary tonnage-dues, are, I believe, all that are specified in the
treaties, and therefore all that the treaties contemplated . Had others
been contemplated they would no doubt have been specified , and placed
with these, to be levied and collected by the imperial customs, and not
by local irresponsible officials. At this port, and at some, if not all, of
the other ports, the local officials, while they readily admit their inability
to levy other taxes on foreign goods while in the hands of foreigners ,
maintain that they have the right to tax them as soon as they are sold
to natives ; and they do tax them whenever, wherever, and to whatever
extent suits their purpose. In doing it they say they are not taxing
foreigners, they are taxing their own people ; and they very coolly ask
whose business this is but their own . One can hardly suppose that
these officials are so short- sighted as not to see that, as to the real
matter in question , the difference is a small one who pays the tax, the
seller or the buyer, since in either case it is a tax on the importer's trade,
and the more his trade is taxed the more it is injured. It is more likely
that these officials quite understand the subject. But it is not their
wish to encourage foreign trade, nor is it their intention to leave any.
thing untaxed that it is possible to tax within their reach.
The state of things in China in matters of this kind is vastly differ
ent from what it is in the West. There no duties or imposts are levied
except by government authority, or collected except under government
regulations. Revenue officials are amenable to law, which can always
be invoked by those who are wronged . It is otherwise here. Here local
officials are allowed by law or custom to levy imposts on local trade ,
ostensibly to defray local expenses. The general government takes
little or no cognizance of the matter. It is left mainly in their hands,
and their acts are often, if not always, arbitrary and irresponsible.
There is no law that prescribes or limits these imposts, and none that
regulates their mode of collection . The consequence is that commerce,
having paid all its prescribed dues to the government at its customs,
finds itself still burdened with endless and injurious exactions.
These taxes or imposts, levied outside the customs, are generally
known by the name " lekin ." The places or offices where they are col
lected are called " lekin stations " if located at the port or at inland
towns. But when located along the highways or water-courses , to look
after goods in transitu , they are called " barriers." These are every
where met with , and so troublesome and so obstructive are they to
trade that one might be excused for supposing that their name had
grown out of their character.
But this lekin arrangement of the local officials, troublesome and inju
rious as it has been, is in this region assuming an aspect still more
alarming. Foreign trade has not only to suffer from its obstructions
and exactions, but the officials are endeavoring so to operate it as to
make this trade impossible. They have two motives for doing this, both
of which are too obvious to be mistaken. One is their hatred of for
eigners ; the other is their love of gain. Foreigners, without intending
it, are often troublesome to Chinese officials. These officials have many
purposes and cross - purposes which in various ways foreigners stand in
the way of. This is humiliating and irritating to their pride and arro
gance. This they try to put up with through fear of something worse.
But they do not forgive it or forget it. It rankles in their hearts. And
there is nothing that they so much desire (gain alone excepted ) as to
get rid of them altogether. The other motive, their love of gain , is
equally, perhaps still more, powerful. The treaties, in their arrange
ments for foreign trade, have stipulated of course that all duties collect
ible should be paid into the customs, the customs being under the con
trol of the general government. This arrangement places the local
officials, compared with their old status, when all duties were collected
by them, at a disadvantage. Their loss in this respect they are anxious
to remedy ; and they are endeavoring to do it as far as possible. The
import and export duties of course they cannot touch, so long as the
customs are worked , as at present, by foreign employés. But the transit
CHINA. 185
duties they can manage to turn into lekin, and so get hold of them.
And this is the way they do it. I will suppose a case for illustration .
Two merchants, a foreigner and a native, import each a hundred bales
of piece goods. Both pay the same import duty into the customs. If
now they want to send them inland for sale they can do so on equal
terms by paying into the customs the prescribed transit duty. Were
they to do so, and were their goods subjected to no other charges, while
in transportation they were allowed equal facilities, the arrangement
would be a just one. And if either were the more successful in his
transaction, his success would seem to be owing to greater skill or econ
omy. But just here the local officials come forward and say to the native
merchant : " Do not send your goods into the country under the transit
pass arrangement. Apply at our lekin station, where arrangement will
be made for you to send them at a lower rate. In this way you will be
able to sell your goods at a profit, while the foreigner will have to sell
his at a loss . And besides immediate profit, you will soon have the
market all to yourself." The native, ever ready to grasp the " specious
good " unmindful of the " future ill," enters into the arrangement. The
result is obvious. The native merchant has a profitable trade, the
foreign merchant has none ; and the officials get their lekin, not as
much of course as they would like, but enough to make them happy,
and all the happier for the discomfiture of the foreigner. The same
arrangement is made to apply to native produce purchased inland for
exportation. It can be brought to the port without loss only through
native merchants in co-operation with the lekin officials . The inland
trade, therefore, is effectually closed to foreigners.
Nor is this all. A like arrangement is being applied also to goods
sold at the port. Foreign merchants find it difficult or impossible to
sell their goods, because they are lekined more heavily than those im
ported by natives . I was told by a foreign merchant, one of the oldest
and most experienced in the place, that he could not sell cotton goods
at Ningpo for what they actually cost at Shanghai. I asked him why.
He replied, " Because there is in the city a guild, a combination of mer
chants and officials, that monopolizes this whole business. Any dealer
outside of this monopoly would be sure to come to grief." I asked him
what proof he had that this was true. He said he had only common
rumor and general appearances ; but these , in his opinion , were strong
enough to make the matter certain. I am inclined to think that the
merchant was correct. Moreover, I have little doubt that further efforts
will be made in the same direction, aiming to bring the trade in other arti
cles, and all articles under the control of monopolies, sustained by official
influence and a share of the lekin taxes, until the last vestige of foreign
trade is crushed out. Nor do I see what is to prevent the accomplish
ment of this object except the entire prohibition of lekin charges on
foreign goods and native produce intended for exportation .
EDWARD C. LORD.
Statement showing the commerce at Ningpo for the year ending June 30, 1877.
A.-IMPORTS.
Articles. Amount of Whence imported.

Quantity. Value entered. duties.
Cotton goods :
Shirtings, gray ....pieces . 393, 684 $905, 381 20 $47, 237 28 Foreign countries via Shanghai.
Shirtings, white ..do ... 34, 483 137,932 00 4, 137 95 Do.
T -cloths .do... 232, 162 431, 349 70 27,979 44 Do.
Brocades, dyed . ... do ... 2,700 7,020 00 405 00 Do.
Chintzes .do. 7, 214 12, 263 80 757 47 Do.
Drills, English...... do ... 33,405 100, 215 00 5,010 75 Do.
Drills, American ..do ... 7,351 24,993 40 1, 102 65 Do.
Brills, Dutch .do ... 1, 170 3,217 50 175 50 Do.
Jeans.. .do... 75, 721 189, 302 50 11, 358 15 Do.
Velvets . .do... 2,296 12, 628 00 619 92 Do.
Velveteens .do... 684 3, 420 00 153 90 Do.
Handkerchiefs ...dozens 10, 475 6,808 75 392 70 Do.
Total cotton goods ...... 1,834, 531 85 99, 330 71
Woolen goods :
Camlets, English..pieces. 2,380 42,840 00 1,606 50 Do.
Cloths, medium. ..do ... 2,093 50, 232 00 941 85 Do.
Lastings... ..do... 2, 327 23, 735 40 1,570 72 Do.
Long ells .do... 1,922 19, 220 00 576 60 Do.
Lusters . ..do... 12, 525 56,362 50 3, 757 50 Do.
Spanish stripes .....do ... 3, 351 60, 372 00 2,263 95 Do.
Total woolen goods..... 252, 761 90 10, 717 12
Metals:
Iron, bar .piculs . 6, 095 24, 380 00 1,142 80 Do.
Iron, nail-rod .do ... 31, 145 93, 435 00 5,839 67 Do.
Lead .do... 8, 466 66, 034 80 2,116 50 Do.
Steel .do... 2,379 12, 846 60 892 12 Do.
Tin . ..do ... 15, 256 358, 516 00 28, 605 00 Do.
Total metals 255, 212 40 38, 596 09
Opium :
Benares ..piculs . 87 50, 460 00 3,915 00 India, via Shanghai or Hong
Malwa.. Kong.
.do... 9,457 5,485, 060 00 425, 565 00 Do.
Patna .do... 207 120, 060 00 9, 245 00 Do.
Total opium... 5,655, 580 00 438, 725 00
Sundries :
Beancake ...picals. 15, 142 21, 803 48 794 95 Coast ports.
Beche de mar, black. do ... 346 10,380 00 778 50 Straits.
Beche de mar, white.do... 854 12,810 00 448 35 Do.
Chinaroot .do... 2,497 14,982 00 486 91 Coast ports.
Dye-stuff .do... 2,548 61, 152 00 3,057 60 Do.
Fungus .. .do ... 2, 431 75, 361 00 2, 187 90 Do.
Hemp .do... 7,752 100, 776 00 4,099 80 Do.
Indigo, dried ..do... 233 4,864 00 349 50 Do.
Indigo, liquid.. .do... 1,272 8,904 00 343 44 Do.
Lichens, dried .do... 3,820 30, 560 00 1,146 00 Do.
Lotus nuts ..do ... 2,487 44,766 00 1,865 25 Do.
Lungngans, dried ...do ... 15, 469 232, 035 00 5,800 87 Do.
Mangrove bark. ..do ... 10, 075 14, 105 00 453 37 Singapore.
Medicines .do... 24, 766 495, 320 00 24, 766 00 Coast ports.
Oil, wood.. ..do... 17, 798 151,283 00 6, 229 30 Hankow.
Pepper, black . .do... 2,982 31, 311 00 1, 610 28 Siam and the Straits.
Rattans .do... 6,587 32, 935 35 1,482 07 Do.
Sandal-wood ..do... 1,273 5, 365 00 769 80 Do.
Sapan-wood.. .do ... 8,507 25, 521 00 1, 276 05 Do.
Sea-weed .do. 5, 314 15, 942 00 1,195 65 Shanghai.
Sugar, brown . .do ... 7,615 38, 075 00 1, 195 65 Siam, Singapore, and Penang.
Sugar, white .. .do... 9, 213 61,195 65 2,763 90 Siam and Canton.
Sugar, candy .do. 6, 933 69, 330 00 2,599 87 Canton and Amoy.
Tobacco, prepared..do ... 4,899 83, 283 00 3,306 82 Coast ports.
Varnish .do... 1, 568 94, 080 00 1,176 00 Hankow.
Wood, ebony .do ... 6, 173 37,038 00 1,388 92 Straits.
Wood, red .do ... 3, 901 15, 604 00 672 91 Do.
Total sundries . 1,788, 781 48 73, 245 66
Grand total 9,786, 877 63 660, 614 58
CHINA. 187
Statement showing the commerce at Ningpo, &c.—Continued.

B.-EXPORTS.
Articles. Quantity. Value, including Whither exported .

cost and charges.
Alum ..piculs.. 25, 430 $29, 117 35 Shanghai and Hong-Kong.

Copper cash . .strings.. 19, 282 16, 293 29 Coast ports.
Cotton, raw piculs.. 30,786 508, 738 65 Do.
Cuttle-fish, dried . ...do ... 55, 038 620, 278 26 Do.
Fans, paper ……………… . pieces.. 659, 218 53, 182 40 Shanghai.
Hats, straw ..do... 7,501, 230 157, 525 93 Mostlyto United States,via Shanghai.
Joss-stick powder. piculs.. 4, 098 7,745 22 Ooast ports.
Kittysols... pieces .. 248, 055 63,873 75 Do.
Mats, straw. .do . 652, 208 99, 787 80 Do.
Medicines....... piculs.. 34, 014 894, 867 50 Do.
Samshoo . .do.. 4, 434 8,978 85 Shanghai, for foreign countries.
Silk, piece goods.. ..do .... 198 112,461 00 Do.
Silk, raw. ..do .... 1, 230 571,950 00 Shanghai.
Stones ..pieces.. 28,886 15, 167 15 Shanghai, for foreign countries.
Tea, black piculs 2, 468 107, 975 00 Do.
Tea, green .do...... 136, 925 6,675, 095 75 Do.
Tea, leaf .do .... 2,316 39, 082 50 | Hong-Kong.
Wool .do .... 709 8,890 22
Total . 9,991, 013 62
C.-Statement showing the navigation at the port of Ningpo for the year ending June 30, 1877.
ENTERED.
Flag. From Steamers. Sailing vessels. Total.

776
United States .. Hankow 9 1, 111 9 1, 111

Shanghai 103 236, 013 761 110 236, 774
Purchase 1 148 1 148
Total 103 236, 013 17 2, 020 120 238, 033
British . Bangkok.... 1 295 1 295
Canton and Hong-Kong.. 7 5,698 5, 698
Hankow 4 869 4 869
Hong-Kong 1 761 1 761
9728
220
Hong-Kong and Canton 7,060 7,060

Shanghai . 3,404 8 1, 141 15 4, 545
Wenchow 634 634
Wenchow and Foochow... 634 634
Total 28 18, 191 13 2,305 41 20, 496
Chineso Shanghai . 165 113, 600 101 6, 090 266 119, 690
German .... Built 1 113 1 113
Canton and Hong-Kong.. 8 5, 184 5, 184
Hankow
129
6 744 744
Shanghai 810 810
Wenchow ....... 124 124
Total 8 5, 184 10 1, 791 18 6,975
THI
Siamese . Bangkok.... 1 314 1 314

Bangkok and Amoy.. 295 295
Hong Kong.. 1 209 1 209
Total 3 818 3 818
Hankow .
411
Spanish 4 469 4 469

Re-entered.. 113 113
Shanghai . 73 1 73
Total 6 655 6 655
Total entered. 304 372, 988 150 13, 679 454 386, 667
Statement showing the navigation at the port of Ningpo, &c. — Continued.
CLEARED.
Flag. For Steamers. Sailing vessels. Total.
United States .. Hankow 10 1,260 1 1,260

Shanghai 103 236, 013 5 523 108 236, 536
Sold 2 237 2 237
Total 103 236, 013 17 2, 020 120 238, 033
21719σ∞ ·
British Bankok.. 2 595 595
Foochow.. 1 346 346
Hankow 7 1,013 1,013
Hong Kong. 1 533 533
7,060
9634
Hong Kong and Canton. 7,060
Shanghai 2, 871 3 351 3,222
Shanghai and Canton 6, 459 8 6, 459
Wenchow 1,268 4 1,268
Total 28 18, 191 13 2,305 41 20, 496
Chinese Shanghai 165 113, 600 101 6, 090 266 119, 690
German CantonandHong-Kongvia Shanghai 8 5, 184 8 5, 184
Foochow...... 1 421 1 421
6111
Hankow 6 744 744
Hong- Kong and Canton.. 1 389 389
Shanghai and Hankow. 1 113 113
Wenchow 1 124 1 124
Total 8 5, 184 10 1, 791 18 6,975
Siamese Amoy and Bankok 1 295 1 295
Bankok.... 2 523 2 523
Total 3 818 3 818
319
339
3192
Spanish Hankow 339
Shanghai 73 73
Shanghai and Hankow.. 2 243 243
Total 6 655 6 655
Total cleared 304 372, 988 150 13, 679 454 386, 667
WENCHOW.
NINGPO, September 29, 1877. ( Received December 1. )

FOREIGN TRADE AND LEKIN.
This new port, as already remarked , was opened to foreign trade on

the 1st of April last. Within this short time it has given some promise
of capacity for trade. But here, as elsewhere, the " irrepressible con
flict " between trade and lekin has arisen, although the " conspirators "
there seem, as yet, somewhat timid and badly organized . It may not
perhaps be out of place to quote here some remarks relating to the sub
ject from a correspondent at Wenchow, published in the North China
Herald, and also a set of regulations therein referred to. They may add
something to what I have previously written.* At least they will afford
some corroboration of the opinion which I have expressed , that the lekin
obstructions and exactions are evils to be resisted if foreign trade is to
be protected .
" Trade here," remarks the correspondent referred to, " received a rude shock by
reason of the high lekin tariff, which was suddenly sprung on us. A set of ' rules,'
ludicrous in the extreme, accompanied the table of rates ; and in it all the clauses of
*
See report for Ningpo, page 183.
CHINA. 189
the treaty, alluding to the customs, were twisted round and made to bear on the sub
ject of proclamation. For instance, one rule stated that by treaty (sic) foreigners, as
well as natives, were subject to lekin. Again, 6another notified that twice a month the
lekin officers would inspect foreign godowns, and by checking the contents with the
customs statement the difference would showwhat goods ought to have paid lekin,' &c.
This was stated to be an exact copy of the regulations in force at Ningpo. * * #
The Chinese immediately combined to resist the extortion , with the result of quite
stagnating trade. Orders were sent to Shanghai to stop shipments.. This last has had
the effect of depriving us of our usual steamer. The native merchants further threat
ened to close their places, and in the end so intimidated the Taotai that the proclama
tions were withdrawn and modifications promised . The merchants are not quite
satisfied yet ; but in escaping this Scylla I fear foreigners are threatened with a
Charybdis. The ' Ningpo lekin guild ' have, of course, suffered severely bythe opening
of this port, and they are afraid that they may not realize even the comparatively
small amount they pay for farming the tax. They are, therefore, making great efforts
to persuade one or two ofthe leading merchants here to join them in farming the lekin
at Wenchow. Now, it will be remembered that at Ningpo they were quietly allowed
to do this. They acquired the right to levy for a comparatively small payment, and
forming a guild of all the native importers, the amount was readily made up by the
imposition of a very low rate. But the moment an unhappy foreigner dared to import
a bale, he was taxed by these conspirators to the full theoretical amount, and not one
step could his goods go until this was paid. ' This cannot be,' will exclaim those
learned in treaty rights ; but alas, it is too true, as many a man reduced from compara
tive affluence to the verge of ruin can testify. Strange to say, also, so great was the
lethargy exhibited at the outset by those deeply concerned, that no struggle was made,
not even an official protest filed. When too late, and the daring fraud had got a firm
footing, there arose lamentations and whines ; but even then, when urged to make an
effort, the reply came sobbingly but decidedly, ' No, the trade has passed into native
hands ; their guild is too strong ; it is not worth while trying now. Well, this is what
the Ningpo men ( and , it is said, at the head, the lekin official himself one of them ) are
trying to effect here."
LEKIN REGULATIONS FOR THE WENCHOW DISTRICT.
The following are the rules referred to :

1. European, Japanese, Canton, Szechuen, Hankow, and Foo-Chow products imported
by steamers, sailing-vessels, Canton lorchas, papicos, and all craft having foreign sail
ing-papers will be taxed at this office in accordance with established regulations.
2. A memorandum of goods imported by foreign firms, which should give particulars
similar to those furnished to the customs, must be supplied to this office, and on sales
taking place, the firm concerned must, in accordance with the law which prescribes
payment of local dues by native merchants, direct the purchaser to proceed and pay
lekin, after which the produce may be delivered. Should underhand dealings, or
attempts at smuggling be attempted, detection will result in a fine, already defined by
regulation, of triple the amount of lekin leviable.
3. Goods purchased from foreign firms by native brokers for transport inland, either
by land or water route, will be examined by all branch lekin offices, the persons in
charge of which will call for, and examine, the lekin receipts issued by this office.
Should no receipts be forthcoming, the goods concerned will be detained pending re
port to this office and decision as to the fine to be inflicted .
4. When proffering payment of lekin, the goods concerned should be submitted for
examination, and if packages, weight, &c. , agree, the goods will be stamped and re
leased. Should the goods concerned be numerous or bulky, on application to that
effect being made, an officer will be deputed to proceed to examine the parcels on the
spot, to the prevention of underhand doings.
5. In the case of exports (excepting tea and silk, which will be dealt with sepa
rately), all goods will be taxed to the extent of three- tenths of the (customs) tariff
rate. Goods owned by foreign hongs are exempt from impost, but acts of collusion
(with natives) will , on detection, result in the infliction of a fine.
6. Native merchants purchasing goods from foreign firms for transport to the interior
must, in the first instance, tender payment of import lekin, after which they may take
delivery. On goods destined for the interior under transit pass, and not for storage in
the port, all local duties must be paid in full, on which this office will issue passes under
which the goods may be forwarded in installments, and without liability at the last
0 barrier reached. As to (Chinese owned ) native produce, it has not, to date, been per
missible to convey the same under transit pass ; therefore lekin, as per tariff, is payable
thereon. Attempted frauds in connection with this produce will be treated as acts of
smuggling.
7. As to goods of all description stored in foreign hongs, it is provided by treaty that

the lekin officials may, at convenience, devise measures for the prevention of smuggling
and other malpractices ; with this intent, therefore, this office will appoint an officer to
make monthly inspection, and take note of unsold stock. (This action is provided for
by article 46 of the treaty.)
8. Native merchants, when paying lekin, and obtaining passes, must make careful
note as to the city, street, &c. , for which the goods are destined ; also, furnish particu
lars of the water-route to be traversed in the event of goods being forwarded by water,
in order that full inspection may be made, and acts of smuggling be prevented.
9. If it be sought to re-export goods imported by foreign firms on the score of their
being unsuited to the market, lekin thereon will be remitted , if on examination at the
customs it is proved that they remain as intact as when imported. (Article 45 of the
treaty provides for this treatment. )
10. Recent regulations provide that within foreign settlements foreign products are
exempt from lekin ; but that beyond settlement limits lekin is leviable on foreign and
native produce alike. Pending the fixing of settlement boundaries, the regulations
hitherto in force affecting lekin levies will be enforced.
11. The settlement boundaries once determined on, this office will take cognizance of
native produce, the property of Chinese merchants found therein, this measure constitut
ing a simple control over native merchandise by the local authorities. Should there be
connivance with foreign firms in respect to ownership, or should the latter extend pro
tection with a view to frauds on the lekin revenue , detection will result in the confis
cation of the goods concerned, and the consul to which the foreign firm is amenable
being called on to levy a fine, to the end that treaty stipulations be upheld . ( Vide ar
ticle 48 of treaty.)
The above rules, based on those in force at Ningpo, have been drawn up to meet the
circumstances of the occasion. They are in accord with, and, in a measure, explana
tory of, treaty stipulations, and are put forth in a spirit of equity in the general in
terest of the lekin revenue .
REGULATIONS RESPECTING OPIUM.
1. Lekin on opium in the Wenchow district will be collected in accordance with the
Ningpo system, viz, at the rate of 40 taels per chest, 40 balls constituting a chest of
Patna, and 100 caddies one of Malwa.
2. On opium being imported, it will be examined by the customs and deposited in
foreign godowns under bond, report of the amount arriving being made to this office.
On sales being made, the purchaser is to be directed to pay lekin and obtain the stampcd
release-slips supplied by this office ; after which the drug may be delivered. Cases of
smuggling will be visited by a fine of 1,000 taels for each parcel smuggled.
3. As regards the opium lekin, it is customary at Ningpo (owing to a mutual agree
ment existing among foreign firms) for them to pay the lekin ; hence, from the levy of
40 taels the sum of 5 taels is refunded to the compradore of the firm concerned, and 1
tael is paid to the native broker, a sum of 34 taels accruing to the lekin office.
Foreign firms in Wenchow not having arranged for making payment in the matter
just described, there is no necessity, at present, for making the refunds mentioned. So
soon as foreign firms have come to an understanding on the question, the allowance
will be made in due course, and at the same time more detailed measures for exercising
control over operations will be promulgated.
There is yet neither American citizens nor American trade at Wen
chow ; and we have no consular officer there. It is to be hoped , how
ever, that our people and trade will soon drift in that direction.
EDWARD C. LORD .
.
CHINA. 191
**
6886988885
Statement showing the commerce at Wenchow * for the quarter ending June 30, 1877 .
IMPORTS.
29829872
¤¤¤¤
Description. Quantity.t Whence imported .
****
Cotton goods :
Shirtings, gray. ..pieces.. 30, 750 Shanghai and Ningpo .
Shirtings , white. .do ... Do.
*~
T-cloths .do... 29, 265 Do.
Brocades, dyed ..do .. Do.
Chintzes.. .do .. Do.
Dimities .do... Do.
Drills, English .do.... Do.
Drills, American. ..do .... Do.
Jeans . .do .... Do.
Handkerchiefs dozens .. Do.
Muslins.. .pieces .. Do.
Sheetings, English.. .do.... Do.
Sheetings, American.. ..do ... Do.
Turkey red cloths .do.... Do.
Twills, printed .. .do.... Do.
Woolen goods :
Camlets, Dutch .pieces .. Do.
Camlets, English . ...do... Do.
Cloth, broad ..do.. Do.
Lastings.. .do.... Do.
Lastings, union crape . .do.... Do.
Long ells .do.... Do.
Lusters, figured ..... .do Do.
Spanish stripes .. do .... Do.
Woolen and cotton mixtures . ..do.... Do.
Metals :
Copper, Japan .piculs .. Do.
Copper sheathing, old . .do.... Do.
Lead, in pigs. .do .. Do.
Tin, compound .do .... Do.
Tin, in slabs .do. Do.
Tin plates .do .... Do.
Opium:
Malwa ..piculs .. Do.
Patna .do .... Do.
Sundries :
Awabi .piculs .. Do.
Beche de mar, black .... .do .... Do.
Beche de mar, white .do .... Do.
Clocks . ..pieces .. Do.
Dates, red. …………… . piculs.. Do.
Dye-stuff .do .. Do.
Fans, palm-leaf, untrimmed pieces.. 46,000 Do.
Fungus... piculs .. Do.
Glass, window ..8q . ft.. 4,390 Do.
Gypsum .piculs .. Do.
Indigo, dry .do ... Do.
Isinglass .do... Do.
Lily flowers, dried ...do Do.
Matches .. gross .. 1,800 Do.
Nankeens .piculs .. Do.
Oil, kerosene and petroleum galls .. Do.
Paint, green piculs .. Do.
Rattans ……………. .do ... Do.
Rice .do.... 2, 093 Do.
Sandal-wood .do.... Do.
Sea-weed .do.... Do.
Tobacco, prepared ……….. .do.... Do.
Ultramarine .do.... 10.
Umbrellas ..pieces .. Do.
Varnish ..piculs.. Do.
Wax, white .. .do.... Do.
*
The port of Wenchow being only opened to foreign trade on the 1st of April, this and the two suc
ceeding tables are for the quarter ending June 30, 1877.
+ Value entered, and amount of duties collected , unknown.
Statement showing the commerce at Wenchow, &c. —Continued.

EXPORTS.
Articles. Quantity. Whence imported .
Alum .piculs.. 14 Ningpo

Charcoal .do.... 1,435 Do.and Shanghai.
China-root ...do .... 3 Do.
Coir .do... 272 Do.
Fish, salt ..do... 13 Do.
Fruit, fresh. do.. 4F9 Do.
Gum, resin .do .... 20 Do..
Gum, sandarac do .... 11 Do.
Iron, bar. ……………. do.... Do.
Iron, wire. ..do ... Do.
Iron, unmanufactured . ..do... Do.
Kittysols .pieces.. 1, 180 Do.
Medicines . .piculs .. 164 Do.
Peel , orange .do .... 26 Do.
Planks, soft wood sq. ft.. 10,876 Du.
Preserve, sweet picuols ... 4 Do.
Tea, Congou .. .d .. 175 Do.
Statementshowing the navigation at the port of Wenchow for the quarter ending June 30, 1877 .
ENTERED.
Flag. From Steamers. Sailing-vessels. Total.
British. 5 1,590 5 1,590

Аст
Shanghai and Ningpo..
Foochow 4 1,272 4 1,272
Total 9 2,862 9 2,862
German Ningpo 1 124 1 124
Total entered 9 2,862 1 124 10 2,986
CLEARED.
Flag. To Steamers. Sailing-vessels. Total.

45
British Shanghai and Ningpo .. 4 1,272 1,272

Foochow. 1, 590 1,590
Total 9 2,862 9 2,862
German Ningpo 1 124 1 124
Total cleared 9 2,862 1 124 30 2,986
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-The new port of Wenchow was open to foreign trade on the 1st of April
last. The shipping, therefore, exhibited in the above table relating to that port is for a single quarter.
But, even bearing this in mind, the amount of shipping may seem very small. It is, however, larger
than that of any other of the new ports except Wuhu, which, being in the way of the steamers running
between Shanghai and Hankow, has, of course, a call from most of them. The real trade, however
even of this port, as exhibited in the customs returns, hardly equals that of Wenchow. Whether the
trade, and therefore the shipping, of this new port is likely to increase, and, if so, to what extent, it is
yet too early to say.
COLOMBIA. 193
COLOMBIA , UNITED STATES OF .
PANAMA.
SEPTEMBER 30 , 1877. ( Received October 13. )

At the close of another year it becomes my duty to render to the de
partment a tabulated statement of the commerce and navigation of the
port of Panama for the year ending the 30th of September, 1877 .
TRADE WITH EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES .
The commercial status of Panama, I am sorry to state, has not im

proved any during the past year, although the increased traffic and
transportation across the Panama Railroad might justify one in saying
that the contrary was the fact. A much larger amount of the industrial
products of Central America has been transported to Colon than hereto
fore, yet but comparatively little of it has reached the United States .
Europe, and especially England, as heretofore, has obtained the lion's
share of nearly every product of South America.
EFFECTS OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR.
The civil war which has unhappily raged in Colombia for the last two
years has come to an end , and peace once more reigns in all the States
of this republic .
The United States of Colombia were in a state of rapid progress and
improvement till, unfortunately , the mad ambition of her sous involved
her in the demoralizing and destructive ravages of internal discord .
She will, for years to come, deplore in sackcloth and ashes this madness .
BUSINESS AND EDUCATION.

The business of Panama is now at its lowest ebb, and there is not
much prospect in the immediate future of much improvement. The
educational interests of Panama, under the immediate supervision of
Hon. Mansol J. Hurtado, superintendent of public instruction, are by
no means neglected , but are in a flourishing condition .
ARTICLES OF EXPORT.
The exports of rubber from this State have nearly ceased . Many in
voices, however, are received from the neighboring ports of South and
Central America.
The exports of ivory-nuts for the last year have increased very much.
Hides and valuable woods are still freely exported . The most of the
coffee from Central America and South America go from the isthmus
in English bottoms to Europe.
WARNING TO AMERICAN MINERS .
In many portions of this State we have gold mining companies at

work searching for the precious metals, but in nearly every case the
13 CR
product is only enough to tempt the miners to a further and generally

disastrous loss of capital and consequent ruin . Gold is found in every
department of Panama, but not in sufficient quantities to remunerate
those engaged in its search. And I would take this opportunity to give
a warning to my countrymen to resist all the temptations to emigrate to
this country in search of gold.
HOW TO ENLARGE THE TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES .
Efforts are now being strenuously made by the manufacturing interests
of the United States to have an exchange of the products of South and
Central America with those of ours at home. The great drawback to this
important enterprise is the fact that foreign tonnage is in the ascendant
in all the ports of the Pacific, and until our mercantile marine carries
the products of our shops to their doors , we will never be able to receive
in return for our goods the rich products of the south .
The mercantile correspondence between the south and our merchants
has vastly increased during the last twelve months, and is of itself a grati
fying evidence of what we may expect in the future. The completion
of the international canal across the isthmus would have a vast and
great influence in enabling our ships to take in cargoes in any and all
of our ports , and land them at any and every Pacific port. This grand
result would have the effect of rapidly increasing our tonnage, and by
this means we could undersell , in all the ports of the Pacific, any nation
with whom we might come in contact. This great work should be strictly
an international canal. Its cost should not be taken into consideration ,
for its benefits to all nations would be vast and enduring. To our mer
cantile marine would accrue the greatest share of profits, and no nation
would derive as many advantages after its completion as would that of
the United States, and our flag would be displayed in every port of the
Pacific.
Herewith I transmit tabular statements of the commerce and naviga.
tion of the port of Panama for the year ending September 30 , 1877.
OWEN M. LONG.
Statement showing the imports at Panama for the year ending September 30, 1877.
Articles. Quantity. Valuo. Whence imported .
Alcohol barrels.. 6,000 $188, 000 England and France.

Ale do... 2,000
Ale .. boxes . 750 25, 000 England and Germany.
Ale . casks.. 300
Beer, lager. ..boxes.. 2,500 15,000 Do.
Beer, lager barrels .. 1,000. 10,000 Do.
Boots and shoes 50,000 United States and Europe.
Bark, cinchona ..ceroons.. 70,000 Ecuador.
Brandy.. 150,000 France and California.
Cigars 45, 000 Cuba, Colombia, and Central America.
Clothing, ready-made . 70,000 United States, England, and France.
Coal.... 50,000 United States and England.
Cocoa 125, 000 Ecuador and Mexico.
Coffee sacks.. 250,000 5, 000, 000 Mexico, South and Central America.
Cochineal 20,000 Do.
Cotton 750,000 Do.
Drugs and medicines. 100,000 United States and Europe.
Flour.. 100,000 United States and Chili.
Gold-dust 150,000 California, Mexico, South and Central America.
Hats, Panama 85,000 Ecuador.
General merchandise. 1, 150, 000 United States and Europe.
Hides 150, 000 Colombia, South and Central America.
Hardware 45,000 United States and Europe.
Indigo 500, 000 Colombia, Central America and Mexico.
Ivory-nuts 125,000 Colombia, Mexico, Central and South America.
Lumber 250,000 United States.
Machinery 100,000 Do.
O: chilla 10, 000 Mexico.
COLOMBIA . 195
Statement showing the imports at Panama, &c. — Continued .

IMPORTS-Continued.
Articles. Quantity. Value. Whence imported .
Pearls. $25,000 Colombia and Mexico.

Pearl- shells 25,000 Do.
Rubber. ... 250,000 Colombia, Mexico, and Ecuador.
Sugar 50,000 United States, South and Central America, and
Colombia.
Ship-chandlery. 200, 000 United States and Europe.
Tobacco.. 50,000 Colombia, Central America, and Cuba.
Treasure 3, 000, 000 Colombia, Central and South America, and Cali
fornia.
Whale-oil 70,000 Pacific Ocean.
Wines.... 125,000 France and California.
Woods, valuable.. 25,000 Central America, Mexico, and Colombia.
Total...... 13, 153, 000
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-There are no custom-houses on the isthmus. As the imports into Panama
are mostly in transit, the consumption in this port is comparatively small when compared with the
aggregate amount of its imports. I find it extremely difficult to obtain the exact figures from our
business men, as they are afraid to expose the amount of their business. The figures are therefore
approximated as near as possible in round numbers.
Statement showing the exports from Panama, United States of Colombia, for the year ending
September 30, 1877.
Value, in
Articles. cluding Whither exported .
Quantity. costs and
charges.
Alcohol .barrels.. 6,000 $180,000 South and Central America, Mexico, and Colom
bia.
> Ale .do.... 2,000
Ale boxes.. 750 30,000 Do.
Ale ...casks .. 300
Beer, lager. ...boxes .. 2,500 15,000 Do.
Beer, lager .barrels .. 1,000 10,000 Do.
Bark, cinchona ceroons.. 70,000 United States and Europe.
Boots and shoes 50,000 Colombia, Central America, and Mexico.
Brandy.. 125,000 Do.
Cigars 45,000 Do.
Clothing, ready-made.. 50,000 Do.
Coal. 50,000 Consumed by steamers sailing from Panama.
Cocoa 125,000 Colombia, Ecuador, and Mexico.
Cochineal 20,000 United States and Europe.
Coffee sacks.. 250,000 5,000, (00 Do.
Cotton 750,000 Do.
Drugs and medicines .. 75,000 Colombia, South and Central America, and Mex
ico.
Flour 100,000 United States and Europe.
Gold-dust 150,000 Do.
General merchandise .. 1, 150, 000 Colombia, South and Central America, and Mex
ico.
Hats, Panama 85,000 United States and Europe.
Hides 150,000 Do.
Hardware.. 45,000 Colombia, South and Central America, and Mex
ico.
Indigo 500,000 United States and Europe.
Ivory-nuts , 125,000 Do.
Lumber 250,000 Colombia, South America, and Mexico.
Machinery 100,000 Do.
Orcbilla 20,000 United States and Europe.
Pearls.. 25,000 Do.
Pearl shells 25,000 Dv.
Rubber. 250,000 Do.
Sugar 50,000 Consumed on the isthmus.
Ship-chandlery. 200, 000 Consumed by vessels on the Pacific.
Tobacco.. 50,000 United States and Europe.
Treasure . 3, 000, 000 Do.
Whale oil 70,000 Do.
Wines... 125,000 Colombia, South and Central America, and Mex
ico.
Woods, valuable... 25,000 United States.
Total..... 13,090,000
Statement showing the navigation at the port of Panama for the year ending September 30, 1977.
Entered.
Steamers. Sailing-ves Total.

Flag. From sels.
United States.... California, Mexico, Central America, Co 73 151, 215 5 1,807 78 153, 022
lombia.
English .. Valparaiso, Callao, Guayaquil, and way 65 75, 144 1 975 66 76, 119
ports. 503 8
Peruvian Callao 2 3,274 6 3,777
Colombian 22 709 22 709
140 229, 633 34 3,994 174 233, 627
Cleared.
To Steamers. Sailing-ves Total.

Flag. sels.
No Tons. No Tons. No. Tons.
United States ... California, Mexico, Central America, Co- 71 150, 024 5 1,807 76 150, 831
lombia.
English.. Valparaiso, Callao, Guayaquil, and way 65 75, 144 1 975 66 76, 119
ports. 503 8
Peruvian Callao 2 3,274 6 3,777
Colombian 22 709 22 709
138 228, 442 34 3,994 152 231, 436
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-The above table shows the amount of tonnage, steam and sail, employed in
the commerce and navigation of the port of Panama. Since my last report the Chilian line ofsteamers
from Valparaiso to Panama has been discontinued. The vessels engaged in that trade have been incor
porated into the Pacific Steam Navigation Company's fleet.
The Pacific Mail Steamship Company have reduced their fleet some little in the Central American
lines and the ports of Mexico.
In the South Pacific there is no opposition to the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, and the same
state of affairs exists in the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, whose vessels monopolize the carrying
of freight and passengers to California, Mexico, and Central American ports.
During the past twelve months we have had in our harbor the United States men-of-war Pensacola
and Omaha.
SABANILLA.
Statement showing the value of declared exports to the United States from Sabanilla during
the four quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
Articles.
December31, March 31, June30, 1877. September 30, Totalfor year.
1876. 1877. 1877.
Bark $37, 368 40 $37, 628 00 $39, 066 00 $98, 389 55 $212, 451 95
Coffee 78, 178 00 22, 203 58 130, 927 08 144, 607 48 375,916 14
Hides 20, 314 56 14, 105 90 45, 103 96 71, 464 15 150, 988 57
Balsam 1,617 60 6,956 00 1,813 00 2,032 40 12, 419 00
Hats …………
. 1,900 00 900 00 10, 548 00 2, 000 00 15,348 00
Tobacco . 2,060 00 3,482 20 5,542 20
Ivory-nuts 175 90 137 30 8 00 321 20
Fustic.. 312 00 50 00 794 56 1, 156 56
Skins . 100 00 14 40 150 00 30 00 294 40
Gold-dust 1,500 00 600 00 1, 951 00 4, 051 00
Guava. 30 00 30 00
Sugar ....... 788 00 1,356 00 2, 144 00
Dividivi. 20 00 20 00
Hide cuttings 17.00 82 00 99 00
Tools... 7,449 00 7,449 00
Total... 143, 526 46 86, 245 38 229, 651 04 328,808 14 788, 231 02
E. C. PELLET.
DANISH DEPENDENCIES. 197
DANISH DEPENDENCIES .
SAINT THOMAS.
NOVEMBER 1 , 1877. (Received November 30.)
Report upon the trade, commerce, &c. , of the island of St. Thomas for
1876-77.
AREA AND POPULATION.
The island of St. Thomas consists of an irregular range of hills rising

abruptly from the sea-level to a height of 1,400 feet. It comprises an
area of about 1,200 acres, being about 14 miles in length , and from 1 to
5 in breadth. The harbor is one of the finest in the West Indies, and is
surrounded by hills on which the town of St. Thomas is built. The
population is estimated at 13,000 , of which about 3,000 are white, none
of whom seem to regard the island as their permanent home. The races
intermarry, and mingle together in all public places, and are associated
in business.
GOVERNMENT.
The executive and judicial branches of the government are adminis

tered by officials sent from Denmark. The legislative brauch consists of
a council composed of fifteen members, four of whom are appointed by
the governor and eleven chosen by the qualified electors . All enact
ments by the council must receive the approval of the King before be
coming law. No person can vote until he is twenty-five years of age
and in receipt of a yearly revenue amounting to $500. All persons en
gaging in business are required to make oath that they will protect and
defend the government against all others except their own . No dis
tinction is made by the government on account of race or color.
DECLINE OF COMMERCE .
The island is barren of trees, and is non-productive. With the excep

tion of bay-oil and bay-water, nothing is manufactured for exportation .
All fresh meats and vegetables consumed or supplied to steamers are
brought from neighboring islands .
Formerly Porto Rico , St. Domingo, Hayti, and other neighboring
islands, as well as the eastern part of Cuba and the Spanish main, were
supplied with merchandise and provisions from St. Thomas . Since the
establishment of direct steam and telegraphic communication with those
islands and the United States, England, France, and Germany, a large
proportion of this business is done direct with said countries. During
the past few years several large houses have liquidated , and others must
soon do the same.
The value of the goods imported during the year ending March 31 ,
1876, amounted to $4,358,583. For the year ending March 31 , 1877 , the
value of imports amounted to $3,468,003, a decrease of $ 890,580 . There
being no duty on exports and no record kept of the same, I am unable
to give a detailed statement. As most articles of merchandise are im
ported with the view of exporting, the value of exports is nearly the
same as that of imports. A duty of 14 per cent. is collected on the in
voice value of all importations, with the exception of coal, which is free.
Commercial agents representing American houses are securing a large

trade with the several islands that formerly was monopolized by St.
Thomas merchants . The decrease in trade between the United States
and St. Thomas is more than balanced by the increase with the other
islands. I frequently call the attention of merchants to such articles
manufactured in the United States as I think could be imported by
them cheaper than from other countries. Sometimes I write direct to
manufacturers to send samples, prices, and such information as they may
think proper. In this way some orders have been obtained
I append herewith a return of trade with the United States for
the year ending March 31 , 1877, which closes the fiscal year. By refer
ence to the return it will be seen that the balance of trade is greatly in
favor of the States .
STEAM COMMUNICATION.
At present there is no direct steam communication with the United

States. There are several lines of steamers touching at St. Thomas, viz :
The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, from Southampton to Colon,
semi-monthly ; from St. Thomas to St. Domingo, semi-monthly ; from St.
Thomas to Windward Islands, semi-monthly ; from St. Thomas to Ha
vana and Vera Cruz, monthly.
Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, from St. Nazaire to Colon,
monthly ; from St. Nazaire to Vera Cruz , monthly ; from Havre to Co
Jon, monthly ; from St. Thomas to Hayti , monthly.
Hamburg-American Packet Company, from Hamburg to Colon, semi
monthly ; from St. Thomas to Venezuela , monthly.
Cunard Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, from Halifax to St.
Thomas, every 28 days.
The Herrera Spanish steamers, from Havana to St. Thomas, semi
monthly; from Porto Rico to St. Thomas, monthly.
The West India and Pacific Steamship Company, from Liverpool to
Colon, monthly.
The West Indies and Mexico line of steamers, from Liverpool to Vera
Cruz, monthly.
NAVIGATION AND REPAIRS OF VESSELS.
Sailing-vessels are constantly arriving and departing. As shown by

appended return of navigation for the year ending June 30, 1877, no less
than 765 have arrived and departed, aggregating 240,772 tons . Of this
number, 183 were American , aggregating 60,428 tons. There are also a
number of small schooners and sloops engaged in regular trade between
this and adjacent islands, which, if included , would materially increase
the tonnage. A large majority of the vessels enter in ballast. Quite a
business is done in chartering for cargoes of sugar, molasses , rum , salt,
logwood , &c. , at other West Indian ports. The commission on such
charters is 5 per cent. Many vessels also put into the port in distress.
The facilities for repairing are good , and the repairs are generally made
substantial and with dispatch. The floating- dock, sunk several years ago
during a hurricane, has been raised, and is now in good working order.
DANISH DEPENDENCIES. 199
It is 250 feet long and 70 feet wide, inside measurement. Vessels with
300 feet keel , drawing 20 feet, can be taken up. Its gross lifting weight
is 3,000 tons. The charge for docking a vessel is 90 cents per ton for
a vessel of 500 tons, and 10 cents per ton additional for each 100 tons
for the first day. For the next five days, 25 cents per ton, and for every
day after the first six days, 20 cents per ton. Vessels under 500 tons,
as per agreement with the company's agent. There is also a repairing
slip, upon which vessels are taken at the same rates. The services of
ship carpenters, sail-makers, riggers , and workmen can always be se
cured at reasonable wages.
PORT CHARGES AND COMMISSIONS .
The port charges of vessels of the burden of 62 tons, loading or un

loading more than one ton of goods, are subject to different scales of
charges. Cargoes exceeding one ton and less than one-fourth of vessel's
burden pay 21 cents per ton ; exceeding one ton and less than one - half
of vessel's burden , 38 cents per ton. The reduction on vessels that un
load part cargoes is calculated on the carrying capacity of such vessels ,
and not on the register tonnage. A vessel of 200 tons register is con
sidered as 375 tons measurement of 40 cubic feet, or 300 tons dead weight
of 2,240 pounds to the ton , according to the class of cargo landed or
shipped. A fraction of 26 tons is considered one ton for vessels of the
burden of more than 20 tons. Vessels loading coal are subject to the
same port charges as with other cargoes. Vessels discharging less than
one-fourth cargo of coal pay 13 cents per ton ; one-fourth and less than
one-half, 22 cents ; and a full cargo, 32 cents. Vessels loading or unload
ing full cargoes of merchandise pay 56 cents per ton. Vessels entering
and clearing in ballast pay 43 cents per ton.
In addition to the foregoing, a fixed fee is collected : From schooners ,
30 cents ; from brigs , $ 1.25 ; from barks or ships, $ 2.50. Steamers pay
48 cents per ton tonnage-dues on amount of cargo received or delivered ,
and 8 cents harbor-master's fee when entering the port as regular line
of steamers.
Vessels in distress are free from all port charges.
The custom of the port requires all goods to be discharged on each
merchant's wharf at vessel's expense. Steamers, however, exact that
cargoes shall be taken from alongside, which causes an expense of de
livery equal to eight cents per barrel."
Cargoes of coal are hoisted and shoveled at 25 cents per ton.
Water costs from 1 to 2 cents per wine-gallon alongside of vessel.
Stone ballast costs from 75 cents to $ 1 per ton of 2,240 pounds.
Pointing lumber cargoes 15 cents per 1,000 feet.
Pilotage is not compulsory, but vessels taking a pilot pay by draught
of water. The charge inward for vessels drawing 10 feet or less is $ 4;
for 12 feet, $ 6 ; and for each additional 2 feet or fraction , $2. The
charges outward range from $ 4 to $ 12. At night double rates are
charged. Regular lines of steamers pay half rates.
The customary charges on sale of dry goods, except by special agree
ment, are : duty, 11 per cent.; storage, per cent. per mouth ; commis .
sion and guarantee, 12 per cent. Sales are usually made at 9 months'
credit.
The charges on sale of provisions from the United States are : duty,
14 per cent.; storage, 2 per cent.; labor and cooperage, commission , and
C guarantee, 5 per cent. Provisions and flour are sold at from two to four
months' credit.
1.
The charges on vessels entering in distress, unloading, and landing

cargo are : duty, 14 per cent.; storage, 2 per cent.; disbursements, 5 per
cent. and an agency fee of $100 . On auction sales of damaged goods,
hull or material, 5 per cent. Eleven per cent. is added to auction sales
in computing calculations of duty.
RATES OF EXCHANGE.
American gold ranges from 1 to 2 per cent. premium, and American

silver from 1 to 3 per cent. discount. Doubloons are worth $ 16 each ,
except Spanish, which are worth from 2 to 23 per cent. premium. Sov
ereigns are worth $4.90 and English silver 24 cents to the shilling.
Five francs silver are worth 96 cents, and gold francs 19 cents. Ex
change on New York is from 2 per cent. to 6 per cent. premium ; on
London, from $4.85 to $ 5.10 ; on Paris, from 4.95 to 5.10 francs ; on
Hamburg, 3.96 to 4.10, in marks ; Copenhagen , 8 per cent. to 13 per
cent., in crowns.
QUARANTINE AND HOSPITAL CHARGES.
The health of the island is good . Since 1867 no cases of yellow fever
have been reported , and but very few cases of small- pox. Strict quar
antine regulations are enforced . All vessels are required to be provided
with clean bills of health, and those arriving from Brazil, Buenos
Ayres, Central America, Jamaica, Cuba, Cayenne, Porto Rico, West
coast of Africa, and New York are visited by the health-officer and are
relegated to quarantine. The fee charged by the health-officer for such
visits is, for every steamer or square- rigged vessel $ 5, and for every
schooner $3. After 6 p. m. and before 6 a. m. double the foregoing fee
is charged. When necessary to send sailors to the hospital, the charge
is $ 5 per day. Masters and mates can obtain private rooms in the hos
pital at $3 per day, and contract for medical attendance. For general
accommodation in the quarantine station a charge of from $ 1 to $ 2.50
per day is made for each person ; children under ten years of age are
charged half rates. The sick lodged and attended in the lazaretto are
required to pay $3 per day. In the absence of a special agreement, the
doctor charges $1 per day and $5 for each extra visit. The drainage of
the town is excellent, and it is kept well policed .
PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS.
Notwithstanding the stagnation of business and indications of decay

the governor, apparently, has hopes for the future. He is spending
money quite freely in public improvements. A building was purchased
by the government some months ago at a cost of $ 10,000 , and is styled
"college." A professor was brought out from Denmark at a salary of
$3,500 per annum , and the institution duly opened . About twenty-five
scholars of both sexes aud colors, ranging from seven to thirteen years
of age, are in regular attendance.
The revenues derived from all sources amount to about $200,000
yearly. The expenditures seldom exceed the receipts.
CRIME AND ITS PUNISHMENT.
The upper court for the Danish West Indies is held at St. Croix, to
which appeals may be carried . Appeals from the decisions of this court
DANISH DEPENDENCIES . 201
may be carried to the supreme court at Copenhagen when the amount

in controversy is over $64. No real or personal property is exempted
from seizure and sale for debt. Creditors may cause debtors to be con
fined in cases where the indebtedness amounts to $25. Criminals of
both sexes who are sentenced to hard labor are principally used in the
construction of public works. Those guilty of minor offenses are
whipped.
THE MILITARY.
The military department consists of three commissioned officers and

eighty- four non- commissioned officers and privates. They are sent from
Denmark and maintained at the expense of the colony.
I append herewith three returns ; the first showing the imports , the
second the navigation, and the third the imports and exports to and
from the United States .
V. V. SMITH.
Statement showing the imports into St. Thomas for the year ending March 31 , 1877 .
Articles. Total Total Articles. Total Total

quantity. value. quantity. value.
Asses .number.. 2 $40 Hard wood ..pieces .. 179 $355

Almonds ..bags.. 19 385 Hoops bundles.. 10 50
Beef ..barrels.. 1,170 13, 210 Hides ..number.. 4,559 600
Butter .kegs.. 5, 382 49, 985 Hats:
Beans and pease. .barrels .. 1,779 8,730 Straw packages.. 105 13, 110
Bread ..boxes .. 2,875 11, 230 Felt do.. 686 16,555
Boots and shoes ..... do.. 609 106,545 Horses ..head.. 37 2, 595.
Bricks ..number .. 136, 400 1,550 Iron .packages .. 10, 837 5,430
Brandy ……………...packages .. 3, 103 33, 565 Ice .tons .. 2,278 6, 580
Beer. .casks.. 6, 806 46, 135 Jewelry .packages .. 69 25, 055
Cottons . ..packages .. 5,258 733, 735 Linens do... 986 204, 305
Clothing.. do.. 237 43, 085 Lard casks.. 3, 063 25, 885
Corn-meal ..barrels .. 7,849 25, 285 Lead packages.. 54 1,025.
Cheese .boxes.. 11, 738 41,240 Leather ..... do.. 96 9,385
Cork ………………… ..bags.. 43 725 Lumber .feet .. 1,008, 235 12, 665
252
Copper . .packages .. 22, 368 14, 890 Lime.. bushels.. 52 125

Cast-iron ware. ..pieces .. 33, 479 27, 120 Liqueurs. .packages .. 5,357 14, 805
Cards, playing ...packs.. 16 815 Marble .do.. 395
Cement .........casks .. 1, 132 2, 890 Mats ....do..... 49 730
Coal .tons.. 36, 985 143, 130 Molasses. 890
Cherry cordial . .packages .. 753 2, 020 Nails.. …………………...kegs .. 4, 201 20, 905
Coffee bags.. 102, 702 18, 805 Nuts ...bags .. 861 2, 310
Cocoa ... do... 140, 860 12, 880 Oil:
Cigars .packages .. 60, 260 73, 355 Sweet .packages .. 6, 177 18, 100
Cotton …………………. .pounds.. 6, 420 645 Lamp do.. 6,350 18, 475
Candles .boxes.. 8, 452 22, 700 Oats... ..bushels.. 994 2, 195
Cattle . ..head .. 2,550 45, 495 Oysters.. .packages.. 101 60
Coach material ... packages .. 20 1, 200 Olives.. .boxes.. 167 610
Charcoal .casks.. 6, 693 8, 851 Onions do.. 4, 662 7,685
Dates ......………… .packages .. 4 65 Pork ………………….. .casks.. 1,339 24, 545
Drugs do.... 105 16, 555 Potatoes .barrels .. 14,575 20, 720
Earthenware .do.... 3, 204 35, 525 Provisions, canned ...boxes .. 4,317 34, 200
Flour: Paints . .packages .. 929 17, 765
Wheat.. .barrels.. 29, 752 173, 515 Paper .do.. 928 7,485
Rye ..do .... 2,950 13, 795 Pimento . .bags.. 18 195
Fish : Powder .casks .. 364 2,940
Salt .boxes.. 8,070 22,045 Perfumery .packages .. 373 19, 160
Pickled . .barrels .. 5, 165 18, 545 Prunes ..do . 144 1, 630
Flagstones ......... number.. 5,000 490 Pitch .barrels.. 138 265
Fruits 9, 340 Rope ..coils .. 640 15, 400
Figs....... ...packages .. 41 205 Rice.. packages.. 5,838 36, 550
Fowls.. number.. 6, 125 2,785 Rum .casks .. 1, 26 3 32, 325
Furniture …………….. .packages .. 1, 692 24, 005 Raisins .packages.. 621 895
Groats kegs.. 238 905 Resin.. barrels.. 14 55
Glass ware do.... 1,360 15, 880 Silks ...... .packages .. 63 18, 020
Grindstones . ....number.. 143 90 Sugar:
Gin.. ..packages.. 22, 063 33, 565 Refined boxes.. 421 7, 200
Goods: Raw ..pounds.. 1, 378, 014 61, 315
Fancy .packages .. 838 140, 910 Saddlery. ..... ..packages.. 48 6, 335
Sundry …………… .do.. 43, 435 151, 780 Shingles ……………... .number.. 1, 141, 000 2, 805
Hams ......
...casks .. 557 20, 070 Staves . ...... ... do .... 143 90
Hardware ..........packages.. 2,231 97, 485 Shooks.. ...bundles.. 118 455
Statement showing the imports into St. Thomas, &c. —Continued .
Articles. Total Total Articles. Total Total

quantity. value. quantity. value.
Spirits... .packages.. 265 $2,995 Tobacco:

Spice .. .do... 243 3,750 Leaf ..pounds.. 369, 533 $44, 465
Soap ..boxes.. 15, 653 28, 515 Manufactured.packages.. 344 4,825
Starch. .do ... 3,761 8, 245 Turtle .... .number... 38 130
Sago. .packages.. 255 1,305 Tar.. barrels.. 87 385
Salop ...... .do. 135 1,320 Turpentine. do.... 134 720
Sheep . .number.. 3,734 8, 093 Unions .packages .. 206 47, 900
Swine .do.... 812 3,233 Vinegar do. 7,998 4, 655
Ship material .. ..pieces .. 681 24, 720 Vermicelli .boxes.. 7, 186 5,840
Salt... barrels.. 1, 468 500 Woolens... .packages.. 223 42,230
Tongues ………………… ..casks.. 444 6,770 Wheat and corn . bags.. 2, 481 2,900
Tea ..boxes.. 292 4,085 Wine.. ..packages.. 7,456 49, 815
Tin..... ....do. 485 3, 520 Wax .do.. 2 15
Tapestry . packages .. 23 1, 730 Wood ............ .cords .. 185 740
Zinc ..............pieces.. 3, 0:22 525
RECAPITULATION OF IMPORTS BY COUNTRIES.
Countries. Value. Countries. Value.
England..... $1,448, 225 Denmark $32, 310

United States 529, 545 Holland . 25, 240
France 448, 770 Italy. 15, 695
Germany 341, 680 Spain 1, 175
West Indies . 337, 585
South America . 193, 473 Total 3,468, 003
British America.. 94, 305
NOTE FROM THE CONSULAR REPORT PRECEDING THIS TABLE.-There being no record kept by the cus
toms of exports, I am unable to give a detailed statement of the same. As most articles are imported
with a view of exporting again, the value of exports must be nearly the same as the value of imports.
Statement showing the navigation at the port of St. Thomas during the year ending June 30
1877.
SAILING-VESSELS.
Flag. Entered. Cleared.
No. Tons. No. Tons.
British. 268 73, 699 267 78, 714

United States 183 60, 428 178 59,454
Norwegian 91 36, 627 91 35, 571
1607
German. 95 25, 875 94 22, 144

French 62 22, 116 57 19, 781
Danish 29 8, 353 31 8,970
Swedish ..... 16 5, 932 16 5,503
Austrian 10 5, 509 10 5, 569
Dutch 7 1,486 1,379
Russian. 1 236 1 236
Spanish... 1 215 1 350
Italian 203 1 203
Venezuelan 93 1 93
Total... 765 240, 772 755 237,967
DANISH DEPENDENCIES . 203
Statement showing the commerce of St. Thomas with the United States for the year ending
March 31 , 1877.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Amount. Value. Articles. Amount. Value.
Beef .barrels.. 613 $9,915 Mats .packages.. 20 $225

Butter .. cases.. 2, 165 16, 820 Nails.. ..kegs .. 430 1,825
Beans and pease.......bags .. 1, 483 6, 390 Nuts ..bags.. 1 5
Bread.. .barrels.. 2,582 6, 435 Oats .. do... 335 375
Boots and shoes...packages .. 153 10,995 Oil.. packages.. 2, 860 8,840
Cottons .. ... do ... 310 17,905 Oysters . .do .. 100 55
Clothing.. do... 12 680 Onions.. barrels.. 128 400
Corn-meal .barrels .. 7,797 25, 060 Pork... do.... 1,306 24, 065
Cheese ...... ..boxes .. 946 3,170 Potatoes .... do.... 214 465
Copper.... packages .. 1 20 Provisions , canned ... boxes .. 931 3,885
Cast-iron ware.. do .... 23 570 Paper.. packages .. 646 1, 395
Coal .tons.. 4, 181 17, 555 Pimento . .bags.. 12 135
Coach material....packages .. 5 390 Paints.. packages .. 54 725
Drugs ..do.. 141 2,085 Powder.. kegs.. 4 80
Earthenware .do.... 4 75 Poultry 95
Flour: Pitch ...barrels .. 138 265
Wheat .barrels.. 29, 456 171, 510 Perfumery . ..packages .. 66 590
Rye .... do.... 2,870 13, 390 Rope.. coils .. 428 8,140
Fish: Rice.. ......... packages.. 405 1,260
Salt barrels.. 2,253 1,000 Rosin barrels.. 14 55
Pickled ..do.. 367 2, 105 Sugar, refined . ..packages.. 161 3,025
Fruit 1, 065 Saddlery . .do.... 9 1,070
Furniture .packages.. 1,311 11, 600 Shingles .. ..number.. 1 , 121, 0000 2,785
Groats .kegs .. 34 205 Shooks. ..bundles .. 12 15
Glassware ………… . .packages.. 247 2, 145 Spirits.. .packages .. 2 40
Goods: Spice .do .. 33 490
" EF
Fancy ..packages.. 14 240 Soap... boxes.. 2 5
Sundry do.. 2,793 28,270 Ship material ..pieces.. 574 1,350
Hams ...casks .. 420 14,955 Tongues and sausage casks .. 74 665
Hardware ..packages.. 552 10, 090 Tea boxes.. 30 325
Hats : Tobacco :
1,875 28-2
Straw cases.. 27 Leaf. .. pounds.. 223, 473 31, 455
Felt.. do .... 3 50 Manufactured packages.. 266 3, 700
Ice . tons.. 2,258 6,110 Tar... barrels .. 16 50
Jewelry......... packages .. 4 290 Turpentine .do... 129 695
Lard .casks .. 2,983 25, 28 0 Wheat and corn .......
...bags.. 1,4 27 2, 115
Leather...………………… ..packages .. 54 2,670
Lumber . ..feet .. 284, 950 5, 070 Total 517, 265
Marble .......... packages .. 1 15
EXPORTS.
Bay-water $3,950 Sugar, coffee, cocoa, lime juice $12, 397

Old ship material 722 Tallow. 240
Rags 212 Tortoise shell . 1, 480
Salt. ……………….. 194
Steel pens.. 943 Total.. 20, 138
FRANCE .
PARIS, November 30, 1877. (Received January 10, 1878.)
Report upon the commerce, agriculture, and industries of France for the
year 1876, and for the year ending June 30, 1877.
1876.
Pursuant to consular instructions, I have the honor to submit my

report for the year ending December 31 , 1876, as officially made up from
the French government's report and statistical tables, also my report for
the year beginning July 1 , 1876, and ending June 30, 1877 , with tables
of the general import and exports of France with all nations (official
returns for which will not be made up until December 31 , 1877), aud
tables of the declared exports to the United States for this consulate
general, and also for it and all the consulates under its jurisdiction .
The movement of the general commerce for France, for the year end
ing December 31 , 1876, is estimated, for imports and exports combined ,
$ 1,891,200,000, being an increase of $37,600,000 on the preceding year.
The general imports have been $ 981,760,000 , being $ 89,400,000 increase
over the preceding year. The exports have been $ 909,500,000, being a
decrease of $ 51,800,000 as compared with 1875.
The summary for the year 1876 is as follows :
Cereals. The movement inward and outward of grain and flour has
given an excess of imports of 2,935,000 quintals, while in 1875 there
had been an excess of 1,173,000 quintals in exports. This difference
is attributable principally to the fact that the crop of 1875 was a poor
one ; the crop of 1876, exceptional as to quality, has only been a me
dium one as to quantity.
Wines. The crop has been of 41,848,000 hectoliters-just about one
half that of the preceding crop, which was $3,632,000 hectoliters . Com
paring the results of 1875 , the import of wines has increased in 1876 by
410,000 hectoliters, and the exports have decreased by about 300,000
hectoliters. The production of alcohol has fallen off by 140,000 hecto
liters . The imports have not varied materially. The exports have,
however, increased by 50,000 hectoliters.
Live stock.- Owing to the poor crop of forage , the imports of bovine,
ovine, &c., especially from Germany and Italy, have been more consid
erable during 1876.
Oleaginous grains.-Notwithstanding the poor crops, and though the
imports have been large, they are not so large as in 1875. The same
may be said of the exports.
Öils.-Transactions in oils have been weak, although the inferiority
of the crop would have seemed to do otherwise. Prices have given
way under the large stock of the old crop stored in Paris.
Coffee. There has been an increase of about 1 per cent. in the con
sumption over 1875. The average prices have, however, been in a small
degree lower than in 1875.
Sugars. The manufacture of sugars in 1876 has decreased nearly
one-half-being 230,000,000 kilograms- which has caused a marked rise
in prices, and this has been the more so owing to the large deficit in the
imports from foreign parts , amounting to some 150,000,000 of kilo
grams.
FRANCE. 205
Fisheries.-There has been an increase in the catch of this year over

1875, both in codfish and herrings, and sales have been made at higher
prices with much demand , and stocks have been quickly taken up .
The sardine catch has also been better than in 1875. The oyster crop
has been good, but prices have had a declining tendency.
Coals.-The exports show an increase over 1875 of 300,000 tons.
Petroleum.-Imports of petroleum oils increased some 19,000 tons
over 1875, with 30 per cent. increase in crude oils and 35 per cent. in
refined .
Minerals and iron-trade.-These trades have been less prosperous in
1876 than during preceding years . The manufacture of steel rails has
not decreased and remains about the same, also the manufacture of
household utensils. Iron and sheet-iron goods show an increased export
of 3,689 tons, among which iron bridges, lock- gates, and the larger hard
ware appear for 1,513 tons.
Textiles. The deficiency in the production of cocoons in the East,
Spain , and Italy, and France caused a rise in prices, which has been
exaggerated by speculation. Prices, after having risen about 100 per
cent. in July, fell in the last month of the year. Notwithstanding this
state of affairs, the exports of silk goods amounted to $59,200,000 in
1876.
The woolen trade has not been very prosperous ; there has been a
marked' increase in the export of mixed goods manufactured in Lyons
and Roubaix .
The import of straw- hemp , which of late years had been on the in
crease, fell off, in 1876, to about one -half that of 1875. The crop of last
year having been very poor both as to quantity and quality, transac
tions have been limited.
Unbleached linens have risen about 3 per cent. in price, while the
bleached have given way, particularly in the higher grades.
Cotton goods remain about the same as last year.
Dye-stuffs. The increase of chemical dye- stuffs has been prejudicial
to coloring matters to a marked degree ; however, some articles , such
as lichens, dye-woods, cochineal, &c., have been in good demand .
Scientific instruments, watches, &c.-The trade in these articles has
given good results, and prices have generally held their own , with an
increasing demand.
Glassware and pottery.-Porcelains of the finer grades have given an
increased export of about $ 200,000 over 1875. In pottery there has been
a decrease in the imports of about 1,000,000 kilograms, while there has
been a slight increase in export.
Navigation. The tonnage of foreign and French bottoms entering
French ports in 1876 was, for sailing- ships and steamers, whether be
tween France and its colonies, bank fisheries, or with foreign ports ,
14,434,000 tons, which, compared with 1875, gives an increased tonnage
of 664,000 tons. French bottoms entered into this total to 36 per cent. ,
viz, 15,407 vessels, equal to 1,011,285 tons , 91,527 crew, and 3,611 me
chanicians and stokers.
The following table gives the details :
Description. Number of Tonnage. Crews. Mechanicians

ships. and stokers.
Small fishery 9, 206 84, 910 43, 398 29

Large fishery 397 49, 071 9, 838
Coasting trade. 2, 604 116, 925 9, 982 354
European seas and Mediterranean 1, 106 196, 570 8, 674 1,454
Long voyages.... 1,222 531, 960 17, 586 1,504
Pilotage, towage, yachts, &c 872 31, 849 2, 049 270
Customs receipts.-The customs revenue for the year 1876 amounted to

$57,934,819, composed as follows :
Duties :
Francs.
Entrance 249, 397, 044
Outward . ...... ...... 273,872
Statistics ........ 5,939, 426
Navigation .. 5, 180, 358
Duties and accessory products 3,561, 281
Salt tax... 25, 322, 115
Total .... 289, 674, 096
This shows an increase over the total receipts of 1875 of $4,353,221 ,
and with special reference to entering duties the excess is $4,187,841 .
Budget. The proposed budget of 1877 was as follows :
Project of law Proposed re

Description. voted by the sults by the
Chamber of commission
Deputies. of finance.
Francs. Francs.
Receipts 2,737, 003, 812 2,737, 003, 812
Expenses 2,736, 489, 372 2,737, 292, 094
514, 440 288, 382
Although the general results of the budget show an excess of ex

penses of 288,382 francs, the finance commission has not hesitated to
propose its ratification , in the belief that so small an excess will disap
pear by the probable increase of normal receipts.
The whole budget is as follows :
Francs.
Receipts ........ 2, 672, 140, 530
Expenses ...... 2,667, 296, 751
Excess ... 4,843, 779
This excess, although not large, is favorable.
Railways.-The traffic receipts have been on the increase, being
$ 171,741,433 against $ 167,881,689 for 1875. The new line extension has
been of 557 kilometers, equal to 346 miles.
Population. The census of 1876 , which should embrace five years,
has, owing to the disasters of 1871 , only extended over a period of four
years. The census of 1872 gave 36,102,921 souls. According to the
census of 1876 there were 36,905,788 inhabitants, as follows : Single
males, 9,805,761 ; married males, 7,587,259 ; widowers, 980,619; total males ,
18,373,639 ; unmarried females , 8,944,386 ; married females, 7,567,080 ;
widows, 2,020,683 ; total females , 18,532,149 ; grand total, 36,905,788.
By comparison with last census the population has increased since
1872 by 802,867 inhabitants, or about 2.17 per cent. This includes the
Alsatians and Lorrains , who elected after the war for France, and came
and settled here after 1872. This increase is equivalent to the medium
increase of the quinquennial periods of the last half century , leaving out
the territory annexed or ceded in that time. The increase of 1876 has
been higher in the female sex, viz :
Sex. 1872. 1876. Increase.
Male 17,980,476 18, 373, 639 $93, 163

Female . 18, 122, 445 18, 532, 149 409, 704
FRANCE. 207
The largest increase has been in cities of over 30,000 souls, showing
how powerful are the attractions of great cen ters. The general health
throughout the country has been good , no epidemic having prevailed .
The year 1876 may be summed up as not being a bad one for France.
1876-'77.
For the first six months of 1877 , I summarize as follows :

P
Cereals. As the thrashing progresses, it is found that the anticipated
deficit is even greater than anticipated . There can be no further doubt
that this year's crop , as a whole, is one of greater mediocrity than we
have had in a long time. As yet the exact amount of the deficiency
cannot be correctly given , but all indicates that in view of the weak
returns an import of 12,000,000 or 15,000,000 hectoliters of grain will be
necessary to meet the demand for consumption, a large proportion of
which will have to be drawn from the United States, as the Black Sea
ports are closed by the Eastern war. Prices will undoubtedly rule high ,
the more so as the quality of the new crop is decidedly poor, and there
will be considerable difficulty to get seed- wheat.
Hay. The hay crop is very abundant, affecting only in a secondary
degree human alimentation (such as production of meat , butter, cheese ,
&c. ) as well as giving animal motive power at a low rate.
The grape crop.- The grape crop promises well, the vines looking
healthy, and are heavily laden, and that dreaded scourge , the Phylloxera,
seems to be on a marked and real decline.
Industries. - Industrial productions have so far not fared worse than
the agricultural, notwithstanding the American and Oriental crises. A
rather sharp renewal of trade in iron and castings has shown itself.
In many manufactories and workshops the orders on hand have been
satisfactory in opening the yearly campaigu.
Sugars.-There has been manufactured about 245,000,000 kilograms
this year as against 463,000,000 the year before, being a decrease of
218,000,000 kilograms. This enormous deficit is counterbalanced by the
reduction in the export demand and in the consumption to 234,000,000
kilograms, instead of 312,000,000 kilograms, which is an economy of
208,000,000 kilograms, so that the general stock on hand was 44,000,000
kilograms against 54,000,000, giving only a difference of 10,000,000 with
the stock at the same period of preceding year. This situation is not
a favorable one, and prices would have ruled as before if a foreign de
mand had not come to lighten the stocks by important and persistent
purchases. This export movement, jointly with a demand for refining,
combined with the late opening of the refineries , has caused a material
rise in prices. The stock of raw sugar in warehouses at Paris is
228,000 bags as against 109,000 in 1876 at same period.
Silk. By the statistical returns of the silk production in France this
year, it appears that this production has been largely on the increase
over 1876. The total crop in 1877 has been for the French deparments
6,783,000 kilograms of cocoons , while in 1876 it was only about
2,396,385 kilograms ; yellow cocoons appearing in this amount for
10 5,693,000 kilograms. This increase has been more particularly important
in the southern departments , especially Provence, Du Comtat, and the
Bas Languedoc. The growers of these regions attribute these satisfac
tory results to the climatic influences, which have been particularly
good this year, and to the better quality in the past few years of the
germs for production.
The budget. The budget of 1878 , as presented by Mr. Leon Say, minister
of finances , realizes important ameliorations, and lays ground for others
still more so. By it the postal reform becomes an accomplished fact in
1877, provided the rates of 20 and 10 centimes in lieu of 25 and 15 cen
times have been gone back to for interior postage and the correct tax
of 25 centimes instead of 30 centimes charged now for the exterior
is adopted. If France consents to these reductions of tariff, she will
come to the postal congress, which is to meet at Paris in 1878, under
the most favorable conditions. A reduction is also proposed on the
slow railway traffic, now taxed at 5 per cent. , to 4 per cent., or a grad
uated reduction of 1 per cent. per annum until it is done away with ;
this reduction will be of about 4,443,000 francs. The suppression of the
tax on matches, which had raised great difficulties by opening the door
to fraud on a large scale, for which the means of repression have failed ;
the abolition of the tax on the manufacture of soap and duties on oils,
are also proposed . These taxes on manufactures, by sapping its wealth
at the spring, are the most injurious to commercial and national wealth,
and should be made to disappear. The tax on soap has given large
scope to fraud. The tax on oils is on the one hand injudiciously levied ,
and on the other of difficult application to the producing countries .
After making these reductions , the budget balances by an excess which ,
although not large, is, however, a true excess, amounting to 5,811,091
francs ( $1,162,218) , viz :
Description. Budget, 1878. Budget, 1877.
Francs. Francs.
Receipts . 2, 791, 427, 804 2,672, 140, 530
Expenses.. 2,785, 616, 713 2,667, 296, 751
Excess ..... 5,811, 091 4,843, 779
By this budget 31,709,000 francs will have been applied to reform

conditions, and 49,368,751 francs ( $9,873,750) for new expenses (includ
ing 10,000,000 francs for the Exposition of 1878) go to make up the sur
plus of the actual revenue of the budget of 1876 , which was 86,888,842
francs ($17,377,768) .
Declared exports. -The statement showing the annual declared ex
ports (accompanying this report) to the United States for the four
quarters ending on the 30th of September, 1877, at this consulate
general, shows an increase over the previous year.
Tables of special exports and special imports to and from all countries ,
as made up from official returns of the French custom - house (the monthly
record), show a decrease of exports under last year. The difference
between imports and exports for the first six months of this year and
of last six months of 1876 is not so very large. This relatively good
state of affairs is partly caused by the laborious activity throughout the
country, although the political state of affairs has tended to produce a
most unsettled feeling, and one of not a little anxiety ; added to which
the war in the East, the famine in India, and the American crisis have
materially influenced business and trade. The important commerce of
France with the East, and the Russian and Danubian provinces, is at a
stand-still owing to the war, and she therefore bears as well as other
nations the stagnation of trade caused by the war with the interior of
Russia, the Baltic, the Black Sea , Turkey , and even Egypt.
Compared with other countries, the state of business and trade in
France must be considered as satisfactory, and it is extraordinary that
after so many trials, and in the midst of difficulties of all kinds, wars ,
FRANCE . 209
strikes, famine, arming, social and political contests , general elections

about to take place, conflicts to foresee and avoid , the commercial rela
tions of France should be so good.
A. T. A. TORBERT.
Statement showing the general and special commerce of France the year 1876.
IMPORTS BY ARTICLES.
Genera im Special im
ports. ports.
Articles.
Value. Value.
Silk and raw silk $132, 960, 000 $108, 760, 000
Cereals 59, 900, 000 47, 920,000
Wool in bulk 57,200,000 55, 440, 000
Cotton wool.. 49, 040, 000 45, 840, 000
Common wood 40, 580, 000 40, 480,000
Silk and raw silk, tissues 39, 380, 000 7, 600, 000
Coal and coke 36, 140, 000 34, 620, 000
Raw skins and their furs 35,080, 000 33, 720, 000
Coffee.. 34, 980, 000 21, 600, 000
Cattle.. 31, 380, 000 31, 300, 000
Cotton tissues 31, 020, 000 15, 440, 000
Wool tissues. 25, 600,000 15, 800, 000
Oil seeds.. 16, 040, 000 15, 860, 000
Copper 12, 260, 000 11, 160, 000
Foreign sugar ........ 11, 300, 000 10, 740, 000
Cotton threads 10, 700, 000 9, 520, 000
Flax.... 10, 180, 000 10, 160, 000
Grease of all kinds 10, 100, 000 9, 820, 000
Cheese and butter .................. 9, 160, 000 7, 260, 000
Prepared skins 9, 020, 000 6, 720, 000
Sugar from the French Colonies 9, 000, 000 9,500,000
Leaf-tobacco .. 8, 440,000 6, 420, 000
Olive oil and seed oil.. ...... 8, 420, 000 7, 140, 000
Machines and machinery. 8, 340,000 7, 240, 000
Guano and other manures . 8, 140, 000 8, 140, 000
Straw hats and hats of bark and grass . 7,580,000 5, 180, 000
Ores of all kinds 7, 280, 000 7, 120, 000
Oily fruits (arachides and others) 7,060, 000 6, 940, 000
Table fruits 6, 900, 000 6, 560, 000
Meats, fresh and salt 6, 460,000 5,860, 000
Trimmings of straw, bark, and grass 6, 440, 000 3, 300, 000
Dried vegetables and their flour 6, 400, 000 6, 320, 000
Sea fish. 6, 000, 000 960, 000
4 Wines 5,940, 000 5, 060, 000
Indigo ..... 5, 880, 000 5, 340, 000
Hops 5,680,000 5, 180, 000
J Iron and steel.. 5, 260, 000 2,760,000
Cocoa..... 5, 120, 000 3, 440, 000
or Oils and essence of petroleum and schiste . 5, 020, 000 4,840, 000
Lie Lead.. 4, 920,000 4,880,000
Articles in leather ………… 4, 900, 000 580,000
Jewelry 4,660, 000 740,000
Nitrates of soda and potash. 4, 580,000 4, 560, 000
Exotic wood 4,360, 000 4, 200, 000
新 Rice 4,-220,000. 3,580, 000
Woolen thread 4,080,000 3,860, 000
Horses .. ………….. 4,000,000 3,680, 000
Hemp 3,900,000 3, 620, 000
Flax or hemp tissues 3,820,000 2,500,000
Paper, pasteboard, books, and engravings 3, 480,000 2,700,000
2inc 3, 360, 000 3,300, 000
Tools and works in metal ....... 3,340,000 2, 460, 000
Cast iron ………………… . 3,020,000 1, 360, 000
Clocks and watches. ....... 3, 000, 000 440, 000
ich Flax or hemp threads... ........... 2, 820,000 1,660,000
are Manufactured tobacco, or prepared 2,500,000 1, 220, 000
Jute in strips . 2, 500, 000 2, 500, 000
ed Arms.. .................. 2, 320, 000
ats Raw tin 2,220,000 2,260,000
Brandy and spirits of all kinds..... 2, 160, 000 1, 620, 000
ber Seeds 2, 140, 000 2,060, 000
Sulphur ....... 1,900, 000 1,900,000
10 Silkworms' eggs ......... ......... 940, 000 360,000
Saffron . 840,000 3 0,000
Other merchandise 110,340, 000 99, 260,000
in
Totals 981, 760,000 797, 680,000
ars
14 C R
Statement showing the general and special commerce of France for the year 1876- Continned.
IMPORTS BY COUNTRIES.
Countries. General im . Special im

ports. ports.
England …………….... $161, 700, 000 $129, 980, 000

Italy. 101, 000, 000 83,080, 000
Germany …………….. 95, 900, 000 77, 800, 000
Belgium 92,260,000 20, 700, 000
Switzerland.. 67, 420, 000 22, 020, 000
United States . 55, 880,000 52, 900, 000
Turkey 42, 920,000 37,540, 000
Russia ……………... 39, 740, 000 35, 280, 000
China.. 31, 480, 000 28, 160, 000
India (British) 31, 000, 000 27, 880, 000
Algiers 25, 260,000 24, 520, 000
Spain 24, 780, 000 19, 220, 000
Rio de la Plata.. 23, 300, 000 22, 020, 000
Brazil.. 19, 320, 000 11,060, 000
Japan. 18,980,000 7, 320, 000
Egypt 15, 200, 000 13, 020, 000
Austria.. 14, 260, 000 13, 680, 000
Pern .. 11, 900, 000 11, 860, 000
Sweden 11, 820, 000 11, 540, 000
Hayti.. 9, 260,000 8, 260,000
Netherlands 8, 700, 000 7,920,000
Uruguay. 7,960, 000 7,780, 000
Western Africa..... 6, 640, 000 6, 220, 000
Norway 6,380,000 6, 340, 000
Chili. ............. 5,520,000 5, 380, 000
Spanish American Colonies 5, 360, 000 5, 020, 000
St. Pierre et Miquelon and Grande Peche .. 5, 240, 000 5, 260,000
Ile de la Reunion.. 4, 940, 000 4, 620, 000
Barbary States 4, 240, 000 3,960, 000
Venezuela .... ..... 4, 140, 000 2,940, 000
Martinique 3,880,000 4,100,000
Guadeloupe.. 3, 100, 000 3,060, 000
Portugal .. 3,040, 000 2, 380, 000
India ( Dutch) . ..... 2,860, 000 2,540,000
New Granada. 2,520,000 1,340, 000
Mexico 2, 140, 000 1, 720, 000
Senegal 1, 800, 000 1,840, 000
British Colonies in America 1,200,000 960, 000
British Possessions in Africa 1, 160, 000 840,000
Greece. 1,040, 000 920,000
French Possessions in India ....... 1, 000, 000 ε00, Coo
Other countries in Africa 900, 000 840,000
Ecuador 620, 000 260,000
British Possessions in the Mediterranean 540, 000 440,000
Cochin-China . 480, 000 440,000
Philippines ........ ...... 460,000 400,000
Guatemala.. 420, 000 280,000
St. Thomas 360, 000 200, 000
Mayotte, Nossi Bé, and St. Marie of Madagascar 320,000 360,000
Other islands in Oceanica.. 220,000 220,000
Kingdom of Siam 160, 000 140,000
Denmark . 100, 000 80,000
Epaves et sauvetage (wrecks and salvage) . 80,000 60,000
French Guiana. 60,000 60,000
Australia .......... 60,000 60,000
Bolivia... 40,000 40,000
Dutch Colonies in America 40,000 20,000
Totals .... 981, 760,000 797, 680, 000
FRANCE. 211
Statement showing the general and special commerce of France for the year 1976 -Continued
EXPORTS BY ARTICLES.
Articles. General ex Special ex

ports. ports.
Silk tissues $90, 920,000 $59, 180, 000

Wool tissues. 75, 840,000 63, 300, 000
Silks... 58,720, 000 34, 420, 000
Wines 43, 240, OCO 42, 320, 000
Cereals 42, 640, 000 29, 380, 000
Tabletterie-toys, trimmings, umbrellas, furniture, and works in
wood. 37, 460,000 35, 320, 000
Skins (worked) 36, 260,000 31,500,000
Cotton tissues 27,940, 000 13, 220, 000
Refined sugar. 27, 220, 000 27, 040, 000
Cheese and butter 23, 260, 000 21, 780, 000
Brandy and spirits of all kinds 21, 620, 000 21, 100, 000
Tools and works in metal 21, 420, 000 14, 400, 000
Cotton wool. 18, 840, 000 15,780, 000
Dresses, costumes, white goods made up, and other articles . 18,760, 000 18, 140, 000
Skins, tanned, curried or morocco-tanned 17, 600, 000 15, 520, 000
Wools 16, 880, 000 14, 960, 000
Horses, mules, and cattle 15, 220, 000 14, 820, 000
Jewelry.. 13, 900, 000 10, 700, 000
Paper and paper applications 11, 940, 000 11, 120, 000
Coffee... 11, 920, 000
Earthenware and glassware. 11, 600, 000 10, 520, 000
Chemical productions... 10, 200, 000 9, 540, 000
Eggs of chickens and of game 9, 340,000 9, 160, 000
Raw hides and their furs .. 9, 240, 000 7,880, 000
Common wood ....... 8, 960, 000 8, 880, 000
Machines and machinery 8, 000, 000 4, 560, 010
Flax and hemp tissues 7,720, 000 6, 340, 000
Table fruits 7,440, 000 7, 100, 000
Olive oils and seed oil. 7, 280, 000 4, 140, 000
Bonnets and artificial flowers 7, 180, 000 7, 160, 000
Seeds 6,660,000 6, 600, 000
Raw sugars 6, 220, 000 4, 940,000
Sea fish and salted fish . 6, 220, 000 5, 900, 000
Watches and clocks .. 5,940, 000 3, 460, 000
Woolen thread.. 5,940, 000 5,720, 000
Iron. cast iron, and steel . 5, 680, 000 1, 220, 000
Potatoes and dried vegetables 4, 200, 000 4,300,000
Grease of all kinds .. 4,320,000 3,920, 000
Coal and coke ... 3,600,000 2, 320, 000
Flax and hemp 3, 360, 000 3, 020, 000
Oil cake and oil seeds 3, 240, 000 3, 240, 000
Building materials .. 3,040, 000 3, 000, 000
Drills 2, 960, 000 2,780, 000
Objects of collection not in commerce.. 2,600,000 2, 340,000
Flax and hemp thread 2,500,000 1, 320, 000
Musical instruments. 2,440,000 2, 380, 000
Hair of animals of all kinds 2,260,000 1,880, 000
Felt hats.. 2,240,000 2, 120, 000
Colors 2,200,000 2,080, 000
Seeds and oily fruits . 2, 160, 000 1,980,000
Copper... 2,020,000 1, 480, 000
Various articles of Parisian industry 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000
Soaps 1,980,000 1, 960, 000
Cotton threads. 1,940, 000 820, 000
Prepared medicines . 1,900,000 1, 240, 000
Arms 1, 820,000 1,020,000
Indigo . 1, 620, 000 1,080, 000
Manufactured tobacco or prepared .. 1,600,000 480, 000
Candles of all kinds 1, 440, 000 760,000
Perfumery. 1,260,000 1, 220, 000
Salt meats .... 1, 140, 000 $60,000
Madder 1, 000, 000 420,000
Saffron.. 900,000 360, 000
Ores of all sorts... 720,000 660, 000
Extract of madder 360,000 360,0CO
All other merchandise 91, 400, 000 66, 020, 000
Totals 909, 500,000 715, 120, 000
Statement showing the general and special commerce of France for the year 1876 —Continued.
EXPORTS BY COUNTRIES.
Countries. General ex. Special ex

ports. ports.
England $254, 640, 000 $206, 640, 000

Belgium. 98,040, 000 89, 000, 000
Germany 94, 360, 000 86, 240, 000
Switzerland 75, 560, 000 55, 800, 000
Italy 73, 320, 000 43, 160, 000
United States . 64, 260, 000 45, 920,000
Spain... 49, 020, 000 30, 900, 000
Algiers 33,900,000 29, 700, 000
Brazil 18, 580, 000 16, 280, 000
Turkey .. 15, 080, 000 9, 300, 000
Rio de la Plata 12, 300, 000 10, 580, 000
Netherlands 9, 980, 000 8, 220, 000
Russia. 8, 260,000 6,920, 000
Egypt 7,280,000 5, 800, 000
Chili . 6,500,000 5, 680, 000
Portugal 6, 420, 000 5,120, 000
Japan 6, 320, 000 1, 840, 000
New Granada 4,740,000 4, 020, 000
Uruguay 4, 400, 000 3, 560, 000
Peru ......... 4, 100, 000 3,420,000
Austria . 3,780,000 3, 420, 000
Spanish Colonies in America 3,740,000 3, 260, 000
Greece 3,560,000 2,780, 000
Martinique.. 3, 300, 000 2, 280, 000
India (British) 3, 120, 000 1,280,000
Mexico 2, 960, 000 2,300,000
Sweden. 2, 960, 000 2, 620, 000
Barbary States 2,920, 000 2, 000, 000
Hayti 3,900,000 2,640,000
Guadeloupe 2, 760,000 2,020,000
Norway 2,740,000 2,540,000
Senegal .. ........... 2, 440, 000 960,000
Venezuela .. 2, 380, 000 1,920, 000
British Possessions in the Mediterranean 2,020,000 980, 000
Ile de la Reunion 1, 980, 000 1,720, 000
Saint Thomas .... 1,900,000 1,700, 000
British Colonies in America 1, 640, 000 1, 520, 000
British Possessions in Africa 1, 600, 000 1, 420, 000
French Guiana 1,360,000 1, 120, 000
China .. ………………….. .............. 1,300,000 680,000
Denmark 1,280,000 1, 120, 000
West Coast of Africa.. 1,260,000 700,000
St. Pierre and Miquelon and Grande Peche 1, 260, 000 1, 180, 000
Other islands of Oceanica 1, 180, 000 980, 000
Cochin China.. 1, 120, 000 860, GOO
India (Holland) . 1, 000, 000 800,000
Guatemala .. 680,000 560, 000
Ecuador 620, 000 460, 000
Other countries of Africa 300,000 180,000
Dutch Colonies in America 300,000 240, 000
Australia. 300,000 300,000
Philippines .. 200, 000 120,000
French Possessions in India 160,000 160,000
Mayotte, Nossi Bé, and St. Marie de Madagascar 80,000 60,000
Compressed coal for the use of steamships. 340,000
Totals . 909, 500, 000 715, 120, 000
Statement
showing
navigation
the
for
France
.of
1876
year
SAIL
AND
., TEAM
SSIIIPS
.
Laden In
.
ballast .
Totals
.
Description
Number Number Number Tonna Number Number Number
ships Tonnago
. of
men of
ships
. . ge of of
ships
. .
Tonnage men
.of
.of . .men
ARRIVALS
.
cFrench
,..oastwise
ships , 72
360 42,32115 ,695
265 , 92
615 ,610
752 7,6179 0,7664 0, 25
3,974 , 74
4327
French
,exterior
.ships
commerce 8,961 4, 45
2,709 , 70
5155 1, 82 8,7371 ,2663 0,1143 3, 16
2,783 , 33
8161
Total 2,7033 , 60
85,930 421,265 , 74
816 , 81
4826 , 42
068 ,18707 ,341
6,757 , 07
3489
xterior
eForeign
,commerce
ships 6, 14
21 9, 09
5,809 , 79
5278 2,518 4,353 44 ,22569 1,2432 53
31,663 8, 48
303
ships
foreign
and
French
of
Total , 47
891 711 69
, 40 , 44
8699 ,31992 25
19, 79 , 11
393 2, 39
111 , 94
612,920 , 55
1793
DEPARTURES
.
French
,coastwise
ships 3,6072 42,321 15 ,695
265 6, 92
15 , 10
6752 761 , 79 0,7664 0, 25
3,974 , 74
4327
French
ships
, commerce
.rior ,3809 ,489
2,362 , 06
8114 3,830 , 91
5588 ,23042 1,1239 09,251 80 175,048
FRANCE .
Total 6, 81
68 ,9583 04 01
5,410 19,522 , 01
21,341 , 21
092 2,8803 1, 05
6,925 ,522
502
,ecommerce
ships
Foreign
xterior 3,1438 , 62
63,251 , 04
1195 9, 93 7, 69
2,912 ,3111 14 ,32431 41,66431 4,30618
Total
French
foreign
and
..of
ships ,08319 5, 66 5
8,83 6, 05
605 , 15
529 70
249, 53 35
3,203 34
5,112 51389
,036 , 40
9808
213
Statement showing the special commerce of France for the year ending June 30, 1877.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Value. Articles . Value.
Breadstuffs . $43, 106, 400 Marble.. $726, 200

Dried vegetables and flour thereof. 6, 187, 200 Shells . 568, 400
Rice . 3, 445, 400 Building-materials. 2, 121, 400
Table-fruits . ......... 7,629, 200 Stone and earth for fine-arts 1,084, 600
Oily fruits 8,021, 200 Brimstone 1,719, 200
Wines of all kinds 5, 574, 600 Pure solid pitch.. ......... 1, 191, 4CO
Brandies and spirits . 1,918, 400 Petroleum-oil, raw 2, 517, 200
Beer. …………….. 2, 820, 600 Refined petroleum-oil 723, 800
Sugars . 21, 446, 400 Coal-oil 101, 400
Molasses. .... 632, 400 Coals .......... 38,733,000
Cocoa..... 2,776, 200 Pearl-ash 378 800
Coffee.. 22, 228, 400 Ores of all kinds 9, 574, 200
Pepper 668, 200 Cast iron 1,668, 400
Tea .. 328, 400 Iron 2,403, 200
Cattle 30, 570, 400 Steel. ………………….. 850, 400
Fresh and salted meat ..... 7, 175, 600 Copper. 10,785, 400
Grease.. 11, 580, 400 Lead . 5,099, 400
Codfish and other kinds of fish.. 6,562, 200 Tin .......... ...... 2,754, 800
Cheese and butter 6,574, 200 Zinc ... 3, 577, 000
Olive-oil 8, 229, 400 Alkalies 1, 606, 800
Horses.. 2,916, 000 Nitrate of potash 5,551, 800
Raw skins and their furs 39, 544, 000 Other chemical produce.... 4, 008, 400
Wool 71, 121, 200 Cochineal 1, 182, 800
Hair of all kinds. 1, 433, 200 Indigo .. 5, 121, 000
Feathers . 2,766, 000 Caoutchouc 969, 600
Silk and raw silk 58,722, 400 Rocoa.. 135, 200
Jute 2,099, 600 Earthenware and delft-ware 1, 106, 800
Hemp . ........ 3, 583, 000 China.... 241, 200
Flax 17, 142, 200 Glassware 1,019, 600
Cotton. 48,910, 000 Flax and hemp threads 2,088, 000
Drills. 2,616, 600 Jute threads 9,600
Raw wax 624, 200 Cotton threads . ..... 12, 886, 800
Guano and other manures 11, 760, 200 Wool threads ......... 3,912, 200
Fodder, hay, straw, and bran 1,972, 000 Goats' hair threads 1, 337, 200
Sponge.. 720, 200 Flax and hemp tissues .......... 2,853, 600
Elephants' tusks . 830, 400 Jute tissues. ...... 209, 600
Tortoise-shell and mother-of-pearl. 1,838, 200 Silk and raw silk tissues . 7,343, 400
Whalebones and fishery-products .. 3, 012, 400 Hair tissues .... 390, 400
Bones, hoofs, and horns 1, 708, 400 Wool …………….......………… 13, 757, 600
Oil seeds.. 17,937, 200 Cotton 15, 440, 400
Oil made from seeds. 739, 000 Books . …………….......... 953, 600
Palm, arachides, and cocoa oil 3,250,000 Prepared hides ... 6,804, 400
Pure oil of other kinds.. 73,000 Straw and bark hats and tresses 9, 325, 200
Seeds ………………….. 2,271, 400 Machinery... ...... ......... 7,428, 600
Pure foreign gums.. 919, 000 Iron steamers ........ ………………………… 1, 232, 600
Foreign resinous gums.. 1, 175, 600 Clock-work …………………. 444, 200
India rubber and gutta-percha . 1,362, 800 Tools of all kinds ………………………………. 1,035, 400
Leaf-tobacco 6,963, 800 Needles . 254, 800
Quinquina-bark. 1, 018, 800 Steel pens. .... ……………...... 68, 800
Charcoal.. 357, 200 Cutlery 95, 200
Timber 26, 757, 800 Other metal goods …………..... 2,202, 600
Thin planks of oak ............ 8, 694, 200 India-rubber goods.. 870, OCO
Furniture-wood.. ……………………………….. 1,053, 200 Articles of collection........... 2, 229, 600
Dye-woods .. ………………………………….. 3,415, 000 Other merchandise ..... 38, 784, 800
Madder ……………. 193, 000
Saffron . ……………… .............. 259, 000 Total 787, 188, 000
Gall-nuts ......... .......... 432, 600
FRANCE. 215
Statement showing the special commerce of France for year ending June 30 , 1877 —Continued .
EXPORTS.
Silk tissues $55, 455,800 Other kinds of alimentary flour... $6, 400, 200
Wool tissues . 62,065, 600 Salt, sea or mineral 678, 200
Cotton tissues 14, 944, 000 Green vegetables , salted or preserved . 1,053, 600
Flax or hemp tissues 6, 340, 600 Table-fruits .. 5, 670, 800
Jute tissues 170,000 Oily seeds and fruits ....... 2, 439, 800
Woolen thread . 5,791, 000 Truffles, fresh or dried. 1,043, 400
Cotton thread.. 914, 000 Wines 45, 433, 000
Flax or hemp thread 1, 444, 400 Brandies and spirits 13, 341, 600
Jute thread . 165, 800 Olive-oil 1, 672, 000
Prepared leather. 17, 226, 400 Oil from seeds . 2,984, 200
Leather goods.. 30,873, 800 Domestic raw sugar .. 727, 400
Straw hats and tresses .... 5, 620, 800 Sirups, sweetmeats, and candies 941, 000
Felt hats. 2, 233, 200 Sea-fish, fresh and preserved . 5,979, 800
Basket-ware ........ 489, 600 Cattle.. 8, 252, 600
Hemp rope.. ........... 703, 000 Meats.. 1,830, 200
Jewel 10, 696, 000 Grease of all kinds. 4, 118, 400
Clocksryand watches 3,518, 000 Eggs. 7,536, 400
Machinery 4,527, 000 Chees e.... ……………… ……………… ……. 1, 209, 000
Cutlery 539, 600 Butter 19, 353, 200
Arms 1,291, 200 Madder 274, 200
Tools 13, 481, 200 Gold, in sheets or bars ....... 1, 030, 800
India-rubber goods (except surgical Mineral-ore 860, 200
instruments). 1, 102, 600 Copper, in sheets or bars.. 701, 000
Carriages .. 1,003, 400 Millstones 972, 600
Fancy goods (hosiery) . 30,829, 800 Stone and earth for fine arts.. 1,364, 000
Bonnets and artificial flowers 7, 225, 400 Building-materials 3, 130, 400
Faruiture and wooden ware . 5, 312,000 Solid or liquid pitch . 819, 800
Umbrellas and parasols . 745, 800 Coals ... 2,666, 600
Optical and surgical instruments 1, 208, 000 Saffron. 496, 200
Musical instruments . 2,274, 000 Oil-cakes.. 2,706, 400
Dresses .. ... 18, 012, 000 Drills 2,775,80 0
Fancy goods 1,714, 000 Timber 5, 536, 800
Articles of collection...... 2,540, 600 Domes tic resin ……………… ……………. 660,000
Books and engravings .. 4,947,800 Teasles ........... 365, 200
Paper and paste-board 5,927, 600 Hops ... ....... 1, 186, 000
Delft-ware and China......... 2,820, 800 Seeds ………. 4, 732, 400
Looking-glasses ....…………… .... 1, 435, 400 Raw hides and their furs .. 9, 978, 000
Glassware ................ 6,257, 800 Wool.. 18, 057, 000
Perfumery ...... 1,295, 200 Horse-hair 323, 000
Soaps, other than perfumery 1,924,000 Hair of animals of all kinds . 2, 111, 200
Medicines.. 2, 152, 800 Fancy feathers .. 6, 877, 800
Stearic acid and wax candles. 509,400 Silk-worms' eggs .. .......... 738, 800
Refined sugar . ... 21, 368, 000 Raw silk..... …………………… . 23, 249, 200
Prepared tobacco 392, 800 Flax ... 2,726,000
Paints and colors ......... 2, 125, 600 Cotton-wool .............. 15, 321, 600
Extract of madder ................. 389,000 Horses ....... ……………………………………………… 2,733, 400
Sulphate of quinine ………….. ..... 637, 200 Mules.. 1, 602, 600
Tartrate ..... 2,237, 800 Other merchandise .. 36, 752, 000
Other kinds of chemical preparations . 6, 641, 800
Wheat and flour 37,634,000 Total 691, 539, 400
*
the
quarters
four
agencies
during
States
United
the
districts
)tofFrance
oncluding
declared
(iexports
consular
from
Statement
value
showing
.30877
,September
1ending
year
216
Paris
. .
Lyons Bordeaux
. Marseilles
. Havre
. Reims
. .
Nice Total
the
for
.
Articles .year
tartar
.of
cream
and
Argols 25
,1$02 73 74
,6702
$85 63
2$,255 ,0990
$61 31
Albumen 004,369 00
4,369
Books
engravings
and 24182
,652 00
4$0 6241 82
, 92
paintings
and-------
Bronzes ,652
75
701 00
560 75
702
,212
Bristles
.. 00
,0855 81
15,025 23,080
81
manufactures
nd
leather
,shoes
aBoots 26
124,050 40
480 75
175 130,706
41
Brandy ,526
1135 67 45
,04174 52
1,657 1,487 54
,229
Bricks
..
tiles
and 78
,31 84 38
298 16
1,683
trimmings
and
Buttons 61
1,947,596 975
,1$34 20 15
9,469 51
2,087 4, 86
metallic
.
trimmings
Church
and
ornaments 117,912
73 58
,456
70 13
4,746 44
193
,115
leather
Calf
-skins
and 54
,853
3,059 71
, 27
920 76
,536 52
, 68
3131 53
3,288
,686
Carpets ...... · 40
45 ,049 45,049
40
Cotton
goods
. ……………. 24
,995
847 53
, 37
596 80
,8981 4954 57
, 14
Costumes
.
dresses
and …………… . 33
, 05
2266 10
245 4266 43
, 50
Coff
.....ee ............. 99
1,5100 70
, 88
1259 31069
,289
Corsets 3101 11
, 89 107
06 17
101,496
.
watches
and
Clocks 83
, 84
7247 180
00 83
247,964
Chemicals ,710
00
61 08
, 64
6113 165
,465 61
717
, 07 2197 34
, 47
Drugs
(8........
medicin
and ,340
27
186 13
98,143 12
53
,929 338 ,412
52
- tuffs
sDye 0162 52
, 74 44
47,542 811
08 39
, 03
7397 924 61
, 35 0633 04
, 67
goods
Fancy 37
921,200 76
916
, 14 14
5$7 938 27
,172
Furnitur
... ………….. e ,644
3118 00
2,400 67
1,248 35 85
,292
,and rtificial
..flowers
aFeathers 46
,0189 82 41
543 044 ,0290 89
7,2115 33
potteriesnd
, orcelain
apGlass 7655 96
, 22 51
, 54
0428 76
358 06
10,031 1,094 29
1, 67
Glue
.. 62
37,655 37 ,655
62
Gloves 64
997 ,000 33
, 48
8443 78
287,046 75
, 95
81,727
hatters
and
..Hats ………….....
'goods …………………………. 11
6, 16
1,042 00
224 81,042 11
, 40
Hosiery
. 33
282 ,645 33
282 ,645
h, uman
.Hair 24
, 12
127 1467
,440 91
,552
41
horse
and
, egetable
vHair 14 ,069
00 82
,0312 01
5,380 83
22,461
..nd
rails
, achinery
amHardware ,933
16268 59
7,610 91 2
6,98 26
0, 26
93 ,057
1077 628021
, 11
Horses
. 6,450
00 82
,594
10 17 ,044
82
.
rubber
India 76
814 , 40 16
3,982 17
,0423 22 ,846
09
stones
precious
and
Jewelry 53
,3161 89 25
3,355 78
7,116 92
tulles
and
Laces …………….. 720,808
62 53
198,08 4 82, 25
718 97 , 18
6937
Linen
goods .......... 2254
,67 83 657,935 67
334 91
, 23
2264
Licorico ………………………... 49
1,579 45
567 5,74664
Lemons
. ………………… ...... 00
,6391 00
, 31
456 00
160 , 22
goods
dress
miscellaneous
nd
,aashmeres
cMerinos 86
, 79
19,371 87
, 56
0266 81
262 54
,46937 99
.
instruments
Musical 29654
, 24 80
1,956 81
2,563 7100 15
, 45
cement
Millstones
.,aplaster
nd 79
, 36
314 35
712 37
75,795 5L
90,844
Miscella
. neous 49
677 , 46 54
, 66
435 61
, 33
5128 45
, 00
6284 ,058
1740 00
7$,505 49,816
550
.
Oils 75
,51 65 17
,605
155 80
, 32
1100 06
, 92
217 59
,21081 37
877
284
instruments
scientific
and
Optical 72
,337
209 26
6, 74
12 0222 98
, 11
Ores 09
146 09
146
..
Ocher 77
2,820 2,820
77
and
vegetables
fruit
Preserved 91
,426
92 03
, 15
9304 23
, 83
676 74
, 11
454 91
528,436
Preserved
meat
.................
sardines
and ………………………………………… . . 03, 68
578 79
, 61
9504 55
4,662 52
7,364 53
172 595 ,729
42
Prunes
raisins
and
…………………………………………… ……………………………………… 00
, 24
820 14
, 10
8234 25514
,634
Paints 87
, 93
651 ,218
9905 92
9150 , 11
and……………………………………
Rags
paper
old 97
8,328 76
7,549 73
15 ,878
Stationery …………………………………………… 60
,062
125 29
8,579 44
2,336 9135 33
, 78
Silk
,raw ...
.... ……………................. 60 10
,148 66
1,031,479 67
,595
138 43
,2130 23
-goods
piece
velvet
and
.Silk …………….... .... 83
0, 51
1,503 60
,233
6,825 20
230 91
, 28
1171 54
,68444 99
and
Silk
…ribbons
.velvet
……………………………………………
....... … 64
58,927 14
, 98
7234 78
7293 , 25
Shawls 586,924
02 03
, 64
630 561705
, 88
Straw
goods ………………….. 2545
,587 45
,587
25
Seeds
plants
.and …………………………… 53
240 , 11 07
, 18
325 ,779
32
18 84
,308
92
Sugar
confectionery
and 71
6,2163 01
3,322 35
, 07
365 07
293
90
,ordinary
Soap ..... 72
, 57
1104 1104 72 , 57
…………. .and……………………..
Toilet
articles
perfumery 14
, 10
6483 33
, 60
730 32
2, 86
16 18
3, 34
42 97
, 90
9572
Tobacco ………………….. 629
00 00
629
wallaper
.-pgoods
and
Upholstery 96
119,905 96
119,905
Vinegar 93
457 15
9,170 08
,6928
liqueurs
.Wines
and………………………………… .. ,083
6632 30
,9327
1,012
76
33
06 79
1, 99
97 45
,8235
63 85
94
1 93 00
,705
2,555
Woolen
cloth 600,589
72 92
3,604 1604 64
, 94
Wool 00
1,093 01, 38
295 20
2,704 99,035
21
Whalebone ………….. 37
203,950 920337
, 50
......
Willows 18 17
,238 18 ,238
17
wood
Wood
.and
-ware 00
, 01
114 56
14,435 28,536 56
Total 3870
,409
829 86
,8478 90
75
34
719568 06 88
,91718 ,3616
14906 ,312459398 78
110,859 40 91
6,183
49
Total
for
preceding
the
year 00
,688
927 31 4726
,9613
10 89 98
03
07 ,51427
70 43 55
,1229
97 12
,91488
28 |,524
92
218 ,283 36
4837
FRANCE .
Increase 38
,839
1,820 89
,87126 64 36
,460
275 19
,219
351 57
, 53
4947
Decrease 75
, 35
81,522 83
, 13
5195 14
,665
107
217
FRANCE.
MARSEILLES, October 31 , 1877. (Received Dec. 14. )
A report upon the decline of French shipping.

At a maritime congress assembled at Paris on the 20th April, 1876 ,
to consider the causes of the suffering and diminution of the French
mercantile marine, an address was forwarded to the French legislative
bodies, wherein the following opinions were expressed :
1st. That the law of assimilation of flags has been an error and a fault, the conse
quences of which have compromised the greatness, the security, and the future of
France.
2d. That this law has violated the principle of distributive justice in opening mari
time industry to foreign competition without the slightest protection, while at the
same time treaties of protective duties were maintained and stipulated in favor of all
other industries.
3d. That so flagrant an inequality of treatment, we may say such an injustice, de
mands immediate reparation.
4th. That a decision to interfere in the matter would only be the putting in execu
tion of a formal engagement made by the National Assembly on the 28th July, 1873 ,
when a special commission was appointed to inquire into the means of aiding and
assuring the prosperity of the French mercantile marine.
The commission of the Marseilles Chamber of Commerce, appointed
to examine the question as to whether the French mercantile marine
was really in the condition reported by the congress, caused the follow
ing statistics to be prepared :
1.-Total tonnage of the French mercantile marine from 1870 to 1875.

SAILING-VESSELS.
Year. Tonnage. Increase. Decrease.
1870 891, 828

1873 …………………............. 902, 096 10, 268
1875 …………........ ..... ..... 751, 854 150, 242
Diminution from 1870 to 1875 139,974
STEAMSHIP .
Year. Tonnage. Increase. Decrease.
1870 ......... 212, 976

1873 ………………………........... ..... 240, 273 27, 297
1875 ........................ 318, 757 78, 484
Increase from 1870 to 1875 105, 781
Total decrease for sail , 139,974 tons . Total increase for steam, 105,781
tons.
FRANCE. 219
2.-Carrying-trade of France (steam and sail ) with cargoes, inward and outward, with the
French colonies and other French possessions out of Europe, and with foreign countries out
of Europe, from 1864 to 1875, in French vessels only.
Arrivals. Total of arrivals and Increase. Decrease.

Departures. departures.
Year
.
Ships. Tonnage. Ships. Tonnage. Ships. Tonnage. Ships. Tonnage. Ships. Tonnage.
1864 2,698 805, 441 2,592 776, 890 5,290 1,582, 331
1865 2, 655 848, 248 2,588 818, 564 5, 243 1,666, 812 84, 481 47
1866 2, 604 946, 375 2,712 974, 505 5,316 1,920, 880 73 254, 068
1867 2,744 1,092, 688 2, 726 1,049, 334 5, 470 2, 142, 022 154 221 , 142
1268 2, 772 1, 146, 995 2,678 1,091, 838 5, 450 2,238, 833 96, 811 20
1869 2, 614 1,079, 274 2, 791 1, 136, 658 5, 405 2, 215, 932 45 22, 901
1870 2, 418 977, 997 2,284 935, 859 4, 702 1,913, 856 703 302, 076
1871 2, 121 954, 581 2,345 1, 001, 932 4,446 1,956, 513 42, 657 236
1872 2, 631 1, 177, 968 3, 043 1,252, 351 5, 674 2, 430, 319 1,208 473, 806
1873 2,451 1, 167, 340 2,567 1, 240, 424 5,018 2, 407, 764 656 22, 555
1874 2,493 1,234, 949 2,549 1, 273, 913 5,042 2,508,862 24 101, 098
1875 2,593 1, 325, 878 2, 493 1,304, 398 5,086 2,628,276 44 119,414
The result of Table 2 is, therefore, that the tonnage of French ships
in cargo, inward and outward combined , engaged in the carrying-trade
of France with the French colonies and other French possessions out of
Europe, and of foreign countries out of Europe, has increased from 1864
to 1869 by 633,601 tons, and from 1870 to 1875 by 324,631 tons ; or , in
twelve years, by 958,232 tons.
3.-Carrying-trade of France, steam and sail, in which French and foreign vessels were
22222822828237
engaged, from 1861 to 1874, showing the proportion of French and foreign vessels engaged
therein, inward and outward combined, and with cargoes.
Tonnage. Proportion per cent.

Year.
French. Foreign. Total. French. Foreign .
តត
តត
33
តត
1861 2. 241, 000 4,605, 000 6,846, 000 67

តត
ត
1862 2,537, 000 4, 221, 000 6, 759, 000 37 63

1363 2,665, 000 4, 280, 000 6, 945, 000
1864 2,709, 000 4, 430,000 7, 139, 000 38 62
1865 2,825,000 4,950, 000 7,775,000 36 64
1866 2,873, 000 5,576,000 8,449,000 34 66
1867 3,087, 000 6, 434, 000 9, 521, 000 33 67
1868 3,095, 000 6, 018, 000 9, 513, 000 33
1869 3, 163, 000 6, 790, 000 9, 953, 000 32
1870 . 2,769, 000 6,614,000 9, 383, 000 70
1871 . 2, 523, 000 6, 800, 000 9, 323, 000 27
1872 . 3,086, 000 7,366, 000 10, 452, 000
1873 3,242,000 7,946, 000 11, 188, 000 71
1874 3,385,000 8,286,000 11, 671, 000 71
It will be remarked that although the proportion of French in com

parison with foreign tonnage has fallen from 39 per cent. in 1863 to 29
per cent. in 1874, French tonnage shows an increase of 1,140,000 tons
from 1861 to 1874.
4.-General movement of the French carrying-trade, steam and sail, with cargoes, inward
and outward combined, and showing the proportion of French and foreign vessels engaged
therein, from 1861 to 1874.
French ships. Foreign French and foreign.

ships. Proportion per cent.
JARARATONISCẾC
Year.
4083881833
Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Per cent. Per cent.
1861 .... 772, 074 2,241, 610 3, 013, 684 4, 601, 127 6,846, 737 7, 618, 811 39
1862 . 793, 437 2,536, 926 3, 330, 363 4, 220, 609 6,757, 535 7,550, 972 45
1863 . 772, 821 2,664, 980 3, 437, 801 4, 281, 587 6,946, 567 7,719, 388 45
1864.. 749, 736 2,709, 004 3,458, 740 4, 429, 660 7,006, 024 7,988, 400 44
1865 .. 805, 219 2,825, 645 3,630, 864 4,948, 940 7, 405, 574 8, 579, 204 42
1866.. 948, 832 2,873, 519 3,822, 351 5, 577, 498 7,884, 701 9,399, 849
1867.. 1,059, 905 3,086, 518 4,046, 423 6, 446, 181 9,022, 809 10, 492, 604
1868 .. 1, 124, 121 3,095, 544 4, 219, 665 6, 436, 605 9, 124, 843 10, 656, 270
1869. 1,093, 239 3,071, 255 4, 164, 494 6, 789, 780 9, 861 , 035 10, 954, 274
1870 . 991, 351 2,769, 050 3,760, 401 6,814, 572 9,583, 622 10, 574, 973 64
1871 .. 1,087, 520 2, 523, 146 3, 610, 666 6,823, 513 9, 346, 659 10, 434, 179 66
1872.. 1, 403, 411 3,086, 494 4, 489, 905 7,401, 006 10, 487, 500 11, 890, 911 62
1873 .. 1,340, 128 3, 240, 646 4, 575, 774 7,945, 826 11, 186, 472 12, 526, 600 631
1874.. 1, 430, 100 3, 385, 119 4,815, 219 8, 286, 180 11, 671, 299 13, 101, 399 37 63
From Table 1 it will appear that during the past five years there has
been a diminution of 139,974 tons in the tonnage of sailing- vessels and
an increase of 105,781 tons in the tonnage of steamships. There is
therefore a diminution of 34,193 tons in the general mercantile marine ,
steam and sail combined . It is evident, however, that this loss is largely
compensated by the increase in the tonnage of steamships, which ton
nage should be multiplied by the number of voyages made by these
vessels, and which is three or four times more than those made by sail
ing-ships in the same period of time. The proof of this will be seen in
Table 2, where for long sea-voyages the carrying-trade of France, in
French bottoms, with the French colonies and other French possessions
out of Europe, inward and outward combined, was : for 1864, 805,441
tons ; for 1868 , 1,146,995 tons ; for 1875, 1,323,878 tons. According to
Table 3, which shows the navigation engaged in by French and foreign
vessels, the French tonnage was : in 1864, 2,709,000 tons ; in 1869,
3,163,000 tons ; in 1874, 3,385,000 tons. It is true that the proportion of
French tonnage, in comparison with foreign, has declined from 34 per
cent. in 1866 to 32 per cent. in 1869 and to 29 per cent. in 1874, but not
withstanding this the above figures still show an increase in the ton
nage of the French flag.
Table 4, showing the general movement of French navigation , gives
for 1866, 3,822,351 tons ; 1869, 4,164,494 tons ; 1874, 4,815,219 tons ;
showing an increase in the tonnage of the French flag, although the pro
portion of French , in comparison with foreign tonnage, has declined
from 41 per cent. in 1866 to 38 per cent. in 1869 and to 37 per cent. in
1874.
If we now examine the movement which has taken place in the total
tonnage of all nations from 1870 to 1875, we find that the tonnage of
sailing vessels has declined by 42,397 tons, while the tonnage of steam
ships during the same period has increased by 2,433,456 tons.
The commission , after a study and comparison of the above figures ,
FRANCE . 221
therefore concludes that the complaints of the ship-owners as to the de

cline of the French mercantile marine have been certainly exaggerated ,
but at the same time it is obliged to acknowledge that the general state
of French shipping is far from prosperous and that real suffering exists ,
and particularly among owners of sailing- vessels .
After a careful examination, the commission is convinced that the cause
of this suffering is in nowise owing to the reforms of 1860, nor yet to the
assimilation of flags, as asserted by the ship- owners who signed the ad
dress of the congress of Paris , but the result of the change which has
taken place in France and all over the world by the construction, during
the last few years, of so many large steamers with engines economizing
fuel. This is the cause of the excessive competition which has naturally
resulted in a great reduction in freights. Another cause is the opening
of the Suez Canal, which, by facilitating the passage of steamers to the
Indian Seas, has allowed them to compete with sailing- vessels in a man
ner which formerly did not exist.
The commission look upon the above as general causes , independent
of French laws and regulations, and to the consequences of which French
and foreign ship- owners alike have been obliged to submit.
The commission, however, think unanimously that certain impositions
which have been levied since 1860, and which fall heavily on the French
mercantile marine, should be lightened as much as possible.
The Marseilles Chamber of Commerce, after the examination of the
report of their commission , therefore concludes
1. That in the consideration of this question it is necessary to make a
distinction between sailing- vessels and steamers , which the signers of
the maritime congress at Paris did not do.
2. That if the grievances of which ship-owners complain may apply to
the whole French marine, it is perfectly demonstrated that sailing-ves
sels have suffered most. In fact, according to the Veritas, the tonnage
of sailing- ships, from 1870 to 1875, has diminished by 140,000 tons , while
that of steamships, although these may have in a certain measure felt
the effects of the crisis, has increased during the same period by 105,000
tons.
3. That the number of voyages effected by steamers being on an aver
age three or four times larger than those accomplished in the same
period by sailing- ships, the increase in the tonnage of French steamships
more than compensates for the diminution in the tonnage of sailing
ships.
4. That it results from the statistics furnished by the commission to
the chamber, that the movement of navigation by the French flag has
increased, viz : From 1870 to 1875, for long sea voyages in the navigation
of France with the French colonies and other French possessions out of
Europe and with foreign countries out of Europe, by 324,631 tons (see
Table 2) ; by 616,000 tons in the navigation engaged in by French and
foreign vessels from 1870 to 1874 (see Table 3) ; and by 1,054,818 tons in
the general movement of French navigation from 1870 to 1874 ( see Ta
ble 4). That therefore the French mercantile marine, taken as a whole,
is far from being in the desperate condition described by the maritime
congress at Paris.
5. That it is true that the total tonnage of French sailing- vessels has
diminished 140,000 tons from 1870 to 1875 ; while that of all nations
during the same period has only diminished by 40,000 tons ; thus indi
cating for France a greater reduction than elsewhere for sailing- vessels ,
but the great developement of steamships which has taken place in
France has also during the last few years taken place in all foreign
mercantile marines, since the tonnage of steamers of all nations, which

in 1870 was 2,793,432 gross , reached , in 1875, 5,226,888 tons, or an in
crease of 2,433,456 tons. That, therefore , the suffering of the French
mercantile marine , particularly of sailing- vessels, arises principally from
the everywhere large developement of steamships, and from the number
of large steamships which, provided with engines consuming a small
amount of fuel , have been able to accept very low freights, often lower
than those demanded by sailing- vessels ; to the excessive competition
which has ensued and which has naturally brought about a reduction
in freights ; to the existence of lines subsidized by various powers ; and
lastly, to the Suez Canal, which, since the year 1869, has allowed steamers
to ply backward and forward to India and to compete seriously with
sailing vessels ; all general causes, which no one has the power to
remedy and which nothing could have prevented .
5. That the suffering of which ship-owners complain, arising from gen
eral causes, cannot, as asserted by the maritime congress at Paris, in so
far as France is concerned , be attributed to the economic reform of 1860.
6. That it would be impossible to repeal that reform , or abolish the
assimilation of flags, without gravely compromising the general interests
of the country.
7. That the granting of a premium to French ship-owners of so much
per ton , or so much per head for the crew, would not, considering the
general character of the above enumerated causes, be justifiable.
8. The chamber concurs in the opinion of the commission as to the
reduction of eertain dues on shipping.
INLAND NAVIGATION FROM THE ENGLISH CHANNEL TO THE MEDI
TERRANEAN.
At a meeting held in Paris, in January, 1876 , the question of opening

a line of navigation from the channel to the Mediterranean , by means of
improving the rivers Basse, Seine, and Yonne, the Canal de Bourgogne,
aud the rivers Sâone and Rhone, was considered , as also the means to
be taken to obtain a speedy realization of the project. Delegates from
various chambers of commerce were unanimous in their opinion as to
the utility of the undertaking.
The matter was brought before the Marseilles Chamber of Commerce,
which decided as a preliminary, that in any case, owing to the impor
tance of Marseilles as a Mediterranean seaport, the navigable way
ought to end here.
At a later meeting in April it was decided that this inland water com
munication should not be brought to Marseilles, on account of the extra
cost that would be thereby incurred , as to accomplish it a subterranean
canal some five miles in length would have to be cut through the
Estaque chain, about 8 miles from Marseilles. It is therefore probable
that, if executed, the communication with the Mediterranean will be
made at the Port de Bouc, some fifteen miles west of this port. The
width of the proposed water course would be 5.20 meters for the canals
and 12 meters for the rivers , with a depth of 2 meters.
FRANK W. POTTER.
FRANCE . 223
HAVRE.
DECEMBER 20, 1877. (Received January 10, 1878. )
Report upon the commerce and navigation of Havre for the year 1876.
COMMERCE .
Custom receipts.-The total receipts of the Havre customs have been,

during 1876, 26,771,390 francs against 24,992,741 francs in 1875, show
ing an increase of 1,778,649 francs in favor of 1876.
Review of trade. My annual report for 1875 showed some improve
ment in the trade of Havre during that year compared with the preced
ing one. This improvement, although of a different character, has been
of equal if not of still greater importance during 1876. I note especially
with regard to the principal articles, such as cotton , wool, hides,
dye-woods , & c. , considerable increase both in arrivals and sales .
On the other hand, I do not know whether the general run of trade can
be said to have been as profitable to the market as formerly. Within
the last three or four years the nature or priuciple of international com·
merce has gradually changed and undergone great restrictions ; as the
means of communication have become more rapid and numerous, a
closer relationship has worked its way and established itself between
producers and consumers, causing the latter to apply direct to the former
for the supply of raw materials.
Havre merchants have seen trade in colonial goods , lard, metal, & c. ,
with this market lose much of its former importance to them. Such
goods are, of course, still received , but now to a great extent in transit
direct from the producer to the consumer, and I consider in fact the old
commission business and advancing upon shipments to be rapidly pass.
ing away .
Havre market also suffered the evil influence of events so disfavora
bly felt all over the commercial world, among which the oriental ques
tion certainly took the lead in its effect. I consider the Havre market
to have been less affected thereby than most of other European mar
kets, as the general run of business , relatively speaking, appears to have
been firm , considering the dullness prevailing everywhere else.
The following will show the movement of each of the principal articles
during 1876.
The cotton trade. The importations of cotton at Havre during 1876
reached a higher figure than ever before, as will be seen from the follow
ing table :
Comparative table of receipts and sales of cotton at Havre during the last ten years.
Years. Arrivals. Sales.
Bales. Bales.
1867. 411, 500 461, 336
1868 . 550, 970 500, 027
1869 . 516, 477 530, 392
1870 . ………………………………. 463, 328 480, 070
1871. 479, 732 376, 124
1872.. ……………………… .. 550, 215 470, 516
1873 .. 371, 062 502, 558
1874. ............. 593, 668 574,003
1875.. ......... 676, 861 581, 174
1876.. 720, 517 771, 099
The preceding table shows an increase in arrivals of 43,656 bales and

in sales of 189,925 bales in 1876 compared with 1875. The important
sales nearly cleared up the old stock on hand.
Seventy per cent. of the cotton imported was produced in the United
States ; twenty-five per cent. in India, and the remainder in Brazil and
divers other countries.
On account of a short crop in India, the receipts of cotton from that
country have been much less in 1876 than in 1875. Brazil cotton, which
formerly was imported on an extensive scale, has also during 1876 lost
much of its importance to this market.
Receipts of cotton from the United States during 1875 and 1876 :
1876, 509,648 bales ; 1875, 428,148 bales ; increase in 1876, 81,500 bales .
Receipts of cotton from India : 1875, 216,105 bales ; 1876, 187,006
bales ; decrease in 1876, 29,099 bales.
Receipts of cotton from Brazil : 1875 , 22,835 bales ; 1876 , 8,790
bales ; decrease in 1876, 14,045 bales.
Receipts of cotton from other countries : 1876, 15,073 bales ; 1875,
9,773 bales ; increase in 1876, 5,300 bales.
As an item of information on the cotton subject, although applicable
to the present year, I will simply state that, from a thorough investiga
tion of the present statistical situation of cotton, were it not for the war
in Turkey and the political complications in Europe, at no time within
the last ten years has its position appeared so strong. The visible sup
ply of the world on the 1st of December, 1877 , was about 700,000 bales
short, and added to that a short supply of 150,000 bales to the spinners
compared with that of the same date last year, we have 850,000 bales
to make up by future receipts over last year at this time.
In setting forth a percentage of 70 in favor of the United States on
the number of cotton bales imported , I will add , that it gives nearly 80
per cent. on the quantity of cotton imported into Havre during 1876,
when we consider that an American bale of cotton weighs on an average
465 pounds, while the India bale is not far from 250 pounds. This is
conclusive evidence that we can now produce in America with free labor
cotton as cheaply as it can be produced anywhere in the world. It is
thought by many that India will not much longer try to rival cotton
planting in America . The truth is, that the State of Texas alone is
capable of producing more cotton in a given year than has ever been
produced in any one year in the cotton districts of the world.
The wool trade.-The receipts of wool, which had fallen off during 1874
and 1875 , in consequence of the war in the Argentine Republic, have re
gained during 1876 some of the former importance. I notice , especially
with regard to the sales, a marked increase, as will be seen from the fol·
lowing comparative table :
Table ofimportations and sales of wool at Havre during the last ten years.
Year. Arrivals. Sales.
Bales. Bales.
1867. 78, 234 70, 067
1868 . 80, 097 74, 333
1869. ………………………….. 94, 667 96; 057
1870 .. 78, 029 67, 198
1871 ............... 75, 691 86; 283
1872.………………… ............................... 84, 496 83, 103
1873 . …………….. 85, 695 83,757
1874 . ………………………………………………………………………… . 72,662 79, 068
1875 . ......... ........ 73, 817 . 66, 315
1876 . .... 78, 969 82,601
FRANCE . 225
At the five public sales that took place at Havre during last year, the
following number of bales were offered and sold , viz :
Offered. Sold.
Bales. Bales.
January 9, 933 7,215
March .................................. ...... 11, 282 7, 185
May ................. ..... 11, 106 5, 464
July. ......... ......... 7,817 6, 443
September...... 8, 513 7, 132
Total . 48, 651 33, 439
Thirty-four thousand six hundred and eleven bales were offered and
20,426 sold by public sale during 1875, making an increase in 1876 of
14,040 bales offered and 13,013 bales sold.
The coffee trade.- Havre continues to be one of the most important
markets in Europe for this staple. Without reaching the high figures
of the preceding year, the receipts of coffee of all grades during 1876
were important, and larger sales were made than in 1875 or at any time
previous within the last ten years, as may be seen from the following
statistical figures :
Comparative table ofimportations and sales of coffee at Havrefor the last ten consecutive years.
Years. Arrivals. Sales.

1794
Sacks. Casks. Sacks. Oasks.
1867 ....... 548, 859 4, 771 557, 164 4,871
1868 . ... ......... 641, 877 7,557 545, 536 5,879
1869. ………………… .... 601, 298 10,700 551, 281 9, 331
1870 ............................... ……………………………… . 525, 324 10,457 726, 242 11, 253
1871.. 440,917 5, 079 350, 459 5, 063.
1872.. .............................. 323, 818 4, 968 395, 798 7,494
1873.. ..................... 515, 896 2,708 503, 622 2,677
1874. ……………………………………………. 523, 390 651 498, 024 738
1875. ............... ....... 765, 810 672,300 691
1876.. 741, 297
425 1,503 783, 384 1, 459
‫خدام‬
The following tables show the quantities imported during 1875 and
1876 from each of the producing countries.
From Hayti : 1875, 289,241 sacks ; 1876, 270,647 sacks ; decrease in
1876, 18,594 sacks.
From Brazil : 1876, 313,560 sacks ; 1875, 258,561 sacks ; increase in
1876, 54,999 sacks.
From India and other countries, 1876, 156,858 sacks ; 1875, 217,495
sacks ; decrease in 1876 , 60,637 sacks.
The greater part of the Hayti and Brazil kinds are now imported into
Havre direct by steamers employed in a regular trade between those
countries and this port. The total absence of any direct steamship
communication with India compels consumers here to look to other Eu
ropean markets for their supply of Ceylon and Malabar grades . The
existing heavy stocks in Europe kept prices down during the first six
months ofthe year. From June the market was active, and sales over
reached arrivals from stock on hand ; Hayti kinds were in special favor
and prices improved up to the close of the year.
Hides. There has been considerable decline in receipts of hides dur
ing 1876, caused by the heavy stock on hand at the opening of the year,
reaching the large figure of 260,000 cow-hides and 27,000 horse-hides ,
and also on account of very low prices. Sales, on the other hand , have
increased.
15 C R
Table of arrivals and sales of hides at Havre during the last four years.
Arrivals. Sales.
Number. Number.
1873 . 1,054, 631 803, 983
1874. 1,017, 593 1, 116, 906
1875. 1, 112, 091 1,087, 523
1876. 931, 442 1, 170, 802
I shall mention that 20,000 dry hides were shipped to the United
States from Havre during 1876.
Sugar. The importations and sales of sugar at Havre during 1876
compared with those of 1875, have been as follows : Importations, 1876,
261,284 metrical quintals ; 1875, 204,934 metrical quintals ; increase in
1876, 56,350 metrical quintals.
Sales for exportation, 1876, 293,298 metrical quintals ; 1875, 396,861
metrical quintals ; decrease in 1876, 103,563 metrical quintals.
The Havre market has lost much of its former importance in this
branch of business, as receipts of raw sugar are now principally made
for account of refiners in the interior, and simply go through this port
in transit. Sales of refined sugar are also now made direct by refiners.
Cocoa. Of cocoa, 61,245 sacks and 1,497 quarter-casks were imported
into Havre during 1876 , against 42,858 sacks and 1,877 quarter- casks
in 1875 ; making an increase in receipts of 18,387 sacks , but a decrease
of 380 quarter-casks.
The sales which in 1875 amounted to 56,261 sacks, reached in 1876 ,
59,326 sacks, making a difference in favor of the latter year of 3,065
sacks.
Sales made direct to the interior are included in the above, but the
quantities held back for sale through this market found , nevertheless,
ready demand.
Dye-woods.- Importations of dye-woods have largely increased in 1876
over 1875 , the former being 74,644 tons against 65,372 in the latter year.
Cabinet woods. - The receipts of cabinet-woods during 1876 have been
considerably less than those of 1875, which latter even were below the
average quantity imported. Business was dull all through the year,
with the exception of choice grades, which will at all times sell well. The
article was without demand. Mahogany wood seems to be going out of
fashion and rose and walnut wood to take its place for furniture pur
poses.
Petroleum . This article is now handled direct from the producer to
the consumer, and goes at once to refiners of the interior upon its arrival
in this port.
The importations of petroleum have nearly doubled in 1876 those of
1875, namely, 298,000 barrels in 1876 against 155,379 barrels in 1875 ; the
increase in favor of the former being 142,621 barrels.
Palm-oil. The importations of palm-oil have increased during 1876.
Receipts during the last four years have been as follows : 1873, 7,800
casks ; 1874, 13,000 casks ; 1875, 19,150 casks ; 1876, 21,600 casks.
Bacon. The high prices asked for hog products by packers at home
during the first six months of the year frightened importers, and receipts
during the earlier part of 1876 were light. When prices gave way at
home, an active demand sprang up here and important sales were made.
At present prices, or at reasonable prices, now that the working peo
ple in Europe have become accustomed to eating our hog product, we
may expect an increased demand from this source for years to come.
FRANCE . 227
Nowhere in Europe are hogs fed with grain as they are in America, nor
is the bacon of any other country in the world as nutritious as that of our
splendid corn-fed hogs. The feed given to hogs in France is much bet
ter adapted to cattle, and pays the farmer much better than to feed it
to hogs at the present price our hog product is selling for at this side
the Atlantic.
The importations during 1876 amounted to 6,700 casks and 61,600
cases.
Lard.-Business in this article was very active in 1876 , caused by a
large decline of prices in our American markets and an increased pro
duction at home. The arrivals in 1876 were 47,000 tierces, against only
19,000 in 1875, showing an increase of 28,000 tierces.
CEREALS .
Wheat.-Arrivals in wheat, which in 1875 were unimportant, amounted

in 1876 to 248,000 quintals, caused by a short crop in France. Sales
were principally made direct to millers in the interior at high prices.
Oats was also in good demand, and sold easily at advanced rates.
Indian corn.-Our Indian corn is also becoming an article of impor
tation through the Havre market. The receipts of maize at this port
from the United States during 1876 reached 2,591,600 pounds, against
a few thousand pounds, merely as samples, in 1875, and I think we shall
see business in this grain improve very much in future, as importers
begin to feel the advantages this important staple offers for feeding pur
poses . As an item of information , to show the wonderful increase this
present year over 1876, I shall mention that there has, up to this date
of 1877, been imported over 50,000,000 pounds of Indian corn to this
market from the United States .
For three years I have been working earnestly on this great staple of
ours, by inducing tramway companies, livery- stable keepers, distillers,
and farmers to make use of our Indian corn.
Tallow . The receipts of tallow, which had largely fallen off during
1874 and 1875, have been important during 1876. The arrivals during
the last three years have been as follows :
1874. 1875. 1876.
Pipes 4, 005 6,309 12, 946

Half-pipes.. 8, 264 9, 792 19, 900
Casks 2, 096 9, 347 1,227
Barrels.. 7,724 1,878 7, 749
The greatest part of all the quantities inported in 1876 were sold
direct to the interior and merely passed through this market in transit.
NAVIGATION.
Increase of tonnage.-The shipping at this port, which had declined in

1875, recovered during 1876 from the depression, and reached the highest
figure ever attained before, namely, 3,696,195 tons. This tonnage, com
pared with that of 1874, as being the most important shipping year pre
viously known, namely, 3,438,401 tons, leaves a difference of 257,947
tons in favor of 1876.
The progress of navigation at Havre during the last ten consecutive
years has been as follows :
shipping
of
movement
general
Statement
.showing
years
ten
last
the
during
Havre
at
228
ENTERED
. CLEARED
.
General
.
total
Year
. s Foreign
.
shipping .
Coasters .
Total Foreign
shipping
. Coasters
. .
Total
Number
. N
.Tonnage
umber
Tonnage
umber TNumber
. onnage
1867
.. 2,905 ,063
992 2,987 244,565 5,892 62,128 36 2,732 4943 , 05 ,1334 277,829 866 2,121 34 ,758
11 ,862
2,457
1868
.. 781 993 7, 43 075 ,477
245 8,556 2, 20
1,238 2,677 ,872
945 ,1341 , 34
2268 85,18 1,206 14 11,674 32,452
, 26
.
1869 2,780 , 48
41,093 933 ,743
230 5,713 1,39124 ,6294 1,087 ,852 9,293 ,532
250 65,97 3, 84
1,338 11
,300 4,2675 62
..
1870 2,823 0,153 56 226
,4890 48 5,713 , 01
51,382 686 17, 14 35 021 , 17
4271 7,507 , 52
11,386 411, 20 ,653
2,768
1871
. 5,271 8996, 74 702 340,887 273 ,761
1,337 440 , 35
0955 6,378 ,328
316 ,1618 31,271, 63 12
,391 ,12624 09
..1872 2,580 ,127040 2,907 , 77
9226 487 4,147 67 2,434 7,2103 79 3,034 , 44
3268 ,4568 , 23
11,472 10,955 ,270
2,939
1873
.. 572 , 15
31,238 075 , 87
7251 647 4,190 02 461 4,143 88 3,126 , 30
9278 ,587 ,3173 67 11
,234 4,2975 57
1874
.. 2,672 ,517
1,439 354 269
,430 026 79,108 47 2,692 0,4135 48 3,414 , 19
4281 106 ,47129 54 12
,132 ,4338
01
1875
. 666 0,124 02 3,269 ,242
268 935 ,266
1,670 615 ,970
1,360 296 , 62
9278 9,511 32
9,6139 11
,846 3,310 ,198
.
1876 2,922 , 69
61,580 057 9267
, 19 5,979 , 88
51,848 9,219 , 34
71,568 3,095 , 73
8278 6,014 ,607
1,847 11
,993 ,36195 96
of ofof ofejejejej
the
for
Average
ten
years
. 2,727 13
2,187 1,325 , 48
1257 8,552 , 35
41,470 6,235 86
6,181 1,393 ,087
277 8,528 58
7,4173 11
,2680
2,929
08
FRANCE. 229
The foregoing statement shows that navigation at this port has in

creased during the last ten years 1,238,334 tons, being 50 per cent., or
during 1876, 766,987 tons, above the average tonnage for the ten years.
It is unfortunate for the commerce of Havre that the railroad freights
into the interior are higher than from Antwerp or other points, as Havre
is the Liverpool of France and the natural key to the continent ; also
that the natural formation of the river Seine does not offer all the desired
advantages for floating goods, as it is evident that the limited means of
easy, frequent, and cheap transportation to and from the interior works
against the shipping interests and a more rapid development of the trade
of Havre, especially depriving it of material for outward freights, which
is, the great want of this port, as nearly all sailing-ships leave in ballast.
EMIGRATION.
The total number of emigrants shipped from this port during 1876
was 13,470 against 17,534 in 1875 ; a decrease of 4,064.
Number of emigrants.
Destination.
1876. 1875.
Brazil ............ 4, 617 7,309

United States. 6, 501 7,027
Argentine Republic ......... .... 1,390 1, 662
Venezuela 167 598
Canada ..... ......... 136 366
Peru ...... ...... ………………… ........... 91 179
Uruguay ... .................. 155 149
West Indies .... ..... .................... ................. 129 139
Colombia . .............................. …………………........ 86 52
New Zealand 24
Mexico . ……………......................... 1 8
Australia .... 38 7
Chili.. ... …………….......... ........ 1 4
Ecuador. ………….............. .......... 8
25
Newfoundland. ..........
Central America.. …………………....... .......
Japan 1
Coast of Africa........ …………… .......……….. .......... 132
Other countries. 13
Total . 13, 470 17, 534
Recalling to memory the decrease during 1875 compared with the pre
ceding year, as stated in my last annual report, to have been 2,436 per
sons, you will see that in two years emigration from Havre has dimiu
ished 6,524 persons, or about 20 per cent.
AMERICAN HORSES FOR THE FRENCH CAVALRY .
Referring to my report for 1875 upon the subject, there is but little for
me to mention, other than we have been a large seller to Europe of horses
for business purposes, especially to England and Scotland, while we
have imported fewer in 1876 than in 1875. I am surprised that our
American dealers do not open up a trade with the French Government
for army purposes, as we have an immense surplus of such animals ; and,
in fact, our farmers had better sell them at almost any price than to feed
them one year.
I have had an interview with the chief of the cavalry bureau, who
told me he would have inspected for our dealers any horses they may
export to France upon as liberal terms as his inspectors inspect French
horses.
Therehave been imported from the Argentine Republic a few lots , which
were inspected here. I attended the inspections, and found the horses
very much resembling our Texas mustangs in size and appearance.
They brought, on an average, 1,000 francs each . The most of these ani.
mals were entirely unbroken to the halter or bridle. We could furnish
an almost unlimited number of better animals for less money, and, as
the voyage is so much shorter from New York, deliver them in much
better condition.
To show that the French Government is greatly in need of this class
of horses, I shall mention that there has been imported up to this time,
in 1877 , from the Argentine Republic 1,543 horses. The voyage from
that country to Havre requires thirty- five days by steamer.
It is strange that some of our people do not take hold of this enter
prise, for I am sure there is money in it, and our country would be
greatly relieved from feeding a large surplus of such useless horses to
us, as we have but little demand in our cavalry for such animals, as the
French use much smaller horses for their cavalry than we do .
The Percheron horse.-Our Western importers have been in the French
markets for the past few months purchasing the Percheron horse ; the
demand seems to have recovered in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa,
which I am glad to see, as I believe them to be indispensable in bring
ing up the size of our horses by crossing them with our small mares.
J. A. BRIDGLAND .
Statement showing the commerce at Havre for the year 1876.

IMPORTS.
General commerce.* Special commerce.*

Articles.
Quantity Quantity Amount
in metrical Value. in metrical Value. of duties.
quintals. quintals.
Cotton 1, 365, 292 $39, 387, 051 1, 343, 341 $28, 750, 551 $17, 704
Coffee 442, 3:20 17,869, 740 112, 294 4, 536, 678 2, 509, 588
Wool 302, 594 13, 611, 214 297, 955 13, 402, 730 2,738
Tissues, laces , and ribbons of silk. 5, 358 11, 333, 286 1 5, 972 22
Copper 253, 493 9, 139, 968 233, 253 8,374, 020 97, 404
Skins and hides (untanned). 229, 387 9,040, 540 225, 715 8, 896, 359 5, 495
Cereals (grain and flour).. 1,276, 606 5,793, 430 1, 198, 537 5, 373, 088 19, 443
Lard and tallow 186, 127 4, 569, 050 182, 573 4, 448, 452 53
Timber and wood (foreign) 834, 289 3, 116, 944 833, 297 3, 109, 798 7, 153
Timber and wood (common) 978, 020 2,447, 420 976, 661 2, 438, 815 2,217
Tobacco (in leaf and plug) 97, 954 2, 350, 897 84, 463 2,027, 111 24, 542
Guano, and composts of all sorts .. 380, 595 2,206, 655 380, 595 2,306, 655 58
Fresh and salted meat and provisions . 67, 611 2, 202, 229 61, 228 2,027, 119 44,805
Indigo... 6,277 2, 196, 855 6, 048 2, 170, 842 8, 202
Mats of straw, bark, or grass.. 2, 959 1,984, 699 902 95, 208 608
Oils, fixed, pure……. 115, 646 1,817, 875 112, 082 1,553, 763 32,567
Tissues, laces, and ribbons of cotton 10, 482 1, 790, 599 88 18, 507 2,585
Manufactures of leather and skin 1, 667 1, 651, 715 82 2, 022 190
Coals 3,526, 433 1, 509, 313 2,396, 055 1,025, 511 57,505
Zinc (unwrought) 106, 117 1, 220, 342 105, 249 1, 219, 264
Nitrate of soda 148, 875 893, 248 148, 875 893, 248
Tissues, laces, and ribbons of wool . 2,498 757, 673 37 13, 180 1,317
Sugar (raw and refined) 127, 074 1, 466, 549 80, 852 936, 090 894, 084
Grain ( oleaginous) .. 199, 760 1, 419, 840 199, 460 1, 410, 763 458
Straw hats 1, 156 1, 302, 384 6 4, 157 15
Cocoa …………….. 35, 732 1, 236, 322 4,919 170, 183 102, 406
Watches and clocks 323 703, 595 1 251 22
Lead of all kinds.. 60, 710 621, 380 60, 710 631, 380
Iron (cast and steel). 110, 228 608, 976 78,551 394, 041 45,063
Brandy (spirits and liqueurs) 44, 887 583, 223 39, 065 516, 817 19, 583
Ships and boats of all sorts 59, 960 572, 936 59, 920 572, 720 2,419
Wines. 51,579 529, 169 45, 599 426, 267 33, 345
Tin (raw) ......... 13, 597 516, 682 13, 594 516, 555 1,673
Cattle-horns . 21, 494 515, 865 20, 888 501, 322 3,067
Hides and skins (prepared).. 2,899 511, 215 55 14, 911 308
Caoutchouc and gutta-percha... 4, 981 482, 196 4,976 481, 631 1,215
[ * NOTE BY THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS.-General imports comprise the imports in transit as well as
those entered for consumption ; general exports comprise exports in transit as well as exports of
French goods. While, therefore, the general commerce shows the whole trade, the special commerce
shows the trade proper of Havre. ]
FRANCE. 231
Statement showing the commerce at Havre during 1876- Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued.
General commerce. Special commerce.

Articles.
Quantity Quantity Amount
in metrical Value. in metrical Value. of duties.
quintals. quintals.
Seeds 14, 634 $468, 285 14, 534 $645, 085 $195
Vegetables (dried) . 66, 398 464, 783 65, 911 461, 377 55
Gold ornaments and jewelry 28 452, 056 258 5
Fish-oil.. 28, 190 443, 841 22, 004 347, 123 26, 707
Rags of all kinds .....➖➖➖➖➖ 48, 613 435, 487 35, 330 311, 186
Whalebone.. 510 407, 640 510 407, 640
Mother-of-pearl and pearl-shells 6, 462 374, 808 6, 038 350, 207 3, 119
Horse-hair, raw, prepared, and curled 7, 225 356, 906 7, 046 348, 075 121
Machines and mechanical instruments 11, 811 351, 016 9,463 289, 995 25, 711
Feathers of all sorts. 720 348, 375 708 344, 183 100
Tissues, laces, and ribbons of linen or hemp 3,400 346, 562 950 23, 583 2, 061
Tobacco, manufactured .... 1, 114 340, 593 14 8,924 9, 549
Paper, pasteboard, books, and engravings 7,445 300, 524 237 11, 061 529
Rice... 42, 805 272, 581 32, 991 174, 716 1,940
Cheese ……………………………………………………………… 7,57 9 265, 258 4, 186 146, 497 3, 349
Hops ........... 1,068 256, 215 295 70, 865 3, 046
Wax ……………………………………………………………………… .. 3, 162 246, 618 2, 485 193, 839 728
Jute, raw. 25, 781 232, 025 25, 781 232, 024
Implements and tools of metal 15, 428 218, 675 2,630 44, 533 6,993
Plants of all sorts ... 19, 558 215, 134 17,940 197, 338 3, 494
Earthen ware, glass, & c 10, 409 214, 852 2,222 13, 687 1, 065
Cinchona bark …. ………………….. 1,630 214, 524 1, 604 211, 088 456
Petroleum .. .... 26, 213 211, 653 25, 242 203, 884 122, 460
Gold and silver. .... 208 4, 009, 249 208 4,007, 473 69
Other articles 500, 460 5, 381, 923 422, 714 3, 641, 636 149, 367
Total .... 11, 926, 371 165, 000, 559 10,019, 570 122, 065, 777 5, 101, 682
EXPORTS.
Articles. Quantity Quantity

in metrical Value. in metrical Value.
quintals. quintals.
Tissues, laces, and ribbons of silk ----- 12, 826 $25,758, 915 7,453 $14, 365, 061
Tissues, laces, and ribbons of wool 58,252 15, 953, 896 55, 795 15, 290, 831
Manufactures of leather and skin........... 19, 238 12, 041, 240 18, 206 10,811, 320
Wearing-apparel and linen .. 24, 210 7, 236, 795 23, 413 7,726, 591
Cotton, prepared and mixed with wool. 225, 372 6, 220, 251 204, 657 5,648, 544
Coffee.. 133, 366 5,387, 985 10 393
Hides, prepared. .... 18, 316 4,096, 457 15, 555 3, 449, 814
Implements and tools of metal. 92, 240 3, 486, 039 57, 932 2, 425, 010
Tissues, laces, and ribbons of cotton .... 25, 018 3, 462, 648 14, 618 2,040, 327
Mercery and buttons 19, 874 3, 462, 224 19, 046 3, 327, 287
Sugars, raw and refined 234, 738 3, 345, 706 220, 926 3, 180, 058
Tissues, lace, and ribbons of linen and hemp 22, 314 2,793, 483 19, 854 2,516, 997
Hides and skins, raw... 67, 768 2,746, 249 64, 240 2, 604, 353
Mats of straw and esparto and bark ...... 2, 062 2,562, 722 52 12, 375
Wine 78,900 2, 231, 452 73, 073 2, 133, 261
Paper, pasteboard, and engravings .…………………………………………… 42, 834 2,065, 473 35, 587 1, 781, 571
Feathers of all kind ......... 1, 137 1, 973, 571 1, 126 1,965, 157
Earthen ware, glass, and crystal ……………………………… 106, 871 1, 924, 637 99, 108 1, 770, 123
Straw hats of all kinds 2, 099 1,767, 764 935 785, 141
Je other than of gold, platina, or silver.. 595 1, 665, 356 575 1,609, 440
Artificial flowers... 7,886 1, 391 , 257 7,872 1,388, 632
Butter (salted) .. 26, 315 1, 315, 724 26, 243 1, 312, 149
Machines and mechanical instruments ... 43, 097 1,266, 925 23, 316 830, 995
Extracts of wood for dyeing purposes 53, 718 1,257, 004 50, 453 1, 180, 615
Jewelry of gold, platina, or silver. 28 1, 157, 404 19 588, 448
Clocks and watches 2,292 1, 152, 943 2,006 617, 677
Hair of all sorts ………………………………………………………….. 5,840 1, 002, 945 5, 217 952, 401
Pigs' bristles …………………………………………………………………………… 719 918, 869 595 752,983
Furniture .. ………………… ...……………………. 28, 324 809, 380 27,879 796, 593
Prepared medicines .. .... 13, 627 808, 260 13, 590 806, 276
Felt hats .... 1,548 773, 984 1,426 742, 903
Copper.. ..... ………………................... 9, 021 714, 763 5, 269 160,886
Wool 14, 246 712, 276 9, 618 480, 918
Lard and tallow... 20,887 555, 607 17, 321 433, 642
Statement showing the commerce at Havre during 1876 —Continued.

EXPORTS -Continued.

Articles.
Quantity Quantity
in metrical Value. in metrical Value.
quintals. quintals.
Carriages and vehicles 26, 905 $538, 109 26, 875 $537, 509
Toys ... 5, 105 536, 008 4,848 509, 005
Musical instruments 151, 678 530, 891 150, 619 521, 916
Perfumery. 8, 004 504, 036 7, 816 494, 307
Objects for collection .. 6, 215 493, 820 5,787 463, 939
Inlaid works... 203 445, 011 761 423, 213
Cereals (corn and flour) .......... 76, 303 442, 462 53, 118 262, 180
Colors ...... …………………………………………. 21, 727 419, 165 21, 114 406, 386
Rice ........ 46,746 411, 892 12, 032 118, 006
Coals ………………………………………………. 1, 198, 300 383, 456 49, 177 15, 737
Thread of all sorts . 4, 010 370, 881 3, 380 316, 424
Sardines and other fish in oil. 8, 171 369, 324 8, 018 361, 675
Sirups and bonbons 8, 542 358, 782 8, 522 357, 930
Cocoa .... 10, 329 357, 396 1,562 -54, 034
Seeds ………………………….. 9, 291 353, 086 9, 191 349, 240
Brandy, spirits, and liquors. 21, 863 349,812 17,968 297, 097
Millstones 245 341, 920 245 341, 920
Indigo ………………………… 1, 101 327, 298 832 246, 320
Horses . 8,440 304, 980 8, 415 303, 920
Optical instruments 849 274, 546 820 264, 860
Oils (pure) 14, 205 261, 598 9, 383 170, 868
Carvin in wood 10, 252 244, 809 9, 738 227, 729
Timbergs 51,946 231, 661 49, 349 218, 332
Gold and platina (wrought) 5 230, 664 5 230, 002
Table-fruits .. …………………………... 16, 192 225, 823 10, 374 165, 806
Meats (fresh and salted) 7, 595 210, 181 3, 351 96, 370
Rags of all sorts 21, 242 205, 194 8, 063 75, 365
Other articles .. ……………………………………………………………… 734, 932 6, 251, 425 661, 460 4, 913, 381
Gold and silver 34 1,561, 254 34 1,560, 854
Total 3,886, 608 142, 155, 553 2,265, 722 108, 783, 676
Statement showing the navigation, by countries, at the port of Havre for the year 1876.
ENTERED.
LADEN.
Whence. French flag. Foreign flag.
No. Tonnage. Men. No. Tonnage. Men.
Russia... 3 583 24 107 52,363 1, 663

Sweden ......... 501 18 154 55, 536 1, 984
Norway. 710 36 77 21, 851 947
Great Britain 7,577 265 943 401, 002 20, 065
Germany ........ 8 .. 72 37, 288 1, 444 111 174, 832 7,953
Holland. 61 14, 764 1, 220
Belgium ……………………………… 48 14,965 781 38 18, 800 861
Portugal ………………………………………… . 20 7,323 421 22 8, 244 451
Spain .. ...... ···· 26 9, 325 545 6 2, 102 106
Austria ………………………………. 781 22
Italy. ……………………. 2 357 22 2 652 22
Turkey 23 15, 292 441
United States. ......... 69 127, 634 6, 775 266 187, 023 3, 941
Mexico ..... 41 11, 997 478 16 4, 669 164
Brazil ....... 46 31, 085 1, 090 52 27, 653 951
Hayti.. 109 36, 169 1, 413 64 46, 137 1, 680
Cod-fisheries 1 192 6
Other countries . 153 71, 924 2,445 276 161, 066 4,537
Total 626 357, 438 15,757 2,220 1, 192, 959 46, 014
FRANCE. 233
Statement showing the navigation, by countries, at the port of Havre, &c. -Continued.
ENTERED- Continued.
IN BALLAST.
Whence. French flag. Foreign flag.
No. Tonnage. Men. No. Tonnage Men.
Russia ……………………………………………
Sweden .....
Norway . .... ………………………. 905 26
1312
Great Britain. 20 9,492 291 47 9, 337 554
Germany ................. 7 6, 105 177 1, 425 60
Holland ,…………………………………………………………………………….. 3 1, 654 51 444 20
Belgium ……………………………………………….. 1 706 21 515 26
Portugal..……………………………………………………………..
Spain . .... ……………….
Austria ………………………………………………………………………………………..
Italy.………………………………… .......…………………………………………...
Turkey …………………….
United States.. …………………………………….......
Mexico ………………………………………………………………………………… .
1....
Brazil.. ...... …………………………....
Hayti . ………………………………………..
Cod-fisheries ..
Other countries .. .......
Total 31 17, 957 540 54 12, 626 686
CLEARED.
LADEN.
Whither. French flag. Foreign flag.
Russia . 1 419 18 27 7,261 320

Sweden 37 13, 857 621
Norway. 207 12 12, 477 595
Denmark …………………….......………………........... 232 13 1, 416 52
Great Britain ......... …………………….. 45 4,318 249 541 204, 958 12, 680
Germany …………………………...………………………………. 6 2,413 108 66 66,757 2, 512
Holland....………………………… ……………………...... 502 24 61 14, 475 1, 209
Belgium ...... 49 15,000 781 28 15, 599 637
Portugal. …………………………………………………….. 42 15,736 910 37 12, 117 642
Spain .. ......... 14 3, 268 163 17 8, 852 409
Greece . …………………….. 1 670 20
United States …………...……………………………………………………………. 45 111, 774 6, 102 73 133, 229 6, 179
Mexico ………………….. 6 2, 347 89 1 479 12
Brazil.. ………………………………………………………………. 48 38, 480 1,253 48 47, 014 1,763
Hayti.. 41 12, 680 488 15 20, 140 735
Martinique ………………… ...... 20 5, 571 225
Guadeloupe ........................ 17 5, 622 212
Cod fisheries 1 151 10
Other countries. 98 57, 442 2, 360 38 37,965 1, 451
Total 438 276, 162 13, 017 1, 028 597, 266 29, 837
Statement showing the navigation, by countries, at the port of Harre, &c.—Continued.

CLEARED- Continued.
IN BALLAST.
Whither. French flag. Foreign flag.
ឥ វន :Ş នគតជន :ខ្លួន ៩៨គឺ

361
Russia 922 34 31 9, 864 327
Sweden 1, 839 66 61 22, 409 703
Norway ................ 11 1,536 74 72 21, 143 695
Denmark …………………………………………… 28 7,996 266
Great Britain …………………… .......……….. 66 23, 302 876 688 322, 508 10,953
Germany ....... 3 797 32 7 2,518 72
Holland..……………………………………… ... 1 203 11 3 683 30
Belgium …………………………………………………………… .. 573 21 3 593 36
Portugal ………………………………… . 298 11 5 1,342 47
Spain …………………………………………………………………………………… .... 6 2,787 85 36 10, 654 383
Greece .... ………………………………………………………………………………….
United States.. …………..…………………………….. ... 252A3 14, 196 363 216 160, 399 3,233
Mexico... …………………………… . 1,354 53 2 394 15
Brazil. …………….. 495 22 1 233 9
Hayti . …………………………………………… . 373 14 4 1,520 43
Martinique ………………………………….. 809 34 1 484 13
Guadeloupe …………………….
Cod-fisheries ………………..
Other countries 21 9, 344 288 79 41, 286 997
Total 153 78, 828 1,984 1,237 604, 026 17,822
Statement showing the navigation, by flag, at the port of Havre during the year 1876.
Flag. Number. Tonnage.
ENTERED WITH FULL CARGOES .

French* ………………… 607 357, 428
German.. .... ....... ....... 199 242, 915
American . …………………………………………………………. ………………… .. 105 88,945
English.... ........ ……………………………… 1,207 620, 577
Austrian. ………………………… ...……………………………………………………………….. 15 7,387
Belgian ……………………………....... ……………… ................. 12 8, 067
Brazilian.. ……………………………………………………………......... 1 578
Danish.....…………… ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ ...... .... 28 7, 114
Spanish.. …………………… 49 19, 921
Greek …………………………………. ………………………... ……………………………...... 3 828
Dutch ........ ……………………………………........................ 80 19, 607
Italian ........ ... 20 10, 180
Norwegian.. 288 109, 602
Portuguese ………………………………………………… ..... ... 39 13, 898
Russian. ....... ........ ……………………….. 15 3,983
Swedish …………………………………… ........... ...... 104 37, 853
Sundry ..... 2 1,243
CLEARED WITH FULL CARGOES.
French * 500 308, 106
German. ........... 135 224, 925
American . ...... 5 4,277
8-659
English . ....... 627 278, 706

Austrian.. 498
& A
Belgian ..... ......... .............. ........... 3, 447

-
Brazilian . ……………………………………………………………………….......…………………………. 260

Danish . ………………….. …………….... ................ 916
Spanish ……………............................................... 11, 015
Dutch …………………………....... …………………………………. 15, 190
Norwegian.. ....... 20, 532
Portuguese ………………….. 12, 654
Russian.. ........... 139
Swedish ..... ……………………….. 25, 215
Sundry
* Coasters not included.
FRANCE. 235
LYONS.
OCTOBER 1 , 1877. (Received October 17.)

I inclose herewith a statistical statement of the declared exports from

the consular district of Lyons for the year ending September 30 , 1877. *
It will be observed that there has been a large decrease in the amount
of exportations as compared with the immediately preceding year.
Thus
Value of exports during the year ending September 30, 1876 .. $10,998, 726 61
Value of exports during the year ending September 30, 1877 . ·· 9,475, 890 86
Decrease during the year ending September 30, 1877 1,522, 835 75
Exports of silks.-Silk goods constitute in value by far the major por
tion of all the exportations from the Lyons district, and it is in these ar
ticles that the decline has been most sensible. In the year ending Sep
tember 30, 1876, the value of silk piece-goods exported to the United
States amounted to $ 8,556,603.56, while during the year ending Septem
ber 30, 1877 , it amounted to only $ 6,825,233.60, being a decrease during
the latter year of $ 1,731,369.96. The items of silk and velvet ribbons,
church ornaments, and kid gloves each exhibit a similar reduction.
Raw silk is the only article the exportation of which during the past
year has greatly exceeded that of the preceding year.
Value of raw silk exported during the year ending September 30, 1877 .. $1,031,479 66
Value of raw silk exported during the year ending September 30, 1876 .. 468,045 09
Increase during the year ending September 30, 1877 563,434 57
DECLINE IN THE SILK INDUSTRY.
It is not alone to the United States that there has been a diminution
of exportations from Lyons. A similar decrease has occurred in connec
tion with all other nations.
The primary cause of this decline in the business of this district is to
be found in that general commercial depression , beginning in the United
States with the financial crisis of 1873, which has spread to every commer
cial nation of the world, and which, though latest in reaching France, has
at last arrived , giving a striking proof of the mutual dependence of all na
tions upon each other. This depression , to which the troubles in the East
undoubtedly contribute, is now bearing heavily upon all the industries
of France, but on none, perhaps, with a. more oppressive weight than
upon the silk industry of Lyons . Besides this general depression, there
are other and special causes from which the silk trade of Lyons has suf
fered . Foreign manufacturers are beginning to cause her unwonted
embarrassment. The increased exportation of raw silk to the United
States plainly indicates an increased amount of silk-manufacturing in
that country. But her most dangerous rivals are those of Crefeld, in
Germany, and Basle and Zurich , in Switzerland . Within recent years
the manufactories of those places have succeeded in growing out of their
feeble state of infancy and have reached a stage of comparative vigorous.
activity. Lyons has now to count upon these new rivals. Thus Crefeld
produces an article of velvet with which, when the quality and price are
considered, Lyons finds it impossible to compete. Basle is outdoing
W
For statement showing the declared exports from Lyons, see table of declared ex
ports from the consulate-general, p. 216,
Saint Etienne in the ribbon business, and Zurich competes successfully

with its lighter qualities of figured silks. English and American buyers ,
who a few years ago almost entirely neglected those markets , are now
their best customers. These newly-developed manufactories will remain
permanent and formidable competitors of Lyons after the general de
pression shall have passed away. Hence , I conclude that while Lyons
will probably always occupy the first rank in the manufacturing of silk
goods, she is not likely to retain that all-controlling influence over this
industry which she has so long enjoyed.
During the past year several failures of important silk manufacturers
have occurred, and it is whispered that other houses are now tottering
to their fall .
Suspension of work.-The extent of the depression of the silk trade of
Lyons may be still further illustrated by a reference to the " chomage" or
suspension of work, which occurred last winter. At that time at least
50,000 workmen, engaged in one or the other of the different manipula .
tions of which silk manufacturing is composed, were thrown suddenly
out of work. And as the manufacture of silk is the all-absorbing indus
try of Lyons, all other employments being either subordinate or tribu
tary to it, there was nothing to which these idle workmen could turn
their hands. Great suffering would have ensued had not all France
come speedily to their aid. Everywhere subscriptions were opened for
" the Lyons laborers without work," and from every section of France
contributions flowed in in a manner reflecting the highest credit on the
generosity of the French people. The supply of funds was fully equal
to the demand, and they were equitably distributed by regularly organ
ized committees. For months these thousands of laborers were sup
ported by the charity of the French nation . At the present time, how
ever, there are but few who do not find occasional employment sufficient
for their support.
AGRICULTURE.
The consular district of Lyons, comprising a large portion of the valley

of the Rhone, is one of the finest agricultural districts of France, produc..
ing cereals and vegetables of all kinds in abundance. The crop of the
present year is known to be one of the best of recent years, although exact
statistics thereof are not yet obtainable. The country in the immediate
neighborhood of Lyons is not among the best wine-growing sections of
France. No fine wines are here produced, although a good ordinary
table-wine is made, and in sufficient quantities to supply fully the con
sumption of the population of the district. The vintage is now in prog
ress throughout France, and it is asserted that it will be the largest
known for a century. And this in spite of that fatal disease of the vine,
the Phylloxera, which has been ravaging, more or less , nearly every
vineyard in France.
THE PHYLLOXERA.
This disease, which made its appearance several years ago, and has
gone on spreading ever since, consists of myriads of small insects, com .
ing from no one knows exactly where, which infest the roots of the
vines. Various theories have been advanced on the subject of their
origin, but none has been satisfactorily proven. It has even been as
serted that they came from America. But what earthly reason there
is for such an assumption it would be difficult to tell, unless it be based
on the general belief, which many people over here would seem to enter
tain, that all their new evils have come from America, that country of
FRANCE . 237
wonders and wickedness. The most probable hypothesis is that these

insects are bred in the plants themselves and that it is a disease of old
age, for it originates in the older plants ; and it is not astonishing, if it
be true, as alleged, that many of these are a century old.
Scientific and practical men have been giving the most assiduous
study to this disease, and all manner of remedies and appliances have been
used in the effort to eradicate it or to prevent its spread, but all with
little or no success. A plant once attacked is doomed . No cure can be
found, and the only means of preventing the spread of the disease to
the adjacent plants is to uproot those which are diseased . The wine
growers have been loath to do this, hoping against hope that some other
remedy would be found . They are unwilling to incur the loss incum
bent upon planting new roots and waiting several years before they
become productive. Meanwhile the disease goes on spreading, and it is
scarcely an exaggeration to say that it is, like the blade of Damocles,
suspended by a thread over the head of the wine-grower, constantly
threatening his ruin . So great a danger, menacing one of the most im
portant industries of France, could not well escape the attention of the
government. Some months ago the minister of agriculture and com
merce, probably with a view of introducing a law compelling proprie.
tors to uproot all diseased plants, sent a circular letter to the chambers
of commerce of the eighty- six departments of France, asking an offi
cial expression of opinion as to whether there were any other security
against the spreading of the Phylloxera except the total uprooting of
all plants attacked . About one-third of the chambers declined to ex
press an opinion , alleging either their incompetence or the little interest
the subject presented in their particular districts. The other two-thirds
were about equally divided , pro and con, on the question . In view of
these facts, there is no clew as to what legislation the government is
likely to propose to the next General Assembly on this important sub
ject.
AGRICULTURAL LABOR SAVING MACHINES IN FRANCE .
It is a matter worthy of notice to what a limited extent the labor

saving machines of modern invention are employed by French farmers.
At a recent agricultural fair of this department I saw new and improved
implements and machinery of all kinds, American inventions being
moderately well represented . Notwithstanding this, the farmers go on
using the older methods, apparently ignoring the more advantageous
machines so generally employed in America. Being struck by this fact,
"
I have naturally sought an explanation of what seemed to me so extra
ordinary. I have come to the conclusion that the explanation is to be
found in this, that the farms of France are generally too small to make
it profitable to employ these more expensive machines. It is evident
that it can only be profitable to employ these labor-saving machines
where the farms are of sufficient size to give them a considerable amount
of work. For instance, a farmer who is able to plow his land in a day
or so by the ordinary methods would hardly be wise in purchasing a
steam-plow. An American farmer, who is accustomed to count his acres
by the scores or hundreds, would be astonished to see on what a small
patch of land a French farmer is capable of supporting a family.
SMALL FARMS OF FRANCE .
This smallness of the farms arises in this way : The French laws of
inheritance secure to all the children of a deceased person an equal
share of his property, and it is a time-honored custom to divide the land

into separate and equal parcels , each heir attending to the cultivation
of his particular share. In time these parcels are again divided among
a new set of heirs. This process of division and subdivision has been
going on ever since the downfall of the feudal system. It is easy to
see to what inconvenience this practice will eventually lead , and it will
probably necessitate some change in the laws of succession.
H. O. WAGONER , JR.
MARSEILLES .
OCTOBER 31 , 1877. (Received December 14.)

Report upon the navigation , commerce, and industry of Marseilles for the
year 1876.
The commercial activity of Marseilles during the year 1876 does not
appear to have suffered any diminution , although the results have been
probably less favorable than in some preceding years.
There has been an increase in the tonnage of the shipping entering
the port, but a diminution in the quantity of merchandise transported.
International transit goods, however, show an increase. The wheat crop
in France for 1876 was not abundant, the crops being very thin, and the
return was below the average ; the grain, however, was fine and heavy,
so that a part of the deficiency was covered by the good quality and
the weight of the grain . A description of the principal articles of the
Marseilles produce- market and a detailed table of the exports and
imports for the year will be found appended.
A standing grievance is the high tariff of the railway companies.
Switzerland buys wheat in Antwerp , Hungary, and Marseilles, accord
ing to price, combined with cost of transport ; but it appears that the
Austrian, Belgian, and Italian railways have combined very reduced
tariffs, which allow of the transport of cereals on more advantageous
terms than by way of Marseilles. It is feared likewise that, with the
St. Gothard route open, the port of Genoa will divert a considerable
trade from Marseilles ; the tariffs will be lower and the distance shorter.
A reduction of the railway tariffs for grain and general goods , an in
creased facility for the landing and distribution of merchandise on the
dock quays, by the erection of sheds on the quays of the uninclosed
docks, with accompanying railway-tracks, and the creation of a large
maritime railway goods station , are improvements now in question as
affecting Marseilles as a port of transit, and, generally, in the competi
tion with Trieste, Venice, and Genoa.
NAVIGATION.
The arrivals of shipping at this port in 1876 , compared with the pre
ceding year, show, as above stated, an increase in tonnage but a dim
inution in the number of vessels. Thus, in 1875 the arrivals were 8,757
ships of 2,527,222 tons, and in 1876 of 8,689 ships of 2,605,890 tons . This
is owing to the fact that of late years the size of the vessels arriving has
increased, as also the number of steamships . The proportions between
French and foreign shipping stand as follows :
Number. Tonnage
1875-French 5,365 1, 620, 844
Foreign. .... .... .... ....... 3,392 906, 378
1876-French ...... .... ...... .......... 5,246 1,656, 252
Foreign... ...... ...... 3, 443 949, 638
FRANCE . 239
The proportion of French and foreign vessels arriving here from long
sea-voyages is as follows :
Number. Tonnage.
1875-French ....... 448 217, 677
Foreign …………..
. .... ………………………….. 349 155, 208
1876-French ...... …………………………………………………………………… . 383 194, 845
Foreign .... .......... 379 192, 622
Showing a decrease in French and an increase in foreign arrivals.

Between Marseilles and European ports the proportion is as follows :
Number. Tonnage.
1875-French 4, 917 1,408, 167
Foreign 3, 043 751 , 170
1876-French ............. 4,863 1,461, 407
Foreign .. 3,064 757,016
Showing that the French flag has retained its share of the European
carrying-trade. Unfortunately, there are a great many vessels, both
French and foreign, arriving and leaving the port in ballast or with
partial cargoes.
The steam-shipping which entered the port in 1876 consisted of 3,378
vessels, of 1,750,760 tons, against 5,311 sailing- vessels of 855,130 tons .
The following table shows the extent of the trade carried on under
foreign flags for the year 1876 :
Table showing the proportion between ships of different flags.

ARRIVALS .
Long sea-voyages. Coasting.*

Flag.
Number. Tonnage. Number. Tonnage.
British. 100 73, 081 183 118, 009

United States 36 17, 832 4 1, 390
Austrian. 18 7,819 158 50, 192
German. 10 2,696 52 25, 774
Danish .......... 13 2, 960 7 1, 664
Spanish. 48 17, 353 391 63, 020
Greek 25 6, 471 570 145, 289
Dutch ………………… .. 4 2, 181 13 10, 557
Italian.. 90 46, 702 1,550 285, 440
Turkish 24 4,532
Russian. 7 5, 344 59 32, 362
Swedish and Norwegian 27 10, 009 48 17, 525
Sundry 1 174 5 1, 262
Total foreign flags . 379 192, 622 3, 064 757, 016
French 383 194, 845 4,863 1, 461, 407
Of the foreign vessels in the preceding table, 1,702, or 324,400 tons,

arrived at Marseilles direct from the ports of their respective countries ,
and 1,741 ships, of 625,230 tons, from other parts of the world.
* Coasting includes the Mediterranean, Black Sea, Sea of Azoff, coast of Morocco to 30th degree of
north latitude, and all European seas to 72d degree of north latitude and to 15th degree of west
longitude.
Table indicating the vessels arriving from their respective countries and those arriving from
countries to which they did not belong.
Ships arriving from Ships arriving from

their respective ports to which they
countries. did not belong.
Flag.
United States ....... 28 13, 732 12 5,490

English.... 82 55, 025 201 136, 065
Austrian ..................... 38 11, 264 138 46,747
German ......... ....... 29 17, 537 33 10, 933
Danish 20 4, 624
Spanish.. .... .................. 296 49, 619 143 30, 754
Greek ....... 4 857 591 150, 903
Dutch …………….... ……………...... 9 7,581 8 5, 157
Italian ....... 1, 143 133, 054 497 199, 080
Turkish 19 3,752 5 780
Russian. 47 28, 964 19 8,742
Swedish and Norwegian . 7 3, 015 68 24, 519
Sundry ....... 6 1, 436
Total 1,702 324, 400 1,741 625, 230
The following table shows the countries with which Marseilles has
been engaged in navigation and trade and the proportion in which
French and foreign ships have been engaged therein ; the arrivals only
are given :
Table indicating the entire movement for long sea-voyages, steam and sail, with the countries
from whence arrived, for 1876.
SAILING-SHIPS.
Belonging to coun Not belongingto coun

French. try from whence try from whence ar
arrived. rived.
From whence arrived.
Number. Tonnage. Number. Tonnage. Number. Tonnage.
8232
CALL
French West Indies 53 17, 418 14 3, 480

Foreign West Indies ............. 16 4, 165 27 4,222 19 5,583
United States .... 45 10, 606 26 12, 676 30 13,314
Mexico and Central America 34 10, 158 174 24 4, 681
Brazils and La Plata.. 5 1, 232 38 9, 434
West coast of Africa... 139 49, 247 25, 651
East coast of Africa 13 4,133 218
India, China, and Japan 13 6, 196 9 3, 963 12 6, 905
Pacific Ocean 3 1,869 1,426
Sundry 3 1,366 529
Total 324 106,390 63 21, 035 226 71, 221
STEAMERS.
Belonging to coun Not belongingtocoun

French. try from whence try from whence ar
arrived. rived.
From whence arrived. MAN
Number. Tonnage. Number. Tonnage. Number. Tonnage.
French West Indies 1 1,260

Foreign West Indies. 2 1, 116
United States . 3 2,698
Mexico and Central America
Brazils and La Plata .... 12 21, 918 1 2,919
West coast of Africa....……… . 14 7, 498 ............ 2 655
East coast of Africa
India, China, and Japan 30 57,749 47 53, 200 34 39,808
Pacific Ocean
Sundry
Total 57 88,425 49 54, 316 43 46, 080
FRANCE. 241
Table indicating the entire movement for long sea-voyages, &c.— Continued .
SAILING-SHIPS AND STEAMERS-TOTAL.
From whence arrived. Number . Tonnage.
French West Indies .. 68 22, 158

Foreign West Indies .......…………… ..... 64 15, 086
United States 104 39, 294
Mexico and Central America 59 15, 013
Brazils and La Plata. 59 35, 503
West coast of Africa.. 238 83, 051
East coast of Africa.. 14 4,351
India, China, and Japan 145 167, 821
Pacific Ocean 6 3,295
Sundry 1,895
Total 762 387, 467
Total number of sailing- ships, 613 , of 198,646 tons ; total number of

steamers, 149, of 188,821 tons.
Vessels belonging to country from whence arrived are subdivided thus :
SAILING-VESSELS. STEAMERS.
Number . Tonnage . Number. Tonnage.
English 9 3,963 English 47 53, 200

American 26 12, 676 Spanish 2 1, 116
Spanish 27 4, 222
Mexican ......... 1 174
Total ....... 63 21, 035 Total.... 49 54, 316
Vessels not belonging to country from whence arrived are subdivided

thus :
SAILING-VESSELS. STEAMERS .
Number. Tonnage. Number. Tonnage .

3221183
FLORERO **
English 41 13,933 English 2,698

American 8 4, 187 Austrian ………………….. 2,687
Austrian ...... 14 4, 464 Spanish ..... 655
German 10 2, 616 Danish 879
Danish 13 2,216 Dutch.. …………….. 1,608
Spanish …………….. 17 4,539 Italian …………………………. 29 31, 670
Greek. 25 6, 503 Russian 3,577
Dutch 3 508 Swedish .. 2 2,306
Italian 69 24, 488
Russian 2 572
Swedish and Norwegian. 24 7, 195
Total... 226 71, 221 Total. 43 46, 080
State of the navigation between Marseilles and the United States for 1876, all sailing-vessels.
Arrivals. Departures. Remained in port.*
Numberof Crew. Number of Tonnage. Crew. Number of Crew.

ships. Tonnage. ships. ships. Tonnage.
40 19, 223: 05 397 34 16,733. 16 346 5 2, 151.04 44
In 1876 there were 11 steamers, amounting to 6,598 tons , registered

as belonging to this port, of which 2 were constructed in England.
Only 2 vessels have been constructed here, viz, a brigantine and a ves
sel of 665 tons.
*One vessel, of 338.80 tons, burned in the port ; crew,'7 men.
16 C R
The following table shows the arrivals at and departures from Mar
seilles of passengers by steamers for 1875 and 1876 :
1875. 1876.
Arrivals. Departures. Arrivals. Departures.
January 3,868 3, 182 3,322 2,462

February 3, 444 2, 454 4, 736 2,559
March ---- 5, 138 3, 071 4,408 2,661
April 5, 197 3,971 5, 392 3,567
May ------ 6,803 3,627 6, 926 3,211
June 5, 814 3, 356 5, 654 3, 201
July .....………. 6,740 3, 729 6, 278 3, 423
August 6, 420 4,756 6, 185 4, 427
September 6,413 5,580 6,152 5, 423
October 7, 268 5,578 6, 323 6, 028
November 4, 900 3, 943 5, 296 4,919
December.... 3,495 2,843 3,766 3,475
Total ... 65, 505 46, 090 64, 438 45, 356
Table showing the nationality of the steamers engaged in the foregoing passenger traffic.
1875. 1876.
Arrivals. Departures. Arrivals. Departures.
Per French steamers .. 57, 564 43, 878 57, 094 42, 707
Per Italian steamers .. …………........ 5, 918 423 5, 013 733
Per Spanish steamers 2, 023 1,789 2, 331 1, 916
Total.. 65, 505 46,090 64, 438 45, 356
The following table shows the steamships belonging to Marseilles in

1876 :
Owners . Ships. Tonnage. Horse .

power.
882334T4
Messagéries Maratimes.. 58 77, 202 21, 530

Valery Frères et Fils 26 11, 569 4, 710
A. & L. Fraissinet & Co 20 9, 384 2,470
Société Générale de Transports Maritimes 13 12, 217 2,380
Compagnie de Navigation Mixte ........ 13 6, 543 1,910
N. Paquet & Co 3,057 795
Cyp. Fabre & Co..... 2, 768 560
Sundry... 14 5, 390 1,810
Total. 154 128, 130 36, 165
There are 157 sailing- vessels, of 58,887 tons , and owned by 74 ship
owners, belonging to this port. The total length of the quays is now
12,666 meters, and the surface of sheltered water 1,525,000 meters, or
room for 1,000 vessels averaging 300 tons.
CEREALS.
Wheat. - Owing to poor harvest-prospects in 1876, there was a rise in

the price of wheat until the end of June, at which period good Black
Sea and Azof wheat was worth 26.95 francs per metrical quintal. Bet
ter weather ensuing led to a decline. After the harvest, prices varied
little until the middle of October, from which period they rose progres
sively until the end of December. This movement was almost entirely
FRANCE. 243
owing to complications in the East. The first qualities of Azof wheat,

which in bond was worth 25.75 francs per metrical quintal, went up to
29.65 francs on the 31st December. The crops in Europe for 1876 were
generally supposed to be middling in quantity.
Cereals imported in 1875 and 1876.-The following table shows the
quantity (in metrical quintals * ) of cereals imported at Marseilles for
1875 and 1876 :
Description. Whence. 1876. 1875.
Russia 1,596, 629 2,638, 827

Austria 7
Spain.... 543 10, 693
Italy 32, 381 52, 244
Wheat, spelt, and méteil (a mixture of Turkey 1,987, 122 866, 414
rye and wheat) ........ Egypt . 19, 563 11, 036
Barbary 330 1,816
British India 206, 791 105, 190
United States 19, 824
Algeria 498, 768 353, 313
Other countries 50 357
Flour .. 6, 761 5,579
4,348, 945 4,065, 293
Rye... 1,263 2, 139
Maize . 367, 713 141, 060
Barley ... 119, 392 120, 249
Oats 409, 879 474, 154
Total 5,247, 192 4,802, 895
The imports from British India ( Bombay and Calcutta) exceeded that
of 1875 by 101,601 metrical quintals, but the prospects for 1877 are not
promising, continued drought having resulted in a famine.
The increase in the importation of Indian corn was owing to the poor
crop in Languedoc, where it is more grown and has a larger consump
tion than in any other part of France.
Exports of cereals in 1875 and 1876. -The quantity (in metrical quin
tals) of cereals exported from Marseilles for 1875 and 1876 was as fol
lows:
Description. Destination . 1875. 1876.
Wheat, spelt, and méteil (a mixture of rye

and wheat) .. ......... England and British Possessions. 767 38, 718
Do.... ………………………………………………. Spain 51,172 124, 255
Do... ……………………. Italy.... 48, 027 50, 073
Do.... ............. Switzerland ………….. 8,374 19, 781
Do........ …………………………………………… . Germany …………….. 199 8,854
Do.. Algeria 3,751 585
Do....... ……………………… . Egypt 8
Do. Turkey 215 82
Do …………................ Other countries ....... 265 900
Wheat flour ……………............ 250, 626 295, 372
Wheat ……………………………….. By international transit. 791, 917 1,399, 169
Flour .do .. 23, 897 77, 374
1, 179,210 2, 015, 171
Rye 1 411
Maize... ........ 25, 952 36, 152
Barley ………………………………... …………………………………………….. 36, 432 16, 137
Oats.. 17,889 13, 082
Maize, barley, and oats... ... By international transit. 29, 949
Total.. 1,259, 484 2, 110, 902
* The metrical quintal is 100 kilograms.

The exports of cereals for 1875 and 1876 from the Algerian principali.
ties of Algiers, Oran, and Philippeville, and Boné are, in metrical quin
tals, as follows :
Year. Wheat. Rye. Barley. Maize. Oats. Flour.
1875. 721,000 10,000 679,231 7,929 115, 135 55, 817

1876 . 1,085, 261 10,000 803, 794 9,808 176, 812 61, 637
In 1876 there were 388,714,000 kilograms of wheat and flour forwarded

by rail from Marseilles, against 213,454,000 in 1875.
Exports of cereals for all France, 1876. - The following figures show
the imports and exports for all France for 1876:
Description. Imports. Exports.
Metrical quintals. Metrical quintals.

Wheat, spelt, and méteil . 7,442, 349 2, 034, 619
Flour 45, 597 2,007, 490
Rye.......…………………… 20, 576 1,696, 667
Maize. 1, 345, 313 142, 946
Barley ..... 868, 164 1,607, 012
Oats 2,478, 345 174,776
Buckwheat. 63,509
Total 12, 200, 344 7,727, 019
Showing an excess of import over exportation of 4,473,325 metrical

quintals , while in 1875 exportation exceeded importation by 710,296
metrical quintals.
Average crop in France and consumption.- The following statement ,
from the Bulletin of the Society of French Agriculturists, shows an
average crop in France, the portions of the same used in France and
remaining for exportation :
duction
.
Description.
Hectoliters. Hectoliters. Hectoliters. Hectoliters. Hectoliters. Hectoliters.

Wheat. 14, 993, 02 72, 000, 000 4,365, 263 4, 456, 760 4, 184, 179 100, 000, 000
Spelt.. 38, 216 186, 862 16, 130 30, 212 60, 946 332, 366
Méteil ......... 1,057, 501 6, 329, 242 143, 281 124, 843 117, 019 7,971, 956
Rye..... 3,908, 872 15, 390, 567 1,577, 340 600, 463 3,420, 562 24, 897,00+
Barley 2,363, 863 6, 209, 961 5,396, 787 4,050, 940 2,493, 083 20, 514, 634
Oats 8, 194, 514 1,625, 385 42, 215, 522 3,090, 509 25,992, 717 81, 118, 647
Maize 226, 214 4, 153, 669 2,533, 480 186, 252 1,548, 501 8, 648, 116
Buckwheat 549, 478 5, 471, 427 2,204, 494 213, 847 2, 438, 881 10,878, 130
Millet.. 10, 111 212, 461 71, 723 26, 813 27, 757 346, 865
The alimentation of man requires besides , potatoes , 34,677,000 kilo.

grams ; chestnuts, 2,859,000 kilograms ; sundry farinaceous substances,
54,000 kilograms.
THE SUGAR TRADE.
The diminution in the crop of native sugars in Europe and the

prospective war in the East made 1876, by the speculative move
*A hectoliter of wheat weighs about 76 kilograms.
FRANCE. 245
ments at its close, an exceptional year, and it is difficult to draw any

serious comparison between this and previous years.
The arrivals of raw sugar in Marseilles for 1876 are as follows :
From French colonies, 24,319,760 kilograms ; from foreign countries ,
34,070,187 kilograms. By rail : Belgium beet- root sugar, 314,679 kilo
grams; French beet-root sugar, 20,740,365 kilograms ; exotic , 2,516,249
kilograms ; total , 81,961,240 kilograms, against 78,523,468 kilograms in
1875, and 71,000,000 kilograms in 1874. The exports amounted to
9,216,325 kilograms in 1876 against 9,296,398 kilograms in 1875 .
The following figures show the quantity of refined sugar exported
from this port :
1876, by sea, 44,183,840 kilograms ; by rail , 13,199,322 kilograms ;
total, 57,383,172 kilograms.
1875, by sea, 52,909,969 kilograms ; by rail , 12,574,308 kilograms ; total,
65,484,277 kilograms.
There was a considerable rise in the price of raw sugar from August
to November, 1876, consequent on the fear of a large diminution in
Europe of the production of beet-root sugar for 1876–77 . Accord
ing to official figures just published ( August, 1877 ) , it appears that these
fears have been realized ; for in France, partly owing to diminished sow
ing and partly to the bad quality of the roots, the production of sugar
from beet-root, which in 1875-'76 was 449,171,291 kilograms, will in
1876-'77 be not more than 233,000,000 kilograms showing in round
numbers a diminution of 216,000,000 kilograms ; a falling off without
example in the production of native sugar.
The stock of raw sugar on the 31st of December, 1876, was 291,000,
kilograms, against 5,885,000 kilograms in 1875 and 1,179,300 kilo
grams in 1874.
The quantity of refined sugar exported from France in 1876 was as
follows : 1876, 186,921,504 kilograms ; 1875, 215,671,403 kilograms ; 1874,
185,643,032 kilograms.
In the exports to Turkey and Greece there is a diminution of 9,500,000
kilograms.
It may be interesting to mention that in France the beet-root yields
from 5 to 6 per cent. , and is therefore less rich than the cane , its after
uses being also less valuable. After the disasters of 1871 , the duty on
raw colonial and native beet-root sugar was raised to 65.50 francs and to
73.30 francs per 100 kilograms for refined sugar ; the duty therefore
equals the value, and its dearness renders it somewhat of a luxury ; the
consumption in France averaging but 7 kilograms per head.
THE COFFEE TRADE.
At the beginning of 1876 , the large stocks in Europe and the United
States, and the prospects of heavy arrivals from coffee-producing coun
tries, caused from January to July a gradual decline in prices . First,
Rio " good,"," which in January was quoted 111 to 114 francs per 50
kilograms, had at the end of July fallen to 101 and 102 francs , and Hayti
during the same time from 104 and 106 to 95 and 97 francs . At this
period stocks, having obtained their greatest height in Europe and the
United States , say 129,800 tons against 99,000 in 1875 , began to diminish ,
and in the month of December speculation , being attracted by the im
proved position of the article caused a marked advance ; the above-men
tioned qualities being quoted here at 108 to 110 and 103 to 108, respect
e ively, while stocks in Europe and America were reduced to 65,800
tons.
THE OIL-SEED TRADE .
The trade in oil -seeds does not appear to have made any progress
since last year. The excise duties on oil and soap contribute to this ,
and affect manufacture and importation . Italy is also doing all she can
to attract commerce with India, and in some respects is favorably cir
cumstanced , particularly by the cheaper railway tariff to the center of
Europe.
The importation of oil- seeds, which in 1875 amounted to 2,228,280
metrical quintals, was in 1876 2,233,940 , showing a slight difference in
favor of 1876. Owing, however, to an increase in manufacture, the
stock at the end of 1876 was some two-fifths less than at the same period
in 1875.
The crop in the Levant being abundant, there was an increased im
portation from that quarter. The drought in India is the cause of the
decrease in the importation of sesame. A new fact, that of the appear
ance of linseed from India, is to be noticed . The import amounts to
73,000 metrical quintals , while that from Russia has diminished by
48,000 metrical quintals. The increase in copras and palmistes is owing
to concrete oils being exempt from the duty to which other oils are sub
ject. There is likewise a deficiency in ground -nuts, owing to a short
crop.
OIL-CAKE PRODUCTION.
The production of oil-cake shows an increase over that of former

years, the manufacture of this article having been extended . The dis
ease of the vine and the unsalableness of the madder-root are the
causes of the diminution in the consumption of oil -cake in this part of
the country, and a lowering of railway tariffs is likewise required for a
development of trade. The cakes made from linseed are little used in
the south ; the consumption of these is in countries where snow pre
vails during the winter months, and almost the entire production here
is exported to England . The produce in 1876 was 1,500,000 metrical
quintals, showing an increase of 140,000 metrical quintals over 1875.
THE COTTON TRADE.
Theyear 1876 has not been better for cotton than its predecessor. It was
only in November that speculation , attracted by lowness of prices, caused
a rise ofsome 15 per cent. on all qualities. There is an increase of 20,183
bales in the arrivals of the four principal qualities imported , viz, Jumel,
Salonica, Smyrna, and Tarsus ; and, with the exception of Salonica, the
quality is of an improved description . Greece consumes the principal
part of her crop , but the arrivals from this quarter show an increase of
200 bales over 1875. This cotton is much esteemed by spinners, and its
price is relatively high. The importation of cotton from India, as com
pared with last year, shows a decrease. The total arrivals for the year
were 126,033 bales , or an increase of 18,375 bales over 1875. The stocks
on the 31st December were 7,920 bales, against 3,693 bales in 1875. Of
the 126,033 bales imported , $ 1,643 were forwarded in transit and 44,458
bales found a market in Marseilles .
THE SILK TRADE .
There were 12,239 bales sold in 1876, against 4,071 bales in 1875,
and 79,760 bales imported , against 56,706 in 1875. In the foregoing
79,760 bales imported is included the silk in transit for Lyons, London,
FRANCE. 247
&c. , after deduction of which the imports for Marseilles show an increase
of 4,305 bales. The increased sale is owing to the extraordinary move
ment in this article consequent on the failure of crops in Europe . Chi
nese and Japanese siks figure largely in the above sales.
The low prices ruling from January to April were doubled between
April and October ; but there was again a decline between October and
December, prices at the close of the year showing that about one- half
of the rise had been lost.
The cause of the advance in the price of silk was the hard frost in the
month of April, 1876, which blighted nearly all the mulberry trees in
France and reduced the crop to one- fifth of that of the preceding year.
In Italy and Spain bad weather caused a loss of 50 per cent., and of
one-third in the Levant. These circumstances happening when the silk
manufacturers were in full work, and when the price of raw material
was very low, produced a great impression and a general rise in prices,
notwithstanding the fact of the crops in China and Japan being favor
able. The decline that followed was owing partly to the Eastern ques
tion, partly to a falling off in the demand for the manufactured article ;
high prices arrested consumption ; manufacture was stopped ; and, with
a very limited demand , prices receded .
Cocoons. From the causes enumerated in the notice on silk, the
price of cocoons during 1876 rose over 100 per cent.
The value in January was 10 to 15 francs per 4 kilograms of cocoons,
yielding 1 kilogram of silk ; in June, 14 to 21 francs per 4 kilograms of
cocoons, yielding 1 kilogram of silk ; in September, 26 to 32 francs per
4 kilograms of cocoons, yielding 1 kilogram of silk ; in December, 24 to
28 francs per 4 kilograms of cocoons, yielding 1 kilogram of silk .
The importations were 1,561,800 kilograms, of which 743,000 were
Nouka ; the sales were 1,664,000 kilograms ; the stock on the 31st of De
cember, 1876, was 362,000 kilograms.
WOOL.
Between July, 1875 , and June, 1876, this article experienced a decline
of 25 per cent. Fine wool touched the lowest quotations of 1869, and
the common sorts obeyed the same impulse. Exportation to America
was reduced to a minimum. One of the principal causes of the low price
of wool during the first six months of 1876 is to be found in the excep
tionably low price of cotton and silk, and as soon as these latter textiles
began to advance wool also experienced a rise of from 10 to 12 per cent.
To the low prices at the beginning of the year is to be attributed the
falling off in importations, which, from 176,000 bales in 1875, decreased
to 143,000 in 1876.
LIVE STOCK.
The importations of live stock for 1876 show an increase. Local con
sumption has likewise augmented by 132,703 kilograms over 1875. Tak
ing 412,000 as the base of population (of which 100,000 is floating) , the
amount consumed per head will be 60 kilograms. The increased con
sumption may partly be attributed to the cheaper rates ruling for cattle
and sheep arriving from Italy. The value of calves, lambs, and swine
has, however, been well maintained.
The following figures show the arrivals by land and sea :
Oxen. Sheep. Lambs. Swine. Calves. Total.
1875 .. 35, 833 166, 740 53, 873 22,578 12, 566 291, 590
By land .. 1876 .. 26, 748 170, 398 47, 927 31, 081 12, 434 282, 588
1875. 5, 823 310, 049 10 1, 100 55 317, 038
By sea 1876.. 22, 898 331, 311 2 15, 089 130 369, 430
The arrivals by sea were from the undermentioned countries :
Africa. Italy. Sardinia. Spain. Other Total.

countries.
Oxen and cows.. 10, 730 736 11, 108 260 64 22, 898
Calves 129 1 130
322, 516 4, 107 4,470 218 331, 311
Lambs 1 1 2
Swine 14, 834 50 205 15, 089
Total 333, 247 19,678 11, 287 4,730 488 369, 430
slaughter
The prices ruling were as follows :
Meat
cattle
Live
.houses
at
.
Francs Francs.
Oxen and cows.. ... per 100 kilogs .. 89 149
Calvos .... .do.. 110 164
Sheep ..do .... 101 169
Lambs . do.... 121 184
Swine do.... 124 179
Four hundred and seventy-two horses, 416 mules, and 200 asses have
also entered into consumption . The exports of all sorts of cattle for
1876 were 365,934 .
SKINS AND HIDES .
Sheep- skins. The imports for 1876 were as follows : Buenos Ayres,
4,097 bales ; Montevideo, 426 bales-of which 2,407 were sold by auc
tion in Marseilles and the remainder were in transit. The above skius
are generally purchased here for re-exportation. Prices have been very
low as compared with those of 1875.
Goat skins. The increased consumption of goat-skins has permitted
this industry to maintain its activity, notwithstanding the importation
of many millions of tanned skins from India, which are prepared at a
less cost than those manufactured in France. The latter, however, are
superior in quality. The imports of goatskins for 1876 were 37,961
bales.
Hides.-The imports of hides at this port for 1876 were as follows :
Buenos Ayres, 299,704 ; Rio Grande, 5,060 ; Brazils, 1,951 ; other coun
tries, 241,968- total , 539,683.
The number of ox and cow hides tanned in the eleven tanneries of
this district was 33,270-almost all light and of foreign origin .
FRANCE . 249
PETROLEUM.
The importation of refined petroleum has ceased, on account of the

prohibitive duty. The refined oil of the two Marseilles refineries fluc
tuated during the year between 52 and 70 francs the hectoliter delivered
for consumption (barrels included).
WINE.
The yield of 1876, although of good quality, was inferior in quantity

to that of 1875, but large importations and considerable stocks pre
vented prices ruling high. Importations at Marseilles, amounting to
5,137,679 liters, were received from Spain and Italy, and it is probable
that the wines of Italy will be largely consumed here, particularly if the
phylloxera continues its ravages, as they somewhat resemble those of
Provence and Languedoc. The exports of wine appear to diminish
yearly, and indeed business generally in wines, spirits, and other liquors
does not appear to be in a healthy condition . This is principally at
tributed to the excess of tedious regulations and onerous duties with
which every branch of this commerce is overburdened .
The exportation of wine from the port of Marseilles during 1876 was
as follows :
Whither. Liters. Whither. Liters.
Russia. Black Sea ... 371, 181 Pacific Ocean 513, 340
Baltic Sea 1, 621 Atlantic
United States Pacifi 749, 671
Denmark ....... 855 c ports . 153, 217
Sweden 187 Mexico 268, 578
Germany 28, 865 Venezuela 47,853
Holland. 14, 828 Brazils 1,876, 368
Belgium 2, 658 Uruguay .. 406, 469
England 81, 726 Rio Plata 1,319, 726
Malta and Gibraltar. 114, 152 Chili... 287, 985
Austria . 15, 168 Peru ... 3,260
Spain . …………… .. ………………... 54, 500 Ecuador ....…………………………………… . 30, 600
Italy. .... 435, 991 Hayti.. 108, 884
Greece...... ...... 18, 190 Spanish America 190, 309
Turkey. 967, 459 British America 268, 836
Egypt ... .......... 3,380, 419 St. Thomas ………… .. 186, 305
Barbary 108, 707 French Indies .......... 37,557
West coast of Africa.. 122, 765 Cochin China . 744, 148
West coast of Africa (British posses. Algeria.. .... 586, 192
sions) 45, 159 Guadeloupe.. 1,831, 675
Mauritius. ...... 762, 635 Martinique. 2,370, 859
Other parts of Africa 51, 903 Reunion 1, 439, 810
British India 144, 431 St. Louis 37, 801
Dutch India .... ...... 44, 361 Senegal Goree 119, 420
Philippines . 1,426 Mayotte 71, 733
China. 147, 674 Cayenne 178, 022
Japan ....... 295, 948 St. Pierre, Miquelon 40, 469
RESIN.
The imports for 1876 amounted to 8,800 barrels , of which 8,000 barrels
came from the United States and 800 barrels from Bayonne. American
was quoted 13 to 22 francs and Bayonne 15 to 25 francs per 100 kilo
grams.
TOBACCO .
The arrivals from the United States amounted to 195 hogsheads, of

which 62 were from New York and 133 from sundry ports. The value of
Kentucky and Clarksville was from 150 to 275 francs per 100 kilograms.
Ohio and Maryland varied from 57 to 150 francs, according to class and
quality.
METALS.
-
Lead. The imports of lead show an increase over those of last year ;
thus :
1875. 1876.
Lead ore 6,677 tons. 9,908 tons.
Filings and waste lead . 1,500 tons.
Pig-lead .... ............. ...... 18,065 tons. 19,634 tons
Local manufacturers have not benefited by this increase, owing to the
Spanish export duty of 10 francs per ton on argentiferous ore. In 1875
the four local manufactories produced 17,100 tons of lead , while in
1876 the production was only 14,400 tons, and 17,000 kilograms of silver.
Prices throughout the year showed a declining tendency, and it was
only at its close that the demand for foreign arsenals caused a reaction.
Iron. The iron- works at St. Louis, close to Marseilles, consumed
in 1876 42,000 tons of mineral, producing 23,000 tons of pig iron , show
ing, as compared with the preceding year, a diminution of 10,000 tons
in production and of 13,000 tons in consumption. The import of iron
ore at this port for 1876 was 379,225 tous .
Copper. The imports amounted to 1,446 tons copper ore ; 986 tons in
sheets, bars, &c. , and 704 tons old copper. Prices followed the fluctua
tions of the English market.
Tin.-The imports were 745 tons, of which 672 were taken for con
sumption.
Coal. The arrivals of coal in Marseilles for 1876 were 718,000 tous ,
of which 100,000 tons arrived by sea . Of this last figure 90,000 tons
were English coal. The exports amounted to 207,525 tons. In this de
partment (Bouches du Rhone) there are four mines, the production in
1876 being 348,455 tons.
STAVES .
The arrivals of oak staves from the Adriatic during 1876 were 4,000,000
to 5,000,000, of different dimensions, showing a diminution of 1,500,000
as compared with 1875. The price of these staves was from 50 to 55
francs per 100 for Bordeaux casks, of which the staves are of 27 to 30
millimeters in thickness, other dimensions in proportion.
Three hundred thousand staves were received from the United States ;
those sold realized 90 to 100 francs per 103 staves for extra heavy. The
imports from Odessa and the Black Sea were reduced to a minimum .
The ravages of the phylloxera continue to diminish the demand for
staves.
SOAP.
This department counts 93 soap manufactories, which, in 1876, pro
duced 88,165,829 kilograms of soap. The exports were 2,400,000 kilo .
grams for Algiers and 1,200,000 kilograms for the United States. The
excise duty on soap and oil , 5 francs aud 20 francs per 100 kilograms,
respectively, continues to be a subject of complaint. To the honest
manufacturer this tax is ruinous. Fraud is perpetrated on such a scale
that half the soap manufactured escapes the duty. The total production
of France is estimated at 240,000,000 kilograms, of which 20,000,000 are
exported or used by dyers ; 220,000,000 remain, on which duty should
be paid, but it is only collected on just half of this quantity. In 1875
Marseilles paid more than the half of the total sum produced by the
taxation of soap .
MECHANICAL ESTABLISHMENTS.
The value ofthe constructions and reparations executed bythe mechan
ical establishments of this department for the year 1876 is estimated at
FRANCE . 251
32,000,000 francs. The principal establishments are the workshops of

the Seyne, near Toulon, and those of the Paris and Lyons Railway Com
pany, at Arles .
BANKS AND BANKING.
There is a considerable diminution to notice in the operations of the
Branch Bank of France at Marseilles for the year 1876. This was more
particularly caused by the extreme abundance of money, which brought
down the rate of discount to 2 per cent., a point it had never before
touched. The discounts of the bank in 1876 only amounted to 342,916,
898 francs, being a diminution of 223,626,457 francs on 1875, and of
508,204,796 francs on 1874. During periods of financial calm, however ,
the various banking establishments suffice in a great measure for the
wants of commerce ; to form, therefore, a correct idea of the banking
and discounting of this place, it would be necessary to add the figures
resulting from the continually increasing business of the banks and
establishments of credit.
The year's exportation of coinwas 98,000,000 francs, or 26,000,000
over 1875, while the imports were 113,000,000 francs, a diminution of
36,000,000 on 1875. With respect to the currency of the country , there
has been no premium whatever either on gold or silver throughout the
year.
Finally, I beg to subjoin a table showing the movement of different
values at the Marseilles bourse in 1876.
Quotation
OBLIGATIONS.
Emission
Date
cember
De
loan
Capital
.of
31
.1876
Description.
,
.
.
City ofMarseilles, 4 per cent.. 1844 $7, 000, 000 1,000 995
City of Marseilles, 5 per cent. 1859 9, 500, 000 1,000 998.75
Erlanger, 5 per cent... 1862 20, 000, 000 490 507,50
Erlanger, C. of 100 francs, 5 per cent 1862 20, 000, 000 100 102
Pereire loan, 4 per cent... 1863 10, 000, 000 430 471
Rothschild loan, 5 per cent.. 1865 8, 000, 000 490 499
Do. 1867 9, 000, 000 490 505
1,000 1, 005
1858 495
Chamber of Commerce, 5 per cent.. 1860 500 500
1875 { 509
Port of Marseilles, 6 per cent . 1858 10, 000, 000 500 357
Marseilles docks 1860 20, 000, 000 265 312.50
Messagéries Maritimes, 6 per cent... 1856 16, 000, 000 500 526
Messagéries Maritimes, 5 per cent . 500 498.50
Grand Comb (coal mines) ............ 1814 10, 000, 000
Do... 1858 1,125
Forges and Chantiers de la Mediterranean... 1867 8, 000, 000 450 520
SHARES.
Marseilles docks 1859 20, 000, 000 500 470

Marseilles Gas Company.. 1856 21, 000, 000 600 690
Forges and Chantiers de la Mediterranean 1856 10, 000, 000 500 680
Messagóries Maritimes .. 1852 41, 000, 000 500 615
Navigation Mixte... 1858 15, 000, 000 500 790
A. & L. Fraissinet & Co 1873 5, 000, 000 500 523.75
Transports Maritimes........... ……………. 1865 12, 000, 000 500 715
Grand Comb... 1855 12, 000, 000 500 2,240
Bank ofAlgeria... 1, 306. 25
Sociétió Marseillaise ofCredit, Industry and Commerce . 1865 20, 000, 000 500 573.75
Mediterranean Sugar Refineries 1866 8,500,000 500 390
St. Louis Sugar Refineries 1868 4, 000, 000 500 850
Canal de Suez..... 500 678.75
FRANK W. POTTER.
Statement showing the commerce of Marseilles for the year 1876.

IMPORTS.
Value en Amount of
Articles. Quantity. tered. duties. Whence imported.
Met. quin. Francs. Fr. c.

Bark. 1,865 48, 490 602 30 United States.
Butter, fresh and salt 5, 630 1,753, 385 19 30 Italy.
Canary seed 17, 640 529, 100 125 40 Italy, Turkey.
Cashew-nut .. 71,880 4,312, 860 3, 459 40 British India.
Cattle, horned.. 213, 730 32, 713, 290 45, 457 90 Italy, Algiers.
Cereals, corn and flour. 5, 249, 010 126, 205, 300 2, 232, 909 05 Russia, Algiers, Turkey.
Cheese.. 21, 185 3,389, 730 36, 895 90 Italy, Holland, Switzerland.
Chestnuts 18, 950 568, 550 Italy.
Coal, raw 923, 325 2, 149, 730 38, 350 30 England.
Cochineal. 4, 190 2,723, 175 174 50 Spain.
Codfish, dried 40, 175 2,611, 285 10 90 Newfoundland.
Coffee 230,200 50, 643, 930 13, 722, 491 50 Brazil, British India, Egypt.
Coral, raw 180 1,594, 800 Algiers.
Cordages, old 55, 430 2,370, 920 17 20 Algiers, Turkey, Greece.
Cork, manufactured. 4, 175 1,252, 580 21, 983 65 Spain, Algiers.
Cork, raw 17, 075 1, 195, 110 Algiers.
Corn, seed 12, 040 1,806, 360 Italy, Turkey.
Cotton, wool 230, 200 43,796, 330 Egypt, Turkey, British Indla,
Divers 996, 700 67, 028, 075 9,767, 184 10
Eggs of poultry and game.. 18, 730 2, 528, 780 Italy.
Eggs of silk-worms 415 7,861, 060 13 35 Japan.
Fibers 40,050 1,802, 160 89 30 Algiers.
Fodder 63, 090 896, 410 Algiers, Turkey.
Fruits 259, 760 14, 150, 350 205, 532 95 Algiers, Turkey, Spain.
Fruits, medicinal 10, 430 1, 880, 290 27, 185 30 British and French India, Por
tugal.
350 05 British
Fruits, oleaginous .. 795, 260 32, 203, 000 and French India, Sene
gal, Africa, west coast.
Furniture 1,990 377, 140 7, 240 70 Italy, Switzerland.
Gall-nuts 12, 425 1,863, 450 5,395 50 Turkey, China.
Grease, all sorts. 75, 925 9,040, 885 3,670 85 United States, Argentine Re
public, Russia.
Gold and silver 3, 450 165, 362, 800 1,598 15 England, Greece, Turkey,
Egypt, Spain.
Gum , exotic 14, 845 1,929, 800 2,573 30 Egypt.
Haberdashery 8, 620 5, 379, 870 21, 017 95 England, Germany, Switzer
land, Japan.
Hair, not manufactured ... 920 4, 191, 460 2 25 Italy, China.
Hair, goats, kids, and camels.. 2,240 896, 470 75 90 Turkey, Japan.
Hemp 67, 230 9,870, 250 Italy.
Implements, wooden 19, 200 768, 320 2, 571 45 Italy, Algiers.
Indigo 5, 145 9,000, 250 1,073 20 British India.
Iron, cast and steel. 3,857, 470 8,776, 355 34, 326 10 Spain, Italy, Algiers, England,
Sweden.
Lead 295, 430 12,984, 445 Spain, Italy, Algiers.
Machinery.. 14,795 1,432, 790 12, 101 40 United States, Germany, Eng.
land.
Madder.. 25, 290 910, 510 Italy.
Mats of straw, bark, and 8, 520 5,370, 900 16, 617 05 Spain, Turkey, Japan.
Spanish broom.
Meats, salt.. 10, 220 1,468, 750 22,369 90 United States, Italy.
Oil of olive . 136, 910 19, 852, 040 283, 517 25 Italy, Turkey, Algiers.
Oil, pure fixed, all sorts 129, 865 11, 471, 870 113,757 55 Africa, west coast, British In
dia, England.
Oil, petroleum and schiste, raw 102, 885 3, 119, 2002, 414, 357 50 United States.
Olive cakes and olive kernels 57, 770 2, 599, 580 Italy.
Pepper 21, 710 2, 931, 120 1,505, 176 45 British India, England.
Rattans 21, 590 665, 190 200 65 British India, Algiers, Barbary
States.
Rice 90, 305 3,792, 850 32, 303 10 Cochin China, Italy.
Seeds, oleaginous 1,386, 620 51,795, 860 167 55 British India, Africa, west
coast, Turkey, Egypt.
Silk and flock silk 76, 575 223, 984, 030 7, 656 95 Russia, Turkey, Italy, China,
Japan.
Sumac and fustic. 42, 275 1,880, 820 Italy.
Skins, untanned 153, 615 51,070, 195 34, 184 10 United States, England, Italy,
British India, Uruguay, Ar
gentine Republic.
Skins, prepared.... 6,040 6,860, 565 20, 374 10 Italy, Germany, Turkey.
Spirits and liquors .. 20, 725 1,874, 325 10, 492 70 United States, Martinique,
Austria, Italy.
Sponges. 685 955, 640 34, 583 75 Greece,Turkey, Barbary States.
Straw hats.. 715 3,371, 310 6, 514 60 Italy.
Sugar, raw.. 584, 900 33, 350, 230 10, 991, 978 80 Gaudeloupe, Martinique, Re
union, Spanish America,
Egypt.
FRANCE. 253
Statement showing the commerce of Marseilles for the year 1876- Continued .
IMPORTS-Continued .
Articles. Value en. Amount of

Quantity. tered. duties. Whence imported .
Met. quin. Francs Fr. C.

Sulphur 216, 670 3,683, 430 Italy.
Tea 22, 020 10, 348, 835 82,982 70 Japan, China.
Tissues, laces and ribbons of 1, 195 11, 760, 165 British India, Japan, Switzer
silk. land.
Tissues, laces and ribbons of 7,725 10, 769, 035 23, 003 90 Turkey, Germany, Belgium .
wool.
Tissues, laces and ribbons of 52, 690 30, 758, 170 49, 702 55 England , Switzerland.
cotton.
Tobacco in leaves and plug... 96, 225 12,990, 565 278, 993 25 United States, Austria, Tur
key, Algiers.
Tobacco, manufactured 5,525 5, 223, 000 23, 698 90 Germany, Switzerland, British
India.
Vegetables, dry .... 448, 850 13, 456, 400 98 30 Turkey, Italy, Egypt, Barbary
States, Algiers, Russia.
Wax, not manufactured. 4, 180 1,589, 050 2,096 40 Do.
Wines, all sorts .... 96, 870 4,309, 580 182, 045 90 Spain , Italy.
Woods, common 631, 960 14, 175, 840 2,326 50 United States, Russia, Sweden ,
Wool Austria, Italy.
176, 765 45,075, 510 12, 347 50 Russia, Turkey, Algiers, Bar
bary States, Argentine Re
public.
Total 18, 318, 890 1, 231,953, 90042, 349, 047 00
$227, 297, 765 $7,813, 470
EXPORTS.
Value, includ.
Articles. Quantity. ing costs and Whither exported.
charges.
Met.quin. Francs.
Biscuits.. 9, 635 433,530 United States, Italy, Turkey, Africa, W. C.
Butter, fresh and salt 4, 635 1, 127, 915 United States, Algiers, Egypt.
Canary seed 7,665 344, 970 United States, England.
Candles, all sorts 26, 780 5,356, 050 United States, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, Algiers.
Cheese.. ..... 23, 755 156, 950 United States, Russia, Spain, Algiers.
Chemicals 311,295 26, 063, 000 United States, Greece, Spain, Italy.
Chemical matches. 7,200 2,878, 800 Italy, Algiers, Uruguay, Argentine Republic.
Coal, raw 3, 446, 600 5,514, 560 Italy, Turkey.
Cochineal 2,425 1,577, 940 United States, Turkey.
Codfish, dried . 30, 270 2, 179, 620 Ital , Greece, Turkey.
Coffee 134, 090 27,086, 280 United States, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Algiers.
Colors, all sorts . 31, 890 1,972, 250 United States, Italy, Turkey, Russia.
Copper ....... 13, 005 2, 107, 440 United States, Italy, England.
Coral, raw 130 639, 000 Italy.
Cork, manufactured . 2, 680 1,071, 925 United States, Italy, Russia, England.
Cotton wool.. 93, 505 13, 558, 515 Spain, Italy.
Divers . 1,227, 785 124,927, 125
Earthenware 48, 370 3,402, 265 United States, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, Algiers.
Eggs of silkworms 295 12, 695, 750 Italy.
Essences. 1,115 9, 240, 970 United States, England, Spain.
Fecula, native ...... 11, 915 536, 070 Spain.
Fiber 23, 460 1, 407, 600 United States, England, Russia, Italy.
Fish in oil and pickled.. 11, 195 2,762, 185 United States, Italy, Russia, Algiers.
Fodder 16,990 286, 280 Spain, Eugland.
Fruits 26, 125 3, 144, 150 United States, England, Italy, Algiers
• Fruits, oleaginons .... 26, 9:30 1,984, 090 Do.
Furniture, all sorts 14, 240 2,847, 755 United States, Russia, Spain, Turkey, Egypt.
Garancine 890 155, 575 United States, Spain.
Glass and crystals ..... 110,755 8, 635, 315 United States, Russia, Algiers, Turkey, Egypt.
Gold and silver 3,075 112, 765, 320 England, Greece, Turkey, China, British India.
Grease .... ………………. 18, 245 2, 342, 660 Spain, Italy, Austria, Turkey.
Gum, exotic 4,345 912, 390 United States, Spain.
Haberdashery 33, 715 31, 756, 200 Russia, Algiers, Japan, Turkey, Italy.
Hair not manufactured 190 958, 000 England. Spain, Italy.
Implements.. 911, 080 5, 303, 475 United States, Italy, Algiers, Argentine Re
public.
Implements, wooden .. 4,695 1,765, 940 United States, England, Algiers, Spain.
Indigo.. 1,355 2,367, 575 Spain, Italy.
Iron, cast and steel 91, 460 2,226, 905 United States, Italy, Algiers, Spain.
Jewelry 420 12, 039, 230 Italy, Turkey, Egypt, Algiers.
Statement showing the commerce of Marseilles for the year 1876- Continued.
EXPORTS-Continued.
Value, includ.
charges.
Met. quin. Francs.

Lead. 103, 510 5, 325, 335 Russia, Italy, Turkey, China.
Licorice ………………….. 2,630 105, 220 United States, Holland, Algiers.
Licorice juice. 2, 940 382, 005 United States, England.
Machinery.. 57, 505 5, 500, 990 Russia, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Algiers.
Madder, ground or in roots... 34,950 1,398, 040 United States.
Manufactures of leather and
skin 9,795 31, 228, 075 Turkey, Egypt, Algiers.
Marble 9, 520 422, 940 United States, England, Spain.
Mats ofstraw, bark, and Span.
ish broom 2,055 3, 611, 020 England.
Medicinal roots, leaves, and
flowers 12, 425 2, 236, 860 United States, England , Italy.
Medicines, patent... 6, 045 1,413, 720 United States, England, Turkey, Egypt.
Metals, implements and man.
ufactures of... 132,755 17,864, 135 Russia, Spain, Italy, Algiers, Egypt.
Oil of olive... 44, 090 6, 833, 950 United States, Germany, Guadeloupe, Marti
nique.
Oil ofseeds 99, 745 8, 541, 715 United States, England, Spain, Italy, Algiers.
Oil, petroleum and schiste, re
fined . 435 217, 000 Turkey, Italy.
Paste 39,300 2,750, 825 United States, Germany, Switzerland.
Pepper 15, 140 1, 816, 560 England, Italy, Turkey, Algiers.
Perfumery 2, 925 1,021, 400 United States, England, Turkey, Algiers.
Potatoes 141, 900 993, 290 United States, Spain, Turkey, Algiers.
Rags . 11, 215 979, 210 England, Italy.
Rice 29, 695 1,484, 725 United States, Turkey, Algiers, Africa, W. C.
Resins 16, 570 2,671, 185 Spain, Italy, Turkey, Algiers.
Salt meats 10, 680 1, 669, 915 United States, Cochin China, Algiers.
Seeds, oleaginous, cakes of. 255, 295 3,791 , 215 Eugland, Holland, Martinique.
Seeds, oleaginous 8, 445 310, 020 United States, Italy.
Silk and flook-silk . 16, 425 74, 586, 660 England, Italy, Spain.
Skins, untanned 76, 760 15,725, 880 Greece, Turkey, Italy, Spain.
Skins, prepared.. 22, 240 26, 032, 980 Italy, Turkey, Algiers.
Soap, not perfumed 70, 405 4,576, 455 United States, Algiers, England, Holland, Tar
key, Mauritius.
Spices 3, 620 1, 210, 400 Japan, Algiers.
Spirits . 58, 105 8, 683, 635 United States, Italy, Turkey, Algiers, Africa,
W. C.
Sponges 235 702, 000 United States, Italy, Spain, England.
Stone, building.. 21, 070 210,000 United States, Italy, Algiers.
Sulphur 51,010 1,272, 140 United States, Russia, Algiers, Spain, Barbary
States.
Sugar, raw.. 50, 655 2,938, 040 England, Italy.
Sugar, native 6,340 401, 910 Italy.
Sugar, refined ………….. 446, 410 35, 455, 140 Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Egypt, Algiers.
Tea . 20, 435 11, 239, 250 England.
Tissues, laces and ribbons of
silk 2,150 22,043, 545 Algiers, Turkey, Egypt.
wool 43, 430 71, 133, 465 Algiers, Turkey, Spain, Italy, Japan.
cotton 111, 675 65, 412, 130 Italy, Spain, Algiers, British India, Japan.
Tobacco in leaf.. 37, 545 2, 252, 665 England, Malta, Algiers.
Tobacco, manufactured 3,770 1, 229, 610 Gibraltar, Malta, Algiers, Cochin China.
Toys .. 11, 970 8,378, 650 Spain, Algiers.
Vegetables, dry. 91, 710 3, 393, 200 United States, Spain, Algiers.
Vegetables, salt . 5, 260 315, 600 United States, Egypt, Algiers.
Wearing apparel and pieces
of sewn linen 9, 525 10, 800, 000 United States, England, Algiers, Turkey.
Watches and clocks... 615 4, 168, 950 Algiers, Spain, Italy, China, Japan.
Wines, all sorts... 305, 170 19, 246, 840 United States, Brazil, Argentine Republic,
Egypt.
Wool 36, 905 10, 306, 100 United States, England, Italy.
Total... 945, 116, 165
$174, 375, 675
FRANCE. 255
NICE.
For statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular
district of Nice to the United States, see table showing the declared
exports from the consulate-general, page 216.
PARIS.
For statement showing the value of declared exports from Paris to

the United States for the year ending September 30, 1877, see table of
declared exports from the consulate-general, page 216.
REIMS.
For statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular
district of Reims to the United States for the year ending September
30, 1877, see table of declared exports from the consulate- general, page
216.
FRENCH DEPENDENCIES .
MARTINIQUE.
ST. PIERRE, September 29, 1877. (Received November 9.)
Report upon the agriculture, trade, and industries of Martinique for the
year 1876.
I have the honor to transmit herewith a detailed report of the trade

and industries of the island of Martinique for the year ending Decem
ber 31 , 1876, and beg leave to state that, if I am rightly informed , no
such report has been forwarded by my predecessor, probably on account
of the extreme difficulty in obtaining reliable information from the dif
ferent departments , which difficulties I have, with great trouble, some
what overcome. The information herewith submitted is mostly from
official sources, together with what I have been able to learn in travel
ing over the island.
AREA UNDER CULTIVATION.
The area devoted to the cultivation of the principal productions of the

island is as follows :
Sugar cane, 19,200 hectares ; coffee , 512 hectares ; cotton , 245 hec
tares ; cacao, 603 hectares ; tobacco, 38 hectares ; vegetables , 13,315
hectares. Land built over, parks , forests, savannas , and other unculti
vated land, amount to 64,869 hectares ; making the total area 98,782
hectares.
PLANTATIONS .
The number of plantations which cultivate sugar-cane are 564 ; the

number which cultivate coffee are 156 ; the number which cultivate cot
ton are 29 ; the number which cultivate vegetables are 5,478 ; the num
ber which cultivate cacao are 74. Total number of plantations , 6,301 .
The motive power used on the sugar plantations for grinding canes is
generally water, although eighty-eight of them employ steam .
SUGAR MANUFACTORIES.
There are 14 sugar usines or manufactories of white sugar direct from

the cane. These usines are managed by joint stock companies, the
aggregate capital of which is about 210,000,000 francs. Nearly all the
sugar which they make is shipped to France. For every 100 kilograms
of cane received from the small plantations they return 6 kilograms of
white sugar as payment. These usines, as a rule, pay very good divi
dends, but their profits depend greatly on the number of small planta
tions in their vicinities, as the larger plantations grind their own cane.
DISTILLERIES.
There are 12 rum distilleries in this island which manufacture about

7,500,000 liters of rum, to make which they use nearly all of the molas
ses to be obtained from inlaud sources, besides considerable which is
imported from the neighboring islands.
FRENCH DEPENDENCIES-MARTINIQUE . 257
OTHER MANUFACTORIES.
There is one large chemical manure manufactory. There is one flour.

mill, which makes about 8,000 barrels of flour per annum, the wheat to
make which is imported from the United States. There are 44 lime
kilns, 6 potteries, which manufacture a coarse kind of earthen ware
which is used in the island for cooking and other purposes and exported
in small quantities to the neighboring islands.
DRY DOCK.
There is an excellent dry-dock (owned by government) situated at

Fort de France, which is capable of taking in the largest ship of war.
It is very much like the Brooklyn dry-dock, and is the largest in the
West Indies. The charges are 3.50 francs per ton on entry to the dock
and 90 centimes per ton per day for the time that the ship stays in the
dock. The government will , if requested , furnish all necessary materials
for repairs at 10 per cent. advance on the cost price .
FISHERIES AND FORESTS .
There are no mines of any kind in Martinique.

All of the fresh fish used in the island are caught on the coast by
seines, lines, & c.
The forests are small in extent ; their products are logwood and sev
eral kinds of cabinet-woods, which, although the amount is small, are
quite valuable and pretty. The exports are chiefly to France.
POISONOUS REPTILES.
There are on the island a large number of poisonous snakes or ser

pents which cause the death of a large number of men annually. The
authorities pay a bounty for each one that is killed.
CLIMATE.
The climate is very salubrious, although the larger towns are quite
sultry and warm, owing to the way in which the streets are laid out
and to the fact that they are on the sea-coast and have high hills back
of them. The nights are generally cool and comfortable, and, owing to
excellent sanitary regulations, there are no epidemics and but very few
diseases known in the island .
THE REVENUE.
The revenue from all sources except the customs is 2,472,647 francs ;
total expenses , 3,568,197 .
POPULATION.
Total population January 1, 1877, 165,068, of which 3,073 are floating ;

laborers, 64,990, of which latter 56,855 are plantation laborers.
BIRTHS.
The births for 1876 were 5,550, of which 1,817 were legitimate and
3,733 illegitimate.
17 CR
IMMIGRANTS.
The number of immigrants to the island for 1876 were : Coolies, 11,713 ;
Chinese, 524 ; Africans, 6,487 ; total, 18,724.
COOLY STATISTICS.
The cost to the government of an able-bodied cooly is about 550

francs, of which the planter pays 300 francs, and has five years in
which to pay it, and he is to pay to the cooly 12 francs per month, two
suits of clothes per year, food (mostly rice and salt fish), and medical
attendance. At the end of five years the cooly is to have his passage
paid back to his own country, or, if he does not wish to go back, he is
entitled to a bounty, but he must recontract or return to his country.
The amount of sugar raised on the island has greatly increased since
the commencement of immigration.
WAGES .
The wages of labor per day for each laborer is about 1.50 francs on
the plantations, but in the towns and among the shipping about 5 francs
per day is exacted .
FOOD PRICES .
The price of different kinds of food is quite high. The average price
of fresh beef is 1 franc per pound ; eggs, 1.8 francs per dozen ; fresh fish,
70 centimes per pound ; salt fish and other kinds of food that are imported
are very costly at retail price. Vegetables are raised on the island and
sold at reasonable prices . The price of wheat bread is 20 centimes for
270 grams. The weights are fixed by law. This weight is fixed on the
basis that flour is worth 62 francs per barrel, and is changed when there
is any material change in the price of flour.
POLICE .
There is a company of 177 (officers and men) of gendarmes or mounted

police. They are strong, able- bodied men of education , who are pro
moted from the ranks in the army, and hold their commissions from
France. They are a terror to evil-doers and a great protection to law
abiding citizens . This force is independent of the local police (which
is very well regulated ), although they support them when necessary.
LIVE STOCK .
There are on the island 4,916 horses, 350 asses, 4,004 mules, 15,065
cattle, 18,880 sheep and goats, and 15,032 hogs.
CIRCULATING MEDIUM.
The coinage in general use is that of France, but the coins of most
large countries are taken at a fair value. American gold is generally
at a premium, but any one having American silver to dispose of is
obliged to lose about 10 per cent.
BANKS.
There is only one French bank in Martinique (at St. Pierre) . It was.
incorporated in July, 1851 , with a capital of 3,000,000 francs. In Janu
FRENCH DEPENDENCIES — MARTINIQUE. 259
ary, 1877, the bank reduced the rate of interest to 6 per cent. It will
discount notes for no longer period than 120 days, and issues drafts on
Paris at 90 days for 1 per cent.; 60 days for 1 per cent.; 30 days for
2 per cent. Connected with this institution is a pawnshop for jewelry ,
& c., in which they do quite a business.
THE CREDIT FONCIER.
This company was organized July, 1863, by a royal decree, with a

capital of 12,000,000 francs, which is divided into 24,000 shares of 500
francs each . Its object is to loan money on real estate. Its terms are
are as follows : By paying 11 per cent. annually for 17 years on the
amount borrowed the debtor gains a clear title to the estate. For any
other number of years the interest is in the same proportion . This in
stitution has been, and is, a great benefit to the planters , as by its aid
comparatively poor men are enabled to carry on an estate and make
themselves independent.
CHARLES BARTLETT.
Statement showing the commerce of Martinique for the year ending December 31 , 1876.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Value en Amount of Whence imported.

Quantity. tered . duties.
Agricultural implements $6,983 40 $139 26 France and United States.

Annotto seed ...kilograms .. 5, 461 1,280 60 64 03 French Colonies and British
West Indies.
Art, materials of 10, 614 60 530 73 France, United States, and
United Kingdom .
Barley. .kilograms .. 4,392 359 00 17 95 France.
Basket-work.. 879 80 42 99 East Indies.
Beans and pease .kilograms.. 768, 820 64,541 60 1, 152 24 France and French Colonies,
United States.
Beef .kilograms .. 441, 570 39,996 00 1,767 00 Do.
Beer.. liters.. 105, 021 11, 242 20 420 07 France and French Colonies ,
United Kingdom , and
United States.
Beeswax. ..kilograms.. 52 5 60 28 French Colonies and British
West Indies.
Beeves ..number.. 2,603 149, 085 20 3,644 20 French Colonies. Porto Rico,
and British West Indies.
Blacking for boots .kilograms .. 3,397 398 20 19 91 France.
Boats 1,043 00 41 15 France and British West In
dies.
Boots and shoes. 87,598 00 1,751 95 France and United Kingdom.
Books 9, 818 80 490 94 France.
Bran. .kilograms.. 1,950 74 60 3 73 France and United States.
Brandy . .liters.. 69, 731 22, 789 20 1,394 62 France and England.
Bread, navy. .kilograms.. 133,000 13, 026 60 345 79 France and United States.
Bricks . number.. 164, 860 998 00 32 97 France.
Brooms ..do.... 36, 102 951 00 47 00 British and Danish Colonies,
UnitedStates, and St. Mar.
tin.
Butter ..kilograms .. 370, 095 156, 407 00 3,700 05 France and United States.
Cacao .do... 3,936 775 40 117 98 French Colonies, British
W Indies, and Vene
zuela.
Cakes and confectionery . ..do .... 7,623 5,740 80 304 92 France and United States.
Camphor do... 255 90 40 4 52 France.
Candles, sperm .do .... 96, 951 40, 651 60 484 75 Do.
Candles, tallow .do... 11 , 930
4 24,354 60 574 65 Do.
Carriages 4,336 00 217 00 France and United States.
Casks, empty .liters.. 2, 011, 967 20, 102 00 401 00 France and French Colonies,
United States, and British
West Indies.
Cast steel.. kilograms... 38, 442 3,522 60 166 13 France and United Kingdom .
Charcoal, animal do.... 233, 511 21,675 40 1,401 00 France.
Cheese.. do.... 62, 435 26, 060 GO 624 35 France and French Colonies ,
! United States.
Chemicals do.... 54, 6C3 9, 640 60 482 03 Do.
Statement showing the commerce of Martinique, &c.—Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued.

Quantity. tered. duties.
Cherrybrandy. .liters.. 4,006 $1,723 60 $120 18 France.

China ware.. kilograms.. 15, 364 4, 543 00 316 01 Do.
Chocolate .do .. 659 384 40 26 36 France and French Colonies,
British West Indies.
Clocks and watches . 2,874 20 143 00 France.
Clothing, ready made 1, 466 00 73 00 France and British West
Indies.
Coal .kilograms .. 18,777,627 454, 771 80 Free. France and United Kingdom.
Coffee. .do.... 93, 291 41, 435 40 5,597 88 French Colonies, Venezuela,
and British West Indies.
Colors ..kilograms.. 32, 677 10, 046 40 196 06 Franceand United Kingdom.
Copper, sheet and raw .do .... 58,016 13, 439 00 801 22 France, BritishWest Indies,
and United Kingdom.
Cordage.. do... 125, 959 39, 815 00 320 03 France and United States.
Cork, manufactured . 2,711 20 155 37 France.
Corn... ..kilograms.. 615, 496 26, 498 20 1,324 56 France and French Colonies,
United States.
Corn-meal.. do.... 52, 460 3, 160 00 158 00 French Colonies and United
States.
Cotton.. .do .... 442 192 60 3 85 France, Grenada, and St.
Vincent.
Curiosities, for collections.. 1,000 00 50 00 France.
-Cutlery . 2,061 40 103 55 Franceand United Kingdom.
Drugs . ..kilograms .. 22,933 2, 977 60 148 88 France and French Colonies.
British West Indies , and
United States.
Dry goods 457, 166 00 22, 857 00 France and French Colonies,
United Kingdom.
Dyes .kilograms.. 1,297 317 40 15 87 France.
Dye-woods do... 560, 197 6, 600 Co 141 99 French Colonies and British
West Indies.
Felting for ships .. .kilograms .. 5, 434 860 00 43 00 France.
Fire-arms.. 1,247 00 60 95 France and United Kingdom.
Fish, salt and dried ....kilograms.. 2, 940, 878 627, 749 20 11,763 52 France and French Colonies,
British Provinces, and
United States.
Fish, pickled .... .do.... 415 , 022 36, 018 00 1,260 06 Do.
Fish-hooks . 122 00 6 00 United Kingdom .
Fish-oil. .kilograms.. 1, 081 720 40 12 60 France.
Flags, for floors. .do . 176, 627 2, 114 80 56 96 Do.
Flour do.. 6,661 , 345 628, 153 60 39, 968 07 France and United States.
Flowers, artificial.. 708 00 35 40 France .
Fruit, fresh... ..kilograms.. 9, 563 1,386 00 47 81 United States and United
Kingdom .
Fruits, dried and preserved..do .... 44, 492 11, 226 00 222 46 France .
Fruits and seeds, oleaginous.do... 17, 311 2,791 80 86 55 France, United States, and
United Kingdom .
Furniture.. 12,598 00 629 00 France and United States.
Gin... .liters.. 35, 640 8,817 20 1,069 20 France, St. Thomas, and St.
Martin.
Glass ware... .kilograms.. 80, 255 11, 414 60 799 01 France and United Kingdom.
Glue .do. 2,377 399 40 19 77 France.
Grindstones ..do. 7,500 180 00 3 60 Do.
Guano .. ..do.... 5, 690, 110 322,964 60 Free. WestcoastofSouth America.
Gum, unprepared.. .do .. 712 232 20 11 61 France.
Gutta-percha, raw.. .do. 55 36 00 1 80 Do.
Gutta-percha, articles of..... do .. 1,040 563 00 28 00 Do.
Hair, raw and curled do . 2, 341 927 40 46 37 Do.
Hats, felt 3,260 00 162 88 United Kingdom and France.
Hats, straw and Panama 17, 129 00 856 43 France, Panama, East Indies,
St. Thomas and Venezuela.
Hay . .kilograms.. 34, 166 457 00 22 85 French Colonies and United
States.
Hemp .. .kilograms.. 580 232 00 11 60 France .
Hides .do.... 106, 461 10, 771 40 215 42 France, French Colonies, and
Hoops. .number.. 879, 699 16, 105 00 175 94 France and United States.
Horses .do.... 20 11, 230 00 240 00 French Colonies and United
States.
Ice.... ..kilograms.. 910, 000 23, 650 00 Free United States.
Indigo ......
. do... 1,858 1,344 00 66 70 France and United Kingdom.
Ink .do.. 1,754 315 20 15 76 France and United States.
Iron and steel .do.. 432, 553 25, 210 80 865 10 France and United Kingdom.
Jewelry, gold and silver.. 18, 169 80 1, 262 22 France, United Kingdom , and
United States.
Lard kilograms .. 97, 187 29, 411 60 1,013 22 France and United States.
Lead and pewter... ... do .. 8, 747 1,052 60 52 63 France.
Leather do .. 73, 297 46, 280 40 925 60 France and United Kingdom.
FRENCH DEPENDENCIES-MARTINIQUE. 261

IMPORTS- Continued.
Articles. Value en Amount of

Quantity. tered. duties. Whence imported .
Lime .kilograms .. 12, 013 $48 00 $2.40 France.

Liqueurs liters.. 9, 063 4,301 40 543 78 France and United Kingdom.
Macaroni and vermicelli . kilograms 95, 279 18, 721 40 381 11 France and French Colonies.
Manna .do.... 341 215 80 10 79 France.
Manure, chemical .. .do.... 2, 965, 208 145, 494 60 Free .... France, French Colonies, En
gland, and United States.
Machinery .do .... 943, 582 24, 363 20 188 71 France.
Marble, manufactured .do.... 30,935 4,068 80 203 44 France and United States.
Medicines, compounded ...... do .... 12, 068 11, 899 40 237 92 France, United Kingdom, and
United States.
Mercury. 81, 027 00 6, 077 00 France and United Kingdom.
Metals, worked . .kilograms . 477, 958 71, 165 00 1, 911 00 France, French Colonies, and
United Kingdom .
Milk, condensed .do .... 40 19 00 95 United States.
Millet .do... 3,988 443 60 22 18 France.
Millinery 12, 071 00 603 40 France and United Kingdom.
Mineral-water ..litera .. 7,801 699 40 34 97 France.
Molasses do.... 1, 426, 231 68,342 40 296 84 French Colonies and British
West Indies.
Money, silver 193, 382 00 Free France, United States, and
Males....... ....number.. 176 21, 646 80 352 00 France, United States, and
South America.
Munitions of war. 950 00 47 50 France.
Nutmegs.. .kilograms .. 1,042 348 00 17 46 St. Vincent and Grenada.
Oaknm .do. 1,280 107 80 5 39 France.
Oats ... do.. 276, 041 10, 365 80 518 29 France and United States.
Oil-cakes ...... .do... 967, 348 22, 721 60 4,886 72 France, United Kingdom , and
United States.
Oil of cloves do………. 970, 158 260, 281 80 9, 731 58 France.
Oil of seeds . do .. 169, 441 40, 138 00 847 20 France, French Colonies .
United Kingdom, and
United States.
Opium .do 141 1,320 00 66 00 France.
Oil, petroleum .liters .. 216, 939 25, 227 47 10,816 00 French Colonies and United
States.
Optical instruments. 143 00 7 15 France.
Paper, paper-hangings, and playing 12, 657 60 632 87 France, United Kingdom , and
cards. United States.
Paper rags...... .......kilograms.. 288 32 00 1 60 France.
Pepper ..do ... 27, 100 3,487 20 174 36 Do.
Perfumery . ...do.... 27, 127 34, 133 60 3, 413 59 France, United States, and
Great Britain .
Pitch, mineral ..do .... 2,280 158 00 7 90 France.
Plating materials 129 20 5 46 Do.
Potatoes ..kilograms.. 469, 395 20, 162 60 328 56 France, United States, and
British Provinces.
Pork, salt and hams... .do.... 294, 829 78, 883 40 474 14 France, French Colonies, and
United States.
Pottery, common do . 149, 980 13, 710 80 785 54 France and United States.
Pottery, fine .do.. 43, 740 5,987 80 419 14 France and United Kingdom .
Poultry and turtles 3,302 40 66 04 West Indies.
Preserved meats kilograms .. 64, 381 28, 051 80 5,610 36 France and United States.
Rice ..
.do.. 5, 140, 082 325, 103 60 8,738 11 France,French Colonies, East
Indies, and United States.
Rum... .liters.. 49, 053 4, 196 20 2, 002 65 French Colonies and British
West Indies.
2,506 40 50 12 France and United States.
Salt .. and harness .. .kilograms..1, 103, 313
Saddlery
9, 877 8J Free France, French Colonies , An
guilla, and St. Martins.
Sealing-wax... ..do .... 100 16 60 83 France .
Sheep and goats . ..number.. 273 571 20 19 11 French Colonies and West
Indies.
Shells, turtle .kilograms .. 12 22 00 1 10 St. Vincent.
Shingles ......
.. ..thousands .. 630, 040 6,965 20 630 01 British Provinces, United
States, and Demerara.
Ship-chandlery. 2,335 00 117 00 France and United States.
Shooks... 70, 429 71, 319 00 1, 425 00 France, French Colonies, and
United States.
Soap, common ..kilograms.. 137, 810 50, 654 60 689 19 France, United Kingdom, and
United States.
Spices .do.... 1, 132 365 40 17 86 France and United Kingdom.
Sponges .do.. 135 20 40 1 02 France.
Starch.. do. 15, 163 3,033 00 15.35 France ,French Colonies, En
gland, and United States.
Staves ..number.. 195, 219 13, 892 00 78 08 United States.
Stones and earths used for arts aud 34, 134 945 40 47 27 France, Italy, and United
trades, kilograms. States.

IMPORTS-Continued.

Sugar, loaf... kilograms.. 281, 560 $54, 628 00 $8,446 80 France.

Sugar, muscovado .do.. 5 1 20 15 Dominica.
Sulphur do.... 1,018 48 60 2 43 France.
Surgical instruments 1,453 00 72 65 Do.
Swine ....number... 251 719 50 17 57 French Colonies and West
Indies.
Tallow. ..kilograms.. 20, 115 5, 805 60 120 69 France.
Tar, pitch, and resin ........ .do.. 51, 041 2,082 00 104 10 France and United States.
Tea ..do .... 32 35 40 1 77 United Kingdom.
Thread.. …………………………….. .do.... 4,379 3,620 20 181 01 France and United Kingdom.
Tin and zinc . .... .do.... 21, 349 5,672 60 283 63 France.
Tiles . ...number.. 196, 800 1,341 20 39 36 Do.
Tobacco, leaf........... kilograms .. 224,984 79,434 80 18, 898 01 France and United States.
Tobacco, manufactured .. ..do .... 17,846 23, 088 40 3, 182 66 France, French Colonies,
Cuba, and Porto Rico.
Toys ........ 484 00 24 00 France and United States.
Turpentine... ...liters .. 5,332 1,605 40 21 32 France.
Type 35 60 1 78 Do.
Umbrellas and parasols 17,899 00 894 00 Do.
Vanilla .kilograms.. 280 1,250 00 62 50 French Colonies.
Varnish do.. 6, 790 1,029 00 51 45 France.
Vegetables, green.. .do.... 220, 554 13, 437 00 441 10 France, Bermuda, and United
States.
Wax, worked do .... 81 31 00 1 55 France.
Wheat .do.... 515, 015 26, 768 00 3,090 00 United States.
Wine, ordinary, in casks . ..liters.. 2, 201, 040 507, 614 40 44, 038 99 France.
Wine, ordinary, in bottles ...do... 28, 669 10, 019 00 860 07 Do.
Wine, sweet ... do ... 226, 627 84, 943 00 9, 065 08 Do.
Do .do ... 4, 663 1,457 80 186 52 Spain and Madeira.
Wine vinegar .do... 45, 874 3,088 40 154 42 France.
Wood , cabinet .kil ogra ms .. 141, 990 3, 197 00 63 94 Venezuela and West Indies.
Wood , fire ....steres .. 15 20 00 40 St. Lucia.
Wood and lumber......... meters .. 1 , 660, 574 138, 098 20 4, 126 41 FrenchColonies,British Prov
inces, United Kingdom , and
United States.
Wooden utensils. 15, 671 00 882 00 Do.
Total 6, 400, 749 97 274, 907 72
EXPORTS.
Value, includ
charges.
Amber seed . .kilograms.. 815 $320 00 France.

Animal charcoal do.... 2, 160 206 00 Do.
Annotto seed ..do .... 16, 091 3,934 00 Do.
Beans and pease.. ..do .... 27, 412 25, 570 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Beef .do .... 1, 455 341 00 British West Indies.
Beer .liters.. 180 26 00 St. Martin.
Beeves ………….. .number. 10 700 00 Guadeloupe.
Bones .kilograms.. 46, 536 379 00 France.
Books 378 00 French Colonies.
Boots and shoes 2, 198 00 British West Indies .
Bran .kilograms.. 149 290 00 Do.
Brandy liters.. 23,976 9,017 00 West Indies.
Bread, navy ..kilograms.. 10,570 1,228 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Bricks . ..number.. 29, 500 864 00 British West Indies.
Bronze, manufactured .. kilograms.. 6, 200 880 00 Do.
Butter .do.. 13, 971 5, 668 00 West Indies.
Cacao ……………………........ ...do .... 353, 870 58,403 00 France.
Cakes.. .do.... 188 47 00 British West Indies.
Candles, sperm and tallow.... do.... 2,955 651 00 Do.
Casks, empty .liters .. 640, 760 6, 209 00 Do.
Cassia, unprepared ..kilograms .. 123, 160 3,325 00 France.
Castor, pomace . do.... 5,000 150 00 British West Indies.
Charcoal .do.... 750 15 00 Guadeloupe.
Cheese .. .do.. 247 100 00 West Indies.
Chemicals. 407 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Chinaware .kilograms .. 3, 542 678 00 British West Indies.
Cinnamon .do. 150 10 00 British Provinces.
Clocks and watches 286 00 Dominica and St. Vincent.
Cloves .kilograms .. 172 33 00 France.
Sa
FRENCH DEPENDENCIES-MARTINIQUE. 263

EXPORTS-Continued.
Value, includ
charges .
Coal kilograms.. 3,000 827 00 British West Indies.

Coffee. .do... 28, 138 13, 509 00 France and United Kingdom.
Colors .... do.. 40 20 00 British West Indies.
Collection, objects of. 683 00 France, United States, and United
Kingdom.
Copper, manufactured..kilograms.. 728 203 00 Dominica and St. Vincent.
sheet .do .... 75 25 00 British West Indies.
old ..do.... 35, 883 6,791 00 France.
Cordage... ..do.... 6, 210 1,853 00 British West Indies and South Amer
ica.
Cork ...... do .... 517 268 00 British West Indies.
Corn . .do.... 18, 132 816 00 French Colonies.
Corn-meal .. ..... do.... 15, 330 1, 533 00 British West Indies.
Dry goods . 14, 254 00 British West Indies and South Amer
ica.
Farina .kilograms .. 845 128 00 France and United Kingdom.
Felting for ships . ..... ..do.... 300 30 00 British West Indies.
Fire-arms 65 00 Barbados.
Fish, salt and other ....kilograms.. 225, 770 25, 252 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Flags for floors .number.. 1,000 30 00 British West Indies.
Flour kilograms.. 291, 528 23, 613 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Flowers, artificial .do ... 1,280 698 00 France and British West Indies.
. Fruits, oleaginous .. .do.... 4,087 561 00 British West Indies.
Fruit, preserved ..do.... 91, 391 17,829 00 France .
Furniture 680 00 British West Indies.
Gin ..liters.. 5, 580 1,060 00 Do.
Glass ware....…………………….kilograms .. 803 189 00 Do.
Gold-dust 45 00 France.
Gold, old 6, 665 00 Do.
Gazeuse, or lemonade liters . 18, 240 2,070 00 West Indies .
Hats, felt . ..number.. 53 106 00 British West Indies.
Hats, straw and Panama .....do .... 17, 364 7,750 00 France and United Kingdom.
Hides kilograms .. 153,963 18,271 00 France.
Horns ......... .do.... 3, 643 108 00 Do.
Horses ..... number .. 1 100 00 Guadelonpe.
Indigo ..kilograms... 235 104 00 Danish West Indies.
Iron , bar .do.... 9,400 846 00 British West Indies.
scrap .do.... 421, 984 15, 621 00 France.
sheet ..do.... 2,232 322 00 British West Indies.
Iron and tin, manufactured ..do ... 52, 988 3,627 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Jewelry . 40 00 Dominica.
Lard ..kilograms.. 970 202 00 West Indies.
Lead, old.. do... 7,458 384 00 France.
Leather 45 00 St. Vincent.
Leeches 10 00 West Indies.
Linen rags ........kilograms.. 26, 069 5, 121 00 France.
Liqueurs ... .liters.. 9, 495 3,803 00 France, United Kingdom, and British
West Indies .
Lumber meters .. 2, 943 305 00 St. Lucia.
Macaroni. ..kilograms .. 11, 751 1,381 00 British West Indies.
Machinery . .do... 411 00 Do.
Manure ..do.... 107, 156 5,762 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Marble, worked .do.... 2,295 710 00 British West Indies.
Meats, preserved . .do.... 3,977 2,275 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Medicines 857 00 British West Indies.
Mercury 6, 407 00 Do.
Molasses ..liters.. 118,327 5,267 00 France and colonies, United States,
British Provinces.
Money, silver. 38,636 00 France.
Mineral water. .liters .. 672 56 00 British West Indies.
Mules .number.. 47 6, 200 00 Guadeloupe.
Nutmegs ……………... ..kilograms .. 479 185 00 British Provinces.
Oakum do... 133 16 00 Guadeloupe.
Oats and hay ..do ... 11, 018 489 00 French Colonies.
Oil of olives ...... ....do .... 281, 964 73, 320 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Oil of seeds .do.... 22, 169 3,417 00 British West Indies.
Oil, petroleum . ..liters.. 15, 837 1, 438 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Perfumery .kilograms.. 566 670 00 British West Indies.
Plating material 430 00 France and British West Indies.
Pork ................do.... 2,490 954 00 West Indies.
Potatoes ..do.... 22, 985 1,373 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Pottery, common......... ..do.... 78, 235 6, 407 00 British West Indies.
Pottery, superior ..do .... 11, 624 2, 118 00 Do.
Rice ..do.... 347, 776 21, 281 00 West Indies.
Roots, herbs, and barks…………. 217 00 France.
Rum liters.. 6, 519, 839 474, 011 00 Do.
Sealing-wax .........kilograms.. 90 • 10 00 British West Indies.
Seeds .do . 9,974 1,200 00 France.
Statement showing the commerce of Martinique, &c.— Continued .

EXPORTS-Continued.
Value, includ
charges.
Shingles .. .number.. 2,000 $8.00 St. Vincent.

Ship chandlery 8 00 St. Eustacia.
Shooks . number.. 9, 019 9, 471 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Silver, old 7, 244 00 France.
Soap ..kilograms .. 867 158 00 British West Indies.
Staves. ……………………. .number.. 3,000 180 00 St. Lucia.
Stationery. .kilograms.. 510 360 00 British West Indies.
Sugar, loaf .do ... 1,108 245 00 Do.
Sugar, muscovado. .... .do.... 17, 912, 456 1,467, 306 00 France and United States.
Sweetmeats do.... 3, 514 1, 156 00 Do.
Sirups .do.... 21 3 00 France.
Sugar, refined. .do.... 20, 933, 301 2,032, 242 00 France, French Colonies, United King
dom, and British Provinces.
Tamarinds, preserved do.... 18, 775 1,313 00 United States.
Tiles number.. 19, 000 300 00 British West Indies.
Tobacco, leaf ..kilograms .. 3,279 1,054 00 Do.
Tobacco, manufactured . ... do .... 2, 859 1, 823 00 France and British West Indies.
Toys 15 00 British West Indies.
Turtle shells .kilograms .. 117 224 00 France.
Umbrellas and parasols. 737 00 British West Indies and South Amer
ica.
Vanilla .kilograms .. 21 47 00 United States.
Varnish ..do... 678 115 00 British West Indies.
Vegetables , green ...do.... 10, 209 911 00 Barbados and St. Thomas.
Veneering . ..pieces.. 44, 600 1, 002 00 Guadeloupe and British West Indies.
Vinegar, wine . .liters.. 10, 089 637 00 British West Indies.
Wearing-apparel 1, 527 00 France, French Colonies, and British
West Indies.
Wine, common, in casks ......liters.. 269, 862 21, 112 00 British West Indies.
Wine, common, in bottles.. do.... 5, 395 1,262 00 Do.
Wine,Do sweet .do.... 366 179 00 France.
.... do .. 21,997 5, 453 00 British West Indies and United States.
Wood , cabinet .. .kilograms.. 14, 860 132 00 France.
Wood, dye ....... do.. 1,478, 230 · 19, 019 00 Do.
Wood, fire steres .. 482 440 00 Barbados.
Zinc, old .kilograms .. 9, 656 497 00 France.
Zinc, manufactured ..do .... 3 1 00 St. Lucia.
Total ...... 4,507, 241 00
NOTE.-Amount of muscovado sugar exported to the United States as per

triplicate invoices ... 15, 450, 086 kilograms net.
Amount of muscovado sugar exported to the United States as per
custom-house returns 13, 337, 761 kilograms net.
Difference ........ 2, 112, 325 kilograms net.
FRENCH DEPENDENCIES-MARTINIQUE . 265
Statement showing the imports and exports between Martinique and the United States for the
year 1876.
Imports. Exports.
Articles.
Amount. Value. Amount. Value.
Agricultural implements $563 20

Art, materials of …………….. 650 00 …………………...
Beans and pease .... .kilograms .. 126, 656 10, 391 20
Beef.. do ... 415, 934 37, 468 00
Beer......…………………………… .liters .. 7, 682 1,055 00
Bran.. .kilograms .. 350 6 00
Bread, navy .do.. 116, 240 11, 220 20
Brooms 110 00
Butter.. ..kilograms.. 6,730 3,389 20
Cakes and confectionery ………….. .do. 127 87 00
Carriages .. .... 3,298 00
Cheese................ ..kilograms.. 2, 197 885 40
Chemicals 134 20
Collections, objects of.. $50 00
Cordage ..kilograms.. 1, 144 183 00
Corn do.. 595, 408 25, 487 00
Corn-meal ......................do. 50, 210 2,860 00
Drugs 90 00
Fish, dried . ..kilograms.. 735, 219 129,755 55
Fish, pickled .do.. 83, 094 7,089 35
Flour.. do ... 4, 146, 345 371, 194 60
Fruits and seeds, oleaginous .. .do . 3,974 544 40
Hay .... .do.. 26, 176 316 00
Ice ......... .do.. 910, 000 23, 650 00
Ink ... do... 20 6:00
Jewelry, gold and silver... 278 30
Lard . ...... .kilograms .. 93, 637 28, 239 00
Manure, chemical .do.. 851, 954 42,704 30
Marble, manufactured ..do. 1,000 136 00
Medicines, compounded ..do.... 370 176 60
Milk, condensed.. .do.... 40 19 00
Molasses ..liters .. 17, 700 920 00
Money, silver 1,500 00
Mules . .number.. 116 14, 736 00
Oats ……………….. .kilograms.. 93, 528 3,746 20
Oil-cakes .do.. 164, 652 3,886 80
Oil of seeds . .do.... 20, 600 4, 584 20
Oil, petroleum ..liters .. 202, 139 23, 787 47
Paper and paper-hangings 310 00
Perfumery. 47 00
Pork, salt, and hams .kilograms.. 267, 155 71, 700 20
Potatoes . do. 44, 963 1,857 90
Pottery, common …………………. 331 40 .....
Preserved meats ..kilograms.. 779 474 00
Rice.. .do... 3,378 270 00
Hoops .. ..number.. 540 144 00
Shingles . ……………………………….......thousand.. 210,000 2,321 00
Ship-chandlery 491 00
Shooks. .number.. 60, 602 59, 498 00
Soap, common. ………....... .kilograms.. 1,080 142 00
Starch. .do.. 1,380 234 00
Staves .number.. 195,219 13, 892 00
Stones and earths used for arts and trades, kilo.
grams 1,255 28 00
Sugar, muscovado ....... kilograms.. 13, 337, 761 1, 101, 331 00
Sweetmeats …………… .. .de.. 878 288 00
Tamarinds .do. 18, 775 1,313 00
Tar, pitch, and resin. ..do.... 6,000 240 00
Tobacco, leaf .do.... 224,710 79, 075 40
Toys …………… ............. .do.... 239 00
Vanilla ………………….. .do... 21 47 00
Vegetables, green .do .... 25, 536 894 00
Wheat ............ .do.... 515, 015 26, 768 00
Wine, sweet... ..
………… .lit ers .. 219 54 53
Wood and lumber. ....meters .. 777, 318 €5, 862 00
Wooden utensils.. 6, 299 00 ......
Total 1,085, 345 07 1, 104, 003 53
GERMANY .
BERLIN, November 26, 1877. (Received December 14. )

Annual report upon the trade and industries of Germany, for 1876 and 1877 .
Pursuant to consular instructions, I now have the honor to submit
my annual report upon the trade and industries of Germany for 1876
and 1877.
THE ECONOMICAL CRISIS.
The economical crisis existing for years past, which at its commence
ment confined itself to certain branches of industry, particularly to that
of iron , but then reached a wider expansion and by degrees laid hold
upon the entire economic life, has not failed to influence the industrial
and commercial state of affairs of Germany in 1876. Everywhere there
were manifest reductions in the consumption, a holding back in the pro
duction, an anxious precaution in granting and in accepting credit,
sinking prices of goods, a reduction in the number of laboring hands
employed in trades, and everywhere, in consequence of this, the indus
trial and commercial establishments have been working at a loss. The
principal cause of this state of affairs lies in the immoderate extension
and the overstrain of production and speculation, and in the equally
rapid decrease in the consumption of many manufactured goods,
especially in the iron trade, which followed immediately upon the ter
mination of the Franco-German war. There have been other things
added to heighten the economic distress , namely, the circumstance that
the countries with which Germany stands in close commercial relations
are for the most part in a similarly critical position as regards their com
mercial and industrial affairs, that they, like Germany, have lost in their
buying powers , and that therefore the sale of German wares has stag
nated. Another cause for the general depression is to be found in the
circumstance that the first necessaries of life have risen materially in
the last decade, the effect of which is making itself more felt now than in
the beginning. Of late, signs of improvement are apparent, partly owing
to numerous orders from the Russian Government and railroad com
panies, mostly for war purposes, and to a somewhat improved demand
from other countries and the interior.
FREE TRADE VS. PROTECTION.
The contest which has been raging these two years past between the
free-trade school and the protectionists increased in the year 1877 both
in extension and in intensity. The protectionists have within the last
six months gained much ground in public opinion as well as in govern
ment circles. The several customs political measures which have been
adopted abroad , as the dissolution of the Anglo-Austrian commercial
treaty ; the enactment of Russia, according to which, from the 1st of
January, 1877, all import duties in Russia are to be collected in gold ;
and, finally, the breaking off in the negotiations with Austria-Hungary
about a new commercial treaty-these circumstances combined have
brought about a change in many quarters hitherto inclining to free
trade, and therefore an impending revision of the tariff will , in all' prob
ability, show higher import duties on iron , iron wares, leather, textile
fabrics, and many other articles.
GERMANY . 267
THE GERMAN MINT REFORM.

The German mint reform continued its normal progress during the
year 1876. Up to the end of 1876 there were withdrawn of current
silver and copper coin, 601,638,704 marks. The considerable sales of
silver of Germany, added to the decrease in the demand for silver in
India, was the cause of the sinking in the price of silver, which set in
in the spring of last year, which , however, was not of long duration .
The withdrawal of old silver coins has been also continued in the year
1877 in equal dimensions, and at the end of August had reached a
sum of 881,700,000 marks , in exchange for which up to this period
1,514,818,780 marks in gold, 409,349,190 marks in silver, and 33,160,344
marks in nickel had been coined . It may safely be said now that the
mint reform has been nearly carried through without any perceptible
disturbance either to trade and industry or to the other productive in
terests of the country. An estimate which lately appeared from an
authority in financial matters puts the total amount of silver which this
government had at its disposal in the year 1871 at about 1,350,000,000
marks, equal to about $320,000,000. Of this amount about $ 120,000,000
have been sold till now- nearly all to England ; about $ 100,000,000
have been required for the new silver coins in marks ; and $ 100,000,000
are to be disposed of yet.
In this connection I have the honor to submit to the department the
following tables :
Table A, showing the total of the imperial money coined in the Ger
man mints up to the 6th of October, 1877 .
Table B, showing the amount of treasury notes outstanding of the
states of the German Empire on August 31 , 1877.
Table C, showing the condition of the German banks of issue on
August 31 , 1877.
Table D, on the condition of German bank-notes on August 31 , 1877 .
Shipments of silver. The shipments of silver from Southampton to
India, China, and the Straits settlements, from January 1 to November
1 , 1877 , were : To India, £ 11,378,055 , against £5,550,235 in 1876 ; to
China, £ 1,609,797, against £ 1,015,932 in 1876 ; to the Straits, £ 1,266,293 ,
against £569,011 in 1876.
AGRICULTURE .
With regard to the extent and the management of agriculture , there are
unfortunately fewer copious and reliable statements submitted for Ger
many than about other countries. I must, therefore, confine myself to
drawing attention to the harvest yields, as far as such have become
known and are accessible.
While Germany, a few years ago, exported in articles of food more
than she imported, and this particularly as regards grain , now, as is
well known, the imports exceed the exports, and in no year to such an
extent as in 1876. The statistics of imports and exports of the year
1876, compared with the results of the preceding year, show the follow
ing approximative figures :
Imports-Cwt. Exports-Cwt.
1875. 1876. 1875. 1876.
Wheat....... 10, 084, 388 13, 849, 566 11, 629, 598 7,913, 643
Rye 14, 146, 853 22, 275, 902 3, 171, 591 2,041, 495
Barley. 5,019, 321 5,502, 932 2,518, 321 1,717, 948
Oats . 4, 750, 091 6, 528, 344 2,562, 474 1,968, 731
Rape and beets 1, 780, 151 1,374, 662 669, 591 322, 651
Potatoes.. 681, 201 768, 606 2, 193, 679 3,914, 070
For 1877, up to the end of August, there were imported, in hundred

weights, as follows:
Articles. January to January to

August, 1877. December, 1876.
Wheat.. 8,927, 282 13,849, 566

Rye 17, 189, 894 22, 275, 902
Barley. 4,076, 923 5,502, 932
Oats.. 5,028, 424 6, 528, 344
From these figures, it appears that the imports in rye, barley, and oats
have increased to no inconsiderable degree. This movement will, it may
be presumed , be somewhat checked when the home harvest, which has
turned out somewhat better this year, will have come into the market.
Grain harvest of various countries for 1877.—I have extracted the fol
lowing statement from the " Deutsches Börsen und Handelsblatt." As
far as could be ascertained up to the present, the grain crops of this year
of the following countries ( taking 100 as the average) have turned out
as follows :
Countries. Wheat. Rye. Barley. Oats.
Prussia. 95 99 84 83
ម=
Mecklenburg 100 100 80 75
៖
ម
វ គ
គគឺ
វគី
ឌភី
ឥៈី
Baden 85 95 85 100
ProfigoPF androge
Würtemberg 95 105
Bavaria.. 105 96
Saxony 105 100 90
Great Britain and Ireland . 92 75
France 70 70 80 105
Austria-Hungary 112 105 100 102
South Russia 125 85 80 100
Middle Russia . 115 80 75
North Russia 100 100 75
Russian Poland . 87 92 100
Roumania 100 100 100
Switzerland 100 50 50
Sweden and Norway . 100 100 80
Denmark. 110 100 75
Italy 98 95 100
Bessarabia 115 105 100
Belgium.... 90 95 90 100
Netherlands. 100 100 90 100
While barley and oats, with respect to Germany, have partly im

proved, but partly gone back a trifle as compared with the preceding
year, the yield in rye and wheat has almost everywhere been a very
rich one, and it may be expected that the imports in the latter articles
will recede at least 10 to 20 per cent. as compared with the preceding
year. For barley and oats, it may be anticipated that a like quantity
will be required as in the preceding years.
River courses and agriculture.- In connection with this subject, I have
translated an article which appeared lately in an agricultural paper,
which may be of some interest to agriculturists. It reads as follows :
The spirit of enterprise which since the conclusion of peace at Frankfort has mani
fested itself so conspicuously in France, and to which she owes in a large measure her
national prosperity of late, will make itself felt also in her agriculture. Recently the pa
pers had to announce the appointment of a commission which has to occupy itself with
ways and means to promote the profitable use of the courses of rivers. The merit of
this is not due to the secretary of public works, Mr. Paris, alone, who has suggested
this proposition, this being a problem with which also other professional men have
occupied themselves for years, and on which judgment will be passed very soon by
their countries as well. To my knowledge, this question has been treated in Germany
by Prof. D. Dunkelberg, at Wiesbaden . I will reduce the whole subject to a few
words :
GERMANY . 269
Professional men have long ago ascertained that the rivers of the earth move away
yearly more solid matter dissolved in them than human power has ever been able
to do.
That these dissolved substances of organic and unorganic origin possess extraordinary
fructifying powers is beyond question ; scientific examinations as well as manifold experi
ments having established the fact. One may think only of the inundations of the Nile,
of the marshy tracts in Germany, and of the blessing which the Rhine distributes yearly
below the city of Düsseldorf over the meadows and pasture-grounds. Of these fructi
fying substances brought forward by the rivers, 999 parts are actually lost, being car
ried as mere waste to the sea. To retain them and make them available to agriculture
is the problem in question, on the realization of which will depend whether Europe
will be able to feed its increasing population after a few decennaries, for the importa
tion of cereals and cattle from other parts of the globe will soon find its limit. Several
estimates on that account have been made by professional men , which in general aim
at the following object :
All rivers and creeks of a basin are to be dammed up at suitable points, and in cer
tain distances, in order to carry their water far off on the contiguous fields for regular
irrigation. The water so dammed up and escaping by the side or over the guard-lock
may be used for industrial or agricultural purposes. The height of the water in the
river being considerably raised , the river itself is thus made navigable for crafts of
deep draught. But, in order to prevent the banks of the river above the guard-lock
being devastated , the bed of the river on both sides must be fenced in by high dikes
and piers, so that it may hold the dammed-up water. To facilitate the passage of ves
sels, separate locks and side-beds should be made at the dams in connection with the
same. A river regulated after this method would carry only one-fourth or one-fifth of
its water to the sea.
The advantages of this proceeding are obvious. In this way only inundations can
be made harmless, which have devastated many parts of France, and which have also
occurred in Germany with rivers which hitherto seemed harmless. The banks of a river
within the distance of many miles would thus be turned into exuberant meadows,
potato and beet-root plantations, by steady irrigation, which at the same time is ma
nuring them . The immediate result would be a wonderful increase in live stock, and ,
besides many other advantages, more mauure would thereby be available for other
lands.
American wheat.- Many complaints have been made of late years about
the poor quality of the American wheat, California wheat excepted, a
circumstance which, in the long run, may prove very injurious to Ameri
can trade, especially in bountiful years. Too much care cannot be be
stowed upon the selection of the finest wheat for seed , as well as upon
the tillage and the treatment of the soil. The good quality of this year's
crop is generally appreciated .
PRODUCTION OF BEET-SUGAR. -The quantity of beet taxed and used
in the manufacture of sugar amounted in the harvest of September
August, 1876-77, to 70,949,323 hundred- weight, as against 83,225,683
hundred - weight in the preceding year, showing a decrease therefore of
nearly 15 per cent. Along with this falling off in the yield there was a
still greater decrease in the production in France and in the other
countries, so that the prices toward the end of 1876 reached quite an
extraordinary height, and the consumption of sugar experienced con
siderable reductions. The exports of German raw sugar have therefore
in the last year attained dimensions never before reached. According to
the returns of exports, which at present are submitted up to the end of
August, the sugar trade and sugar consumption of Germany show the
following results as compared with those of the preceding years :
Harvest. Production of Imports.

beet-sugar. Exports. Consumption.
Crot. Crot. Crot. Orot.

1874-'75 . 5, 128, 547 568, 930 240, 250 5,457, 927
1875-'76. ............ 7, 160, 964 426, 489 1, 147, 820 6, 439, 633
1876-'77. 5,800,000 163, 900 1, 162, 620 4,801, 300
Notwithstanding the diminished production, the export of beet- sugar

from Germany has yet experienced an increase, the home consumption
on the other hand remaining behind that of the year 1875-76 by about
1,600,000 hundred -weight. With the simultaneous falling off in the
beet- sugar productions in France, the home-sugar manufacturers have,
however, been sufferers in a less degree than the state , or rather the
customs department. The increased demand of France and of England
for foreign raw sugar gave the German manufacturers toward the end
of last spring an opportunity to dispose of a large quantity of their stock
at a pretty good profit, and thus to equalize the decrease in production
by higher prices. The state, however, in the last year has not only
lost so much in duties on sugar as the production of sugar has di
minished , but also in proportion as the exports have increased. The
falling off in the production amounts to about 1,400,000 hundred - weight,
which would represent a duty of some 13,000,000 of marks . The sugar
beet crop of Europe is estimated as follows :
1877-'78. 1876-'77. 1875-'76.
Tons. Tons. Tons.

Germany 355, 000 291, 204 346, 645
France 325,000 243, 295 450, 877
Russia and Poland 250,000 250,000 245, 000
Austria-Hungary 235,000 205, 267 180, 140
Belgium... 60,000 44, 467 79, 795
Holland and others .. 25, 000 25,000 30,000
Total ...... 1,250,000 1,059, 233 1,322, 457
This branch of agriculture has experienced an enormous development

within the last twenty- five years. In 1850 the number of raw-sugar
factories was 184 , and the mass of sugar-beet manufactured into sugar
14,750,000 hundred - weight, whereas in the years 1874-75 333 factories
were in operation , using up more than 55,000,000 hundred- weight of
beet-sugar.
GERMAN FISHERIES .
The " German Fisheries Association " now existing for some years
past, under the patronage of bis imperial highness the Crown Prince,
refers principally in its propaganda for the artificial breeding of fish to
the example set by the United States and to the authority of Mr. Baird
at Washington . It is by no means unknown in Germany what is still
lacking in an agricultural and economical direction , but the matters in
arrear are too many, and the military tasks, as also the cares connected
with political organization , too urgent, to permit of matters connected
with farming and the like being simultaneously energetically taken in
hand. For this cause the above-mentioned fisheries association does
not meet with the interest or support which it deserves either from the
government, the parliament, or the public. It is painfully felt in Ger
many that the yields from the German seas and lakes in the way of arti
cles of food have not been carried to a larger extent, so much the more
as the not unfrequently barren soil leaves a great deal to desire in this
respect .* With regard to the actual fish production , no accurate sta
tistical returns are furnished , and the statements also published for
some years past by the ministerial commission in Kiel for the exami
The German imports of herrings exceed the exports annually to the amount of
about 30,000,000 of marks.
GERMANY. 271
nation of the German waters concerning the results of the sea-fisheries

at Hela, Lohme, Poel, Travemünde, Eckernförde , Schleswig, and Helgo
land only afford an approximative survey, as an accurate method of
arriving at the yields of the fisheries is not yet organized . Of the
Prussian fisheries , Eckernförde and Hela have hitherto furnished the
largest yields. The number of herrings for both places is between two
and three millions annually, that of sprats from three to six millions ,
and that of turbot between one and a half and two millions. The had
dock fishery is very insignificant. In the same way the fisheries at
Bohme, in Rügen, and in Schleswig scarcely deserve to be mentioned.
Of the non-Prussian places where there are fisheries, those which take
a prominent position in sea- fisheries are Travemünde and Helgoland ,
as there were caught here in seven months (from June until the end of
December, 1875) , in the sea, in Travemünde, 6,373,800 herrings, 1,280
sprats, 134,710 turbots, 85 kilograms of salmon, and 68,340 kilograms
of torsk ; in Helgoland , on the other hand, 334,970 plaice or sole, 566,814
haddock, 115 codfish , and 323,400 oysters .
WOODS AND FORESTS AND THE TIMBER TRADE .
The statistics of Germany relating to woods and forests are so incom

plete, and as yet so entirely in the first stage of development, that it is
impossible to furnish correct figures, even as regards the produce and
profits. Of the total area of the German Empire, which comprises
54,102,769 hectares , there were in the year 1871 , 13,940,541 hectares of
woods and forests , which might be estimated to yield some 26,000,000
meters of wood .
The past year brought no improvement in the timber trade. The
prices of pine or resinous circular wood, cut square timber, and boards ,
receded still further, but the trade was slack, as there was a reduction
in the otherwise so flourishing furniture- manufacturing trade of Ger
many, owing to the lack of sale. The sale of building and other timber
seems also, according to the accounts of the foreign trade in Germany in
the year 1876, to have receded . The imports and exports were as fol
lows :
Imported. Exported.
Description.
1875. 1876. 1875. 1876.
Logs and blocks .... .cwt.. 15, 057, 000 14, 900, 000 12, 656, 000 16, 950,000
Do... .pieces .. 2, 393, 000 2,320,000 10, 600 7,675
Planks and boards ...... .cwt.. 22, 789, 000 22, 300, 000 8, 202, 000 8, 650,000
Do.... ..pieces.. 940,000 2, 170, 000 39, 488 78, 700
Joiner or cabinet-makers' woods. ..cwt.. 696, 278 666, 000 96, 217 111, 000
Veneered and inlaid woods do.. 32, 900 32, 200 6, 880 9, 640
Furniture do.. 30, 045 32, 609 76, 300 65, 300
The imports, which chiefly come from Austria , are, according to this ,
behind those of the preceding year, whereas the exports in almost all
articles have increased .
COMMERCE AND SHIPPING.
In the foreign trade of Germany a vast revolution has taken place

during those last few years . While a dozen years ago Germany ex
ported more than she imported in articles of food , she has now become
herein, and also as regards raw material for her industry, in a high de
gree dependent upon abroad , and whereas at the commencement of the
last decade she could produce a very favorable balance, the deficits now
from year to year are increasing.
The year 1876 has brought up the balance against Germany, which
in the preceding years had slightly decreased , to the height it had
reached in 1873. If one may judge from the statements for the year
1875, for which more accurate calculations are only now submitted , it
would appear that the excess of imports has particularly applied to
grain, groceries , raw metals , drugs and chemicals, hides and skins ,
spinning-stuffs and yarns, while an excess has again been visible in
woven textures and in finished goods. In exports the values are not
made up in the German statistics, as the statements are inaccurate .
According to an approximate valuation , woven textures, grain, cattle,
and spinning- stuffs are articles the exports of which represent the
greatest value. As regards the commercial relations with the several
countries, it seems these cannot be specified with any certainty, as im
ports and exports are not entered to the respective countries from
whence they come and to which they are sent, but to the respective
boundaries where they enter and leave. According to a statement
drawn up for the year 1875, it may be gathered that the greater part
of the imports enter via Austria, the Netherlands, Hamburg, Russia ,
and Belgium.
Imports from the United States.— Of the_articles the most important
for the United States are meat, grease, and petroleum . In all three ar
ticles the general imports into Germany have increased as compared with
the last year, and there can be no doubt that the United States has had
the greatest share in this increase, particularly as regards petroleum.
According to American statistics, there were exported from the United
States 261,432,384 gallons of petroleum in 1876, of which 88,000,000 came
to Germany. This country is at present the largest consumer of petro
leum , but it is a question whether it will remain so , in consideration of
the circumstance that in government circles there is a talk of introduc
ing a petroleum duty, which would probably depress the consumption
in Germany considerably. Yet another danger threatens American in
dustry in the endeavors of those persons here connected with the leather
trade for the introduction of a differential duty on American hemlock
leather to four times the amount of the present duty. If the govern
ment should give in to the wishes of the tauners, which for the present is
uncertain, this measure would probably entirely destroy the export of
American leather to Germany.
Table F contains a statement of the kind and value of imports into the
German Zollverein during the calendar year 1876 , the total value of
imports for that year being $ 1,203,980,120 as against $ 1,143,494,800 of
the preceding year.
Of the value of exports no returns on the part of the imperial bureau
of statistics are prepared .
THE GERMAN MERCHANT MARINE .
The German merchant marine, on the 1st of January, 1877, numbered

4,809 sea-going vessels , with a registered tonnage of 1,103,650 tons, and
manned by 41,844 hands. Among those vessels there were 4,491 sailing
vessels of 922,704 tons register and 318 steamers of 180,946 tons register
and of 49,875 horse-power. These would be distributed as follows :
GERMANY. 273
Baltic ter- German ocean Total.

Description. ritory. territory.
SAILING -VESSELS.
Number 1,964 2,527 4,491
Tons register.. ..... 434, 534 488, 170 922, 704
Crew . 356 16, 899 33, 255
STEAMERS.
Number... 141 177 318
Tons register. 35, 973 144, 973 180, 946
Horse-power 10,883 38, 992 49, 875
Crew.. 1,749 6, 840 8, 589
If we compare these figures with those of the preceding years, the

German merchant service not only shows an increase in the number of
vessels, but also in their tonnage ; the Baltic fleet has increased since
1871 by 290 vessels (119 sailing-vessels and 171 steamers ) of 121,295
registered tonnage (22,343 tons register in the sailing vessels and 98,952
tons register in the steamers ) .
In the Baltic provinces the sailing -fleet has diminished by 42 vessels and
4,555 tons register ; on the other hand, the fleet of steamships has in
creased by 65 vessels and 25,239 tons register. The ships existing on 1st
January, 1877, are distributed among 262 ports to which they belong
(61 on the Baltic , 201 on the German Ocean). To particularize, there
are in the province of Prussia 5 shipping places with 239 vessels of
91,235 tons register ; in Pomerania, 22 shipping places with 1,050
vessels of 202,035 tous register ; in Mecklenburg- Schwerin, 2 shipping
places with 421 vessels of 116,733 tons register ; in Lübeck, 1 shipping
place with 40 vessels of 8,909 tons register ; in Schleswig- Holstein
(Baltic coast) , 31 shipping places with 355 vessels of 51,595 tons register ;
in Schleswig- Holstein (German Ocean coast), 57 shipping places with
470 vessels of 48,086 tons register ; in Hamburg, 2 shipping places with
439 vessels of 214,898 tons register ; in the Hanoverian Elbe and Weser
Provinces, 69 shipping places with 453 vessels of 45,228 tons register ;
in Bremen, 2 shipping places with 255 vessels of 196,011 tons register ;
in Oldenburg, 23 shipping places with 372 vessels of 63,032 tons register;
in the Hanoverian Ems territory, including East Friesland and the
Prussia Jahde territory, 48 shipping places with 715 vesselss of 65,888..
tons register. According to their class, they are distributed as follows :
1,221 three-masted ships (115 full-rigged ships , 999 barks, 33 schooner
barks, 74 three-masted schooners), 2,442 two- masted vessels , and 828
one-masted vessels . Among the steamships there were 38 paddle-boats
with 3,205 tons register, and 2,867 horse-power, and 280 screw-steamers
of 117,741 tons register and of47,008 horse-power.
A special interest is afforded by a statement showing the age of the
existing sea-going vessels of the German fleet. Of these there were:
under one year old , 155 ; from one to three years, 335 ; from three to five
5
years, 333 ; from five to seven years, 257 ; from seven to ten years, 47 ;
from ten to fifteen years, 1,036 ; from fifteen to twenty years, 810 ; from
twenty to thirty years, 835 ; from thirty to forty years, 361 ; from forty
to fifty years, 78 ; from fifty years and beyond, 31 vessels ; of 31 vessels
the year when they were built is not known.
With regard to the building materials of the vessels, there were of
iron 373 , among these 302 steamships ; of wood, 4,425, among these 16
steamships ; of wood and iron, 3 ; of the remaining 8 vessels, the chief
material is not given. Bolting and plating, or lining, only comes into
consideration with wooden vessels. Of the latter, there were 2,962
without any plating ; 1,190 were copper or metal-bottomed , 149 zinc, 6
18 C R
iron-bottomed, whereas of 129 vessels any information in this respect is

wanting. With regard to the carrying of chronometers, it must be re
marked that of the 4,491 sailing-vessels, 1,725, or 38.4 per cent., and of
the 318 steamships , 132 , or 41.5 per cent. , had chronometers on board.
GERMAN EMIGRATION.
The German emigration to transmarine countries had reached a great
extent in the years of general prosperity and improvement, up to the
year 1873. In 1872, for example, about 128,000 persons emigrated via
Bremen, Hamburgh, Havre, and Antwerp, against 108,000 persons in
1873. Since then it has not only receded in a marked degree, but on
the outbreak of the economical crisis in the United States a considerable
reimmigration into Europe has manifested itself. In the year 1876, the
German emigration , at the above mentioned ports, as far as has been
registered, to countries beyond the seas, had sunk down to 29,846 per
sons, against 32,465 persons in the preceding year. This diminution has
taken place in all parts of the country, certain districts excepted, such
as the Province of Prussia, which shows a considerable increase in emi
gration . Of these emigrants, the most part went to the United States ,
some 24,838 in number, and a large number of them to Australia and
to the Brazils . With regard to personal relations of the German emi
grants, all that is known is , that, among the 23,882 persons forwarded via
Bremen and Hamburgh there were 13,774 males, and 10,108 females, and
that of all, excepting those forwarded via Havre, in all 28,588 emigrants,
there were 1,380 above one year of age, 4,800 between one and ten years
of age, and the remaining 22,408 were above ten years of age. The
number of vessels which forwarded the German emigrants diminished
in 1876 to 628 as compared with 661 in the preceding year. The num·
ber of emigrants not Germans who were forwarded via Bremen and
Hamburgh amounted in 1875 to 56,313, and in 1876 to 26,718.
H. KREISMANN.
NOTE. The tables accompanying this report were prepared by Mr.
Sander, vice-consul general.
A.-Table showing the total of the imperial money coined in the German mints up to the 6th
of October, 1877.
GOLD COINS.
*Marks. Dollars.
Double crowns .. 1, 149, 469, 100 273, 573, 645
Crowns 373, 114, 095 88, 801, 155
Total 1,522, 583, 195 362,374, 800
SILVER COINS.
Five-mark pieces 71, 653, 095 17, 053, 437
Two-mark pieces.. ....................... 97, 288, 586 23, 154, 683
One-mark pieces ………………………………………………………… 143, 512, 165 34, 155, 895
Fifty-pence pieces .. ..... ………………... 63, 824, 961 15, 190, 341
Twenty-pence pieces .. 35, 717, 923 8, 500, 866
Total 411, 996, 730 98,055, 222
NICKEL COINS.
Ten-pence pieces.. 23, 502, 531 5,593, 602
Five-pence pieces . 11, 657, 814 2,774, 560
Total 35, 160, 345 8,368, 162
COPPER COINS.
Two-pence pieces …………… 6, 213, 207 1,478, 743
One-penny pieces ........... 3,382, 723 805, 088
Total 9, 595, 930 2,283, 831
*A German mark is equal to 23 cents United States money.
GERMANY. 275
B.-Statement of the amount of treasury- notes outstanding of the several states of the German
authorized
withdrawn
- reasury
Amount
Amount
Amount
ntreasury
treasury
treasury
Amount
Empire and the empire at large on August 31, 1877.
state
state
empire
issued
tnotes
April
state
notes
sued
- otes
-notes
here
celed
lieu
ntreasury
the
can
act
the
all
by
of
of
of
in
of
of
enit
be
of
is
.of
or
to
- otes
.
issued
tofore
empire
the
.
States.
, 874
1.30
Prussia, including Lauenburg .. $14,610, 042 $14, 258, 164 $16, 818, 750 $17, 170, 628
Bavaria.. 8, 568, 000 8, 509, 603 3, 379, 013 3, 379, 014
Saxony 8, 568, 000 8, 495, 008 1, 780, 201 1,780, 201
Würtemberg 2, 448,000 2,421, 888 1, 266, 454 1, 266, 454
Baden 2,652, 000 2,626, 431 1,017, 850 1,017, 851
Hesse .. 1,754, 400 1, 736, 448 593, 966 593, 966
Mecklenburg-Schwerin ... 703, 290 700, 434 388, 412 388, 413
Grand Duchy of Saxony. 428, 400 420, 728 199, 301 199, 301
Mecklenburg-Strelitz …………………….. 571, 200 567, 530 67, 538 67, 539
Oldenburg …………………………….. 217, 787 217, 788
Brunswick. ...... 714,000 707, 117 217, 323 217, 323
Saxe-Meiningen ................. 428, 400 402, 767 130, 895 130, 896
Saxe-Altenburg.. ……………………….. 346, 718 338, 847 98,975 98,975
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha .............. 428, 400 420, 479 121, 411 121, 412
Anhalt 678, 300 659, 022 141, 676 141, 676
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.. 107, 100 106, 406 46, 792 46, 793
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. …………………….. 142,800 136, 919 52, 594 52, 595
Walderk.. ....... 149, 940 146, 482 39, 155 39, 155
Reuss senior line........... 92, 820 90, 262 31, 404 31, 404
Reuss junior line.. .............. 228, 480 220, 434 62, 003 62, 003
Schaumburg-Lippe ……………………………….. 242,760 241, 775 22, 326 22, 326
Lippe .......... 77, 395 77, 396
Lübeck ........ ............ .... 36, 322 36, 323
Bremen. ........... ..... ...... 85,242 85,242
Hamburg ……………..... ………………... 236, 065 236, 066
Alsace-Lorraine .. 1,079, 257 1,079, 260
Total 43, 863, 050 43, 206, 745 28, 208, 107 28, 560,000
.31
,1on
C.August
issue
of
banks
German
the
condition
eport
R877
-
276
Liabilities
. Assets
.
.
banks
the
of
Names
.
Bank
Imperial 1$,3265078911 051
22
19
6382
06
3695
708
23
12
33
60
820
00 ,36$868 18
2 4,6$1104 ,06$245834 4,268
07
38
42
58
Breslau
at
Bank
Municipal 201
714,000 ,18142
2,378 551
410
46
00 1, 90 250
, 18 65,158 62 ,278
495 , 44
2104 , 02
72,710
Private
Bank
of
Cologne
.... 4238
,2714,000178 76
94
5754
619
00
52 41,2c 984, 66 91,98 62 6135, 60 58,072 5,217 64
Private
Bank
of
Magdeburg
. , 00
0714 ,322
147 245,854
2694
1,873 ,046 60 0,892 165,648 ,782
1,258 6194
, 84 , 24
411 8,2196 ,380
1,906
of
Bank
Private
Dantzic
.. 714,000 ,500
178 2,707 42
450
,2561 241,094 474 , 94 5,2168 50 0193
, 18 ,500
59 058 , 72 ,746
2,776
Bank
Posen
of
Province , 00
0714 8, 36
171 916
72
21,721
,545 6224 , 72 38,318 12, 80 16 9, 68
198 094, 10 1,748 72
of
Bank
Hanover 2,856,000 178 ,500 81,362775 80
02 663 ,544 0,394 289, 50 3,403 40 119,000 213
,010 ,942
1,810 ,2602 80
.
Frankfurt
of
Bank 0, 34
4,080 2832
, 86 0511 ,3,958 430
87
16 8, 60
1,301 6, 44
175 5926, 34 4, 68
6,803 360 ,570 ,194
1,419 ,226
744 11 96
,4731
..
Issue
of
Bank
Bavarian 0, 00
1,785 18,564 3,15,791
18,406 702 76 13,965 80 161, 84 , 12
6374 78,006 , 96 3, 88
339 6240, 18 ,224
261 3418 , 02 04
.
Dresden
at
Bank
Saxon 01,740 00 738,514 018 ,2844 78
08
72 7, 91
4,917 ,968
79 , 98
7385 81,941 18 11,216, 80 ,472
962 ,178
1,340 018 ,244 08
ouse
-Heipsic
,LClearing
Bank 0,714 00 37 ,846 ,674
695 , 22
91,860 1250 , 38 0,446 , 06
9115 1989 , 28 4274, 14 46,886 , 04
4180 ,922
1,860
Chemnitz
of
Bank
City , 80
3121 7, 54
19 3121 ,680
969 12 ,64648 2,380 2, 78
19 827,054 4, 18
26 ,800
23 34 0, 34 6969, 12
Issue
.Bank
of
Würtemburg 00
0,1242 80
,206 61665
,447 66
26 2,212 6, 86 4,284 830, 62 1,462 17 85,204 10,472 7152, 96 6665 , 66
..
Baden
of
Bank 01,200 42 321
,062 1952,270,461 20
10 7981 , 50 4,2566 2108, 90 ,58230 ,192
234 50,932 ,950
719 1,9410 61
Bank
for
South
Germany , 36 9
93,72 7347, 18 , 32
73,049 ,226
7,527 7, 86
1,248 1,904 14,518 46,39639 502 ,180 ,452
1,369 ,890
750 7,527 ,226
Bank
.
Rostock
of ,000
1,428 82
,824 190, 40 ,63580 36 0,2384 58,310 238 , 60
4873 ,278
1,685 , 40
2352 , 12
6731 ,27329 22
Bank
.
Brunswick
of 2,499,000 110,670 , 52
3667 7, 46
4,799 2178 , 62 , 94
826 , 88
841 , 80
92,310 0519
, 78 6,7134 47 , 36
74,824
Bank
Lübeck
Commerce
of 2571 40
,1700 , 62
0202 ,804
441 1,9154 6,166 , 90
924 9824 , 08 , 68
332 158,270 339 ,626 ,982
472
Bank
Bremen
of 4, 66 2
3,95 , 66
1180 2,128 15 6,921 26 528,598 5,422 69 0, 20 0, 88
7,872 , 62
8820 0, 88
256 252 ,756 , 34
99,803
Total 16
91
75
,3680244
65 ,8142
74911
3144 50
41
18
10
48
72
85
67
340
32
84
0208 19 60
23
94
,185302342
15
17
70
05
44
22
nbank-
D.
eport
condition
the
German
-of
1August
,on
R.31 otes
877
German
The
Empire
bank
n
-has
otes
Names
the
banks
issue
.of of
denominations
In
denominations
of
marks
.100 200
marks
.of marks
.500 .
marks
1,000 .
Total
circula
In On
.
hand circu
In circula
In circula
In circula
In
tion
. lation
: .
hand
On .tion On
.
hand .
hand
On On
.
hand
tion
. tion
. of former cur
tired.
rency not yet re
Circulating notes
Grand total.
M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M.
.
Bank
Imperial 347
900
26,423103
96 126
07 M. M.
Municipal
Breslau
at
Bank 1,297,000 ,000 0,7223
293
00 23
0,210
00 6684 0248
,10077
33 66
00
92,4703
45
37 ,50687 71
45
Private
Bank 203 1,020,000 480
0, 00 ,000
2,317 683,000
of
Cologne
.. ,7600
389
586 0, 00
2,317
Private
Bank
Magdeburg
of 2,916,700 83
,300 6, 00
586 7389
, 00 , 40
617 2,604
2, 40
Private
Bank
Dantzic
of
. 359
1, 00 , 00
9640 916
,700 83
,300 ,700
2,916
Province
Posen
of
Bank 661 ,000 , 00
2238 , 00
2661 , 00
8238 359 ,100 640
9, 00 , 00
1359
Bank
of
Hanover
...... , 00
5970 ,500
229 ,500
2,293 706,500 293
5, 00
5,780
5, 00 , 00
52,219
Bank
Frankfurt
of 6,000 05 ,000
3,695 5, 00
1,258 ,500 5,780
5, 00 5,200 19 ,500
5,780
Bavarian
Issue
of
Bank
. 66,315,000 1,341 69
0,3900 53,16 31,000
600
32 ,500
11,367 16 ,6532 00
Saxon
Bank ,400
3,648 66 ,0300 15 4, 00
3,648
Dresden
.at 27
,9100
27 , 00
1832 72 ,100
510
53 46
5,300
16 66
,3015 00
Clearing
ouse
,Leipsic
-H..Bank 37 ,4281 00 , 00
6249 18 37
,4281 00
Chemnitz
of
Bank
City , 00
02,923 , 00
077 0,9223 00 0,7700 0, 00
2,923
Würtemburg 510,000 510,000
Bank
Issue
of
.... 417
, 27,000 ,01873 00 510
,000
Bank
Baden
of
. 9,539 00 29,540060 ,000
17,427 ,01800 73 17
,0400 27
for
South
Germ
Bank any 612,800 13 423 ,100 86 ,9500 39 29,4560 00 59, 00 39
Bank
Rostock
.of 1,8000 19
,9100 ,6813
12 00 ,4186
23 00 ,600
12,813
GERMANY.
Bank
Brunswick
of ,200 4
2,80 10 ,8590 00 ,100
80 9,1 19 00 ,100
80
Bank
Commerce
of
Lübeck
.. ,500
848 ,500
1,551 ,2800 04 590
,810 00 , 00
22,804
Bank
Bremen
of 5,105 00 , 00
54,894 5848 , 00 5, 00
1,551 848,500
5,105 00 5, 00
4,894 ,5105 00
Total 6,512
00081 ,10355 00
63 ,200
661 238
5141
,812 00 241
,578700
Equal
dollars
to 121
,4821
75 84,0505 18 ,366 0220
,40012 0,9254 00
88 6,3874 67
00 ,4852
000 77 5,9285
55 877
6,8 22
5
157 34
656
,93379
875 45
4,57
525 0,45256
58 ,166044
67 1,8208 70
17 7,4202 94
21 703
,429 8,2208 74
47
277
E.-Statement showing the production of all kinds of salt, and the amount of tax collected
Amount
Amount
thereon, within the limits of the German Zollverein during the year 1876.
thereon
salt
produced
.lected
col
tax
of
of
.
States. Description.
Crot. Dollars.
Kingdom ofPrussia.... Crystal salt ...... 81, 545 31, 626
Rock salt.... 823, 771 13,755
Salt procured by evaporation....... 4,550, 803 2, 271, 105
Salt-lick stone for cattle. 65
Pan's scale.. 62, 187 ..........
Other salt. ..... ……………………………………………. 42, 919
Brine.. 106 114
Mother lye... 1 1
Total... 5,566, 397 2,316, 601
Kingdom of Bavaria Rock salt... 53, 808 198
Salt procured by evaporation ..... ……………. 912, 185 710, 863
Pan's scale.. 9, 686
Other salt 4,530
Brine...
Mother lye
Total.... 980, 209 711, 061
Kingdom of Würtemberg....……. Crystal salt 330 382
Rock salt. 1, 106, 583 4
Salt procured by evaporation .. 522, 029 322, 863
Salt. 4, 730
Brine..
Total.... 1,633, 672 323, 249
Grand Duchy of Baden Salt procured by evaporation.. 528, 392 265, 542
Pan's scale...
Other salt . 3,839 ……………...
Brine..
Total.. 532, 231 265, 542
Grand Duchy of Hessen Salt procured by evaporation ..... 265, 521 147, 865
Brine..
Mother lye .......
Total.. 265, 521 147,865
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg... Salt procured by evaporation.... 25, 115 41, 305
Salt, other. …………… . 925
Brine.. ……………………….
Mother lye.
Total.. 26, 040 41, 305
Thuringian States Rock salt. 506, 619
Salt procured by evaporation... 627, 769 406, 443
Salt-lick stone for cattle . 2,717
Pan's scale . 779
Other salt. 37, 611
Brine... …………………….
Mother lye..
Total ..... 1, 175, 495 406, 443
Duchy of Brunswick ........... Salt by evaporation .. 104, 024 91, 044
Pan's scale.. .... 3,250
Total ... 107, 274 91, 044
Duchy of Anhalt..... Crystal salt.. 3, 955 1, 119
Rock salt.. 524, 714 598
Salt by evaporation.. 20, 400
Total... 549, 069 1,717
Alsace-Lorraine Salt by evaporation.... 775, 243 166, 911
GERMANY. 279
Amount
Amount
E.-Statement showing the production of all kinds of salt, &c. — Continued .
thereon
produced
salt
lected
col
tax
of
of
.
.
States. Kinds of salt.
Owt. Dollars.
Total of the German Zollverein .. Crystal salt... 85,830 33, 127
Rock salt. ..... 2,938, 715 14, 556
Salt procured by evaporation ... 8,035, 455 4, 506, 943
Salt-lick stone for cattle . 2, 782
Pan's scale ..... · 75, 902 .......
Other salt ........ ................ 114, 954
Brine.. 106 114
Mother lye 1 1
Total. 11, 253, 745 4, 554, 741
G.-Statement showing the revenues and expenditures of the German Empire for the fiscal
year ending March 31, 1878.
A.-REVENUES.
1. Customs duties and internal revenues $60, 226, 807
2. Stamp tax ... ……………………………………. 1, 645, 532
3. Surplus receipts of post-office and telegraph departments 2, 786, 893
4. Amount of earnings from railways of the empire .. ....... .. 2, 366, 672
5. From the Imperial Bank ............. 368, 900
6. Sundries. ..... ..... 2, 132, 698
7. From the invalid fund of the empire....... ………………………………………………………….. 6,660, 922
8. Surplus of preceding years ......... 2,743, 206
9. Mints and coinage . ………………………………………………………………. 2,427, 600
10. Interest from invested funds of the empire ....... 1, 469, 650
11. From deficiency appropriations .. 23, 083, 144
105, 912, 624
12. Total amount of the quota paid by the several states of the German Empire ………
.. 23, 298, 378
Total revenue 129, 211, 002
B.-EXPENDITURES.
Regularly occurring expenses.
Office of the chancellor of the empire.... 971,000
Federal council and committees of the same ..................
Imperial Diet 75, 720
Foreign office, including legations and consulates ..................................... 1, 413, 305
War department, including the Bavarian army ....... ………………… ..................……………. 77, 439, 494
Navy department ... .... .... 5, 303, 738
Judiciary of the empire... ............... 189, 975
Department of railways of the empire. ........... ………………………........... ………………… .. 64, 915
Imperial chancery for Alsace-Lorraine ………………………………… ......... 40, 879
National debt of the empire, interest ……………..... 969, 255
Auditing and controlling tribunal... 96, 120
General pension-fund-army, navy, and civil administration ......……………………………………………. 5, 484, 436
Invalid fund of the empire 6, 660, 922
Total of regular expenditures . 98,709, 769
Extraordinary expenditures.
Office of the chancellor of the empire.. 410, 713
Foreign office .. 281, 804
Post-office and telegraph department.. ............................... 2,797, 306
War department, army ..... ..... ………………….. 12, 382, 775
Navy department.. ………………………………………… .... 6,801, 326
Judiciary of the empire 1, 428
Auditing and controlling tribunal ……………………………... 2,380
Administration of railroads of the empire. ........................... 897, 553
Mints and coinage.... ..... 1,856, 400
Expenditures in consequence of the war against France.......... …………….. 5,069, 548
Total extraordinary expenditures... 30, 501, 233
Total regularly occurring expenses .. 98,709, 769
Grand total of expenditures . 129, 211, 002
GERMANY.
FRANKFORT- ON -THE-MAIN, Nov. 1, 1877. (Received Dec. 10.)
Report upon the formation, principles, benefits , and present extent of the
co-operative societies of Germany.
It is a notable fact that notwithstanding the decline of labor prices,
their present cheapness, the discharges of factory operatives, the ad
vance in the cost of living, and the perpetual agitation of the socialists,
there have been neither recently nor for many years past any serious
labor strikes or troubles . Labor, with all its hardships, and they are
many, appears to be complacent, contented, and even prosperous.
There must be some potent cause for this, and a careful consideration of
the subject leads me to the conclusion that the great system of co -opera
tion which had its origin in Germany about eighteen years ago, and has
had its principal growth within the last ten years, is the chief resolvent
of this labor problem. It would be impossible to give an adequate
review of this system within the compass of this report. That task must
be reserved for future occasions affording better adaptations of time
and space. A few salient features only may now be mentioned .
The founder, chief organizer , and present head of the system is Dr.
Schulze-Delitzsch, an eminent member of the Prussian Parliament. It
arose from no pressure of social disturbances or political agitations, but
began and grew from a careful and systematic study of economical
principles. It is a system of self-help, as distinguished from state help
on the one hand and communal absolutism on the other. It was there.
fore opposed alike by the bureaucratic and the socialistic elements ; the
first jealous of all freedom of association , and the latter of all social
organization stopping short of political dominion. The first of these
forces soon relaxed its opposition, however, for it was directly seen that
nothing could more effectually preserve the equilibrium of labor capital
and money capital, and so set social agitators at defiance, than the or
ganic growth of the self-helping principle.
The leading purpose of the system is that of affording labor direct
access to capital by converting labor into a basis of credit. It proceeds
from the idea that credit may be created by association ; that while an
individual artisan cannot borrow the necessary capital to make himself
an independent producer, an association of artisans can do so, and that
such an association , converting itself in turn into a lender, may obtain
the minimum of risk and maximum of security in its transactions by
confining its loans to its own members. Lenders and borrowers being
virtually the same persons, the former must have the most accurate
information possible as to the reliability of the latter, and may have the
further advantage of retaining their loans perpetually within the range of
their inspection. An additional diminution of risk is obtained by making
the members of the association liable for its entire debts and the whole
association liable for the debts of each member. So important is this
principle of mutual liability that it has been called the keystone of the
whole system .
The first association of this kind established in Germany was organ
ized by Dr. Schulze-Delitzsch, in 1851 , at Delitzsch, a small town of
Prussian Saxony. This pioneer society is the model from which the
multitude of credit banks that now cover the face of the empire have
been formed . The statutes of its organization were substantially as
follows :
GERMANY. 281
1. That all self-helping, industrious persons in regular employment

may be eligible to membership.
2. Capital to be acquired by subscriptions of members and by loans.
3. Business to be kept strictly within advances to members.
4. Capital stock owned by the association never to be less than 10 per
cent. of the borrowed stock, and to be raised as soon as practicable to
50 per cent.
5. A reserve fund of 6 per cent. of the owned capital and 10 per cent.
of the borrowed to be maintained by a contribution of 20 to 25 per cent.
of net profits.
6. Shares to be of equal amounts , proportionate to the number of mem•
bers , and each member to have one share only.
7. Gains and losses to be distributed in proportion to money paid in.
8. Loans to be made mainly on personal security of members, but
mortgage may be taken.
9. Rate of interest to be uniform for all and to depend on state of the
money market.
10. Management to be representative, and subject to control of the
members in their general meetings. The managing body is a standing
committee, or executive council, responsible to the general meeting ; in
the larger associations the management is vested in the unlimitedly
liable directors , who choose a board of control.
On these foundations, with such improvements as time and experience
have developed , multitudes of credit societies have sprung into exist
ence in all parts of the empire, affording the German laborer a practi
cal school of business, a safe deposit and profitable investment for his
earnings, a wholesome and contenting incentive to toil, and the ability
to borrow money on equal terms with the millionaire.
It must not be supposed, however, that the credit societies constitute
the whole of the German co-operative system. They are the peculiarly
German part of the system, but it also includes raw material and store
unions, productive associations, or unions for the production and sale
of finished wares, building unions, consumption unions, or associations
for the purchase and sale of the necessaries of life, and others whose re
cent origin indicates the movement of the co -operative principle into
new fields.
As early as 1863 a national union was formed of the different co-opera
tive societies then existing, with Dr. Schulze-Delitzsch as anwalt, or pre
siding counselor. At the present time about three-fourths of all the
societies belong to this union and send their annual balance- sheets to the
central office. The general union is subdivided into thirty-four provin
cial unions, each with its own president and staff, and all under the
direction of the national anwalt. The legislative powers of the national
union are vested in a general convention of delegates from the different
societies, which meets once a year, and for which the business is pre
pared by the standing committee of the union, consisting of the presi
dents of the subunions .
The most recent of these conventions was held at Wiesbaden, begin
ning on the 3d of September last, Dr. Schulze-Delitzsch presiding.
According to the reports of the eminent anwalt on that occasion, there
now exists 2,830 credit societies, 743 special commercial societies, 1,049
co-operative stores , and 64 building societies , making a total of 4,686
co-operative associations. As there are probably many more not yet
heard from at the central office, the actual number will not fall short of
4,800, with an aggregate membership of 1,400,000.
Of the 2,830 credit banks now in operation, 1,037 are in German Aus
tria, 1,120 in Prussia, 160 in Saxony, 136 in Bavaria, 105 in Würtem

berg, 101 in Baden , 59 in Hesse, and the remainder scattered through
the smaller states. From balance- sheets furnished to the anwalt, it ap
pears (see table appended to this report) that 806 of these societies con
tained at the close of last year 431,216 members, and that their ad
vances during that year amounted to 508,463,073 thalers,* a sum suffi
cient to mitigate, at least, the prevailing money stringency. The amount
of capital owned by members of these 806 societies was, including re
serves, 23,536,097 thalers, and of credits 79,604,474 ! There was a large
increase of active capital and cash deposits during the year, while at
the same time there was an encouraging decrease of the loans on mort
gage. The amount of discounts during the year was 323,288,631 tha
lers, a large increase, indicating a corresponding increase of business.
The losses were less than in 1875, being only one mark to 416 thalers ( 23
cents to $297). Eighteen societies closed up their affairs during the
year, four of them being declared bankrupt. Others of the 18 failed
through speculations in violation of their statutes of organization, and
others through the dishonesty of managers, who were not kept under
strict surveillance. Considering the protracted depression of business
and the severity of the ordeal it has applied to all banking enterprises ,
the number of failures has been remarkably small.
Statistics of 702 credit societies show that 75,396, or 21.8 per cent., of
their members are agriculturists, 3.8 per cent. manufacturers, and of the
remainder over 20 per cent. miscellaneous workmen. Reports from
180 productive societies show that 36,628 of their members, or 51.2 per
cent., are workingmen , 18.2 per cent. tradesmen of fixed positions, and
10.4 per cent. teachers, physicians, officials, and other professional per
sons. The proportion of working people in some of the other co-oper
ative organizations is probably still greater.
A table accompanies this report giving a statistical review of the
consumption societies from 1864 to 1876, inclusive.
ALFRED E. LEE.
*Thaler : about 72 cents.
progress
showing
-oStatement
co
union
the
of
fromperative
Germany
in
societies
.credit
1876
to
1859
re
and
advanced
Sums Own
capital
. .
funds
Borrowed
newals
granted
.
Year
. A. B. C.
Fr
priom banks
From de
Saving
vat
pere socie
and
ties
. . it
pos
.sons
of the societies.
* ૧૦૦૧ 10
which have sent in

balance-sheets.
ciety.
ciety.
and borrowed funds.
for each so
ence between own
to members.
ciety.
for each so
for each so.
showing the differ
A, B, C.
from columns
Number of societies
Total amount
Number of members
Total amount.
Total amount
Average sum
Average sum
Average in per cent.
Reserve.
Average sum
Amounts due
Thalers
. Thalers
.Thalers .Thalers Thalers
. Thalers
. .Thalers .Thalers .Thalers Thalers
. Per
.
ct
1859
. 80 6, 76
18 4,131 36 6,5142 246 0, 01 ,845
30 8, 46
276 ,4360 ,795
501 512 3, 50 01, 14 45 12 ,676 27.50
..
1860 133 6,3103 48,47 , 89 8 63,748 462 0, 12 66,845 8, 57
528 3,976 8, 33
1,069 322 ,494 , 27
32,392 17,987 22.10
..
1861
188 7,48 60 016,87, 09 6 ,766
89 3799 , 75 ,238
107 2907, 13 4,825 ,441
1,983 06,236 49 4,677 32 6,2441 19.50
..
1862
243 69 ,202 2623 , 61 74 ,425
97 5,145 99 ,893
132 ,438
332 4,583 41
0,4333 ,577
747 61, 88 10 25 ,467 10
21.
1863
339
.. , 75
199 933 , 17 48 , 53
0100 ,203
803 0218, 47 , 50
2021 5,962 ,86541 20 24,320 16 0, 40
9,058 26,719 22.30
455
1864
.. ,013
135 48 95
,4147 8105, 18 2,959 2, 96 , 61
4293 , 57
7252 7,148 3,4717 01 ,23565 55 12,5756 82 28,036 25.40
1865
498
.. , 95
5169 967 ,503 69 ,682
135 8442 , 79 ,679
409 852 5, 58 7,944 ,5154
11 79 6,502 ,197 7617 56
, 76 ,455
35 27.40
1866.
532 7193, 12 85 1,045 10 7159, 93 15,773, 06 556 ,396 , 04
5329 11 ,897 610 ,346 94 ,617
522 18
,57826 5895
,19 29 37,397 31.80
1867.
570 3,219 58 ,152 26
102,0 9178, 93 , 31
06,847 ,054
660 , 85
07,507 113, 70 12,9335 60 7, 09
975 5311 , 70 78 24 ,2639 90 ,316
43 30.40
..1868
666 3256 , 37 , 93
72139 47 0209 , 80 ,53965 02 , 55
9865 4210 , 31 57 , 62
315 0316 , 09 78 ,31 78 67 216 ,521 92 33 ,0709 37 650 , 14 30.30
735
..
1869 7304 , 72 181 ,1609 02 ,078
247 ,461
12,078 1, 75 38 13 ,6202 53 ,032
18 , 59
819,658 , 61
61,989 8021 , 53 63 3742 , 02 83 , 98
058 31.03
740
1870
.. , 56
6314 207,2618 87 ,565
280 131,452 49 1,275 14 314,627 63 8,1915 620 36
,179 ,040
360 , 43
423,502 945 ,199 62 , 61
162 31.87
777
1871
.. 3340, 36 ,1351
241 31 5310, 93 515 ,630 20 6, 89
1,505 317 ,009 36 921 , 25 9032 , 43 27 ,1265 60 624 ,110 77 258,803 , 80 ,679
75 28.97
1872
.. 207 7372 , 42 00 , 62
71,857 321 ,573 29 4, 85
26 ,947 27 , 32
44,283 31 ,3157 72 77 88
,7131 95 ,649
GERMANY.
3542,519 3439, 05 19 ,751567 741 27.69

234
..
1873 7, 41
399 446 ,0715 33 , 51
6535 223 ,550 31 ,284
2,281 525 ,831 15 ,63013 7156 , 4548 1, 77
4,383 1832 , 91 98 , 23
1493 20 112,014 27.33
1874
..815 411,443 39451 , 08 94 4554 , 88 ,5711
25 89 , 83
72,479 3128, 91 72 5, 90
34 3659 , 8684 , 72
23,686 2138 , 39 74 98101 , 11 30 , 23
9124 27.68
1875
..815 ,251
418 498 ,4549 79 ,717
611 83647
,327 ,38209 27 630 , 63 56 37 ,616 5864 , 58 84 09
,7405 6040 , 87 72 , 61
93109 55 , 37
0135 27.85
1876
.. 806 ,216
431 ,473
0508 63 , 47
8630 , 80
3629 25 3, 42
3,338 ,93263,722 , 98
840 16
,111
466 ,17442 20 3640 , 54 07 84111 , 90 60 , 26
3138 29.57
:
dollars
States
United
to
reduced
are
two
these
for
sums
1876
and
1859
years
the
between
progress
the
show
To
1859
.. 80 6, 76
18 8$2, 45,949 8,3$726 6,1$75 44 2
,0$223 68
,61$97 2$,470 58
23,$81 8,3$17 65 99
,0$724 $9,050
1876
.. 806 , 16
2431 , 34
42
60363 24
4,430 512152
, 21 , 76
52,383 , 97
0523 36 01
2,29 124707
, 17 1, 81 0
3,37 27
, 75
1029 4, 74
679 04 98
,764
283
Statement showing the progress of the union co-operative consumption societies in Germany
from 1864 to 1876.
Sums due by
members for
goods sold on
credit.
Year.
Total.
Thalers. Thalers. Thalers. Thalers. Thalers. Thalers.

1864... 97 38 7,709 267,589 21, 433 4, 912 16, 951 12, 636 5, 750
1865 .. 157 34 6, 647 308, 461 22, 226 2,767 16,529 18, 948 5,225
1866. 199 46 14, 083 826, 598 46,982 6, 058 51,062 29, 394 9, 275
1867.. 316 49 18, 884 967, 974 72, 186 11, 160 72, 070 44, 060 10, 897
1868... 555 75 33, 656 2, 124, 141 156, 244 25, 179 125, 717 68, 272 11, 425
1869... 627 109 42, 286 2, 375, 417 208, 717 40, 857 115, 342 80, 295 14, 106
1870. 739 111 45, 761 3, 002, 620 272, 935 50, 408 182, 126 155, 760 20, 077
1871.. 827 143 64, 517 4,507, 658 529, 857 73, 842 268, 976 209, 658 32, 444
1872.. 902 170 72, 622 5, 219, 849 558, 377 86, 135 419, 781 248, 180 23, 186
1873 .. 973 189 87,504 7,294, 136 804, 709 117, 688 688, 593 308, 391 23,425
1874.. 1, 089 178 90,088 7,530, 831 898, 407 142, 611 723, 547 268, 007 26, 802
1875. 1,034 179 98,055 7,568, 321 970, 755 167, 803 809, 862 291, 948 41, 473
1876 ... 1, 049 180 101, 727 8, 126, 137 1, 015, 364 185, 466 890, 805 334, 729 47, 574
To show the progress between the years 1864 and 1876 the sums for these two years are reduced be
low into United States dollars :
1864... 97 38 7,709 $191, 058 $15, 303 $3,507 $12, 103 $9,022 $4, 105 19
1876.. 1,049 180 101, 727 5, 802, 061 724, 969 132, 422 636, 033 238, 996 33, 967 49
GERMANY.
FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, Nov. 1 , 1877. ( Received Dec. 10.)

Report upon the railroads, telegraphs, mining industries, banks, and bank
ing system of Germany for 1876 and 1877 .
RAILROADS.
Length of lines .-The aggregate length of railways in operation
throughout the empire during the year 1873 was 23,910 kilometers . Six
teen hundred and forty-four kilometers of new road were built in 1874,
2,402 in 1875, and 1,153 in 1876 , making an aggregate of 29,109 kilome
ters of completed railway at the end of that year. From January to
September 30 of the present year 852 kilometers of new road were
built and opened , and by the 1st of January next this amount will prob
ably be increased to 1,000 kilometers, making over 30,000 kilometers of
completed lines within the empire.
Capital and dividends.-The following roads are owned by the Prus
sian Government, and during the year 1876 declared dividends on capi
tal invested were as follows :
Name road. Divi.

Capital. dends.
Marks.
Niederschlesische -Markische 204, 949, 391 7.77
Ostbahn 334, 242, 420 4.44
Westphalische. ...... ...... 94, 636, 980 3.72
Saarbrucker 71, 908, 159 4.99
Hannoversche …………….............. 197, 175, 569 6.39
Frankfurt-Bebraer.. 80, 001, 020 2.68
Main-Weser …………….. 35,849, 965 5.84
Main-Neckar ..... 5, 595, 863 7.90
Wilhelmshafen- Orenberg 6,940, 254 3.77
Total investment, United States gold, $266,006,558 ; average dividend, 5.32.

GERMANY. 285
Government and supervision. - All railways of Germany are subject to

the police supervision of the empire, which is applied more especially to
the general security of traffic. The tariffs for passengers and freights
are determined by a board of commissioners of such railway companies
as agree to be guided by its decisions, subject to the revision of the im
perial and local governments. All questions between the railways and
the government are referred to a central bureau for the empire, but no
general railway law has yet been enacted. The different lines are sub
ject to the control of the local sovereignties within whose territory they
lie in all matters with which the empire is not concerned . A new road
cannot be built without the consent of the state through which it ex
tends.
The wages paid to railway employés are as follows :
Wages of railroad employés.- Locomotive engineers , $222 @ $343 per
year ; 2 cents mileage per kilometer ; 35 per cent. premium on coal sav
ing, averaging $ 130 per year ; 15 per cent. premium on oil saving, aver
aging $3.50 per year ; allowance for work done in shops, averaging $ 14
per year, and lodging allowance of 27 cents per night when detained
from home.
Conductors : $ 160 @ $ 180 salary per year ; 1 cent mileage per ten kil
ometers, and 27 cents per night for lodging when detained from home.
Brakemen : $ 140 @ $ 165 salary per year ; 1.5 cents mileage per ten
kilometers , and 27 cents per night for lodging when detained from home.
Road- keepers, or watchmen : $130 @ $150 salary per year ; 1.5 cents
mileage per ten kilometers, and 27 cents per night for lodging when
detained from home.
Switchmen : $ 130 @ $ 180 salary per year, and 3.5 cents per hour for
night service.
Common laborers 48 @ 82 cents per day .
The mileages paid are the actual distance traveled while on duty.
The percentages on coal and oil which are paid to engineers are bounties
for the amount of those materials saved by their economical manage
ment. For example, a certain weight of coal is allowed to an engineer
for running his engine a certain distance within a given time, and if he
saves on this allowance, a premium is paid him on the amount saved.
No labor unions exist among the employés of German railways, and
no strike of any importance has ever taken place on any German road.
UNDERGROUND TELEGRAPHS IN GERMANY.
The pioneer line of underground telegraph cable in Germany is that

from Mayence to Berlin, via Frankfort-on - the-Main , Cassel , Halle, and
Leipzig. This line was finished, and opened throughout its entire
length, on the 23d of July last. Since that date additional lines
have been built and opened from Berlin to Kiel, via Hamburg, and from
Berlin to Magdeburg, via Potsdam and Spandau, making a total length
of 1,477 kilometers of subterranean lines now in operation . The depart
ment has already been advised, in dispatches, of the methods of con
struction and laying of these cables, and these details need not be re
peated. The latest reports affirm that the underground have an equal
conducting power with the overground lines, and that they are operated
with the same facility. Recent telephonic experiments on the line be
tween Potsdam and Brandenburg resulted in perfectly distinct oral com
munication between the two places, and a large variety of apparatus has
been ordered for further experiments .
It is in contemplation to extend the underground system wherever prac
ticable. The subterranean and all other telegraph lines, excepting those
belonging to private railway corporations, are owned and managed by
the imperial government.
BUSINESS DEPRESSION AND OVERPRODUCTION.
The languishing condition of trade and manufacturing industry which

supervened four years years ago has continued throughout the past year.
The complaints on this score are deep and universal, and the explana
tions given numerous. As currently stated , the chief causes of depres
sion during the past year are overproduction, the disturbed state of
European politics and its resulting apprehensions , and foreign competi
tion. That there was overproduction at the beginning of the crisis is
doubtless true, but that its effects then existing have lasted till now ,
except in greatly diminished degree, seems scarcely possible. When
business depression first came many producers were obliged to sell their
stock of finished wares at less than cost, and after such experience it
does not seem likely that they would proceed at once to produce again
to excess . But the pinching effects of the crisis have caused rigid econ
omy among all classes of consumers, and while the home demand has
on this account been greatly reduced , the exterior demand has fallen off
in like manner because of the increased self-supply of foreign customers.
The beginning of the depression followed closely upon the influx of
the French war indemnity. The money glut which then ensued had
apparently the same effect upon productive industry as that experienced
by Spain from her discovery of the precious metals in the New World.
In consequence of that discovery, riches and revenues were afforded
without exertion, and domestic industries were paralyzed.
SILVER WITHDRAWAL AND EXPORTS.
As to the amount of silver yet disposable no precise data can be had.

According to the most trustworthy estimates the withdrawals of old
silver up to the end of 1876 amounted to $204,700,000 , of which some
what less than half has been recoined , and the remainder sold, or held for
sale. The superiority in quality of the old coin has borne all the expense
of recoinage. The one-thaler pieces constitute the bulk of the silver
yet to be withdrawn , though there are also some one-sixth thaler pieces
and guld , the whole amounting, as is supposed , to somewhere between
eighty and one hundred million dollars, exclusive of the Austrian
thaler. The exports of silver to England from 1871 to the end of Sep
tember, 1877, have aggregated about $ 113,000,000 . The exports during
the first nine months of this year are said to have more than doubled
the whole of last year's.
THE IRON INDUSTRIES OF GERMANY .
On the 16th of June last a large delegate meeting of manufacturers

from all parts of the empire was held in Frankfort for the purpose of
giving out an influential expression in favor of a protective tariff. At
this meeting one of the leading speakers stated that the 95 prin
cipal iron-works of Germany, representing a capital of 440,000,000
marks, lost on their operations during 1876 about 5 per cent. of their
capital, and came out of the year with a deficit of 21,000,000 marks.
Of 191 furnaces in Western Germany, the speaker stated that 101 were
idle.
These statements were ex parte, and may have been exaggerated , but
GERMANY . 287
they are authentic enough to show how greatly the iron industry, on
which so many others depend , has been depressed . Symptons of revival,
however, now begin to appear, and recent statistics look favorable to such
a result. During the first five months of 1877 , the exports of iron from
Belgium to Germany were 7,601 tons against 8,006 tons for the same
period in 1876. Within the same first five months of this year Belgium
exported to Holland 19,089 tons, to England 21,069, and to France, in
spite of her high protective duties, 7,834. The export to Germany was,
therefore, the least made to any of the four countries. On the other
hand, the Belgian imports of iron during the same period were, from
France, 1,579 tons, from Holland 1,922, from England 28,716, and from
Germany 46,151 , a showing more encouraging still .
A table hereto appended shows the aggregate imports and exports of
iron within the imperial zollgebiete during the years 1875 and 1876,
and also during the first three quarters of 1876 and 1877. From this
table it appears that there has been a large increase this year over the
corresponding period of last. In wrought and raw iron the trade has
been much better than last year, and in iron and steel wire it has been
greatly improved .
The imports of railway iron , which amounted during the first two
quarters of the present year to only 225,202 centners , rose during the
third quarter to 1,069,000 centners. The exports of rails have also sig.
nificantly increased during the third quarter of this year, having amounted
to 1,491,142 centners during that quarter. The excess of exports over
imports during the same quarter, notwithstanding the repeal of the
duties, was 2,149,933 centners, while the excess for the whole year 1875
was but 2,305,751 , and for the whole year 1876 , 2,656,017 .
In the light of these facts, the ironworkers naturally begin to feel
hopeful, and the demand for reinstatement of the protective duties on
iron is correspondingly weakened.
The following tables show the rate of decline in prices of Bessemer
steel and iron rails during the four years from 1873 to 1876 inclusive :
Prices at
Description.
Beginning Middle of End ofthe
of the year. the year. year.
IRON. Marks. Marks. Marks.

1873 35.80 33.63 24. 41
1874 ……………………………….. ....... 28.76 19.37 18. 32
1875 ........... 18.92 17.51 17.50
1876 15. 31 15.00 16.93
BESSEMER STEEL.
1873 41.67 39.31 35.42
1874 ..... 35.60 29.85 26. 31
1875 .....………………………. ........ 26. 14 21.30 19.53
1876 ……………… ……………………............... 18. 87 16.93 17.75
Steel rails, it will be seen, have suffered the greatest comparative de

cline, probably in consequence of their greater durability lessening the
demand caused by wear and tear.
The decline of iron production may be taken as an index of the gen
eral prostration. All industries have suffered , though not all in the same
proportion.
GERMAN BANKS AND BANKING SYSTEM.
The recent and disastrous failure of the great Ritterschaftliche Privat

Bank, at Stettin, has drawn attention to some of the defects of the Ger
man banking system, and will perhaps lead to important legislation.
The Stettin institution was formely a joint- stock bank of issue, and as
such its administration was vested in a board of managers nominally
under control of the directors or council of supervision ( Sufsichtsrath).
The fact that the council was in ignorance of the perilous condition of
the bank and of the nature of its transactions until it was obliged to sus
pend, shows, it is thought, that there is great imperfection in the re
quirements as to scrutinizing the management of joint-stock banks, and
also in the limitations placed upon the scope and nature of their business.
A large proportion of German banks are not held to strictly legitimate
banking, but may, if they choose, launch into all sorts of irregular
schemes. Such are some of the criticisms which the Pomeranian failure
has given rise to , and which may lead to beneficial results.
As a rule, deposits are not received by either joint- stock or private
banks in Germany, and the check system is therefore not generally
used. Only the Reichsbank can issue notes of less than 100 marks, and
the number of banks of issue, other than national , is therefore only about
fifteen in the whole empire. Many which had the privileges of issue
have surrendered it to the government as an unprofitable franchise.
The National , or Reichsbank, formerly the Bank of Prussia, now has
branches in all parts of Germany, and has given the utmost satisfac
tion. Its paper, redeemable at sight in gold only, and receivable for all
debts, public and private, is everywhere current, and is preferred to
coin for money transactions. The bank exacts, as it gives , the most
perfect security, and affords the best facilities for discounts and ex
change. Reaching out through its branches to all the centers of com·
merce, it has the best possible means of knowing the reliability and
value of the paper presented , and the surest safeguards against loss.
POPULARITY OF THE NEW IMPERIAL COINAGE.
The new imperial coinage has also gained in popularity, and has ap
parently subdued all desire to return to the mixed and inconvenient
system , or rather want of system, which it superseded . Indeed , scarcely
anything has done more to nationalize the German people than the ac
knowledged advantages of the imperial coin and currency system .
ALFRED E. LEE.
Statement showing the names, lengths, classifications, and receipts for the first nine months of
1877, of the railroads of the German Empire.
Names of the roads. Length, in Receipts for Receipts for

kilometers. September. 9 months.
1.- STATE RAILWAYS. Marks. Marks.

Frankfurt-Bebraer 502.26 1, 420, 570 10,037, 180
Hannoversche.. 868. 69 3,010, 465 23, 807, 713
Main-Weser Railway ........................ 198. 88 735, 419 5, 681, 753
Nassauische.. ……………………………. 257.73 618, 817 4,843, 218
Niederschlesisch-Maerkische. 822. 60 3,227, 687 27, 928, 466
Ostbahn.... 1,496. 24 3,246, 559 30, 318, 741
Saarbruecker ......... ........ 181.69 817, 366 3,902, 089
Westfaelische. 427.90 798, 722 6, 635, 881
Wilhelmshaven-Oldenburgische Railroad. 52.37 74, 107 565, 785
GERMANY. 289
Statement concerning the railways of the German Empire-Continued .
Names of the roads. Length in Receipts for Receipts for

Marks. Marks.
Saxon States Railway, including Torgau-Wustenbrand and Annab.
Weipert 1, 774. 65 4,934, 106 42, 872, 530
Würtembergische Staats Railroad . 1, 304. 49 3,066, 680 23, 242, 009
Badische Staats Railroad. 1, 181. 08 3, 182, 383 21, 776, 971
Main-Neckar Railroad 87.50 474, 500 3, 466, 000
Oldenburgische Staats Railroad ...... 290.33 320, 794 2,200, 648
Elsässisch-Lothringische Railroad . 962. 63 2,810, 500 23, 075, 208 ·
Oberhessische Railroad .. 176.00 86,235 731, 370
Total ..... 10, 584.99 28, 824, 910 231 , 085, 041
II. PRIVATE RAILWAYS UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF THE STATE.
Berlin-Dresdener. 174.00 256, 326 2, 164, 987
Bergisch-Maerk. and Hess. North Railroad . 1, 163. 44 5,094, 259 40, 227, 701
Rubr-Sieg Road .. 132. 19 507, 037 4, 493, 151
Halle-Sorau-Gubener Railroad .. 294, 33 509, 976 3, 480, 401
Muenster-Enscheder Railroad . 56.46 24, 713 195, 794
Oberschlesische 820. 41 3,000, 317 25, 266, 642
Zweibg. im Berg und Hütten River Railroad . 102.42 52, 042 432, 391
Breslau-Posen-Glogau.. 209.08 626, 743 4,878, 450
Breslau-Mittelwalde . 291.64 399,997 3,053, 512
Stergard-Posen. 172. 24 334, 010 2,715, 243
Rhein-Rahe Road. 120. 60 347, 774 1, 586, 159
Altenburg-Zeitzer Railroad. 25. 58 51, 208 464, 198
Gaschwitz-Meuselwitzer Railroad. 27.76 26, 208 228, 881
Goesznitz-Geraer Railroad 34.56 53, 986 500, 270
Zittau-Reichenberger Railroad .. 26.73 41, 129 350, 510
Total.. 3,651. 44 11, 325, 725 90,038, 290
III.-UNDER PRIVATE MANAGEMENT.
Aachener Industrie Railroad ...... 31.38 40, 007 348, 247
Altona-Kieler 288. 01 621, 527 4,822, 634
Angermünde-Schwedter Railroad 23.11 8, 694 83, 523
Berlin-Anhaltische . 431.27 1, 495, 090 11, 043, 660
Berlin-Goerlitzer .. 327.35 530, 591 4, 165, 166
Berlin-Hamburg. 440.63 1,536, 831 12, 140, 023
Berlin-Potsdam -Magdeburg 259.56 1,059, 474 8, 287, 884
Berlin-Stettin-Stargardt.. 224.28 891, 909 7, 194, 954
Ducherow-Swinem 37.77 14, 312 121, 154
Wriezen-Frank. on Oder. 55. 60 53, 098 198, 897
Angerm.- Freienw. on Oder... ......... 29.96 24, 208 116, 896
Stargardt Coeslin Colberg . 172.50 240, 827 1,889, 702
Coeslin -Dantzig ................. 198. 29 167, 690 1,322, 182
Vorpommer-Zweig Road....………. 236.97 272, 579 2,277, 351
a Old Linie . 433.00 870, 117 6,676, 145
Breslau-Schweidnitz-Freiburg Railroad..b Reppen-Stett. 130.00 82, 184 419, 148
{ c Sorg. Halbst. 34.00 30, 133 147, 076
Breslau-Warschau Preusz .. 55, 50 38, 818 285, 039
Cottbus Groszenhain 152.00 157, 376 1,005, 170
Crefeld -Kreis-Kempener.. 41.69 18, 592 153, 600
Dortmund-Gronau-Enscheder Railroad. ............... 96.08 57, 347 406, 161
Glueckstadt-Elmshorner Railroad. 33.40 28, 945 258, 729
Hannover-Altenbeken.. 290.65 468, 653 3,663, 779
Homburger …………….. 18. 10 56, 321 424,242
Coeln-Mindener 397.96 2, 172, 282 17,377, 828
Coeln-Gieszener . 184. 16 733, 754 6,092, 476
Venlo-Hamburg 466.76 1,384, 120 10, 546, 734
Luebeck-Buechen und Luebeck-Hamburg Railroad . 111.00 316, 942 2,436, 232
Maerkisch-Posener.... 271.90 277, 319 2,328,224
Magdeburg- Halberstaedter 952. 14 2,845, 969 23, 003, 848
Bienenburg-Grauhof. 11.28 21, 206 155, 998
Grauhof-Langelsheim-Clausthal 28.87 14, 256 91, 817
Uelzen- Langwedel.... 97.78 110, 333 820, 053
Sandersleben-Hettstedter Railroad 6.60 10, 659. 91, 320
Marien-Mlawkaer Railroad . 148.92 76, 353 414, 230
Nordhausen. Erfurt.... 78.28 85, 522 647, 616
Oberlausitzer 155.50 72, 770 507, 255
Oels Gnesener Railroad. 159.71 82, 786 645, 432
Ostpreuszische Sued Road. 243.00 555, 903 4,389, 683
Posen-Kreuzburger Railroad 202, 10 113, 540 871, 467
Rechte-Odernfer Road .. ……………………………. 317.30 805, 150 6, 215, 613
Rheinische Road 944. 77 3,719, 000 27, 675, 000
Call-Trier 118. 16 166, 000 1,333, 330
Saal-Unstrut Road 52.77 33, 828 240, 909
Schleswig 229.0 261, 176 2, 108, 085
Thueringishe 472. 07 1,631, 246 12, 449, 378
19 CR
Statement concerning the railways of the German Empire—Continued .
Names of the roads. Length in Receipts for Receipts for

Marks. Marks.
Tilsit-Insterburg.. 53.93 52, 137 405, 213
Westholsteinische Railroad ........ 78.50 32, 939 43, 325
Multenthal Railroad.. 83.30 45, 682 326, 633
Hessische Ludwigs..{ a unfinished 329.00 1, 192, 541 8, 701, 044
b finished. 180.00 171, 080 1,247, 729
Mecklenburgische Railroad ....... .... 321.57 386, 586 3, 275, 854
Saal Railroad 74.80 64, 620 552, 460
Weimar-Geraer Railroad 68.11 44, 985 368, 611
Saechische- Thueringische Ost-West Road 33.80 13, 252 94, 554
Eutin-Luebecker Railroad .. 33.00 26, 333 216, 590
Braunschweigische Railroad. 331.00 965, 912 7,314, 359
Halberstadt-Blankenburger Railroad .. 18.80 13, 782 101, 603
Werra Railroad 172.00 254, 828 2,072, 547
Wernshausen-Schmalkaldener Railroad 7.00 3, 199 27, 708
Gotha-Ohrdruffer Railroad 17.30 10, 315 94, 461
Grand total 25, 731.07 67, 675, 263 533, 668, 512
Statement showing the imports and exports of iron within the customs boundaries of the German
Empirefor the years 1875 and 1876, and for the first three quarters of 1876 and 1877.
First to third quarter

of
1876. 1877.
1.-IMPORTS UNDER FREE TRADE.

Centners. Centners. Centners. Centners.
Raw iron 12, 127, 262 11, 423, 542 8, 012, 566 8, 297, 225
Broken iron 364, 708 189, 609 247, 096
Wrought and bar iron . 215, 413 168, 335 144, 032 555, 195
Railway iron 138, 734 13, 686 13, 492 294, 978
Iron, rules, cramps, and squares 113, 737 37, 176 37, 831 120, 546
Raw and German steel 109, 769 78, 873 60, 597 82, 913
Iron and steel plate and sheet 135, 204 94, 714 20, 357 284, 170
White sheet-iron 85,634 74, 794 63, 624 66, 155
Iron and steel wire …………………….. 44,500 42, 013 42, 477
Coarse castings ..... 471, 938 472, 526 375, 180 270, 283
Coarse iron and steel wares ............ 272, 800 231, 800 176, 796 460, 943
Wrought-iron pipes ..... 81,000 48,000 41, 506 73, 917
II.-EXPORTS UNDER FREE TRADE.
Raw iron 6, 444, 454 5,788, 400 4, 419, 333 4,924,227
Broken iron.. ... 341, 797 247, 345 276, 035
Wrought and bar iron 918, 365 1,022, 600 696, 636 1, 226, 684
Railway iron 2, 444, 485 2,669, 703 1, 964, 466 3, 444, 911
Iron, rules, cramps, and squares .. 12, 421 11, 262 9, 890 54, 659
Raw and German steel.. 211, 722 355, 652 271, 091 221, 250
Iron and steel plate and sheet.. 139, 829 223, 252 164, 098 261, 500
White sheet-iron.... 3,255 8, 713 4, 190 18, 485
Iron and steel wire 209, 635 322, 929 185, 890 376, 866
Coarse iron and steel wares 1, 416, 639 1, 651, 092 1,211 , 065 1,676, 283
Wrought-iron pipes.. 39, 928 39, 902 22, 604 62, 923
GERMANY. 291
hectoliters
Beer product of the German Empire, and tax thereon, during the year 1876.
Product
Number
brew
beer
of
of
raised
in
ts for
erios
Tax
Malt
used
the
.
.
.
Th
05,213
41.25
a
1.044 Centners.
N Prussia 9, 336 6,033, 207 14, 489, 909 $3,085, 082 61
Saxony 688 1, 116, 187 3,246, 150 778, 594 62
240 Hesse. 340 329, 131 698, 751 163, 028 57
011 Mecklenburg . 628 103, 306 280, 007 53, 690 89
4554 Thüringia 1,246 685, 167 1, 621, 431 354, 031 42
6.30 Oldenburg 125 36, 041 97, 750 19, 439 84
Brunswick ………………….. 87 111, 002 239, 975 52, 235 76
LEAD Anhalt ……….. 85 63,686 199, 106 32, 414 41
256 Bavaria.. 5, 191 *5, 186, 493 12, 342, 272
Würtemberg 7,401 1, 438, 268 3,662, 418 1, 223, 478 27
4,# Baden 1,985 1, 050, 841 575, 463 05
Alsace-Lorraine.. 573 706, 694 266, 116 13
512
Total 27, 685 9, 915, 995 38, 635, 604 6, 603, 575 57
* Hectoliters.
Revenues of the German Empire for the year 1876.

.Sugar
co
2
-beet
.Brandy
Tobac
tax
Iniports
tax
-tax
Beer
.
.t- ax
.Salt
States.
Total
-tax
.
.
7.
Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks.
Prussia 70, 796, 127 52, 311, 854 19, 948, 603 355, 487 45, 327, 212 12, 734, 784 201 , 723, 582
Bavaria 6, 539, 364 228, 356 4, 997, 166 368, 871 12, 133, 757
Saxony . 11, 313, 918 1, 315, 920 93 3,768, 824 2, 302, 554 19, 278, 599
Würtemburg . 2, 449, 020 1, 185, 535 1, 426, 531 12, 136 5,073, 222
Baden . 4, 967, 975 403,882 1, 215, 758 466, 878 7,054, 493
Hesse 2, 244, 292 207, 304 70, 006 455, 203 680, 337 4, 285, 100
Mecklenburg . 762, 064 299, 140 385, 463 11, 675 485, 416 214, 467 2, 166, 696
Thüringia.. 938, 942 1, 235, 743 1,808, 890 17, 228 336, 615 1,262, 576 5, 689, 622
43 Oldenburg 544, 312 120, 810 224, 376 75, 126 965, 876
Brunswick 944, 563 6, 208, 894 416, 878 3, 339 1,039, 246 217, 015 8,832, 711
Anhalt. 80, 241 6, 232, 378 7,309 4,865 1, 141 , 339 136, 036 7, 602, 291
Alsace-Lorraine 10, 069, 285 995, 968 257, 671 566, 835 11, 926, 646
Luxemburg . 1,765, 872 185, 972 30, 570 1,984, 452
Miscellaneous 7,664,984 290,221 63, 241 152, 427 8, 221 , 930
Total in marks ... 121 , 080, 959 68, 290, 754 33, 767, 391 1, 568, 249 53, 408, 367 17, 775, 322 296, 938, 977
Equal to.... $28, 454, 025 $16, 048, 317 $7,935, 336 $368, 538 $12, 550, 966 $4, 177, 200 $69, 780, 659
Total for 1874 $26,792, 147 $13, 459, 153 $11, 314, 577 $452, 588 $12, 721, 740 $4, 051, 505 $68, 791, 710
Total for 1875 .... $28, 395, 441 $12, 127, 325, $7,836, 258 $442, 046 $13, 365, 176 $4, 211, 521 $66, 566, 970
GERMANY.
DRESDEN, October 12, 1877. ( Received November 24. )
A report upon the results of the Franco - German war as they affected the
commerce and industries of Germany, 1872 to 1877.
The reaction in trade going on in America is sensibly felt in this

kingdom, especially during the last quarter, and I confidently hope the
trade between the two countries will soon find its old channels and ac
customed volume. It will be observed from tabular statement sent
herewith of the amount of exports sent to the United States from this
consular district that within the year ending September 30 , 1877 , the
exports were $ 676,265.81 as against $ 755,776.22 for the preceding year,
a difference of $ 79,510.41 .*
The analogy of the condition of trade and labor in the United States
and the Kingdom of Saxony has been so marked that some thoughts
and facts suggested to me, I trust , will not be without value.
Both countries emerging from expensive wars, the prostration of trade
succeeding, the suffering of labor occasioned , with the expensive habits
incurred thereby, are but the inevitable result of cause and effect. It
has never been quite easy to understand why the milliards levied by the
Germans on France came so near ruining them . The commonly ac
cepted theory, that the prostrate condition of German commerce and
industry is attributable altogether or chiefly to stock speculations, does
not sufficiently account for the phenomenon . Losses on stocks can
never touch but a small portion of any community, and so far as the
speculative mania of 1872 and 1873 took the form of home investments
Germany, as a whole, lost little, if anything. A good deal of money
changed hands, many people became poorer, some became richer, but it
would be unsafe to affirm that there was any considerable destruction
of capital.
So far as regards the military expenditure of the empire, it seems to
be forgotten that it is less than of France. Germany puts all her young
men through the military mill, and her potential armies are something
enormous, but the actual number of men under arms at any given time
scarcely ever exceeds four hundred thousand .
On the other hand , Germany is the only great power in either hemi
sphere absolutely free from debt. It is true that some individual states
have debts, but these in nearly every instance have been contracted for
the purchase of forests and railways, and in several of them, notably in
Prussia and Saxony , the income from investments considerably exceeds
the interest on loans, and so helps to lighten the burden of taxation.
In spite of these advantages, however, Germany has been more pros
trated by the crisis than any of her neighbors, and it is scarcely possible
to exaggerate the sufferings that are even now being endured by her
working classes . It were a task neither light nor easy to investigate all
the causes which have brought about a state of things so deplorable ;
I can indicate only the chief of them. The Germans were raised to
such a height of exaltation by the glorious issue of their war with
France that they rushed into every species of speculation , and not only
of speculation, but of extravagance. All hastened to be rich ; every sort
of mad enterprise was encouraged and supported ; houses and manufac
tories were run up everywhere, regardless of cost and oblivious of the
reckoning day ; and at the very moment when people were spending so
lavishly they worked less industriously. Higher wages were paid for
smaller results ; as savings were exhausted and expenditures increased ,
industry was relaxed and production diminished . These are not conject
ures merely; they are conclusions drawn from indisputable facts.
In a recent issue of that useful publication the " Zeitschrift für Schwe
izerische Statistik," Dr. Leo de Leeuw has commenced an exhaustive
investigation of the " wage- statistic " of Germany. Some of his figures
are highly suggestive. The increase of wages in the German iron trade ,
between 1867 and 1872, almost staggers belief. File-smiths got increases
varying from 60 per cent. to 100 per cent.; file-makers received advances
during the period in question of from 90 per cent. to 600 per cent.; and
the pay of workers in other trades was augmented 25 to 50 per cent.;
For declared exports to the United States from Dresden see page 294.
GERMANY. 293
10 yet the general testimony of employers is, that the men earned no more
I, money. They took the difference in idleness and dissipation , and in
most establishments it became the rule to close from Saturday night
Es to Tuesday morning. In Berlin, masons' wages were increased by 50
S per cent., whereupon they curtailed their working hours in the same
proportion . It was found that whereas in 1868 a certain number of
masons dressed 618 stones of a particular description , in 1873 the same
IS number of men dressed no more than 304, and as they were paid as
It much for the smaller as for the greater quantity, it follows that the cost
e of building a house in Berlin had more than doubled in six years.
In view of these circumstances, it is not surprising that Germany, in
d two years of riotous living, wasted more money than she had gained in
six months of hard fighting, or that the process of recovery from a fever
so acute as the mania of 1872 is a slow and painful one. Nothing is
2 more remarkable in the statistics compiled by Dr. Leo de Leeuw than
the marked contrast that they afford between the efficiency of labor in
England and Germany. He takes the case of two cotton - spinning fac
tories, one in Saxony, the other in Laucashire . The former is a concern
of 22,000 spindles, the latter, of 63,900. In the English establishment
202 work people are employed at a total wage- cost per week of £ 176 ;
in the German establishment 135 employés are paid with £ 30 2s. Thus
while the average earnings of the Saxon operatives were not more than
11s. 10d. per week, their English fellows, including, of course, women
and children, earned 16s. 10d.; a difference of more than 40 per cent.
But the English mill is nearly three times the size of the German, and
while the former is worked with 3.1 employés to each thousand spin
dles the latter requires 5.99. To put the matter in auother shape : if
both factories were of the same size, and each contained 64,000 spin
dles, the annual disbursements of the German concern in wages would
amount to £ 12,000, against £ 8,800 for the English establishment, a
saving in favor of the latter at the rate of £3,200 a year.
Nothing is said about the quantity of work turned out by the two
establishments in question , and there may be points of difference in the
counts of yarn spun and the machinery used that might tend somewhat
to modify the result of these calculations ; but as the figures on which
they are based came from German sources, it is not likely that fuller de
tails would modify them in a sense more favorable to the efficiency of
German labor. While flush times and extravagant habits, with want
of work, produced similar results to the labor of both countries, poverty
and suffering, here the analogy exists no longer. The patient suffering,
the accommodation of their expenditures to their altered condition of
life, contrasts strongly and most favorably for the Germans , when we
reflect upon the turbulence and bloodshed occasioned by the late riots
in the United States. Here such a state of things is impossible. A
strong standing army, thoroughly disciplined , equipped , and drilled ,
and educated to know they are to protect the lives and property of
citizens in peace at home, no less than to repel invasion of them from
abroad, is a constant warning and menace to the discontented and tur
bulent.
JOSEPH T. MASON.
.
GERMANY
declared
of
value
showing
districts
bStatement
exports
consular
United
f
to
the
for yrom
September
ending
year
States
,1Germany
.30
877
294
DECLARED
I-
1.
VALUE
SHOWING
THE
OF TATEMENT
DISTRICT
FROM
EXPORTS
SNCLUDING
-G
,CONSULATE
BERLIN
AT
ENERAL
BARMEN
AT
CONSULATES
OF
DISTRICTS
THE
BERLIN
C
D
H
.*,AHEMNITZ
RUNSWICK
REMEN
LEIPSIC
RESDEN
AMBURG
ND
Articles
. Barmen
. Berlin
. Bremen
. Brunswick
. .
Chemnitz Dresden
. .
Hamburg Leipsic
. .
Total
Amber
, anufactures
amber
m.of 9$00,184 900
$,184
bAnimals
,&wild
dirds
omestic
cand 20 3
2,4$15 20
,215
43
warecane
and
ribsticks
hips
,uswBasket
mbrella 73
3,277 62
4,616 266
$,092 1$098,884 10
28,871
rape
ugar
g,-sBeet
lucose
ugar 93
4528
, 50 93
, 50
4528
ngravings
hromos
ithographs
usic
mec,lBooks
and
paintings 716 5
,3$66 97
87,642 69
7,420 83
6,393 20
1$0,583 17
,592
93 8208
,$4575 86
,244
441
feathers
c.hBristles
,&
cloth
air
orsehair 00
,668
40 437
,722
60 50
, 11
525 10
9503, 02
stuff's
Button ,043
59
211 59
, 43
0211
dChemicals
c.,& rugs
nk
i.yes 59
, 20
7105 93
,717
78 40
18,835 18
, 87
7185 9$76,013 95
, 87
728 61
, 75
6174 43
8, 41
89 85
, 79
3691
gChina
earthen
nd
calass
,&
.ware ,523
39
82 15
, 01
654 75
,957
67 99
,326978 431,461
71
,rmade
Clothes
..eady 87, 43
9364 87
9364 , 43
Coffee
hicory
, ocoa
c..... 33
5,579 74
2, 83
79 28
,1207 86,970 35
Cotton
cotton
mand
goods
.- ixed 72
, 43
679 05, 02
614 57
1,439 75
, 21
591 187 09
,207
Cotton
gloves 64
, 23
2802 2802 64
, 23
labels
c.Corks
,& 36
7,162 36
,1762
Dress
piece
and
.goods 86 50
19,373 10
7,717 32
,403
131 59
18,200 87
,2331 71
Dried
fruits
repared
pvegetables
, reserves
.. 36
, 19
8111 43
,4298 06
, 35
6185 299,952 85
Embroideries 63,706
13 23
713 275,822
25 61
340 ,241
otions
tngoods
oys
..,Fancy 61
134,841 76
, 84
710 7,669
80 32
58,414 01
5,961 16
8,3103 66
253,074
gGlue
., elatine 33
10
,343 310 33
, 43
Grain
seeds
.,aplants
nd 355
62 80
, 64
725 126 42
, 20
Hemp
and
bags
.hemp 5,00060 10
1,403 410 ,663
Hosiery
,cotton 41
6, 60
2,082 41
6, 60
2,082
Household
goods
. 00
1,000 00
1,000
Human
..
hair …………….... 26
, 25
625 26
25 6, 25
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS .
ornaments
silver
cJewelry
,& 2,000
00 00
2,000
Imitation
bgoods
,jet
uttons
glass
vege
ooff
table
ivory 82
, 80
848 20
29
,290 11
69 ,171
India
r- ubbergoods 67
4,988 ,810
25
24 29 92
,798
ivory
and
Ivory
..
goods 49
,828
112 112 49
,828
Lamps 6,82703 27
,8603
Laces
tc,& rimmings 52
58,096 15
, 70
8203 79, 30
277 66
4, 91
64 12 ,689
403
gloves
sl,& kius
urs
c.fLeather
. eather 17
6429
, 70 ડર
,૧૩૩૪૦ 12
, 05
6121 60
,109
113 10
, 90
126 59
,079
559 99
,393
455 98
, 44
31,722
Liquors
distilled
alt
mruit
ines
cfwand
,&
juice 73
,040
11 ,137
30
34 47
, 25
227 35
, 96
440 3167 25
, 36
Linen
mlinen
goods
.-andixed 05
7,533 09
233
,143 61
399 34
13,822 54
8,333 49
3, 54
105 536812
, 86
-glass
,uLooking
.plates
nsilvered 49
3,612 ........ 49
3,612
Metals
and
mmetal
,ware
achinery 43
, 22
6492 22
15,483 17
7,674 ,25692
22 74
1,617 20
, 79
671 04
7,872 61942
2, 41
Manurin
......
salt g 6401
1,31 04
,437
166 519768
, 38
Min
....era
.. ls 33
4,8-19 33
4,849
Miscellaneous 72
, 73
932 98
, 79
863 92
7, 81
13 13
1,580 72
,2602 28
, 25
611 30
, 26
6124 51
, 73
721 4276 56
, 43
Musical
scientific
instruments
.and 96
6, 65
30 56
, 71
226 04
, 62
772 47 8
127,35 09
,252
10 80
, 85
6187 92
454,995
,905
02
mtationery
,sPaper
paper
.of
anufactures 26
,888
15 03
,221
117 35
3,149 02
, 24
761 66
,9197 82
Percussion
and
caps
ball 24
1,971 2,984
22 46
,9455
Provisions 05
,1828 27
4,896 35
39,651 02
4,155 ,832
88
42 57
699 , 63
metal
o, ld
paper
aste
wRags 87
, 10
5480 81
, 10
540 68
, 98
3231 36
, 20
4752
sug
Rawar ........ 13
, 50
3588 13 50
588,3
bRib
., raid
andbonss s 73
,078
1,524 73 , 78
01,524
-mCig
oldars 20
3,769 20
3,769
mand
-Silk
silk
ixed
goods 07
2, 09
18 512
69 76
18,721
Tobacco
and
cigars
. 88
47,999 40
,6311 28
51,611
Velvet
and
plush
goods 10
, 20
722 13
7,869 30 23
5, 89
Wax
.
candles 97
,3151 97
1,351
movements
Watch 84
, 43
762 73
3,986 57
66,730
Woolen
gloves 46
, 64
3120 46
120,364
Woolen
woolen
mand
goods
- ixed 37, 27
2268 68
,5839 80
26,500 61
11,824 03
, 26
648 02
, 02
7221 51
,420
585
Worsted
dyarn
, yed
…………… 83
, 33
2274 83
,233
274
Total
United
in
States
.gold 5,669
,598
23 68
0,2933 62 39
, 13
5540 11 03
,02136 60
, 89
33,932 ,2676
813,016
78
18
65 49473
,141 54 , 73
419 97
Total
preceding
year
.for 31
,175
5,668 63
, 75
12,751 54
, 36
8653 40
, 13
8564 09 90
1,4337 775
23741
,022
26 14
76 35
,2155271 763
,117
97 96
Increase 92
1,422 05
, 58
8210 71
2638, 22 51
, 52
2442 52
,204
675 57
,333
1,677
Decrease
... 31523
,113 41
,510
79 58
, 93
797
ransmitted
gDepartment
*Teneral
vice
the
by
State
-of
cat onsul
.to
Berlin
exports
Declared
NOTE
from
States
United
the
continued
Germany
.to
page
next
on
GERMANY.
295
Statement
showing
value
for
C the
declared
of
Germany
from
exports
United
to
States
ending
year
,1September
.-30877
ontinued
S
G
O
M
I 2.
ATTATEMENT
SHOWING
VALUE
DECLARED
OF
EXPORTS
CONSULATE
THE
FROM
ENERAL
FRANKFORT
N
-NCLUDING
,-T AIN
HE
CONSULAR
296
DISTRICTS
F
M
N
S THE
COLOGNE
OF
.*,ARANKFORT
ANNHEIM
UNICH
UREMBERG
ONNEBERG
STUTTGART
ND
.
Articles Cologne
. .
Frankfort .
Mannheim Munich
. SNuremberg
. onneberg Stuttgar
. t Total
.
basket
and
-wBaskets
...
are 612
$3,526 972
$47 ,4$684473
Beads
and
.....
- are
wbead 39
,3250 ,350
239
.
Barytes
Beer 64
7,000 64
7,000
bBristles
phairrushes
nd
-,aencils 96
,6206 8,606
96
..metal
pleafowder
Bronze
-and ,146
43
151 ,146
151
43
Clay $19
28 381
$,072 49
, 14
313 58 ,406
16
China
and
glass
ware 229
,672
75 69
,4278 100
$,317 05
8, 92
158 3,4960
392
-molds
Cigar
ware
wooden
and $553
01 553 01
Chicory
. 466
11 52,3566 3,032 46
Cloth 00
119 12
,35969 ,709
951 ,239
22
68
-materials
clock
and
Clocks
... 00,1574 21
2,447 7,621
21
delvetsress
oods
furnishing
nd
.,av-gCotton
goods 00
,277
113 747
29 114
,024
29
Corsets 00
, 19
023 69
0, 83
280 69
303
,102
decorations
Church 126
$0,247 ,247
10
26
Decalcomania
. .......…………………... ,469
14
31 ,469
31
14
chemicals
,Drugs
adyes
nd ..... 83
73,359 02
,562
185 00
, 41
5555 53
722 10
4,947 07
,6264 47
46,996 02
869 ,793
Earthen
ware
.. 70
,3912 9,312
70
-stones
,gEmery
rindstones
raphites 44
38 44 38
Fancy
goods 26
, 06
780 73
1,322 , 28
82
099
bFrankfort
lack
.-printing 95
,515 5,15
95
Furnitur
. e 1,501-00 1,501
00
plate
Glass
-g,lwlasses
ooking
indow 04
2,042 00
5146
, 48 64
, 35
6477 46
,546
36 7662
, 72
14
Gold
p.- aper 30
,719
44 30 ,719
44
pitch
gelatine
nd
.,aGlue 31
,71 33 50
5,860 560
85 66
8,154
.
Guns .... 21
, 54
511 11
21
,554
fHatters
' ar
... ,953
34
171 17134
,953
Hops
.. 26
1,289 40
1,975 66
3,264
.
hair
Human 93
14,475 14,475
93
hardware
Iron
iron
and
..
goods ,035
96
78 65
,678
15 00
7,854 ,569
101
61
Jewelry
stones
precious
and 864
38 3:,559
217 00
4,348 55
90,332 80
, 34
722 04
335,839
glov
Kid es 209
,02596 ,786
46
70 06
1,878 41
, 43
424 ,204
306
18
Lead
leads
and
pencils
for
pieces
in
... 2,5957
76 ,257
76
59
hides
.,aLeather
skins
nd 61
4,849 82
, 15
1210 46
, 78
211 05
824 34
, 57
118 ,525
245
28
Leath
goodser 34
27,552 00
157,994 ,546
185
34
Leonic
ware 63
,713
13 713 63
, 13
wcotton
,aLinen
goods
oolen
nd 18338
, 47 24
, 62
5303 00
,4319 05
, 85
962 17
1,823 23
141,998 59
, 26
938 9,1122
1,690
materials
and
stones
Lithographic 21
, 87
339 08
3,723 43,110
29
ago
plMacaroni
and
roduce
c.,-sentils
& 88
39,339 2,435
19 ,352
2300 ,127
65
07
Machine
and
instrumesnts 68
, 96
6163 49
, 89
111 00
,655
15 16
3,011 193,552
33
Mathemat
physical
and
instrume
.. ical
nts 23
7,548 23
7,548
wMineral
- ater
.. 37
, 82
150 78
, 08
130 00
1,546 ,863
53
18 100 ,700
68
and
works
Musical
instruments 00
4,829 30
3,917 47
1,634 70
5,079 ,460
15
47
Optical
.goods 74
,1654 74 6,154
..
pictures
and
- aintings
pOil 80
1,091 06
75,798 433
28 ,16427 78
4, 53
fruit
dried
and ......
Prunes 25
, 17
6101 96
, 84
1131 21
, 02
8232
Photographs 26
6,381 26
,3681
Perfumery
and
soap……………. 60
,479
17 06
4,509 66
, 88
921
Pipes
. 81
813
, 06 36
,148
14 17
27,955
pSlates
-and
encils
..slate 12
, 36
310 44
19,555 56, 91
829
Statuary 999
61 61
999
,&
Stationery
cpbrints
ooks
aper 27
,044
25 17
5, 06
10 00
, 36
128 26
735
, 57 61
838 72
1, 45
14 144 ,428
03
Straw
goods
.. 00
7,768 00
7,766
Seeds 70
16,899 47
, 22
425 17
,322
42
Silk
and
silk
goods
.. 52
10,988 00
,644
203 93
21,467 45
, 00
1236
.. nd
'smokers
obacco
igars
a, rticles
atcSnuff 00
25,027 02500
, 27
.....
ware
embroidery
and
Tapestry 28
,010
278 69
, 24
3186 75
, 56
894 72
, 91
1559
-foil
Tin
bottle
and
capsules 37
3,091 37
3,091
goods
fancy
and
.Toys 00
, 93
131 98
, 31
8150 95
, 78
2316 567
60 53
,921
498
matrices
copper
Type
.and 990
95 95
990
Veneers
.
Winend
.aeer
,bcider
randy ,481
39
81 3,0552
233 00
, 68
3134 21
,2495 57
4,801 64
,298
416
Sundries 8,9846
78 41
,070
44 00
83,924 38
, 95
113 28
, 87
4124 60
, 65
9109 84
14,892 ,382
469
49
United
in
Total
States
gold 07
, 80
92,427 18
, 81
41,781 00
4, 34
1,579 41
,588
448 923 02
,41 41 50
, 80
2881 687
,239
21 60
,9244 08
Total
precedin
in
year g 24
, 54
6811 90
,795
1,789 00
,797
1,249 19
, 79
6490 64
,85106 37 01
, 92
9888 6,3351
906 31
, 07
47,644
Increase 83
,226
1,616 00
, 37
6329 39
, 37
51,564
Decrease 72
8,301 78
, 90
042 41
, 96
8103 51
7,711 12
, 12
4219
.
RECAPITULATION
GERMANY .
From
-general
consulate
the
Berlin
of 068
$25633
,23 ,962
69
98 ,5$13
39
40 ,0$1236
03
11 ,3$60,932
89 ,2$68165
76 ,2$3016
78
18 ,4$1997
5473
Frankfort
From he
nain
-Mtoof
general
consulate
the 18
,4471
7928127
80 00
,434
1,579 448
,50088 23 02
,91441 881
,280
50 2,2139
687 29,6008 41
total
Grand 70
4,743
86
,58,097 14
78 |,92119
11
47 ,624
1,651
11 83
,3535 30 7503
99 46
57
1,4312 4628 1442
, 82
g+Tho
consul
the
oby
Frankfort
.-Mtat
eneral
nransmitted
ain
297
BERLIN.
NOVEMBER 26, 1877. (Received December 11.)
Report upon the agriculture and mines of Prussia.
TILLAGE AND HARVESTS.
The area under tillage in Prussia, in the year 1875, was estimated at
66,537,696 acres , of which about 10 per cent. were under wheat, 24 per cent.
under rye , 8 per cent. under barley, 16 per cent. under oats , 3 per cent .
under rape and beets, and 12 per cent. under potatoes. In the years
1874 and 1875, the harvest yields of the entire monarchy amounted , in
tons of 2,000 pounds, as follows :
Description. 74. 1875. Average

yield.
Tons. Tons. Tons.
Wheat 2,565, 054 2,080, 036 2, 449, 584
Rye 4,768, 583 4,339, 076 5,028, 053
Barley. 2,463, 191 2,387, 820 2,952, 786
Oats. 2,470, 067 2, 586, 515 3, 218, 108
Rape and beets .. 460, 335 367, 734 541, 059
Potatoes... *23, 358, 312 21 , 639, 693 23,862, 069
If already, according to this, the harvest of the year 1875, in Prussia,

proved to be far short of those immediately preceding it, as also of the
average year, the year 1876 has proved still less satisfactory.
According to the estimates and calculations made by the agricultural
central associations, the latter amounted relatively in per cent., taking
100 as an average harvest, in absolute numbers, to the following quan
tities :
Absolute
Full harvest amount,
Description. =100. in
tons.
Wheat. 78 1,910, 700

Rye 73 3,670, 500
Barley ........ 82 2,421, 280
Oats 88 2,832,000
Rape and beets 82 . 443, 680
Potatoes 89 21, 237, 241
These figures, which, of course, can only claim to be approximately

correct, show that the yields in wheat, rye, and potatoes fall beneath
those even of the preceding year ; whereas barley , oats, rape, and sugar
beets have experienced an increase, though only a slight one. The
harvest may, accordingly, be set down on the average as a bad and un
satisfactory one. The harvest, everywhere in Northern Germany, has
turned out similar to that in Prussia, while South Germany cannot show
more favorable results. The Bavarian harvest yielded , for almost all
cereals, a very good medium crop in quantity, which result may be also
accepted in general for the remaining states of South Germany. The
deficit, moreover, in quantity was almost everywhere equalized by the
excellent quality of the crop in some measure.
With such results it is explicable that an increased dependence of the
German corn trade upon foreign markets for 1876 is to be recorded .
*Wispels of 2,400 pounds.
GERMANY. 299
PRUSSIAN MINES AND MINERALS .
The production of the mineral works in the Prussian state, in the year
1876, was as follows :
Iron. The production of pig- iron yielded, in the year 1876 , 26,486,773
cwt., of the value of 87,357,970 marks, against 27,966,730 cwt., of the
value of 107,490,480 marks , in 1875 ; 25,605,370 cwt. , of the value of
115,005,891 marks, in 1874 ; 31,478,011 cwt., of the value of 181,515,774
marks, in 1873. Of the quantity produced in the year 1876, 25,246,876
cwt. were produced by using mineral fuel, 989,510 cwt. by using char
coal , and 250,387 by using mixed fuel.
With mineral coals and coke, 115 furnaces ( 119 furnaces were out of
work) produced, out of 58,785,741 cwt. home and 3,887,302 cwt. dutiable.
foreign iron, together 62,673,043 cwt.; 25,246,876 cwt. puddled iron and
cast ware of first smelting (among it 1,106,046 cwt. blown from dutiable
foreign ores), namely : 1,218,245 cwt. cast pig-iron ; 17,557,983 cwt. forge
pig-iron ; 6,315,256 cwt. steel pig ; of cast ware of first smelting, 124,243
cwt. for sale, and 31,149 cwt. for own consumption. The district of
Arnsberg showed the largest production , 6,500,000 cwt. With charcoal
in 50 furnaces (42 being out of work), with 2,868 hands , there were
produced , from out of 2,633,292 cwt. of ores ( among these 32,910 cwt .
dutiable foreign ores) , 375,362 cwt. casting pig-iron ; 141,500 cwt. forge
pig-iron ; 49,398 cwt. pig-steel ; and of cast wares of first smelting, 405,346
cwt. for sale and 17,904 cwt. for own consumption , together 989,510 cwt.
among this 12,596 cwt. blown from dutiable foreign ores. The use of
charcoal is especially resorted to in the district of Wiesbaden (960,802
cwt. of ores), and in the province of Saxony (714,380 cwt. of ores).
With mixed fuel, chiefly in the district of Coblentz, in 7 furnaces (3
being out of work) , with 119 hands, there were produced , out of 586,154
cwt. of ores, 39,820 cwt. cast pig-iron ; 133,610 cwt. forge pig- iron ;
68,000 cwt. pig- steel, and 8,957 cwt. cast wares of first smelting for sale.
In all there were 172 furnaces ( 166 were out of work) , in which , with
14,737 working hands, out of 65,892,489 cwt. of ores (among this 3,920,212
cwt. dutiable foreign ores) , 1,633,427 cwt. cast pig-iron , 17,833,093 cwt.
forge- iron, 6,432,651 cwt. pig- steel, and 587,599 cwt. cast- iron were of
first smelting (among this 49,053 cwt. for own consumption) , together
26,486,773 cwt. (among this 1,818,642 cwt. blowa from dutiable foreign
ores) were produced .
Zinc. - Of zinc -works there were 33 crude zinc smelting-works , and 9
rolling-mills, & c. , in working order. At one of these works zinc was
also produced as a secondary product. In this industry 6,825 hands
were employed. There were worked up 9,618,051 cwt. inland, 304,028
dutiable foreign ores, and 214,808 cwt. zinc ores. Of crude zinc there
were produced 1,660,816 cwt. (of this from dutiable foreign ores 81,529
cwt., from zinc ore or other works, 29,074 cwt. ) , of a value of 34,731,222
marks (against 1,482,356 cwt. = 30,785,912 marks in 1875 ) , 409,047 cwt.
sheet zinc, 64,073 cwt. zinc-white and zinc gray ; as also of secondary
products, 7,173 cwt. lead, 3,558 pounds cadmium, 2,950 cwt . of residue ,
and 4,369 cwt. of zinc ashes.
Lead. The production of lead yielded of pig- lead and litharge 1,404,
105 cwt., of the value of 29,151,432 marks, against 1,308,235 cwt. =
28,264,307 marks, in 1875. The production in 1876 amounted to 1,345,280
cwt. pig-lead, 58,865 cwt. salable litharge, 1,144 cwt. sheet - lead and
coarse lead wares ; and further, as secondary products, 671 cwt. nickel,
27,807 cwt. iron, copper, and zinc vitriol, 33 cwt. of sulphur, and 206,773
cwt. of sulphuric acid, 134,709 cwt. of the products were gained from
dutiable foreign ores, and 4,695 cwt. from old dross. In all there were
worked up 2,372,271 cwt. inland and 243,462 cwt. dutiable foreign ores ;
of workingmen there were 2,620 employed. In 21 of the 38 works be
longing here, lead was manufactured as a secondary product.
Miscellaneous.- Of pig and rosette copper, copper-ore, and crude cop
per there were produced in the year 1876 159,696.5 cwt., of the value of
12,560,456 marks , against 144,237 cwt., of the value of 12,753,724 marks ,
in 1875. There were also produced in 1876, as secondary products, 1,523.5
cwt. of nickel, 448 cwt. iron, copper, and zinc vitriol , and 129,264 cwt.
sulphuric acid. For this production , 5,653,619 cwt. home and 29,584 cwt.
dutiable foreign ores were made use of. Of the products, 3,132 cwt.
were produced from dutiable foreigu ores, and 5,225.6 cwt. from old
dross. In the 15 works which carried on the production of lead as their
chief production, 1,259 men were employed , with 2,758 persons belong
ing to them ; 13 works manufactured lead as a secondary product ; 5 roll
ing- mills turned out 82,544 cwt. of sheet copper and coarse copper wares.
The principal seat of the production is the district of Merseburg. The
production of silver amounted to 17,099,835 marks, against 18,820,831
marks in 1875 ; the production of gold to 347,721 marks, against 486,556
marks in 1875. Besides this there were produced 5,595.25 cwt . nickel =
2,035,253 marks, against 4,736.26 cwt. = 1,664,922, marks, in 1875 ; 224
ewt. cobalt-blue and such like == 1,254 marks, against 226 cwt. - 12,051
marks, in 1875 ; 1,758 cwt. tin and coarse tin wares = 46,005 marks ;
3,558 pounds cadmium = 28,911 marks against 3,837 cwt. = 32,024
marks, in 1875 ; 2,670 cwt. of mineral products containing arsenic =
44,660 marks, against 3,412 cwt. = 57,090 marks, in 1875 ; 1,435,312
cwt. sulphuric acid = 4,823,320 marks, against 1,399,696 cwt. = 5,437,206
marks, in 1875 ; 60,078 cwt. vitriol - 840,606 marks, against 90,368 cwt. =
1,288,101 marks, in 1875 ; 6,738 cwt. sulphur = 65,892 marks, against
3,950 cwt. = 39,136 marks, in 1875 .
The entire products from mineral - works from ores and dross amounted
to 189,134,537 marks in 1876, against 207,132,340 marks in 1875. The
number of works kept going amounted to 217 (besides 100 in secondary
production) ; that of workmen employed to 27,075.
PRICES OF ARTICLES OF FOOD .
The average prices of the most important articles of food were, accord
ing to the memoranda of the Prussian statistical bureau in 1876 , and
in June 1877 , as follows :
Per 100 kilograms in th mark.
Articles.
Year
June
June
1876
.,1876
1., 877
.
Wheat 210 247 222

Rye 174 190 182
Barley 168 173 178
Oats . 177 168 197
Pease 250 233 258
Beans 245 293 286
Lentils .. 395 378 398
Potatoes 59.5 80 61
GERMANY. 301
Prices of articles of food-Continued.

Per 1 kilogram in pfennig.
Year
Articles.
.Jane
.June
1876
,1876
,1877
.
Beef . 113 116 114
Pork 131 128 132
Veal 98 98 97
Mutton 107 109 109
Bacon 190 188 190
Butter 245 220 227
Eggs (60) . 344 275 284
Dripping.. 188 184 188
Corn-flour. 41
701 43
Rye-meal.. 32 32
Java rice.. 59 59
Java coffee.. 290 201
CHARLES SANDER.
BREMEN.
For table showing the value of declared exports to the United States
from Bremen see the statement from the consulate- general of Berlin to
the United States, page 294.
BRUNSWICK.
For table showing the value of declared exports from Brunswick to

the United States see the statement from the consulate - general of
Berlin, page 294.
CHEMNITZ .
OCTOBER 22 , 1877. ( Received November 24. )

Report upon the condition of the people and industries of Saxony.
As there are no statistics published by the Saxon Government as to
the condition of trade in the district of Chemnitz alone, this report must
necessarily be confined to giving such information as can be gathered
from personal observation and the business transacted through this
office.
CHEAP LABOR AND CHEAP MANUFACTURES .
The Chemnitz district is noted as being one of the best markets in
Europe in which to purchase various kinds of cheap goods. Scarcely any
other country can compete with this in the manufacture of articles which
can readily be produced by cheap hand-labor. Manufacturers here are
fully aware that they cannot compete with England or the United States
in the production of the better grades of machine-made goods ; but
living as they do in a land where the poverty of the soil and the density
of the population compel the inhabitants to devote their time to other
pursuits than farming, and surrounded as they are by a people who are
willing to work for wages which are barely sufficient to purchase the
plainest necessaries of life, they rightly feel that they are almost with
out competition in the manufacture of such goods as can be produced
by the cheap labor of this district.
The Chemnitz district comprises a scope of country of about two thou

sand square miles, with nearly one million of inhabitants. From this
section of country there are exported annually goods of the value of
about $ 6,000,000, two -thirds of which go to the United States.
CONDITION OF THE INHABITANTS.
Of the inhabitants of this part of Saxony probably four- fifths are of
the working classes, and of these fully four- fifths are entirely dependent
upon their daily labor for support. It is safe to assume that not ex
ceeding 1 per cent. of the working classes are owners of the property on
which they live. They reside in small villages, generally renting two
rooms, which serve them as well for workshop as residence. It seems in
credible that the working people of Saxony can live upon their small earn
ings. Skilled labor sometimes commands $5 per week, but this is rarely
the case ; ordinary workmen receive only from $ 1.50 to $ 2.50 per week.
This small sum must purchase food, fuel, and clothing, and must also
pay rent and taxes. The cost of living in Saxony is about the same
it is in the Eastern part of the United States ; taxes are higher ;
clothing costs less. Wages being so low and living so high, it follows
that not only the father and mother, but the children also, must assist
in earning money with which to support the family. Thus are the chil
dren taught to follow the same business or employment as their parents.
This early training makes skillful workmen , and as they are apparently
satisfied with their lot, and either will not or cannot emigrate, it seems
quite certain that no other country, at least for some time to come, will
be able to produce workmen who can compete with the Saxons in both
skill and price.
CHEAP LABOR, AND EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.
In another part of this report it will be seen that the value of the
exports from this district has not decreased to the same extent as in
other parts of Germany. In fact, when we consider that in the past
four years the prices of goods have declined upon an average fully 25
per cent. , we will find that the quantity of goods exported has steadily
increased, notwithstanding the general depression of trade. In the past
year the price of goods has decreased about 6 per cent. , and yet the ex
ports in 1877 show an increase in value of 2.2 per cent. over 1873 ; this
is an increase in quantity of about 19 per cent. over the previous year,
and 36 per cent. over 1873. The exports from this district are mostly
staple goods, which are always in demand, and they are sold at very low
figures and small profits. As long as the price of labor here and the
rate of duty in the United States do not increase, it is not probable
that the value of the exports from this district will materially de
crease. It is the cheap labor of Saxony alone which enables Saxon
manufacturers to place their goods, made of American material , upon
the American market at lower figures than they can there be produced .
The decrease in the price of labor during the past four years has about
kept pace with the decrease in the price of goods ; still these even-going
people scarcely complain. They work a few days more in the year, live
a little more economically, and work on, never thinking of striking for
better wages. They take but little thought for the future. Increase
their pay, and they will decrease their hours of labor ; decrease their
pay, and they will increase their work in very nearly the same ratio. As
for laying anything by, most of them seem to have no desire to do so.
HOW SAXON GOODS ARE MANUFACTURED.
The different kinds of goods are made in different localities in the
district. Thus hosiery is manufactured in and immediately south of
GERMANY. 303
Chemnitz ; cotton gloves, mostly northwest of Chemnitz ; kid gloves, in

8 Johanngeorgenstadt ; dress- trimmings, in the country surrounding Anna .
f berg, Buchholz , and Schweeberg ; musical instruments, in and near Mark
neukirchen, and dress goods in Voigtland.
About 75 per cent. of the cotton hose manufactured are made on small
iron frames by workmen at their houses. This kind of manufacturing
is termed " house industry." Hose costing $ 100 in 1873 sold for $ 86 in
t
1874 , for $ 92 in 1875 , for $ 80 in 1876, and for $ 74 in 1877. Of the quan
tity manufactured , about 75 per cent. goes to the United States.
The cotton-glove trade has increased more than 100 per cent. in the past
four years. The decline in price during the same time has been about
22 per cent. About 75 per cent. is produced by house industry, and
about the same per cent. goes to the United States.
The trade with the United States in dress trimmings has been very
irregular. The principal portion manufactured goes to England , only
25 per cent. being purchased in the United States. The cost of pro
duction and the selling-price have decreased about 25 per cent. during
the past four years. Ninety- five per cent. of what is manufactured in
Saxony is produced by house industry.
Ninety-five per cent. of the embroideries and laces manufactured are
also made by house industry. Since 1873 these goods have decreased in
value about 40 per cent. Of the quantity produced , 50 per cent. is ex
ported to the United States.
The trade in musical goods has fallen off fully 50 per cent. since 1873.
This is partly owing to the general depression of trade and partly to
the increased manufacture of such goods in the United States. Ninety
five per cent. of the goods are made by house industry. The price of
the goods and the quantity produced have not materially decreased
in the past few years. The trade with the United States in 1873 was
equal to 50 per cent. of the amount manufactured , but it has now fallen
off to 25 per cent.
EXPORTS FROM GERMANY AND CHEMNITZ COMPARED.
The exports from Germany to the United States were, for 1873, $ 61 ,
100,000 ; 1874, $ 45,100,000 ; 1875, $ 40,800,000 ; 1876 , $ 35,488,000. And
from Chemnitz, 1873, $ 3,847,000 ; 1874, $ 2,945,000 ; 1875, $3,867,000 ;
1876, $3,490,000 .
Taking the year 1873 as a basis , the increase or decrease in the value
of the exports was as follows :
Germany : 1874, decrease 26.2 per cent .; 1875 , decrease 33.2 per cent. ,
1876, decrease 41.9 per cent.
Chemnitz 1874, decrease 23.4 per cent.; 1875, increase 0.5 per cent.;
1876, decrease 9.3 per cent.
During the year ending September 30 , 1877, the exports from this dis
trict increased 12.7 per cent. over the previous year, and 2.2 per cent.
over 1873.
Of the entire amount sent from Germany to the United States, this
district exported , in 1873, 6.3 per cent.; 1874 , 6.5 per cent.; 1875 , 9.4 per
cent; and in 1876, 9.8 per cent .
N. H. GRIGGS .
NOTE.- For table of declared exports from Chemnitz to the United States, see de
clared exports from the consulate-general of Berlin, page 234 .
CREFELD .
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular agency of Crefeld to the
Quarter ending
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 20, 1877.
Button-stuff $37, 661 90 $37, 247 38 $21 , 980 73 $19, 578 36 $116, 468 37
Dress, piece goods, and manufactures,
of cotton .. 3,879 05 245 48 2, 688 21 11, 629 63 18, 442 37
of silk 76, 290 48 106,467 14 32,380 85 62,475 48 277, 613 95
of silk and cotton 206, 583 32 275,936 57 385, 343 42 518,425 63 1,386, 288 94
Dyes and chemicals 2,977 63 1,285 00 1,917 80 5,000 14 11, 780 57
Hat-bands, ribbons, and galloons, ofsilk
and silk and cotton . 6,509 52 9,186 43 16, 118 07 14, 649 61 46, 463 63
Liquors 3,245 95 1, 122 14 4,079 80 1, 102 42 9,550 31
Paperware ....... 3,854 76 2,322 62 4, 106 69 5, 604 19 15, 888 26
Various 1, 442 85 1,541 67 435 78 622 37 4,042 67
Total in United States gold 342, 445 46 435,954 43 469, 051 35 639,087 83 1,886, 539 07
Total for preceding year.. 309,328 81 336, 432 62 474,094 71 729, 911 03 1,849, 767 17
Increase 33, 116 65 99, 521 81 36, 771 90
Decrease 5, 043 36 90, 823 20
FRED. WANSLEBEN .
DANTZIC .
Statement showing the commerce at the port of Dantzic for the year ending December 31, 1876.
IMPORTS.
Value on Articles. Value en.
Articles. Quantity. tered. Quantity. tered. *
Coffee .cwt . 44,700 $4,287, 333 Tar, pitch, and resin.cwt. 97,838 $96, 045
Cacao .do.. 594 7,844 Pig-iron ..do.. 285, 585 201, 947
Chicory ..do .. 33, 192 63,066 Wrought iron .do.. 44, 606 72,976
Tea ..do .. 995 38, 800 Iron rails ..do .. 405, 175 649, 256
Rice.. ..do .. 67, 481 7, 497 Steel, cast steel, steel
Sugar ..do .. 25, 120 194, 733 plates .. ..cwt 59, 178 192, 510
Sirup andmolasses ...do .. 12, 303 49,577 Cast-iron goods ......do .. 129, 382 659, 756
Pepperand pimento..do... 9, 622 97, 755 Machinery, boilers, anch
Cinnamon, other spices, ors, and chains ....cwt 36, 952 174, 345
cwt 961 19, 200 Lead ....do .. 11, 803 55, 923
Preserved fruits.....cwt. 15, 129 155, 311 Tin and tin sheets ...do .. 1, 789 33, 367
Tobacco .do .. 7,676 64, 911 Zinc and zinc sheets..do .. 820 4,820
Wine... do .. 50, 101 685, 450 Block tin ..do .. 6, 259 33, 290
Rum and brandy ....do .. 8, 880 95,000 Copper and yellow metal,
Beer.. ..do .. 8, 329 19, 364 cwt 6,435 131, 660
Honey . ..do... 2,840 24, 933 Kryolith ………………………… ..cwt . 5, 703 20, 710
Meat and bacon ..do .. 2, 703 176, 022 Lime. .do.. 210, 100 63,670
Lard .do.. 15, 559 132, 065 Chalk, earth, and ores,
Herrings .bbls. 63, 284 545,000 cwt .. 135, 444 79, 156
Salt ..cwt. 784, 170 254, 577 Cement ... cwt 163, 639 82, 635
Various articles of con Coal and coke . ...do .. 6, 274, 035 944, 000
sumption.......... cwt 13, 711 89, 020 Stone .. ..do .. 164, 246 121, 160
Drugs and dyes ...... do .. 5,840 9, 467 Bricks and earthen ware ,
Soda crystal . ..do .. 73, 653 123, 423 cwt .. 119, 720 8,825
Potash ..do .. 6, 890 33, 355 China ware ... Cwt. 2,151 26, 145
Chloride of lime. ..do .. 10, 896 24, 250 Glass ...... ..do .. 2,666 24,975
Caustic soda.. ..do .. 6, 23.3 15, 890 Foreign wood ..do .. 2, 189 6,620
Epsom salts .... ..do .. 11, 823 9, 560 Furniture .... do .. 15,927 132, 065
Saltpeter . ..do .. 2,676 10,280 Cotton wool ..do .. 27, 970 339, 045
Sulphur ..do .. 7,306 16, 340 Yarns, cotton and wool,
Dre woods ... ..do.. 48,715 125, 456 manufactures ..... cwt . 1,827 88,270
Sundry drugs and dyes, Linen and sail cloth..do.. 6, 100 71, 355
cwt 15, 100 193,758 Ropes . ..do.. 1,106 11, 180
Vegetable oil. ... cwt . 1, 180 10, 697 Flax and hemp ..do .. 90 515
Linseed oil ..do .. 27, 925 160, 800 Hides and skins ...do .. 19, 613 301, 380
Palm oil.. .do.. 5,372 40, 950 Rags .do.. 1,20 0 2,540
Sundry oils ..do.. 2,840 22,976 Paper .do .. 6, 061 77,070
Tallow ..do.. 13, 640 120,930 Guano do.. 13, 637 34,450
Train oil .... do.. 4, 778 31, 870 Cattle .do.. 38 630
Grease, soap, and candles, Miscellaneous ...do .. 34,326 168, 940
and wax . ....cwt 12, 472 122, 627
Petroleum . ..do.. 310, 785 1,235, 715 Total 14, 257, 033
NOTE BY THE CONSUL. -The amount of duties collected and the countries from which these imports
were shipped could not be obtained.
1
GERMANY. 305
Statement showing the commerce at the port of Dantzic, &c.—Continued .

he EXPORTS.
, nclud
.,includ
Value
iValue
costs
costs
Quantity
ity
and
and
ing
ing
charges
charges
Quant
30
Articles. Articles.
.
.
37
17 Wheat cwt. 125, 021, 600 $5, 303, 960 Coopers' and turners'
Rye .do.. 2, 242, 900 70, 230 goods,wickerwork.cwt. 26, 202 $78, 560
3 Barley do.. 1, 907, 400 34, 470 Drugs ...do .. 2, 059 19, 800
Oats . ..do .. 11,000 380 Rape-oil . ...do .. 50, 260 324, 910
Pease, beans, &c .. .do.. 2,387,000 82, 200 Oil-cakes ..do .. 42, 548 70, 910
7 Oil seeds.. .do.. 3,429, 800 207,870 Bones ..do .. 23, 795 18, 033
Other agricultural pro Rags .do.. 15, 635 40, 645
duce .cwt. 9, 525 46,780 Shoddy .do.. 4, 449 26, 960
Flour, starch, &c .... do .. 22, 524 110, 900 Tar, pitch, resin, and felt,
Spruce beer ..galls . 81, 128 56, 780 cwt 1, 149 2,045
Molasses . .cwt . 159, 292 514, 890 Paper and pasteboard ,
Sundry articles of con cwt. 2,674 16, 220
sumption.. ..cwt . 10,880 113, 935 Cement ..cwt. 435 237
Timber and staves , 894, 000 Other articles not enu.
Iron and iron manufac merated.. ..cwt. 22, 844 54, 320
tures .. .cwt . 1,830 5, 340
Lead ..do .. 5, 206 23, 670 Total 10, 118, 045
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-Countries to which these exports were shipped cannot be given.
Statement showing the navigation at the port of Dantzic for the year 1876.
ENTERED.
United States ..... 7 4,500 7 4,500

Belgian ... 2 2,257 2 2,257
Danish ....... 28 20, 048 118 33, 079 146 53, 127
British 116 92, 831 310 137, 886 426 230, 717
French ...... 4 963 4 963
Dutch 22 10, 351 99 21, 565 121 31, 916
Norwegian. 9 4,368 68 21, 705 77 26, 073
Russian. 4 3, 904 24 10, 719 28 14, 623
Swedish 14 7,347 76 19, 021 90 26, 368
German.. 123 48, 817 937 261, 621 1,060 310, 438
Total 318 189,923 1, 645 512, 889 1,963 702, 812
CLEARED.
United States . 7 4,500 7 4,500

Belgian . 2 2,257 2 2,257
Danish.. 28 20, 048 120 33, 682 142 53, 730
British.. 117 93, 529 316 140, 036 433 233, 565
French 4 963 4 963
Dutch 22 10, 351 100 22,305 122 32, 656
Norwegian. 9 4,368 77 24, 648 86 29, 016
:
Russian . 4 3, 904 23 10,380 27 14, 284

Swedish 14 7,347 76 19, 021 90 26, 368
German.... 127 48,281 985 287,287 1, 112 335, 568
Total 323 190, 085 1,710 542, 822 2,033 732, 907
PETER COLLAS.
20 C N
DRESDEN.
For value of declared exports from the consular district of Dresden ,

see statement from the consulate- general of Berlin , page 294.
DÜSSELDORF.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular agency of Düsseldorf to the
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
December March 31, June 30, September the year.
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Ammunition, percussion caps, &c .. $874 82 $811 70 $284 72 $1,971 24

Articles of art, paintings, engravings,
chromos, &c .. $10,367 84 6,500 86 7,296 83 11, 600 63 35, 766 16
Braids and bindings :
Cotton.. 3,379 58 3,841 52 1,492 21 8,713 31
Woolen and woolen mixed . 11,892 05 11,994 57 5,981 13 6, 646 57 36, 514 32
Buttons, horn, glass, cloth, metal 1, 195 41 1,791 09 2, 986 50
Button stuffs of cloth, silk, metal, &c.. 627 08 1, 421 99 2,049 07
Dress and piece goods, and manufac
tures of:
Silk 5,007 66 923 87 3,724 35 9,655 88
Woolen .. 80, 096 44 70, 180 74 69,353 72 151, 142 78 370, 773 68
Woolen mixed. 9, 138 60 8, 007 26 9, 192 30 17,377 15 43, 715 31
Hat-bands, ribbons, and galloons :
Cotton 202.95 280 73 483 68
Silk and cotton . 2,041 78 3,489 51 8,880 50 1,015 89 15, 427 68
Liquors, wines, spirits, beer, &c. 429 49 411 29 578 24 71 40 1, 490 42
Metals and manufactures of, hardware
and cutlery . 11,662 56 15, 265 77 14,066 96 28, 141 13 69, 136 42
Artists' colors and materials 288 66 536 81 1,278 78 2, 104 25
Various 1,555 25 948 50 1,071 65 10, 026 44 13,601 84
Total 132, 191 67 122, 265 43 127, 361 15 232, 571 51 614,389 76
Increase.. 17,302 05
Decrease 13, 816 82 34, 721 22 34, 575 57 65, 811 56
H. LEWIS .
FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN .
NOVEMBER 1 , 1877. (Received December 10. )
Report upon the agriculture, labor, commerce, and industries of the consu
late-general of Frankfort-on-the -Main for the year ending September 30,
1877.
With reference to the trade and industry of the territory embraced

within the supervision of this consulate-general during the year just
ended, I have to report the facts and impressions gained during the four
and a half months of that year included within my official incumbency.
THE CROPS.
The crops of Eastern and Southern Germany, excepting the grape,

have generally been better than last year, both in quality and quan
tity. There are local and limited exceptions, as might be expected
GERMANY. 307
in so wide a scope of territory , comprising such a variety of agricultural

conditions. The reports from the various consulates under the super
vision of this consulate- general furnish details as to the various districts.
To these may be added the following authentic estimates for the King
dom of Prussia, year 1877 , based on 2,400 reports from all parts of that
kingdom .
CROPS OF 1877.
Full crop, 100. Wheat, 94.7 ; rye, 98.7 ; barley, 83.7 ; oats, 83 ; pease,
88.8 ; beans, 87.2 ; buckwheat, 84.9 ; rape seed, 74.1 ; potatoes, 96.7 ;
hay, 100.9 ; clover, 83.6.
For the district of Wiesbaden and the old Duchy of Nassau, the esti
mates, based on like information , are as follows :
District of Wiesbaden .- Wheat, 75 ; barley, 50 ; dinkel, 100 ; oats, 75 ;
rye, 75 ; potatoes, 125 ; rape seed, 80 ; hay, 125 ; sweet turnips, 100 ;
clover, 125 ; other vegetables, 100 ; straw, 90.
Old Duchy of Nassau.-Wheat, 97 ; rye, 112 ; barley, 85 ; oats , 84.
THE COLORADO BEETLE.
The potato crop in these districts, though large, has suffered greatly
from rot, more than half the yield in many places having perished from
this cause. The Colorado beetle appeared during the season in the
neighborhood of Cologne and created great alarm , but so vigorous were
the measures taken for its extermination that its injuries to the crop
were slight.
GRAPES AND WINE.
The extent and importance of this interest, in this part of Germany,

are such that any circumstances injuriously affecting it are always
sources of great solicitude. The vintage of 1876, which gave great
promise in the beginning of the season, was subjected during the sum
mer of that year to unfavorable atmospheric conditions which seriously
affected both its quality and quantity. In Rhine Hesse, in the Rhinegau,
and in the Bavarian Palatinate, only a middling crop of grapes was
gathered, but in many districts , the Rhinegau excepted , the quality of
the wine developed more favorably than had been expected .
In harmony with the general state of trade, the prices of wines con
tinued low until the beginning of October of the present year, when the
prospects of a failure of the grape crop caused an advance of about
30 per cent. in the low middling and good middling grades, an advance
that would very likely have extended to the finer qualities but for the
extreme dullness of the wine business.
The failure apprehended has been realized to its fullest extent.
Scarcely one-third, and in the Rhinegau districts not one fourth, of an
average crop, and that often of such sour quality as to be quite unfit for
use, is the result of a season that gave in its beginning the greatest
promise. During the months of May and June the vines flourished
finely, and the results of the blowing period , which was shorter than
usual, were especially encouraging. But the low temperature which set
in during July and continued through August and September greatly
retarded the growth of the vines. Then came the severe frosts of Sep
tember 27 and 28 and October 10, which destroyed the last hope for
even a fair crop.
On an average, two-thirds of the entire vintage perished during those
nights, and in many vineyards the grapes were not worth the expense
of gathering. In the Rhinegau, owing to the peculiarity of the Riesling

grape, which is mostly grown there, and which requires more heat for
ripening than other varieties , the cold weather of the summer and the
ensuing frosts were particularly disastrous. In Rhine Hesse the crop ,
though generally of very ordinary quality, may yet develop some favor
able exceptions, since several districts, such as Nierstein , Oppenheim,
and Nackenheim, owing to their protected situations , did not suffer so
much from the frosts. The same observation may be made as to the
so-called Haardt Mountain districts of the Bavarian Palatinate.
Under the circumstances which have been narrated , the saccharine
quality of the new wine will , of course, be of a very low standard , rating
at 12 to 14 per cent. to 8 to 16 per cent. of acid, whereas the standard
for good wine is about 19 per cent. saccharine to 4 to 5 of acid.
The transactions in the new vintage have as yet been very limited ,
the lower grades rating at 180 to 350 marks , the better at 400 to 600
marks, and the Rhinegau growths at 260 to 360 marks per 1,200 liters,
equivalent to 317 gallons.
MANUFACTURE OF SPURIOUS WINES .
The bad results of the season will in all probability lead to resump
tion of the manufacture of spurious and adulterated wines, which re
sulted so extensively from the poor vintages of 1872 and 1873, and
declined again under the effect of the better vintages of 1874-75-'76 .
A general agitation against this fraud of selling adulterated and spuri
ous for genuine German wines has not heretofore availed to restrain
the imposition, and the existing laws affording no means of suppressing
it, there seems to be no protection against it except the personal respon
sibility and good faith of dealers.
THE PHYLLOXERA.
In conclusion of this subject, it may be added that the phylloxera has

not yet appeared in this part of Germany, but that precautionary meas
ures against its advent are now under consideration in the Prussian
Parliament. There are various opinions as to the causes of the unusual
frosts which have, during this and other recent years , caused so much
damage to the crop ; one of the more plausible theories being that the
denudation of the forest lauds has caused the springs to dwindle,
thereby reducing the area of water surface and the protecting influencé
of the vapors that arise from it. Among the remedies suggested are the
increased cultivation of trees, fumigation , and the construction of mov
able thatches or other means of covering the vines.
RINDERPEST.
This plague, in malignant form, made its appearance at Geisenheim, a

Rhine village between Mayence and Bingen, on the 11th of October
last, and was officially announced . A short time afterward it appeared
also at Eibingen , a neighboring village, and was instantly reported at
Hochheim and other places. Under direction of the government, ex
traordinary measures were instantly taken to suppress it, as the depart
ment was advised at the time, and these measures have proved effectual.
All suspected towns were at once placed under guard , and no intercourse
whatever allowed with neighboring places. Suspected animals were
slain, and all really or possible infected carcasses carefully buried .
GERMANY . 309
The most thorough means of disinfection were applied , including the

destruction, by fire or otherwise , of every article supposed to possess
the taint of the infection . Altogether about 250 head of cattle died or
were slain in the two infected villages, and under these and various
other repressive measures equally stringent the pest disappeared . No
new cases were discovered after October 23, and its entire extinction
was in proper course of time officially announced.
This outbreak of the plague in the Rhinegau is the only one that has
taken place in Eastern or Southern Germany since its appearance on
the Lower Rhine last spring. It was traced directly to one of several
importations of cattle from Austria- Hungary, which took place to and
through Germany prior to the effectual prohibition of such importations.
It created great alarm in this part of the empire, and with much reason.
Were it the custom here, as in the United States, for cattle to be pas
tured in the open fields, it is very doubtful whether the rapid spread of
the plague, and its continuous ravages, could possibly have been pre
vented . But there is no such custom in Western Germany. All
cattle are constantly confined in stables, and this fact affords a great
advantage in circumventing and suppressing any species of epizootic
contagion.
FOOD PRICES .
The prices of food have somewhat advanced during the past year,
though not universally. The following are sample expressions on this
subject from well- informed persons in many different localities : 1. Cost
of living one-third greater than a few years ago. 2. Cost of living
never so high as now. 3. Cost of living greater than last year. 4.
Food costs more than last year ; meat two and a half cents a pound
more, and so of butter. 5. Cost of living a little cheaper. 6. Cost of
living growing greater and greater. 7. Cost of living unchanged . S.
Meat costs more than last year ; bread is cheaper ; potatoes and other
vegetables 10 @ 20 per cent. cheaper. 9. Cost of living same as last
year. 10. Living 25 per cent. cheaper than last year.
These expressions as to the cost of subsistence have special reference
to the laboring and middle classes, but are equally applicable to all .
The country generally, while reasonably fertile, is not profuse in its
agricultural resources, and its dense population will doubtless, in spite
of the bountiful crops of this year, be obliged to draw largely upon ex
ternal resources for food essentials. Meat and wheat bread are consid
ered luxuries by the ordinary laborers, and butter is but little used by
them. Indeed, the great majority of working people, in the present
prices of provisions, are limited to the plainest food . Rents have some
what declined, owing to the amount of unemployed capital that has
been invested in buildings and the protracted stringency of the times,
but the general cost of living has greatly advanced of late years, and
the tendency is still decidedly in that direction .
LABOR AND WAGES.
There has been a palpable decline in wages during the year. The
following expressions of large employers, in as many different local
ities and districts, are taken from an extensive correspondence , and are
significant of the condition of the labor market : 1. Wages unchanged ;
fewer workmen employed . 2. Wages same as last year. 3. Wages
relatively higher than in preceding years. 4. Wages about the same as
last year ; 50 per cent. more idle workmen . 5. Wages same as last year.
6. Wages unchanged, but workmen employed only four days of the
week. 7. Must employ fewer workmen , if depression continues . 8.
Wages generally lower than last year ; factories have dismissed 10 per
cent. of their employés, and have economized by taking poorer work
men. 9. Wages and number of employés same as last year. 10. Gen
eral wages greatly reduced during last four years ; few unemployed. 11.
Wages generally reduced ; few unemployed ; manufacturers continually
discharging operatives. 12. Wages about 15 per cent. lower than in
1875 ; 30 per cent. fewer workmen employed than during that year. 13.
Wages and number employed same as last year ; working-hours reduced
one-third.
These observations cover nearly every variety of occupation , skilled
and unskilled . Increase of wages has been exceptional, and is reported
only by manufacturers of specialties which require rare qualifications .
The decided tendency has been toward lower pay and reduced employ
ment. A table of the current rates of wages paid in the various dis
tricts of Southern and Eastern Germany is appended hereto.
It will be observed from the foregoing that, while a large proportion
of laborers has been discharged from the factories, there are yet few or
no idlers. The explanation given is, that the discharged workmen have
sought and found other employments. It is not the disposition of the
German laborer to refuse to work at all because he cannot command
wages to suit him . No matter how dull the labor market, he will have
occupation , though it may bring him only a few pfennigs per day.
This commendable trait is encouraged by the severity of the police
regulations against all manner of vagrancy. These regulations make
voluntary idleness not only unprofitable but inconvenient, and at the
same time afford a certain protection to the laborer who is willing and
anxious to be employed.
The discharged laborer has also been helped by the heavy drafts
made upon the male population for military services. The avenues
of employment which might otherwise have been glutted have thus
been kept open, and the prices of labor have been preserved from
wholesale decline. The places of men absent in military service have
been suplied to a great extent by women , a fact which has added per
haps both to the variety and the recompense of female occupations.
In their general effect, however, these demands of the army are not
beneficial to labor interests. Their tendency is to break up fixity of
occupation and destroy steadiness in the aims of life. Time given to
the army is lost to business and production , and , what is more impor
tant, is also lost to the business and industrial training which is so
essential to success in civil occupations.
For these and other reasons the prices paid for labor in Germany are
not an exact indication of its relative value. Wages are proportion.
ately not quite so low as they may seem. Where less is paid than else
where, it often happens that more persons are employed , or persons who
are less skillful. Machinery which facilitates production , and reduces
the number of workmen required for a particular purpose, is regarded
with much jealousy by the unskilled classes. When machinery takes
the place of hand labor, the equilibrium is often restored by the liberal
requirement of hand -laborers to operate the machine.
The wages paid vary greatly in different districts and occupations,
as may be seen by the appended table of current rates, carefully com
piled from many different sources.
GERMANY. 311
CITY OF FRANKFORT.
Public improvements.-During the last two years large expenditures
have been made in the improvement of this city, publicly and privately.
The number of new buildings erected in 1873 was 400 ; in 1874, 465 ; in
1875, 561 , and in 1876, 427. Among the public structures lately com
pleted are the
City archive building, costing $90,000
Wohler school-building, costing . 280,000
Elizabethan school-building, costing 120,000
Souchay school-building, costing .. 130,000
Upper Main bridge ( nearly finished ) 285,000
Lower Main bridge .. 275,000
Main quay, & c ... 190,000
Restoration of cathedral 330,000
City water-works 2, 190, 000
Among the structures now in course of erection are a new exchange,
new market, and a new opera house ; the latter seating 2,000 persons,
and costing when finished about $ 1,230,000.
The city, with its numerous converging railways and extensive traffic ,
has long needed a suitable building for a central railway station , and
the general desire for such an improvement now seems likely to be soon
realized . Plans for a union depot have been prepared and approved by
the imperial government, which also consents to bear about half the
cost of the improvement. Closely related to this enterprise is that of
so improving the channel of the Main as to enable the largest Rhine
craft to ascend that river to Frankfort. This project has long been agi
tated, and is at the present time being vigorously pressed upon the
attention of the Prussian Parliament. An appropriation to begin the
work , it is confidently expected , will be incorporated in the bill for na
tional improvements now pending in that body.
Banking and finance.- The commerce of the city during 1876 , the latest
period for which any report has been made, is stated elsewhere in tabu
lar form . Its general commercial business is large and varied , but its
financial and banking interests continue to be far in the ascendant.
There are thirteen large banking institutions in Frankfort, with an es
timated aggregate capital of $ 35,000,000 . All these, except the Frank
furter and national banks, are private institutions, incorporated under
Prussian laws ; some of the most important being the
Capital in reichsmark.
Frankfurter Bank .... 17, 142, 857
Deutsche Vereinsbank 30, 000, 000
Frankfurter Bank Verein .. 15, 000, 000
Deutsche Effecten Wechsel Bank 12, 000, 000
Frankfurter Hypotheken Bank .. 3,428, 571
Frankfurter Hypotheken Credit Verein 1,800,000
Frankfurter Gewerbecasse ... 1,900, 207
Deutsche Genossenschaft Bank, estimated .. 2, 000, 000
Deutsche Handelsgesellschaft, estimated 6, 000, 000
Filiale der Bauk für Handel u. Industrie, estimated . 25, 000, 000
Bayerische Handelsbank B, 000, 000
Filiale Weimarische Bank, estimated .. 1,000,000
Mitteldeutsche Creditbank 15, 000, 000
Of the foregoing, the Frankfurter Hypotheken and Hypotheken Credit
Verein loan on mortgage .
There are several savings institutions, but with one exception they
are small and unimportant. A few building banks have been organized,
which erect the larger class of buildings on contract and mortgage ; but
this business has not been prosperous. There are also a great number
of private enterprises in the nature of exchange brokerage, commission
agencies, & c., not classified as legitimate banking institutions. No new
banks have been established during the past year, and only one has
been liquidated . In spite of the great paralysis of business but two
suspensions have occurred , one being that of a stock speculating firm ,
which will pay 60 per cent. on its liabilities, and the other a private
bank, which will pay its creditors in full.
In banking, as in other business, there is great complaint of dullness ,
hesitation, and depression . In view of the oriental war, and the uncer
tainty of its solution and consequences, capital has been timid and in
vestments scant. The great falling off in production has diminished
financial transactions and reduced the field for the legitimate employ.
ment of money. An era of buoyancy and speculation has been followed
by one of nerveless prostration .
Bank discount has ranged during the year from 3 to 5 , and the av
erage market rate from 2 to 5 per cent. The course of exchange on
London during the year has rated at 204 to 205.50 reichsmark for
£ 10 sterling ; on Paris, 81 to 81.50 reichsmark for 100 francs ; and
on New York, 4.14 to 4.20 reichsmark per dollar in gold , and 3.80 to 4.10
per dollar in currency.
About $95,000,000 of new securities have been placed through Frank
fort banks during the year, the rate of interest varying from 4 to 5 per
cent. The favorite continental investments are the 4 and 5 per cent.
loans of Bavaria, Baden , Würtemberg, Prussia, Saxony, and the other
German states. As an illustration of the readiness with which the bet
ter class of such securities are taken , it may be mentioned that on the 26th
of October, at 4 per cent., Würtemberg government loan of 15,000,000
marks was offered in the morning and that before noon subscriptions
were tendered for twenty times the amount.
The Ungarische goldrente loan of 60,000,000 Austrian florins, nego
tiated during the past year, was largely placed through Frankfort banks ,
as were other prominent European loans. Among those now in pros
pect, in which Frankfort will take a prominent part, are the new Rus
sian loan of 300,000,000 marks, and the Prussian 4 per cent. loan of
17,000,000 marks. A few of the best first-mortgage bonds of continental
railways are also readily taken and largely held .
Popularity of United States securities.- No securities have been more
popular in Frankfort than United States governments. It may be said,
indeed, that they are pre eminently the favorites. The amount of our
national securities now held in this city is intelligently estimated at not
less than $100,000,000, consisting mostly of the 4 , 5, and 6 per cents.
In the new 4 per cents. scarcely anything has yet been done, owing in
part to the powerful competition of some of the best continental gov
ernment offerings. The 4 per cents. were very largely taken. Owing
to the recent calls for redemption of the 6 per cents., the bonds not likely
to be now called , such as the 5 per cent. funded , 6 per cent. 81's, and the
ten-forties, have rated very high in the market.
The exports to the United States from this part of Germany are of a
very miscellaneous character, the predominating articles being leather
and hides, dried fruits, fancy goods, linens, and woolen and cotton
goods in the manufacture of which hand labor constitutes an important
element.* In this consular district there has been a slight increase of
exports during the past year. As there is no means of ascertaining the
imports from the United States, the amount cannot be given .
ALFRED E. LEE.
For table of declared exports from Frankfort see page 296

GERMANY. 313
Statement of wages paid to laborers and artisans in Eastern and Southern Germany during
the year ending September 30, 1877.
Place . Kind of labor. Time. Amount in United

States gold.
Barr .. Tanners .. .... Day .... $0 56 to $1 13
Eisenach Color fabricants do 42 to 70
Field-hands ...do 35 to 42
Field-hands (women) . ...do 21 to 28
Masons . .do 59 to 61
Carpenters do 59 to 61
Schwabach Bronze powder and metal fabricants . Week.. 3 29
Same (women) . ..do 1 64
Field-hands Day 35 to 47
Rudolstadt (Thuringen) .. Porcelain fabricants, best. Week. 4 23 to 4 70
Painters of porcelain ... do 5 87
Field-hands do 2 82 to 3 52
Masons and carpenters . Dayo 82
Common laborers . d 59
Mayence.... Field-bands (without board) . ... do 59 to 94
Field-hands (with board) . do 23 to 47
Mechanics Week. 3 52 to 4 22
Offenbach . Leather fabricants Day 82 to 1 42
Lürth Glass-grinders Week... 4 23 to 5 64
Same (women) . do 1 88 to 2 35
Culmbach.. Workmen in brewery Month 12 69
Coopers and brewers do 18 80
Mechanics .. do 47 to 70
Bayreuth House-maids Year. 9 40 to 23 50
Porters (without board) Week. 2 35 to 3 52
Salesmen . Year .. 141 00 to 423 00
Factory operatives Week.. 2 82 to 3 52
Same (women) .do 1 17 to 2.35
Höchst Aniline color fabricants Day 47 to 94
Bielfeld Common laborers .. ..do 33 to 47
Factory laborers ...do 41 to 59
Mechanics ... do 59 to 94
Flax factory (girls) . ..do 23 to 35
Field-hands (summer) ... do 41 to 47
Field-hands (winter).. .do 23 to 35
Field-hands (with board) Year .. 70 50 to 82 25
Wurzburg . Sparkling wine fabricants . Day
Hof in Bavaria Weavers ...do 47 to 70
Field-hands ..do 70 to 1 17
Saarguemines Plush and silk fabricants (men) . Month . 13 16 to 23 50
Same (girls and women) do 6 05 to 18 80
Nüremberg Cabinet-makers .: Day 80
Nürembergand vicinity.. Masons
Tailors .. ... do 1 00
..do 75
Glaziers . Week . 3 75
Carpenters . Day 85
Locksmiths Week... 6 75
Printers Day 80
Blacksmiths . ...do 75
Street-pavers . do 1 10
Brewers (with board) . Week.. 1 50 to 2 50
Bakers (with board.. ...do 1 75
Butchers (with board) . do 1 25 to 1 50
Confectioners (with board) . Month .. 6 00 to 6 50
Sonneberg and vicinity... China factories :
Modelers Day 1 50
Decorators ...do 0 75 1 25 to 1 50
Formers and turners .do .... 75 to 1 00
Formers (women) ..do 37 to 624
Firemen . ... do 62 to 75
Packers . ...do 50 to 62
Day laborers (women) . ... do 37 to 50
Gun-makers do 37 to 1 00
Papier-maché fabricants (men) Week. 2 75 to 3 50
Papier-maché fabricants (women). ...do 1 75 to 2 25
Lamp-makers (men) . do .... 3 00 to 4 52
Kid-glove makers :
Common workmen.. .do .... 3 00
Skilled workmen .do 3 75 to 4 50
Women .
.. do 1 50 to 3 00
Cotton-hosiery fabricants do 2 50 to 6 00
Fancy woodenware fabricants. Day 50 to 621
Current prices of provisions in the city of Frankfort-on -the-Main , October 31 , 1877.
Articles. Price in United

Quantity. States gold.
Beans, white. .pounds.. 222.8 $5.88 to $6.58.

Butter. .do . 1.114 18 to 29 cents.
Cabbage. per 100 heads .. $2.82 to $3.52.
Eggs.. ..dozen .. 15 to 22 cents.
Hay pounds.. 111.4 61 to 77 cents.
Lentils do... 222.8 $7.05 to $8.93.
Meat:
Beef. .do .... 1. 114 14 to 20 cents.
Bacon do 1.114 26 cents.
Mutton . .do.. 1. 114 11 to 16 cents.
Pork ..do 1. 114 18 to 20 cents.
Veal.. ..do ... 1.114 15 to 17 cents.
Potatoes. .do... 222.8 $1.32 to $1.41.
Pease, shelled . .do... 222.8 $6.58 to $7.75.
Rye-meal .. .do ... 222.8 $5.82 to $5.95.
Rye-meal, coarse.. ..do .. 222.8 $5.34 to $5.58.
Straw .do... 111.4 51 to 56 cents.
HAMBURG.
OCTOBER 30 , 1877. (Received November 9.)
A report upon the trade of the United States with Hamburg and how to
enlarge the same.
I have the honor to transmit herewith statements showing the trade

and navigation of the port of Hamburg for the year ending December
31 , 1876.
The total imports of Hamburg for the year ending December 31 , 1876,
were $405,643,175.42 ; the total exports were $345,397,738 ; excess of im
ports over exports, $60,245,437.42. The principal trade of Hamburg is
with England, the United States, and Brazil. The percentage of her
imports from England in the last year was 26.2, from the United States
4.8, and from Brazil 3.5. The total value of imports from the United
States for the year ending December 31 , 1876, was $ 19,688,000 . The
value of declared exports from this consular district for the year ending
September 30, 1877 , was $ 3,016,218.75 ; the value for year ending Sep
tember 30, 1876, was $ 2,341,014.25 ; an increase of $ 675,204.50.
The geographical position of Hamburg, its easy and cheap communi
cation by land and water with the principal countries of Europe, the
free entry of all kinds of merchandise, the business energy and activity
of its merchants, tend to increase its importance as one of the chief
commercial cities of Europe, and renders it one of the most desirable
ports for introducing and extending the trade in all branches of Ameri
can industry and manufacture . These advantages have already been
appreciated to quite an extent by several of our manufacturers, especially
of agricultural and labor- saving machinery, many of whom have estab
lished agencies and formed business connections for the sale of their
goods. This is also the case with canned goods, such as canned beef,
lobster, salmon , fruits, and vegetables. This trade has been largely ex
tended during the last year. It is yet, however, in its infancy, and with
proper management should be largely increased. As to other branches
of manufacture and industry that could be introduced with advantage,
I would suggest cooking- stoves, ranges, boots and shoes, furniture, the
wood-work of carriages, wagons, drays, and other parts thereof. The
acknowledged superiority of our wood , iron, and materials used in the
manufacture of these articles , the advantage of labor-saving machinery,
GERMANY. 315
should, with the usual energy and enterprise displayed by our people,
make these articles excel similar productions of this and other countries
and render their introduction easy. Our trade, however, cannot be built
up or new inventions introduced in a day ; time, argument, and persua
sion must be used , and , above all, concessions made to long-established
.notions , views , and ideas of the people whose trade we desire to obtain .
This can only be successfully accomplished by a personal knowledge of
the manners, customs , and notions of the people. These points have
been greatly overlooked by many of our business men in the introduc
tion of their goods into the markets of Europe, and it is too often the
case that the products and manufactures sent to Europe have been ex
pressly prepared for the home rather than the foreign demand , and hence
meet with little or no sale. Our people being eminently practical, easily
take up with new ideas and inventions, and hence are too apt to judge
of the wants and necessities of others by our own standard . It will not
always do to take it for granted that because an article suits American
ideas and views and is a success there, that it will meet with equal suc
cess in Germany. The merchants and manufacturers of Europe fully
realize the importance of making their goods, wares, and merchandise
conform to the standard notions and views of the countries with which
they deal, and thus we find that the greater portion of merchandise in
tended for the American market is especially prepared to suit our taste
and views. A closer observance on the part of our business men of
these points would without doubt largely increase the demand for our
products in this country. Trade between different countries, to be firmly
established, must to a great extent be reciprocal ; we must be purchasers
as well as producers, and ready to extend the same rights and privileges
of entry as are granted us.
JOHN M. WILSON.
Statement showing the commerce of Hamburg for the year 1876 .

Products
manufac
Articles
industry
Specie
stuffs
Raw
metals
half
food
and
art
goods
cious
tured
pre
and
of
.of
and
goods
.
.
Dry
.
Whence imported .
Total
.
Prussian Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks.

tic ... ports on theBal 165, 900 413, 550 200 1,390 581, 040
Schleswig-Holstein 302, 830 165, 410 1, 040 469, 280
Mecklenburg 540 2,820 3, 360
Bremen and the Weser. 9, 234, 630 3,386, 240 40, 300 191, 320 12, 852, 490
Oldenburg 200, 670 36, 020 700 155, 060 392, 450
Friesland. 3, 200 47, 190 77, 710 128, 100
White Sea .. 7,600 589, 830 1,680 599, 110
Russian ports on the Bal.
tic 1,294, 910 139, 580 1,240 1, 435, 730
Russian ports on the
Black Sea 617, 900 617, 900
Sweden 194, 700 1,307, 870 3,680 2,088, 720 3, 594, 970
Norway. 5, 146, 880 5,831 , 380 64, 930 329, 510 11, 372, 700 161, 260
Denmark 372, 550 193, 410 1,730 34, 970 602, 660
Heligoland. 180 195, 350 380, 050 29, 580 605, 160 10, 500
Great Britain and Ireland 45, 351, 030 259, 252, 690 100, 491 , 410 41, 777, 890 446, 873, 020 69,589, 450
The Netherlands . 15, 030, 180 6, 365, 140 475, 710 4, 104, 650 25,975, 680
Belgium 3, 163, 920 7, 560, 230 2,685, 080 4,918, 380 18, 327, 610
France . 24, 264, 750 14, 861 , 320 1, 521, 030 2,476, 240 43, 123, 340 21,450
Statement showing the commerce of Hamburg for the year 1876—Continued.
Products
manufac
Articles
IMPORTS BY COUNTRIES-Continued.
industry
Specie
stuffs
Raw
food
metals
goods
half
and
tured
art
cious
pre
and
of
of
and
.
goods
.
.
.
Dry
Whence imported .
Total
.
.
Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks.
Spain 3,834, 040 1,363, 550 7,730 141, 140 5,346, 460
Portugal 2, 242, 040 2,296, 690 670 132, 990 4, 672, 390
Italy.. 3,054, 900 4, 154, 200 2, 640 187,000 7, 398, 740
Trieste .. 155, 300 136, 610 200 292, 110
Greece and the Ionian
Islands 375, 250 59, 300 434, 550
European Turkey and
Roumania 135, 670 165, 800 301, 470
Greenland 343, 500 343, 500
British North America.. 239, 770 338, 340 1,300 579, 410
The United States (ex.
cluding California) 42, 466, 830 30, 862, 700 797, 300 7,962, 010 82,088,840 6, 022, 910
East coast of Mexico and
Central America..... 4, 154, 430 3,705, 630 55, 490 7,915,550 8, 020
PortoRicoandSt.Thomas 1,315, 090 198, 890 5, 660 35, 570 1, 555, 210 51, 150
Hayti and St. Domingo.. 8, 257, 970 1,703, 320 19, 870 9, 981, 160 2,670
Cuba 796, 020 796, 020
Jamaica 128, 680 483, 260 611, 940
Other places in the West
Indies 63,870 107, 440 20, 140 191, 450 81, 010
Colombia on the Carib.
bean Sea.. 2, 979, 660 878, 890 490 41, 290 3, 900, 330 57, 490
Venezuela 18, 950, 550 1, 231, 310 200 25, 410 20, 207, 470 727, 690
Brazil 53, 146, 390 7,067, 820 4,830 92, 630 60, 311, 730 30, 020
Argentina and Uruguay. 482, 160 9, 110, 580 32, 650 59, 970 9, 685, 360 69, 450
West coast of America
(excl'gCentral Amer.) . 1, 218, 760 43, 463, 420 18,200 295, 110 44,995, 490 889, 700
Egypt 1,000 1,000
Algiers 65, 680 2,000 67, 680
West coast of Africa and
the islands 150,610 5,741, 500 5,000 2,870 5,899, 980 2,570
West coast of Africa and
the Cape.. 160, 730 939, 120 9, 430 1, 109, 280
Asia Minor 744, 520 744, 520
British East India 4,059, 540 1,681, 180 500 5, 960 5, 747, 180
Singapore, British E. I.. 1, 422, 910 2,222, 320 1,620 30, 770 3,677, 620
Netherlandish East India 736, 420 111, 780 1,950 850, 150
French East India .. 2,000 2,000
The Philippines 320 320
China.. 2,642, 080 837, 150 26, 530 292, 940 3,798, 700
New Holland 140, 530 140, 530
Polynesia 2,785, 850 2,785, 850
Society Islands . 3, 320 1, 199, 570 3, 420 1,206, 310
The other South Sea Isl
ands 410 2,378, 480 4,950 2,383, 840
From and via Altona 55, 162, 890 10, 504, 870 2, 760, 280 3,261, 600 71, 689, 640 4,389, 700
By the Altona-Kiel Rail
way 48, 678, 130 11 , 093, 190 3, 800, 510 9, 328, 110 72, 899, 940 210, 800
By the Lübeck - Ham
burg Railway. 30, 582, 950 11, 192, 420 776, 880 6, 163, 720 48, 715, 970 21,000
By the Berlin-Hamburg
Railway 72, 756, 400 64, 552, 360 107, 182, 190 69, 583, 920 314,074, 870 18,932, 710
By the Venlo-Hamburg
Railway 34, 794, 660 47, 290, 140 47, 704, 300 55, 685, 630 185, 474, 730 995, 510
From the Upper Elbe . 39, 684, 010 19, 278, 870 208, 110 8, 135, 950 67, 306, 940
From the Lower Elbe... 6, 917, 310 7, 177, 580 2, 900 844, 280 14, 942, 070
From and via Harburg .. 1, 336, 330 3, 997, 940 814, 230 1,806, 790 7,955, 290
By land with wagous 18,803, 560 7,065, 600 12, 121, 360 5,382, 950 43, 373, 470
By package-post 167, 470 943, 200 7,691, 320 11, 569, 440 20, 371, 430 49, 145, 640
Total marks .... 568, 293, 990 609, 075, 860 289, 630, 920 237, 382, 320 1, 704, 383, 090 151, 424, 700
Total U. S. currency $405, 643, 175 42
GERMANY. 317
Statement showing the commerce of Hamburg for the year 1876— Continued.
IMPORTS BY ARTICLES .
1872. 1875. 1876.

Articles.
Marks. Per ct. Marks . Per ct. Marks. Pr.ct.
Coffee. 93, 319, 860 5.45 156, 896, 760 9.22 146,650, 400 8. 60
Tea ..... 7,772, 295 0.45 5, 320, 320 0.31 4, 436, 930 0.26
Cocoa.. 3,721, 620 0.22 2, 654, 850 0.16 4, 153, 820 0.24
Raw 22, 197, 645 1.30 19, 863, 170 1.17 38, 138, 950 2. 24
Sugar Refined 6, 813, 975 0.40 6, 696, 110 0.39 7,275, 190 0.43
Sirup 1,852, 005 0.11 2,685, 570 0. 16 2,959, 610 0.17
Tobacco and tobacco-stems . 42, 541, 755 2.48 36, 755, 650 2. 16 32, 382, 430 1.90
Cigars 17, 244, 195 1.01 13, 417, 520 0.79 13, 668, 180 0.80
Rice 5, 165, 385 0.30 5, 564, 360 0.33 5,582, 170 0.33
Pepper 2, 031, 420 0.12 1,921, 380 0.11 1,830, 120 0.11
Pimento 170, 820 0.01 443, 760 0.03 539, 580 0.03
Cassia lignea.. 2,828, 145 0.17 934, 970 0.0 , 1, 218, 380 0.07
Oranges and lemons. 1,950, 765 0. 11 2,407,000 0.14 2,288, 830 0.13
Almonds . 1, 677, 345 0.10 1, 966, 460 0.12 2,056, 410 0.12
Raisins 3, 136, 680 0.18 3, 661 , 130 0.21 3, 446, 760 0.20
Currants 828, 945 0.05 1, 142, 450 0.07 2,262, 370 0.13
Wine . 15, 589, 995 0.91 21, 157, 660 1. 24 18, 889, 040 1.11
Alcohol. 10, 220, 865 0.60 10, 266, 380 0.64 11, 605, 440 0.67
Other spirits . 4,675, 320 0.27 6, 380, 340 0.37 5, 700, 230 0.33
Wheat .. 12,922, 770 0.75 9, 649, 770 0.57 11, 018, 970 0.65
Rye . 8, 826, 990 0.52 4,834, 860 0.28 • 6, 378, 400 0.37
Barley 15,056, 940 0.88 12, 031, 340 0.71 7,628, 580 0.45
Oats and other grain 3, 990, 690 0.23 7,837, 260 0.46 9, 326, 650 0.55
Legumes. 1,660, 200 0.10 3, 202, 500 0. 19 3,922, 730 0.23
Flour and meal 13, 728, 975 0.80 15, 238, 730 0.90 21, 837, 390 1.28
Herrings. 3, 583, 725 0.21 4,247, 980 0.25 5, 688, 290 0.33
Live cattle and meats . 57, 841, 695 3.38 76, 974, 820 4. 52 78, 710,000 4. 62
Butter 23, 006, 955 1.34 28, 822, 740 1.69 29, 923, 940 1.75
Cheese . 3,721, 695 0.22 3,916, 190 0.23 3,819, 330 0.22
Other articles of food 55, 725, 780 3.25 79, 484, 420 4. 67 85,054, 870 4.99
Cotton yarn 52,732, 440 3.08 64, 739, 020 3. 81 44, 051, 610 2. 59
Woolen and half-woolen yarn 59, 528, 025 3.48 52, 499, 340 3.09 44, 306, 180 2.60
Linen thread 11, 142, 480 0.65 9, 715, 130 0.57 6,840, 350 0.40
Raw and spun silk. 6, 126, 270 0.36 3, 468, 490 0.20 4,368, 210 0.26
Cotton... 62, 581, 785 3. 65 41, 779, 370 2. 46 26, 881, 090 1.58
Sheep's wool. 48, 584, 400 2.84 45, 537, 810 2.68 49, 610, 240 2.91
Flax, hemp, and oakum. 1,928, 730 0.11 4, 240, 480 0.25 3,050, 280 0.18
Rags.. 1,393, 380 0.08 2,354, 300 0.14 2,570, 630 0.15
Hides . 39, 779, 010 2. 32 29, 753, 590 1.75 22, 557, 030 1.32
Skins 33, 399, 870 1.95 30, 929, 280 1.82 31, 979, 630 1.88
Sole and other leather 28, 374, 945 1.66 30, 965, 310 1.82 31, 062, 890 1.82
Horse-hair 3,899, 400 0.23 3,596, 840 0.21 2,064, 870 0.12
Bristles... 3,743, 400 0.22 5, 129, 040 0.30 5,388, 440 0.32
Guano 38, 467, 875 2.25 3, 766, 820 0.22 24, 603, 150 1.44
Whale-fins 567, 660 0.03 814, 700 0.05 600, 590 0.04
Train-oil 4,887, 870 0.29 4, 235, 690 0.25 5, 179, 110 0.30
Tallow 3,065, 010 0.18 1,386, 480 0.08 2, 197, 260 0. 13
Tar and pitch.. 886, 410 0.05 997, 630 0.06 838, 070 0.05
Palm and cocoanut oil 5, 506, 755 0.32 5,773, 520 0.34 6, 443, 230 0.38
Olive-oil 3,847, 200 0.22 3,288, 380 0. 19 2,617, 830 0.15
Rape-seed oil 3, 763, 170 0.22 3, 242, 570 0.19 2,207, 810 0. 13
Linseed-oil. 6, 076, 650 0.35 6,750, 580 0.40 8, 050, 100 0.47
Clover-seed 9, 276, 210 0.54 6, 106, 270 0.36 10,963, 150 0.61
Rape and turnip seed 1, 635, 870 0.10 834, 280 0.05 2,669, 720 0.16
Linseed . 250, 485 0.01 254, 620 0.01 132, 980 0.01
Timber and staves . 8, 052, 000 0.47 11, 113, 770 0.65 11, 402, 760 0.67
Other woods 9,734, 895 0.57 7,745, 490 0.46 6,875, 870 0.40
Dye-woods and quercitron 4,378, 530 0.26 4,776, 690 0.28 4,720, 340 0.27
Dye-wood extracts 2, 801, 220 0.16 3,849, 080 0.23 3, 602, 990 0.21
Indigo . 8, 359, 350 0.49 6, 533, 810 0.38 7, 103, 230 0.42
Saltpeter 15, 087, 720 0.88 11, 325, 010 0.67 14,086, 400 0.82
Resin and galipot . 2,666, 340 0. 16 2, 138, 310 0. 13 1, 967, 990 0.12
Sulphur. 842, 175 0.05 1, 188, 120 0.07 721, 950 0.04
Soda (calcined and crystallized) . 2,972, 745 0.17 2,286, 180 0. 13 2, 456, 460 0. 15
Coals and cinders 20, 769, 210 1.21 18, 409 030 1.08 18, 242, 150 1.07
Copper and silver ore 3,091, 440 0.18 3, 450, 490 0.20 3,737, 630 0.22
Iron {In Raw and smelted 22, 821, 525 1.33 10,966, 570 0.64 10, 502, 560 0.62
bars 8,864, 280 0.52 5,726, 430 0.34 6, 831, 480 0.40
Copper in bars and sheets . 16,582, 050 0.97 13, 517, 710 0.79 12, 174, 080 0.72
Tin in bars and sheets . 4, 417, 620 0.26 5,367, 530 0.32 5,938, 450 0.35
Other raw stuffs and half-manufac.
tured goods.... 141, 360, 135 8.26 158, 775, 750 9.33 157, 477, 070 9.24
Silk and half-silk goods. 55, 493, 010 3. 24 23, 912, 450 1. 41 27,075, 120 1. 59
Woolen and half-woolen goods 152, 645, 445 8.91 131 , 815, 810 7.75 126, 440, 970 7.44
Cotton goods..... 65, 367, 345 3.82 54, 926, 660 3.23 60, 935, 510 3.58
Linen, half linen, and canvas.. 27,773, 985 1.62 28, 394, 140 1.67 30, 158, 150 1.77
Statement showing the commerce of Hamburg for the year 1876- Continued .
IMPORTS BY ARTICLES-Continued .
1872. 1875. 1876.

Articles.
Marks. Per ct. Marks. Per ct. Marks. Pr.ct.
Other dry goods 56, 277, 060 3.29 48, 760, 210 2.87 44, 721, 170 2. 63
India-rubber goods 7,764, 495 0.45 7,787, 940 0.46 8,372, 130 0.49
Rails (for railways) 3, 427, 245 0.20 1, 218, 070 0.07 1,776, 460 0.11
Other iron ware. 19, 646, 700 1.15 22, 023, 240 1.29 22, 870, 690 1.34
Machines and instruments 38, 507, 895 2.25 39, 752, 96J 2.34 35, 768, 560 2.10
Other products of industry 137, 418, 285 8.02 166, 216, 810 9.77 168, 594, 480 9.89
Total....... 1, 712, 374, 050 100. 00 1, 701 , 114, 250 100. 00 1,704, 383, 090 100.00
Specie and precious metals .. 304, 848, 825 245, 952, 030 151, 424, 700
Grand total..... 2, 017, 222, 875 1, 947, 066, 280 1,855, 807, 790
EXPORTS .
1875. 1876.
Articles.
BY SEA. N.-Ctr. Marks. N.- Utr. Marks.

Articles of food .. 6, 458, 145 193, 867, 000 7,611, 909 211, 228, 000
Building material and fuel. 706, 838 1,636, 000 640, 773 1,661, 000
Raw stuffs and half-manufactured goods . 4, 274, 393 136, 557, 000 4, 627, 624 161, 050, 000
Dry goods 291, 692 114, 111, 000 282, 198 104, 332, 000
Products of industry. 1, 235, 004 105, 147, 000 1,358, 617 109, 440, 000
Total 12, 966, 072 551,318, 000 14, 521, 121 587, 711, 000
Specie .... 32, 074,000 141, 433, 000
BY LAND.
Articles of food 4, 123, 660 235, 339, 000 5, 106, 680 249, 790, 000
Building material and fuel. 3,599, 660 8, 546, 000 3, 534, 200 7,306, 000
Raw stuffs and half-manufactured goods . 10, 331, 970 423, 018, 000 10, 165, 080 404, 516, 000
Dry goods 404,990 131, 398, 000 384, 340 118, 154, 000
Articles of art and industry 1, 432, 720 92,829, 000 1,378, 150 83, 774, 000
Total quantity.. 19, 893, 000 20, 568, 450
Total value 891, 130, 000 863, 540,000
Specie 29, 420, 000 19, 132, 000
Marks.
Total exports by sea, exclusive of specie, during 1875 . 551,318, 000
Total exports by land, exclusive of specie, during 1875 891, 130, 000
Total . 1, 442, 448, 000 $343, 302, 624 00
Total exports by sea, exclusive of specie, during 1876 . 587, 711, 000
Total exports by land, exclusive of specie, during 1876 863, 540, 000
Total 1, 451, 251, 000 = 345, 397, 738 00
Increase 095 114 00
GERMANY . • 319
Statement showing the trade of Hamburg with the United States for the year ending
December 31, 1876.*
IMPORTS.
Marks.
Coffee cwt.. 25, 694 1, 928, 490
Tea do ... 27 5,520
Cacao .do ... 345 17, 060
Sirup. .do . 8, 528 131, 490
Honey. ..do... 18, 463 691, 940
Raw tobacco. .do... 33, 576 2,903, 350
Manufactured tobacco. .do... 419 33, 000
Tobacco -stems.. .do.. 1, 359 9, 850
Cigars thousand.. 26, 778 5,042, 480
Cigarettes .bundles .. 130, 240 44, 820
Various nuts .. ... cwt .. 101 4, 060
Fresh fruits .do .. 2, 543 51, 110
Dried fruits do... 18,653 672, 120
Wine .hectoliters .. 32 6, 430
Liquors and other spirits . do... 28 7,250
Wheat cwt.. 225, 151 2,237, 940
Rye . do.. 135, 943 1, 138, 030
Maize (Indian corn) .do... 314, 382 2,088, 920
Pease do.. 2, 176 19, 040
Hops . do... 3, 553 565,000
Corn-meal .do... 17, 351 740, 110
Starch.. ..do .. 28, 509 652, 910
Herrings ..kegs .. 1, 523 45, 700
Sardines .cwt.. 53 6, 000
Caviare.. .do... 2, 09 7 192, 470
Salted and smoked meats .. .do... 136, 448 6,828, 260
Butter do... 6, 177 546, 680
Lard do... 279, 313 15, 654, 050
Preserves do. 2,808 166, 340
Other articles of consumption do.. 36, 410
Timber.. do 78, 470 269, 510
Staves . do. 15, 131 65, 060
Slate pieces .. 447, 211 152, 190
Logwood... cwt.. 406 4, 020
Brazil-wood do ... 1,771 15, 350
Logwood, extract . do.... 25, 893 1, 109, 640
Brazil-wood, extract. .do.. 417 46, 510
Yellow-wood, extract.. do 1,054 80, 300
Quercitron, extract .. do... 4,697 174, 420
Various dye extracts do... 1,317 33, 480
Aniline colors do. 187 47, 140
Various varnishes do. 302 16, 040
Other colors and dyes ..do .. 325 10, 580
Isinglass do.. 12 8,870
Sarsaparilla. do .. 3,087 275, 130
Other medical roots, barks, &c do 324 105, 220
Rosin do 251, 978 1, 207, 800
Turpentine.. .do. 3,882 143, 630
Gum-elastic do.. 84 10, 120
Other gums.. .do 716 12, 850
Balsam copaiva . .do 169 32, 650
Peppermint-oil ....do... 258 421 , 390
Oil of turpentine .do.. 6,976 159, 250
Other etherial oils . do.. 29 16, 970
Caustic soda ... .do.. 128 4,860
Various other salts do . 65 9,990
Various drugs and chemicals .do.. 215 58,810
Nickel ore.. .do.. 156 6,500
Copper ore, containing silver do... 174 60,000
Other copper ore do.. 377 8, 300
Silver ore do.. 1, 263 194, 750
Steel ..do .. 105 3, 730
Copper do. 32, 079 3, 112, 660
Nickel do.. 361 390,000
Zinc .do 2,215 33, 840
Grindstones do.. 112 6, 110
Dry and salted hides do.. 12, 797 525, 700
Deer and reindeer skins do . 827 106, 940
Calf-skins .do.. 517 30, 790
Fur and other skins .do .. 5, 184 3,925, 950
Leather do... 40, 703 4, 621, 260
Horn-tips.. do.. 928 52, 100
Whale-fins and whalebones . .do.. 373 238, 360
Guts .do 4,879 234, 590
Artificial manure. .do.. 12, 036 36, 200
Human hair .. .do.. 10 15, 160
For declared exports from Hamburg to the United States, see table of declared exports from cousu
late-general of Berlin, page 294.
Statement showing the trade of Hamburg with the United States, &c. —Continued.
IMPORTS-Continued.
Marks.
Horse-hair.. .cwt.. 33 6, 310
Bristles do... 114 14, 230
Hogs' hair and wool. .do... 217 4, 230
Bed-feathers.. .do.. 472 114, 700
Spermaceti do... 936 115, 250
Stearine ..do .. 669 39, 840
Tallow do.. 28, 296 1, 211, 950.
Refined petroleum. .do . 266, 877 4,792, 210
Petroleum, lubricating-oil ..do.. 711 12, 810
Other gas liquids.. do.. 153 8,820
Oleine and other greasy oils .do... 350 21, 190
Clover-seed .. .do... 32, 009 2, 205, 540
Timothy and other grass seed .do. 33, 937 914, 680
Various field and garden seeds ..do .. 34 4, 750
Mahogany wood 1 cubic meter.. 1,350 5, 150
Cedar wood . ..do .. 38, 954 52, 180
Walnut wood .. ..do ... 235, 280 995, 290
Rosewood.. ..cwt.. 1,487 36, 800
Veneers ..do . 494 32, 360
Other foreign woods . do 14, 731 110, 340
Corozo nuts ..do... 270 6, 830
Live plants... ... do .. 65 4, 200
Other vegetable raw stuff's do.. 1, 499 69, 890
Bristle-hemp . do . 6, 162 191, 610
Cotton do ... 29,346 1,775, 410
Other raw stuffs and half manufactures do. 21, 410
Silk goods . ..do 41 94, 170
Woolen goods . .do.. 471 138, 770
Cotton goods .do.. 3, 901 531, 360
Oil-cloth . do.. 99 10, 020
Other dry goods .do. 77 22, 980
Leather-cloth. ..do ... 99 11, 010
India-rubber goods . do . 362 91, 420
Leather gloves .pounds.. 570 14, 200
Leather boots and shoes . ..cwt .. 37 6, 130
Other leather goods .do.. 515 165,000
New rope-work . ..do . 531 24,000
Straw goods .do... 12 13, 050
Wooden pegs .do .. 7, 453 136, 840
Furniture .do .. 127 11,050
Fine wooden ware.. .do.. 737 39, 240
Coarse wooden ware. .do... 790 23, 360
Paper .do... 450 32, 790
Paper and pasteboard goods ..do ... 118 6,500
Stationery ..do ... 15 38,700
Printed books do . 203 39, 210
Paintings .do ... 14 7,490
Photographs, &c.. ..do ... 46 38, 790
Glass ware .do.. 51 5, 050
Crockery and fine earthen ware .do . 262 9, 640
Coarse hardware ..... do.. 675 29, 960
Fine hardware do... 6, 453 558, 650
Gold and silver ware ........ .pounds... 313 37, 230
Various metal wares .. ..cwt.. 1, 203 257, 640
Sewing-machines and parts thereof. do... 15, 672 1,765, 590
Other machines and parts thereof do... 42, 970 2,757, 700
Pianos do... 195 61, 500
Other musical instruments .do... 357 60, 490
Mathematical and other instruments . do... 346 64, 490
Clocks and watches.. .do. 2, 613 355, 180
Parts of clocks and watches . do... 67 7,390
Wagons . ..do... 6, 462 81,000
Guus .do... 38 48, 040
Other arms do... 10 6,000
Toys .do... 213' 32, 840
Fancy goods.. ...do... 1, 339 207, 660
Natural curiosities .do ... 345 440, 840
Soap ..do .. 566 25, 230
Perfumeries do 334 39, 990
Empty kegs and barrels .pieces .. 746 11, 900
Empty bags ... .do .. 2,456 94, 410
Passenger effects.. .cwt .. 1, 012 296, 930
Other articles of industry ..do ... 7,880
Total 82,088, 840
1875. 85, 120, 990
1874. 97, 444, 760
1873 . ..... £3, 470, 190
1872.. 78, 839, 595
GERMANY. 321
Statement showing the trade of Hamburg with the United States, &c.—Continued .
IMPORTS-Continued.
From the Pacific coast : Marks.

Sirup.. ..cwt.. 12, 520 176,000
Wine .hectoliters.. 103 14, 690
Wheat flour.. ..cwt... 1, 405 19, 190
Other articles of consumption . .do .. 310 10, 960
Timber and staves 622 2,520
Orseille cwt.. 819 27, 100
Borax do 1,504 54, 650
Silver ore.. .do... 409 45, 480
Dry and salted hides do ... 1, 453 86, 300
Leather .do... 1,177 118, 140
Ox and cow horns ..pieces.. 14,270 6,100
Bone-black and bone-powder... .cwt.. 4, 210 23, 300
Bark .do... 665 4,500
Cotton .do ... 330 21, 510
Other raw stuffs. .do.. 11, 840
Other manufactured goods.. ..pounds.. 240 5,500
Other articles of industry.. .cwt.. 6, 070
Total .do 26, 154 633, 850
1875 .do. 35, 361 797, 630
1874 . do.. 17, 760 610, 140
1873 do.. 7, 126 403, 960
1872 ..do ... 1, 027 138, 470
Marks.
Total from Atlantic coast. 82,088, 840
Total from Pacific coast 633, 850
Grand total.……. 82,722, 690 = $19, 688, 000
21 CR
=
Statement showing the navigation at the port of Hamburg from 1846 ta 1876.
SEA-VESSELS ENTERED.
Average from Average from Average from 1876.

1846 to 1855. 1856 to 1865. 1866 to 1875.
Register
Register
Register
Register
tons
tous
tons
tons
Vessels
Vessels
Vessels
s
Whence.
Vessel
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Arrived from
German ports... 1,093 45, 864 1,388 95, 978 1, 215 105, 898 1, 134 103, 279
Great Britain (colliers) 932 145, 999 1,235 257, 405 1,032 445, 292 909 527, 522
Great Britain (other
vessels). 853 174, 898 1, 039 325, 380 1,323 595, 781 1, 494 752, 805
Other parts of Europe 836 82, 799 897 139, 751 950 232, 067 1, 060 300, 901
America 348 80,762 409 136, 994 584 314, 323 692 470, 343
Africa 16 2, 347 15 3,270 28 7,566 53 13, 398
Asia and Australia 31 10, 278 43 17, 431 66 34, 315 91 59, 914
Total 4, 109 542, 947 5, 026 976, 209 5, 1981, 735, 242 5, 433 2, 228, 162
Of which were
Vessels with cargo..... 3, 674 506, 750 4,305 891, 378 4, 517 1,624, 001 4, 786 2, 137, 737
Vessels in ballast . 435 36, 197 721 84,831 681 111, 241 647 90, 425
Sailing-vessels 3,539 375,583 3,766 516, 660 2,864 481, 117 2,517 504, 737
Steamers 570 167, 364 1,260 459, 549 2,334 1,254, 125 2, 916 1,723, 425
Percentage of the sailing.
vessels. 86. 1 69.2 74.9 52.9 55. 1 27.7 46.3 22.7
Percentage of the steamers 13.9 30.8 25. 1 47. 1 44.9 72.3 53.7 77.3
Average burden of the sail

ing-vessels .. 106 137 168 201
Average burden of the
steamers.. 294 365 537 591
Whither. SEA-VESSELS CLEARED.
Sailed for
German ports . 1,363 54, 850 1,291 59, 337 1,024 66, 155 933 65, 810
Great Britain and Ire
land 1, 672 319, 183 2,346 615, 452 2, 5201, 103, 251 2,738 1,436, 221
Other parts of Europe 689 78, 611 687 148, 368 1,005 244, 535 1, 124 308, 668
America 334 75,470 424 126, 908 553 280, 503 545 374, 663
Africa 19 3, 179 20 4,782 39 9, 213 73 19, 142
Asia and Australia 33 11,337 52 17,785 61 28, 316 68 42, 625
Total 4, 110 542, 630 5,020 972, 632 5, 202 1 , 731 , 973 5, 481 2,247, 129
Of which were-
Vessels with cargo . 2, 303 342, 069 2, 949 617, 142 3, 355 1, 148, 892 3,738 1,483, 697
Vessels in ballast . 1, 807 200, 561 2,071 355, 490 1,847 583, 081 1,743 763, 432
Sailing-vessels .. 3,537 374, 526 3,764 513, 884 2, 869 482, 154 2, 565 516, 676
Steamers 573 168, 104 1,256 458, 748 2, 333 1, 249, 819 2, 916 1,730, 453
Percentage of the sailing. 75.0 52.8 55.2 27.8 46.8
Vessels 86. 1 69.0 23.0
Percentage of the steamers 13.9 31.0 25.0 47.2 44.8 72.2 53.2 77.0
GERMANY. 323
Arrival and departure of sea-vessels at the port of Hamburg during the year 1876 .
ENTERED.
Number of vessels. Register tons. Number of crew.
.cargo
. goh
go
ballast
ballast
h
. th
ballast
Wit
Wit
car
car
Wi
Flag.
.In
In
In
Total
Total
Total
.
.
.
.
.
:88998
Argentine.
⠀⠀⠀
United States.. 28 27, 865 27, 865 482 482
Belgian.. 6 2,869 2, 869 116 116
Brazilian
៖១
៖ ននៈៈ
ē
វវី
1 1,486 24 24 .
E
៥&,ថ
Costa Rican 1,486

Danish 91 12, 623 5, 276
17,899 509 233 742
జ:ి
German :
జీవున
నొపి :
Bremen 111 169 32, 841 7,810 40, 651 663 484 1, 147
Hamburg.. 805 506, 863 20, 527 527, 390 19, 281 690 19, 971
Lubec 2 466 466 22 22
Mecklenburg . 26 7,849 752 8, 601 246 24 270
Oldenburg . 107 17, 543 1,293 18, 836 564 41 605
Prussia..... 3301, 043 67, 658 27,870 95, 528 3, 165 1,347 4, 512
Dominican
French 6 159 68, 377 1,086 69, 463 2,890 46 2,936
Greek 1 295 295 9 9
British 2,268 67 2,335 1, 223, 259 15, 1041, 238, 363 40, 301 643 40, 944
Hawaiian 1 258 258 11 11
Heligoland 493
Italian 37 19, 506 19, 506 493
Dutch . 208 36 244 34, 074 3, 354 37, 428 1,658 150 1,808
Norwegian 250 6 256 89, 492 1, 924 91, 416 3,716 60 3, 776
Austrian 3 1, 358 641 1, 999 36 16 52
Portuguese 2 511 258 769 21 15 36
Russian . 3 950 914 1, 264 33 19 52
Swedish 100 106 22, 595 1, 301 23, 896 1, 065 64 1,129
Spanish 4 1 5 951 363 1,314 37 10 47
Venezuelan
With cargo 4,786 2, 137, 737 75, 296
Empty and in ballast . 647 90, 425 3, 888
Total .. 5, 433 2,228, 162 79, 184
CLEARED.
Argentine... 11 19
នគ : :
United States 30 8, 293 22, 333 30, 626 156 373 529
Belgian.. 4 1 5 1,940 485 2,425 48 21 69
Brazilian
Chilian
Costa Rican 1 1,486 1,486 24 24
Danish 78 17 95 14, 299 3,993 18, 292 626 143 769
German:
Bremen 101 168
ឆ ន្ធ ន& ==ឌ ជ គឺគ្រា ខ្លួន ច ន
67 29,776 11, 108 40, 884 551 577 1, 128

Hamburg . 623 194 822 433, 257 108, 653 541 , 910 17, 437 3,218 20, 655
Lubec 2 2 428 428 18 18
Mecklenburg 21 11 32 7,342 2, 120 9, 462 222 76 298
Oldenburg. 78 22 100 14, 845 2, 760 17, 605 461 98 559
Prussia. 729
ཀ roo
321 1,050 72, 169 21, 779 93, 948 3, 348 1, 129 4,477
French 132 27 159 56, 621 13, 160 69, 781 2,515 410 non
Greek 1 1 295 295 VNU
British 1,434 9 9
904 2,338 713, 161 524, 273 1, 237, 434 26, 312 14, 261 40, 573
Hawaiian 1 1 258 258 11 11
Heligoland
Italian 13 21 34 6, 221 11, 826 18, 047 166 291 457
Dutch . 213 43 256 33, 293 5, 788 39, 081 1, 657 220
Norwegian 191 70 261 69, 564 24, 086 1,877
Australian 93, 650 3,022 796 3,818
4 1,999 1,999 52 52
Portuguese . 2 2 511 511 21 21
Russian 3 6 9 673 2,085 2,758 27 63 90
Swedish 95 11 106 20, 634 4,301 24, 935 1, 029 127
Spanish 3 2 5 670 644 1,314 1, 156
Venezuelan 27 20 47
With cargo.. 3,738 1,483, 697 57, 643
Empty and in ballast . 1,743 763, 432 21, 919
Total 5, 481 2,247, 129 79, 562
Statementshowing the navigation between Hamburg and the United States during the year 1876.
ENTERED.
Number
With cargo. In ballast. Total.
vessels
of
Whence.
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
From ports on the Atlantic coast:
1033408ORTOLST
Bull River 434
Baltimore.. 6 3, 006
Baltimore, steamships 2,388
Charleston 1,302
Doboy . 2,452
..
New York 22, 045
:::::
New York, steamships . 118, 232
New Orleans 613
Pensacola.. 726
Philadelphia . 16 9,489
Philadelphia, steamship. 1,838
Richmond 1,871
Savannah 619
Wilmington 26 7,939
Total 162 172, 954 162 172,954
Of which were steamers .. 59 122, 458
From ports on the Pacific coast :
San Francisco 4 1,099 4 1,099
Total 166 174, 053 166 174, 053
Whither. CLEARED.
For ports on the Atlantic coast:

Boston .. 401
Breakwater . 2 1,674
Brunswick. 1 763
Baltimore.. 4 1,806 1, 193
Charleston. 649 325
Delaware 1,322
Doboy 781
Key West 3, 016
New Orleans 5,976
New York 55 35, 368 3 1, 635
New York, steamships . 52 113, 755
Philadelphia 31 16, 830 2 1, 201
Philadelphia, steamship.. 1 1,833
Pensacola . 2 1,848
Sandy Hook 4 4, 144
Savannah 1 497
Wilmington 1 266 2 613
Total 148 171, 410 33 24, 491 181 195, 901
Of which were steamers 53 115, 593
For ports on the Pacific coast :
、。 San Francisco ... 4 2,071 4 2,071
L
1. xx Total 152 173, 481 33 24, 491 185 197, 972
, iving
1876
year
the
during
Hamburg
via
gnative
.Emigration
destination
and
emigrants
of
country
.
Destination .
Total
emigrants
of
country
.Native
public.
America.
America.
Mexico, and
Central
states.
American
of America.
West Indies,
Brazil.
Africa.
United States
British North
Peru.
Other South
Total.
Argentine Re
Chili.
Asia.
Australia.
Females.
Prussia
: Males.
Province
..
Prussia
of 3,132 11 5 7 273 879 754 6,133
Province
Pomerania
of 1,225 152 6 1 16 313 886 835 721
Province
Brandenburg
.of 947 18 6 1 9 21 1 143 722 428 ,150
202
.
Posen
of
Province 5,1 44 2 1 1 26 792 783 1,575
Province
Saxony
of 220 9 1 5 2 191 80 271
32211
201
Province
.
Silesia
of 536 1 25 4 2 1 125 420 275 695
Province
Westphalia
..of 115 1 1 100 50 150
នាំតួ តគ្ន ន ដ្ឋ ន
Rhine
of
Province 176 31 2 4 1 146 73 219
•2
.
Hohenzollern
of
Province 5 3 2 5
Province
HSchleswig
.-ofolstein 1,311 7 12 25 22 7 10 6 785 695 1,480
8998538 * 8
..
Hanover
of
Province 363 15 4 4 1 8 2 247 171 418
PARCARIE 20
22
Province
Nof
- assau
.Hesse 180 4 1 8 2 2 124 201
*
EF |
.Total
Prussians 9,754 11 19 274 44 57 12 35 47 13 0,152 5,295 2,423 5,918
Lunenburg 10 4 8 17
GERMANY .
Rhine
Bavaria
,on
of
bank
right
the 494 40 3 1 1 1 1 346 198 544
~~
Palatinate
.,Bavaria 62 40 22 62
Saxony
)(kingdom 310 13 11 1 1 31 265 102 367
Würtemberg
. ……………. 363 4 6 11 231 154 385
Baden 246 1 3 14 148 122 270
Hesse
.. 193 1 1 101 98 199
Mecklenburg 442 1 1 1 28 254 223 477
Duchies
Saxony
.of 75 1 8 75 87
( rincipalities
Reuss
and
p).Schwarzburg 23 1 17 8 25
Oldenbu
. rg 22 1 183 1 19 26
Brunswi
. ck 56 3 5 2 59 68
Anhalt 18 1 16 20
Lippe 1 1 7 10
.
Waldeck 7 6
Lubec 23 1 1 1 27 32
* 2888-8
Bremen
.. 16 3 1 4 6 4 1 30 39
Hamburg
. 308 11 43 31 25 15 23 3 13 65 356 181 537
Alsace ... 1 1 15
225
13 11
3232
ស គន ១២២១ គ្ន ។
Lorraine
. ......... 1 1 1
Total
from
Germany
. 6,1044 11 37 399 103 100 34 67 54 31 1,226 7,312 5,394 7,1206
325
-
and ontinued
country
destination
emigrant
of
,g.Civing
1876
year
the
native
Emigration
during
Hamburg
via
326
Destination
. .
Total
.
emigrant
of
country
Native
public.
America.
Mexico, and
America.
American
states.
Central
of America.
Australia.
Total.
United States
Argentine Re
Africa.
Asia.
Brazil.
Peru.
Other South
Males.
Females.
West Indies,
Chili.
British North
Luxemburg
. 1 1 2
.
Austria 2,097 6 4,1 33 4 5 1 180 1,246 1,584 3,730
Hungary 14 1 341 160 501
Switzerland
..... 9 4 48 79 33 112
Denmark 13 15 14 5 13 223 601 326 927
Sweden
.and
Norway 181 4 6 1 74 180 88 268
32
Russia
Poland
and 4,099 1,356 512 1 2 3,310 2,660 5,970
Ireland
and
Britain
Great 2 2 24 6 30
Fran
.. ce 3 1 7 4 11
Italy
. 25 2 142 127 12 169
Holland
and
Belgium 9 1 2 1 10 4 14
Other
.countrie
Europeasn 1 3 2 22 11 33
Total
from
Europe
.. 18
,296 1,373 54 2,386 128 105 40 73 80 37 1,901 1,1460 10,313 ,42473
States
America
United
of
.. 3,909 3 1 3 6,291 1,225 93,16
Other
countries 63 90 58 39 5 4 71 9 5 237 107 344
28687888
Grand
.
total ,22268 1,373 147 ,4245 170 110 44 144 80 46 1,906 0, 88
17 ,61145 28,733
|
Males
.. 13,347 721 110 1,373 110 75 36 90 57 34 17,088
,135
Females ,9821 652 37 1,072 60 35 8 54 23 12 771 6,1145
GERMANY. 327
KÖNIGSBERG.
Report upon the navigation and commerce of Königsberg and Pillau * for
the year 1876.
Navigation of the port of Königsberg opened on the 30th of March

and closed on the 14th of November, the port during the remainder of
the year being closed by ice.
Of those ships that arrived at the port of Pillau , 1,580 , with burdens
of 397,423 tons, came up to Königsberg, against 1,918 vessels of 2,482,863
tons in 1875.
From Königsberg there departed seaward 1,533 vessels of 390,523
tons against 1,822 vessels of 472,760 tons in 1875. Besides this, 14 ves
sels left for Memel and 10 for Russ by way of the river Pregel and
inland seas.
The total shipping.-Returns for Königsberg and Pillau showed for
the year 1876 a considerable decrease from that of 1875. According
to the custom-house returns there
ENTERED PILLAU.
Number of Tons . Vessels in Tons.

Description. vessels. ballast.
1875.
Sailing-vessels 1,698 254, 787 400 145, 647
Steamers 726 502, 725 176 124, 207
Total.. 2, 424 757, 512 576 169, 854
1876.
Sailing-vessels . 1, 443 220, 208 111 27, 090
Steamers 665 445, 382 131 79, 835
Total 2, 108 665, 590 242 106,925
Decrease 316 91, 922
CLEARED.
1875.
Sailing-vessels . 1,585 240, 230 154 50, 765
Steamers 731 510, 877 74 64, 815
Total 2,316 751, 107 228 115, 580
C
1876.
Sailing-vessels . 1, 432 250, 984 150 57, 402
Steamers 657 411, 188 93 87, 785
Total 2,089 662, 172 243 145, 187
Decrease 227 88,935
The inclosed statement shows the imports and exports, home aud
foreign, of Königsberg for the year 1876.
LOUIS MOLL .
* NOTE.- Pillau , being at the entrance of the Frische-Haff, is the port for Königsberg.
Vessels of large burden have to unload here on account of the shallow water on the
bar. Königsberg, on the river Pregel, five miles from its mouth, in the Frische-Haff,
is 25 miles east of Pillau. The Frische-Haff is a lagoon of fresh water separated from
the Baltic by a strip of land 38 miles long and 1 mile wide. The length of the Haff
is 57 miles ; its average breadth 5 miles.-Bur. Stat.
Statement showing the imports into and exports from Königsberg during the year 1876.
Imports. Exports.
Articles.
Tons. Dollars. Tons. Dollars.

Grain and seeds 359, 245 14, 396, 770 344,923 13, 826,000
Flax.. 8,500 1, 660, 000 8, 290 1,619, 000
Flax-tow 515 50, 130 560 56,000
Hemp 18, 095 3, 015, 830 20, 410 3, 401, 000
Hemp-tow 990 98, 200 1, 140 11, 400
Wood and wooden wares . 2, 127 689, 300 828 502, 000
Tea.. 6, 881 5, 833, 330 7, 153 6, 050, 000
Coffee 2, 112 1,005, 000 1, 731 824, 300
Rice. 2,409 160, 600 995 66,400
Spices 591 127,000 394 84,400
Fruits 776 87,720 163 30,300
Cotton . 219 73, 080 113 37,500
Indigo.. 21 75, 530 1,070
Sweet and palm oil 158 32, 400 58 11, 850
Dye-woods 677 32, 210 555 26, 400
Sundry colonial products 813 58,050 2,479 179,000
Tallow 1,238 237,000 1, 245 238,000
Skulls 1,277 30, 400 1,418 33, 800
Hides, skins, and leather. 1,321 1,057, 800 1, 533 1, 113, 000
Wool and woolen goods.. 2,871 2, 354, 000 2,818 2,312, 000
Bristles and hair of horse . 336 390, 000 356 437,000
Train-oil.. 428 69,000 42 6,630
Sundry inland products.. 864 123,500 1,543 220,000
Amber 67 167,000
Coals and cokes 142, 750 676,000 14,705 66, 050
Salt 25, 926 187,000 26, 500 187, 800
Calk and cement 45, 594 325, 500 5,921 41, 800
Glass wares, China, earthen wares, and sundry. 8, 255 259, 000 2, 144 132, 700
Metals and hardwares . 27, 926 3,690,000 19, 249 2,030,000
Chemicals and drugs 9, 236 540, 400 6,736 387,000
Petroleum 17, 099 1, 470, 000 17,353 1,489, 000
Oil and turpentine . 2, 769 395, 400 4, 274 610, 000
Oil-cakes 4,585 164, 100 5,548 198, 000
Meal 7, 227 619, 000 2,694 245, 000
Raw and refined sugar. 7,554 1,680, 000 2,821 532, 800
Sirup, molasses, and honey . 744 53, 400 232 16, 600
Spirit, arrack, and rum 9, 235 1,711, 000 5,672 1,080, 500
Wines. 2, 159 519, 500 1, 128 269, 000
Beer and porter. 15,025 572, 400 5, 461 218, 040
Tobacco 11, 748 447, 800 1,031 398, 000
Butter... 368 190, 000 602 315, 000
Herrings 24, 665 1, 410, 100 16, 903 965, 900
Sundry foreign products.. 5, 116 195,000 1, 171 44,600
Cotton yarn and cotton wares . 1, 468 833, 600 64 41,750
Silk and silken wares.. 7 60, 445 8 71, 340
Linen yarn, thread, and linen cloth 1, 336 754, 000 1, 148 685, 830
Manufactured goods, oil-cloth, and sundry 1,591 109, 700 1,743 1,225, 980
Rags 9, 580 475, 800 9, 349 489, 870
Hops 156 297,000 52 98,900
Paper, books 1,784 208, 000 974 111, 330
Tar, pitch, and asphaltum . 3, 106 118, 800 761 29,000
Sundries... 5, 323 177,500 6,598 215, 200
Total 810, 796 49,797, 895 559, 657 43, 451, 040
LEIPSIC.
NOVEMBER 1 , 1877 . (Received November 24) .

Since my last annual report business has remained very múch
depressed, and I have no improvement to report.
DECREASE OF EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES .
The statement hereto appended , giving the declared values of ex
ports from this consular district to the United States during the year
ending 30th September, 1877 , shows a falling off of $ 97,793.58 as com
pared with the preceding year.* This decrease occurs principally as
* For articles and value of declared exports from the consular district of Leipsic,
see statement from the consulate-general at Berlin , page 294.
GERMANY. 329
follows : Books and music, $26,579.39 ; furs , $58,218.46 ; musical instru

ments, $ 15,022.90 ; woolen goods, $ 34,845.23. An increase of $43,366.60
is to be noticed in kid and lamb skin gloves, there being in this district
one of the largest and best glove factories in Germany, having a large
and increasing trade with the United States.
THE LEIPSIC FALL FAIR.
The fall fair just ended is considered to have been, in all respects , one
of the poorest ever held . The stocks brought to market were very light,
and, in consequence of the war in the East and of the political troubles
in France, the attendance was unusually small. The absence of buyers
was felt in every branch of trade, and goods changed hands more on
account of cheapness than to supply any legitimate demand.
The trade in leather, usually brisk, was this fall, with the exception
of heavy sole leather, very dull, stocks light, and buyers few.
The fur trade suffered probably more than any other, both from the
mildness of the past winter, from several failures occurring during the
fair, and from the absence of the usual buyers from Russia and France ;
none came from France, and the few from Russia, owing to their crip
pled finances and difficulty in obtaining credit , could do but little busi
ness.
These fairs, outside of the one article of furs, have little or no attrac
tion for the American buyer, but, as American products are being intro
duced into this country, they might be used to great advantage by
American manufacturers .
AMERICAN FIRE-ENGINES FOR LEIPSIC.
The city council of Leipsic are now considering the purchase of a

steam fire-engine, and surely, for a city of the size of Leipsic, it seems
to be a necessity ; the hand- engines, now in use here, seem more suita
ble for watering a garden than for controlling a conflagration . Two
handsome engines from the factory of the Silsby Manufacturing Com
pany, in Seneca Falls , New York , have been here in charge of an agent
of said company since last June. They have been several times tested
before the city authorities and invited guests, and have worked to the
admiration and satisfaction of all, and their purchase has been recom
mended by the fire directors ; but a strong opposition is made by a
manufacturer here, who has an engine of his own make, which he thinks
the city should purchase, not because it is as good as the American en
gines, but because it is home-made and costs less money.
The committee having the matter in charge reported a few days ago
to the city council, recommending the purchase of three Silsby engines.
No action has yet been taken , but I hope to see one engine at least re
main here.
EDUCATION.
The University of Leipsic has opened the winter session with 3,015
matriculated students ; among them are a goodly number of Americans .
THE NECESSITY OF PASSPORTS .
For the benefit of persons coming to Leipsic, I would say that a pass
port is absolutely necessary in order to remain here ; the police regula
tions demand it, and if one is not brought one will have to be procured
from the legation. Students entering the university must present a

diploma or a passport, and after matriculation receive a student's card ,
which covers the police requirements . It is the exception rather than the
rule for Americans to bring passports to Europe , and when compelled to
procure them (as is the case for a sojourn here) , they complain of having
been told in America that passports were unnecessary. Such advice is
wrong ; for while one may travel for a long time and not feel the neces
sity for a passport, yet the need is liable to occur at any time, and the
absence of one might occasion much trouble and annoyance. No Amer
ican, and especially no naturalized American , should ever come to
Europe without his passport.
JOHN H. STEUART.
MANNHEIM.
SEPTEMBER 30, 1877. ( Received November 28. )

A report upon the improvements and manufactures of Baden.
Baden is, under the wise direction of the Grand Duke Frederick,
sustaining itself during this period of universal financial and mercantile
depression with as much prosperity as any part of Germany.
The railroad facilities of the duchy are increasing, and great attention
is paid to the wants and education of the people. The depot at Mann
heim, the new bridge over the Neckar at Heidelberg, and other impor
tant improvements are evidences of the Grand Duke's earnest and con
sistent labor for the welfare of this duchy. Manufactories in Baden are
prostrate, many of them closed , and those that are running are doing
so on short time, with little profit to their owners. There are exceptions
to this general fact ; there are the manufactories of chemicals , aniline
dyes, phosphates and chloride, plate-glass and cheap velvets, large
manufactories of which exist in Mannheim and its vicinity, the products
of which are largely exported to the United States. The nicety of manu
facture, combined with improved methods, create a large demand from
other countries for these products. Each manufactory has connected
with it a practical chemist who receives from the company a large re
ward in an increased interest in the stock of the company for any
improvement that he may discover.
Plate-glass.-The manufactory of plate- glass at Waldhof Mannheim
is the largest in the world ; it belongs to a French company, who find at
this place superior sand for their manufacture, which is conducted under
the seal of secrecy in a small village entirely under the control of the
company. Its gates are closed to all comers except employés, most of
whom live within its walls.
Velvets. Cheap velvets are manufactured to a very large extent, the
export of which to the United States has very much increased since the
Philadelphia exhibition .
Wine. The quantity and quality of the wine made and exported from
the palatinate and the Upper Rhine has not this year been equal to that
of previous years, neither is the prospect for the crop of 1877 good . The
universal cold weather of September and October preventing the proper
ripening of the grapes , it is feared that much distress will ensue from the
loss of this important crop.
Tobacco has grown well and abundantly this year, but recent frosts
have destroyed large quantities, so that there will doubtless be no excess
beyond the product of the previous crop .
GERMANY. 331
Petroleum. The importation of petroleum to Mannheim has not been

so great during the year 1876 as in previous years ; the disposition to
hold large quantities for speculative purposes, which then exhibited itself,
does not now exist, yet the amount is considerable and important. The
opportunities for storing large quantities of petroleum in the harbor of
Mannheim, with safety against fire, are most excellent and worthy of
notice. They consist of a series of large arched ovens , built of stone and
covered with sod or turf, with iron doors for the reception and discharge
of the barrels. These ovens are about 63 feet long, 13 feet wide , 15 feet
high, and capable of containing 1,320 barrels each . Should a fire take
place, only that quantity can be lost, as the contents of the oven would
burn without contagion to the adjoining ones. Forty thousand barrels
have been thus stored at a single time in the harbor. The contemplated
improvements in the harbor of Mannheim, on the banks of the Rhine
and the Neckar, are completed with wise forethought ; they are con
structed on such a liberal scale that they will supply all necessary
dockage and storage for many years.
Meats. Salt beef and prepared meats are largely imported to Mann
heim from the United States. Larger quantities of beef would be imported
were it not for the fact that all beef imported direct to Baden must pay
1 cent per pound in addition to the duty paid on entering Germany ;
consequently imported beef is bought by the butchers of Baden from
Würtemberg, or some other part of Germany that does not require this
additional duty on foreign importations, there being no duty between
the different parts of Germany.
Agricultural implements, &c. -There is in Baden an excellent oppor
tunity for the introduction of agricultural implements. The best varie
ties of garden- seeds, fruit-trees, stoves for burning soft coal or wood, and
many articles of hardware, manufactured after the best American im
proved forms, American sewing and knitting machines, cotton goods
and paper, articles of dress , &c., are imported and receive an increased
demand ; also, wheat, in considerable quantities, which is shipped to
Rotterdam and thence reshipped to Mannheim.
American wine.-During the year 1876 wine was imported to Mann
heim from California, but the present low price of wines and the manu
facture of adulterated wines does not make it profitable at this time.
HOW TO REACH THE GERMAN MARKETS .
Constant intercourse is sustained between citizens of the United States

and Germany, which , owing to the now superior manufactures of the
United States, will, if encouraged , result in larger purchases of American
manufactures than formerly. It would be a source of great usefulness
to manufacturers if they would consult consuls regarding the introduc
tion of their manufactures, or would when making a tour of observation
in Europe call upon them for such information as it is in their power to
give or procure. In all cases I am sure that consuls would in every way
aid them .
THE GENERAL DEPRESSION AND DISCONTENT.
Throughout Baden , Alsace-Lorraine, and Rhenish Bavaria, and parts

of Rhenish Hesse embraced in this consulate, great depression exists and
a general want of confidence is to be noticed , producing a disinclination
to engage in new enterprises, and in many cases a complete abandon.
ment of old ones , a nervous fear of war, a diminution of demand for

manufactured goods and manual labor, combined with a not prolific
harvest of cereals and grapes and increased taxations, render the present
time gloomy and dull. Were it not for the great strength of the govern
ment and the extreme loyalty of the people, disturbances would exhibit
themselves among the laboring and manufacturing classes, instead of
which the people quietly submit and wait for a change, giving little
outside evidence of discontent.
LUDWIGSHAFEN.
The consulate of Manuheim was established in 1874, the consulate for

this district having formerly been located at Carlsruhe. At the time of
its removal to Mannheim the consular agency at Ludwigshafen was
abolished , for the reason that Ludwigshafen , on the Rhine, is opposite
Mannheim, connected with it by a bridge, railway and carriage bridge,
and a ferry crossing every five minutes. It is in fact a part of Mannheim,
although situated in Rhenish Bavaria. In business affairs it is closely
connected with and its citizens attend the schools, churches , and theaters
of Mannheim . Its distance from the consular office is no greater than
that of the important business parts of Maunheim. It is a place of
considerable business importance, containing about 13,000 inhabitants.
ALSACE LORRAINE .
There is also attached to this consulate the consulate agency at Kehl ,

having jurisdiction over Alsace- Lorraine. The exports to the United
States from this agency have been during the year $ 501,509 . The inhab
itants of Alsace- Lorraine are apparently loyal to Germany. The recent
visit of the Kaiser exhibited a disposition on the part of the people to
accept the present condition of affairs, leading them to welcome him
with enthusiasm . The fortifications on the French border have been
largely strengthened and increased during the last year, and are in a
complete state of defense from immediate attack.
RHENISH HESSE .
This consulate also embraces portions of Rhenish Hesse, which has

suffered much financially on account of the severe cold autumn of 1876 ,
causing the grape crop to fall below the quantity and quality of pre
vious years . But little relief can be expected from the crop of this
year, as from similar causes the crop must prove almost an utter
failure.
THE CITY OF MANNHEIM.
Mannheim is daily growing in importance . As the representative

commercial town of Baden, it is the place of transshipment from the
Rhine to all ports reached by the Neckar and the railroads of Baden ,
Rhenish Bavaria, Rhenish Hesse, and Würtemberg. It contains an
industrious, enterprising, and wealthy population of 46,000 inhabitants ;
it is fast increasing in population and manufacturing establishments .
It is remarkable for its cleanliness and the great attention paid to
the education of its children. Its theater, one of the best in Southern
Germany, is partly supported by a small tax on all vegetables, meat,
and produce sold in the city, and is under the supervision of a commit
tee of its city officers. Its churches are well sustained . Here are held
GERMANY. 333
the principal courts of the Duchy of Baden , the members of which main
tain a high character for learning and legal ability. Great attention is
paid throughout Baden to the condition of hospitals, jails, prisons, and
insane asylums. The Grand Duchess herself taking great interest in
the sanitary conditions and the personal comforts of their inmates ,
visiting them personally, she exercises a beneficent influence over those
who are placed in charge of these institutions.
FOREIGNERS IMPRISONED FOR DEBT IN BADEN.
It is not generally known by Americans that the law for imprisonment

for debt yet exists toward foreigners in Baden ; consequently Amer
icans are at times much surprised to find themselves arrested and thrown
into jail for the payment of debts thoughtlessly contracted . The only
relief is the payment of the debt or the clemency of the creditor, which
is sometimes exercised from the fact that he is compelled to pay the ex
penses of food and imprisonment should the debtor be unable to do so.
EDWARD M. SMITH.
NOTE. For articles and value of declared exports from Mannheim
to the United States, see statement from the consulate general at Frank
fort-on-the-Main, page 296.
MAYENCE.*
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular agency of Mayence to the
United States during the year ended September 30, 1877.
Leather, hides, and skins $59,838 06
Jewelry and precious stones 198,062 18
Wine, brandy, and beer 194, 017 84
Fancy goods 231 69
Silk and silk goods 3,654 88
Iron, hardware, and iron goods . 78 54
Pipes 13, 141 58
Drugs, chemicals, and dyes 59, 644 23
Glue .... 5,638 02
Stationery, paper, books, prints, &c . 8,592 21
Mineral-water 10,408 09
Frankfort printing-black 914 30
Perfumery and soap 17 13
Earthen ware 3,468 40
Hops 1,289 26
Prunes and dried fruit . 950 25
Machines and instruments 5,001 64
Quincaillerie .. 207 06
Seeds .. 95 20
Malt. 3,867 61
Cement 666 40
Sundries . 1,017 56
Total 570, 802 13
Total for preceding year.. 557,949 78
Increase 12, 852 35
* Transmitted to the Department of State by the consul-general at Frankfort-on-the
Main.
MUNICH.
For articles and value of declared exports from Munich to the United
States , see table of declared exports from the consulate- general of Frank.
fort- on- the Main , page 296.
NUREMBERG.
OCTOBER 20, 1877. ( Received November 28. )
Report upon the trade and industries of Bavaria for the year 1877.
GENERAL DEPRESSION.
For the past three or four years great depression has weighed upon
the business of this consular district, owing to many reasons , the prin
cipal of which has been the stagnation of trade in the United States
and the threatening aspect of political affairs in the Eastern countries,
together with the paralysis of commerce throughout the entire world .
The business relations between the producers here and the consumers
of our country have been very close during the present century.
In fact, in almost every department and kind of foreign goods the
manufacturers have been represented in our commercial circles by
members of their own families or by agents who first learned the business
of them ; so that the exporters have been keenly sensitive to all the fluc
tuations in the commerce of our country. So , too, almost all of the old
toy and notion importing-houses of our leading cities have been repre
sented in this market by a partner or purchasing-agent. The United
States has been one of their best markets. Their leading articles of ex
port have been looking- glass plates, bronze-powder, and Dutch leaf
metal, lead-pencils, tapestry, embroidery, and " Nuremberg goods,"
the latter comprising all sorts of fancy goods, such as toys and notions,
made from all the metallic substances , and from leather, carved wood,
horn, bone, meerschaum, ivory, colored papers, basket- material , glass,
&c. , porcelain ware, and other articles, as also hops, beer, and wine.
But the long- continued prostration of business and the consequent fall
ing off in orders has seriously affected all industry and labor here.
Next to the United States, the Eastern countries have been their best
customers for a similar class of goods. For many months previous
to the declaration of war by Russia, the Eastern complications were
such as to greatly embarrass traffic ; so that, when war was actually de
clared, it was a commercial relief rather than otherwise, the merchants
feeling that business could not be worse, and might be better, between
the countries. The result is their commerce in that direction is now almost
annihilated.
UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN MANUFACTURES .
But the most discouraging fact to them is-now that business in the
United States is rapidly improving-the intelligence that our people
will never more want the goods in such great quantities as formerly ;
that our own mechanics and inventors, with the aid of machinery, can
not only supply home wants with cheaper and better articles , but can
find it profitable to ship their handiwork to all foreign countries.
At present the manufacturers are working in a limited , moderate way
GERMANY. 335
for home consumption, and for such neighboring states as England ,

Austria, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, where the demand has never
been great, and also for North and South America. For many years
England was a large purchaser of Leonic ware, for home use and for
shipment to her Indian possessions. The manufacture of this class of
goods was one of Nuremberg's specialties, but of late this industry
amounts to very little.
MERCANTILE STABILITY.
In the face of all these embarrassing circumstances, the fact cannot be

denied, and shows well for the conservative, firm , and solid standing of
the business community of this consular district (and so eminently worthy
of imitation by younger and more venturesome countries), that there is
scarcely a single case on record where merchants or manufacturers of
any note, on account of their regular trade, had stopped payment or have
had to call for relief upon their creditors . It is also worthy of notice that,
notwithstanding most of the great factories-one of them a car-building
establishment which formerly employed 4,500 workmen- have largely
reduced their hands and pay less wages for those retained , menial
labor, such as day-laborers, farm-hands, and the like, cannot be obtained
for less wages than formerly. So, also , contrary to the almost perfect
stand-still of business , the three great staples , iron, coal, and lumber, are
moving at hardly a margin above production.
THE WEAVERS AND SPINNERS OF VOIGTLAND .
Were it not for the fact that the husbandman has been blessed with
bountiful crops this year, the outlook for the coming winter would be
even less cheering. In the northeast part of this consulate, bordering
on Saxony, there is a district of very poor country, known as the Voigt
land. The people are all weavers and spinners, or otherwise dependent
upon weaving and the hosiery manufactures . These operatives have
always received the smallest wages, and the soil being very barren they
have had no other chance to earn their daily bread, which, at best ,
they could only do from day to day. About one year ago , no more orders
coming for their goods, the factories were obliged to close, and many thou
sands were thrown out of work. The result was, that early in the winter
their cry of distress was heard all over the kingdom . It was reported
that they were in danger of actual starvation . Public meetings were
called and provisions were sent to them, besides some $ 10,000 in money
was raised for their benefit, the major part of which was contributed
here in Nuremberg. Since no complaint comes from that neighborhood
at present, it is presumed that the mills are again in operation . It has
been the only case of actual distress that I have heard of, and it is now
reported that even this was greatly exaggerated .
AGRICULTURE .
The present year has been an abundant one for the husbandmen of
Germany. Unusually large crops have been harvested in all the cereals ,
and, with the exception of barley, hops, and grapes, quite up to the
average in quality. The barley crop, though abundant, is reported to beof
a very inferior quality. Since the hop and grape are the most impor
tant agricultural product for the home market and exportation, I will
refer to these articles more at length under their respective heads. The
yield of fruit, vegetables , hay, and grain, and all the esculents necessary
for the sustenance of man and beast, has been quite satisfactory. There
has been no marked change in the price of labor, which remains at very
low figures , being less than one-third paid for the same kind of help in
the United States. Good field -hands (day-laborers) command one
mark, or, say , about 25 cents per day, with board, while men and
women who are engaged by the year or month receive very much less
wages. Female field-help can be had for about two-thirds the price
paid to the men .
Destruction of the grape crop. - The recent destruction of the wine crop
of 1877 has produced a profound sensation throughout Germany, since
the loss of the national wealth thereby will amount to many millions of
dollars, besides bringing distress to a large class who gain their liveli
hood from this industry.
The warm and foggy winter of 1876-'77 , followed by a cold and un·
pleasant spring, kept the vines back greatly in their growth. However,
the May frosts , which are so dreaded by the vine dressers whenthe vegeta
tion, ordinarily, is already far advanced , passed without doing any injury.
After the middle of May unusually hot weather set in , and the vines de
veloped themselves rapidly. The blossoms, which were more abundant
than in most years, appeared about the end ofJune. The weather in July
was also highly favorable to the plants, and they looked exceedingly prom
ising. The hopes of the wine-growers , whose crops had been quite slim
for a number of years, were revived , and it was the general belief that
an extraordinary fine yield , in both quantity and quality, could be relied
upon. The consequence was that the prices of the old stock fell, and
the wine business generally became very dull, every dealer awaiting
the new crop. Then came the months of August and September, two
of the most important months for the wine culture (the quality of the
crop depending upon these months) , bringing very unfavorable weather
and temperature, so that the prospects for a good quality of grape, so
promising earlier in the season , were entirely destroyed . The growth
of the grape was also greatly retarded. Notwithstanding this a great
quantity might have been expected had the end of September and the
month of October proved only moderately favorable. At this juncture,
however, a calamity occurred which blasted the hopes of the wine
growers. At the early period of September 24 and 25 the vineyards
were visited by hard frosts, followed by several days of cold , cloudy, and
windy weather, destroying even the grapes not yet ripe, and rendering
almost the entire crop unfit for wine-production. The damage caused
is enormous and estimated by the millions of dollars. In Würtemberg
alone the damage is reported to be not less than $ 10,000,000.
The Bavarian hop crop.-From early times, and certainly since the
beginning of this century, Nuremberg has been noted as the greatest
hop -center of the world , and hops the leading article of commerce in
Bavaria. Nuremberg has indisputably maintained her reputation, to
which the statistical fact bears testimony that there was exported by
rail during last season hops amounting to over $ 18,326,000 , besides the
enormous quantities which changed hands in the market and ware
houses. The crop of last year (1876) was the smallest since the year 1860.
Prices then reached 300 florins ($ 120) per hundred-weight. As the con
sumption has since grown incomparably, prices during the last season
were over $142 per hundred- weight. Owing to these abnormal condi
tions hardly any stock. whether in merchants' or brewers' hands , was
carried over.
Quite a different exhibit is shown by the crop of this year. The hop
GERMANY. 337
plantations, not only throughout Bavaria, but on almost the whole con
tinent, looked bountiful and most promising, equal to the crop of 1875.
The result is that the quantity is satisfactory, but the quality was to
some extent injured by the heavy rains during picking time, partic
ularly as regards the color. The trade has already opened, brewers de
mand new hops, and over 40,000 bales have already been brought to
market and taken up by merchants , mostly for continental consumption
and partly for exportation to England. Trade and values are not regu
lated as yet, and prices range from $ 18 to $ 50 per hundred - weight.
INTERNATIONAL HOP EXPOSITION.
During the present month (October 7 to 15) an international hop ex

position was held in this city. The time of the exhibition as well as the
regulations were advertised some months beforehand in the leading
newspapers. I was surprised that but two exhibitors were advertised
from America. The invoices of these hops came to hand during the
exposition, but the hops had not arrived before the exhibition closed , if
they have to this day. This was a general disappointment, since much
curiosity was felt by the hop- growers and dealers here to see the article
that was expected to come so far to their exhibition . The fair was fes
tively opened, on the morning of the 7th instant, by the presiding judge
of this district of Mittelfranken, under the protection of his royal high
ness Prince Ludwig, of Bavaria, who takes a deep interest in agricult
ure. The catalogue records 2,600 exhibitors from all parts of Europe
and the two above mentioned from the United States. The hops ex
hibited were generally in bags of fancy colors, which contained from 5
to 20 pounds each. The spacious hall was tastefully decorated with the
national flags and other emblems of their respective countries . It was
a little mortifying to me to notice two American flags without a single
pound of hops on exhibition. In place of evergreens the saloon win.
dows, &c. , were festooned with selected vines profusely filled with hops,
which made a beautiful and fruitful appearance.
For the best hops, and for such planters as were particularly meri
torious regarding the hop culture, there were displayed 3 prizes of honor,
10 golden medals , 60 silver medals, 100 brouze medals, and 200 diplo
mas. The prize jury was selected, one-half by the merchants, and one
half by the farmers. The very first prizes were awarded to the Spalt
(Bavaria), Sasz ( Bohemia) , and to Würtemberg. All these first prizes
were distributed by Prince Ludwig personally. The exhibition was
visited during the whole week by large numbers of people from all parts
of the country, and was also a festive occasion for all, such as amuse
ments, concerts, balls, &c. , and resulted satisfactorily to all parties con
cerned.
Hop exports to the United States. -The following table shows the
yearly amount of hops exported to the United States during the past
six years :
1872, in gold value,
64 66it amounted
66 to
66 $267,571 22
1873, " 66"" 66 "6 "6
502,569 66
"" 572,988 86
1874, " 66 66 "" "" "6 11,571 22
1875, " 6: "" "" "" "6
1876, " 12,447 70
1877, "6 ·66 66 66 66 "6 1,975 40
AMERICAN VS. BAVARIAN HOPS .
While the hop exportation has to depend largely upon the season
and other circumstances, such as the failure of the crops in other coun
22 C R
tries and the demand at home ; yet, the above table indicates that the
American market cannot be relied upon for the future, though there
will always be more or less of the choicest kinds sent from here, if only
for samples, since it is claimed that no hops have been grown, or are
likely to be, that equal the Bavarian Spalt hops and other extra fine
qualities. But the fact of the ever-lengthening export list of American
grown hops to the English market, where they seem to be fast sup
planting the Bavarian hops, is attracting attention, and giving serious
concern to the hop - growers and exporters here, who, for many cen
turies, have flourished without a successful rival. And I believe they
have more fear of the hops which are produced , or may be, by the farm
ers of the Pacific coast, than from other hop-growing sections of our
country .
DECLINE IN EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES .
From the tabular statement accompanying this report, showing the
value of declared exports from this cousular district to the United
States,* it will be seen that the exports have fallen off a little over
$ 100,000, while there was an increase of over $ 60,000 during the last
quarter. It may be interesting to know that this increase was confined
almost entirely to the articles known as "tapestry and embroidery
ware." All the little girls of the country are taught this handiwork in
their schools, and it is very commendable, since it helps the poorer
classes very considerably , as may be well supposed . Unless our people
are thus instructed , it is not likely that we can compete with this cheap
and tasty handiwork.
The large falling off in lead -pencils is owing to the fact that the Messrs.
Faber now manufacture extensively in New York. Also , the Eagle Pen
cil Company, formerly of this district, has removed its establishment
entirely to New York, and so with some other manufacturers.
LABOR AND WAGES.
The ruling rate of wages for mechanics and others in this city, who
board themselves, is about as follows : Cabinet-makers , per diem , $ 0.80 ;
tailors , $ 1 ; masons, $0.75 ; glaziers, per week, $3 75 ; carpenters, per
day, $0.85 ; locksmiths, per week, $6.75 ; printers, per diem, $0.80 ;
whiteners, $ 0.80 ; blacksmiths, working in factories, $0.75 ; street
pavers, $ 1.10 ; brewers, with full board, per week, $ 1.50 to $2.50 ;
bakers, with full board, per week, $ 1.75 ; butchers, with full board, per
week, $ 1.25 to $ 1.50 ; confectioners, per month, with full board, $ 6 to
$ 6.50.
Much of the factory work is known as " piece- work," or certain kinds
of work that is given out to families who can perform it at home and in
which all members of the family can participate. Especially is this the
case in the manufacture of dolls and that class of goods , but it has to
be done so cheaply that from 10 to 25 cents per diem is all that can be
made, even by the most industrious. The military system of this
country, from early times, has made the woman an important factor, both
upon the farm and in the workshops.
LABOR VS. CAPITAL AND THE MILITARY.
I have heard of no labor outbreaks or " strikes " during the past year,
and that more and more is being done, from time to time, for the elevation
and amelioration of the condition of the laborers, this most indispensable
* For declared exports from the consular district of Nuremberg to the United States ,
see table of declared exports from the consulate -general of Frankfort-on- the-Main ,
page 296.
GERMANY . 339
class of society. It has been demonstrated that as education is acquired

labor and capital harmonize better and better, and consequently that
education is the best solution of the labor question . And yet the "social
democrat" or communistic element is strong in this part of Bavaria,
and especially in the manufacturing centers, and were it not for the
strong arm of the military they would be demonstrative and more
vicious. The fact that the government keeps a strong garrison in all
such communities has a beneficial effect. The military are kept close
in hand and always ready to reuder prompt aud efficient aid to the civil
authorities, and also required to do police duty. For instance , whenever
a fire breaks out in the city or neighborhood , a telegram is sent to the
cavalry barracks, and a squadron of cavalry is immediately sent to co
operate with the police in keeping away the crowd, to arrest thieves ,
disperse mobs, &c. It is the general opinion here, if the military were
withdrawn, the industries, and the citizens themselves, would be at the
mercy of these enemies of society . I have also heard that since their
organizations were first formed many of their leaders have emigrated to
America in pursuit of more liberty or greater license.
JAMES M. WILSON.
SONNEBERG .
OCTOBER 1 , 1877. ( Received November 28. )
Report upon the state of trade of Sonneberg for the year ending Septem
ber 30, 1877.
DIMINISHED PRODUCTION.
In collecting the data upon which to base my report upon the indus
tries and commerce of this consular district during the year ending
September 30, 1877 , I have found that the prognostications of a re
stricted and unsatisfactory business have been fully confirmed. And,
indeed, after a long period of overproduction and the consequent
choking of all the channels of trade with supplies far in excess of the
current demand, it is only natural that commerce should be compelled
to move forward once more with slow and faltering steps in the direc
tion of normal activity. This truth has forced itself by recent experi
ence upou the minds of the manufacturers of Thüringia, who, in com
mon with their class in Germany, and, perhaps, throughout the manu
facturing world, have been producing goods for years past at a rate far
beyond the limits of trade necessities. It is, therefore, a hopeful sign
of returning health in the business world that there is a stroug disposi
tion manifested to lessen production and to readjust operations to a
narrower and sounder basis.
The falling off in production in all the branches of manufacture which
are pursued in this district , compared with last year, ranges from 15 to
33 per cent. It will be well to take up each line of industry separately
and give some details in connection therewith .
THE TOY BUSINESS .
The centers of this trade are at Sonneberg, in Saxe-Meiningen ; Neu

stadt, in Saxe- Coburg ; and Waltershausen, in Saxe- Gotha. The pros.
pects of a profitable trade in 1877 were never particularly bright. A
clouded aspect of the European political horizon early in the season,

and, subsequently, the actual hostilities between Russia and Turkey,
have been disadvantageous to the toy-makers. With both the countries
mentioned the war has absolutely destroyed a trade which , under ordi
nary circumstances, is not unimportant. The orders received from the
United States have been also very much lighter than the average of
former years , and the demand of England , France, Austria, and the
home market has been likewise comparatively small. From inquiry at
the leading warehouses, I learn that the trade of the year has fallen off
about 33 per cent. as compared with the previous twelvemonth . It
cannot be said, however, that the dull times have wrought extreme dis
tress among the workfolk, or thrown them entirely out of employment.
The labor-system in vogue here prevents this, and its advantages in
periods of comparative stagnation like the present are well- defined .
Toy manufacturing is very largely a house occupation . Each cottage is
a workshop, and every member of every family, even the child of tender
years, must contribute something to the sum of the weekly earnings.
The toys which the entire household make ready during the week are
delivered on Saturday to the wholesale merchants by whom they have
been ordered. The small manufacturers live , for the most part, in the
villages outlying from the centers of trade. Each family owns a cot
tage and sufficient ground to raise the potatoes, which are the staple
food, and likewise keeps a cow, or, at least, a couple of goats and some
poultry. Therefore, when work partially fails there is something to fall
back upon as a means of sustenance, and so a pinched living may be
eked out.
When trade is brisk and there is a fair demand for toys perhaps the
lowest wages which a man will daily earn for twelve hours' work is the
equivalent of 50 cents, but in most cases he could get as much as $ 1 for
his work, his earnings depending upon his industry and capacity. These
rates apply to the cheapest sort of toys. His wife and children would
probably each earn about half as much as he does. Toy-making is an
occupation that is particularly fitted for women and children. A
child just released from school may earn a dollar a week by working
ten hours a day, and this amount, after a short experience, may be
doubled. But in addition to these house-workers there are a consider
able number of persons employed in making the finer class of toys at
the factories attached to the wholesale establishments. These feel the
hard times more severely than those who work at home. Some have
been driven by insufficiency of work to seek occupation in unaccustomed
channels, and because of their inexperience are only able to secure the
scantiest sort of a livelihood . Individual cases of extreme suffering are,
however, very rare.
THE CHINA MANUFACTURES.
From information obtained from the proprietors of several manufac

tories it appears that the production this year is less than last by from
15 to 20 per cent. The business at home and with England and Austria
has been lighter than ever before, and the Russian market has been
utterly lost. The cessation of the trade with Russia is partly due to
the Russo-Turkish war, but the manufacturers believe it to be mainly
owing to the fact that the Russian tariff has been changed within the
year. Specific duties are now levied by Russia upon China goods, and
as this sort of merchandise is comparatively heavy, the rates are virtu
ally prohibitive. A few orders for articles of necessity have been filled ,
GERMANY. 341
but the trade in fancy China goods, which was of much importance, can
no longer be carried on.
Although the supply of labor in this branch of business has been far
in excess of the demand , there has been no very large reduction in the
rates of wages . Neither is the number of persons employed in the
various factories materially less than before. But the working hours
have been shortened and the earnings of the working folk proportion
ately decreased. In the height of the period of overproduction the
hands were often required to work extra hours, whereas now they must
pass many idle days. The same statement applies also to those who are
engaged in decorating China ware at their own houses. Many workmen
who have been discharged outright from the factories have found em
ployment under the department of forest culture, or else as farm -labor
ers, in which latter occupation there was until recently a lack of hands.
The piece-work system is principally carried out in the China factories,
and in ordinary times the wages daily earned, reduced to dollars and
cents, would be as follows : Modelers and chief decorators, $ 1.50 ;
decorators, 75 cents to $ 1.25 ; formers and turners, 75 cents to $1 ;
formers ( women ) , 371 cents to 623 cents ; firemen, 623 cents to 75 cents ;
packers, 50 cents to 623 cents ; day-laborers ( men), 50 cents to 62 cents ;
day-laborers (women ), 373 cents to 50 cents. These earnings, on the
average, have been reduced one- third during the past year.
THE GUN TRADE.
The town of Suhl, in this consular district, with a population of be

tween eight and nine thousand, is famed for the excellence of its gun
smiths, and the manufacture of arms has been the principal business of
the place for over three hundred years. Indeed , from 1550 to 1634 Suhl
was the only town in Germany where armor and weapons were made.
But the hitherto flourishing manufactories of fire-arms are now languish
ing sadly. Not more than one-third of the men are now employed in
the workshops of Suhl who were busy there a twelve month ago. Per
haps the establishment of armories on a large scale by the imperial gov.
erument has had this depressing effect upon the private gun manufac
tories of Suhl, rendering the latter powerless to compete with the govern
ment work-shops. But the fact that the imperial small-arms manu
factory at Erfurt has recently discharged about 700 men would seem
to indicate that there has been overproduction in this branch of in
dustry as well as in others. One of the largest gun manufacturers at
Suhl has told me that during the first six months of 1876 he manufac
tured and delivered to the German Government 15,000 stand of infantry
arms, while during the corresponding six months of the current year he
only produced 3,300 carbines, exclusive of some different parts of guns
for other establishments. The demand for fancy fowling- pieces and
hunters' rifles has remained quite flat also , and the business with Amer.
ica in this line has been very bad ever since 1873. The remnant of
workmen still occupied in the workshops of Suhl earn 37 cents to $1
a day, against 75 cents to $ 2 in prosperous times. Large numbers of
the discharged gunsmiths have tailed to find remunerative employment.
PAPER MACHÉ GOODS.
The activity in this trade-the manufacture of an infinite variety of

fancy goods-up to this time, has nearly equaled that of last year, al
though manufacturers now anxiously await the developments of the
next two months, in which their principal orders for the Christmas
trade are looked for , and fear they will not get rid of their stock. The
number of persons engaged in this branch of manufacture is about 10
per cent. less than during last year. Most of the hands, in the hope of
brisker times, retain their situations and work as the necessities of the
factories require, filling up their idle hours as best they may. The
wages paid weekly for ten hours' work each day are, men, $ 2.75 to
$3.50 ; women, $ 1.75 to $2.25 ; apprentices, $ 1.50 to $ 2 . For piece
work, during the same working hours, a man may earn $3 to $4.50 per
week, and a woman $2.50 to $3. On the whole, the papier-maché work
ers have not suffered so severely from the dullness of trade as the oper
atives engaged in the other branches.
STUDENT-LAMPS .
The lamp factory at Erfurt, which supplies the American market with
the so-called " student-lamp ," has this year scarcely reached one-third of
its last year's production , and the number of workmen has been reduced
one-third to one-fourth, in keeping with the reduction of employés at all
the other manufacturing establishments of that city. There has been
no decrease in the rate of wages. Men employed by the week receive
from $3 to $4.50, and piece-workers earn on the average $3.75 to $ 6.25
per week. These rates apply also to labor in other metal -working es
tablishments at Erfurt, which afford steady work to a limited number
of hands ; but there are large numbers of idle workmen , as the dull
times have resulted in closing several kinds of business. Many of the
unemployed have left the city in search of work, but have met with iu
different success .
THE GLASS MANUFACTORIES.
The trade with America in glass ware from this region is now mainly
confined to the better sort of articles, and is said to be on a solid and
satisfactory basis. Buyers from the United States are particular in
purchasing only the best wares and reject all the cheaper varieties, which
is not the case with the dealers of other countries. The production of the
various works has been far less than in the preceding year, and wages
are a trifle lower than before. The number of workmen employed has
been fairly up to the average of last year, but the glass - works have been
in operation only from thirty to thirty-six weeks out of the fifty- two.
Really good and diligent men, whose labor produces a result in propor
tion to the quantity of material and wood consumed in the furnaces,
receive as much as $4.50 per week, while less capable operatives are
given $3. Boys employed to pick up the manufactured glass and carry
it to the cooling ovens earn $ 1.25 . Besides the employés at the glass
works there are large numbers of persons engaged in glass - blowing as
a house occupation, and these have been able to earn only small and
uncertain wages . Of this class , those who are capable of producing
artistic work- glass eyes for human beings , for instance-have fared
much better than those who can only make common articles, as toys and
hollow beads .
THE KID-GLOVE TRADE .
There has been a falling off in the production of kid gloves during
the year of about 33 per cent. Manufacturers have sought to dispose
of their surplus stocks rather than to add largely to them. Wages for
common workmen are about $3 per week, and for those more skille d
GERMANY. 343
$3.75 to $4.50. Women earn at common work $ 1.50 to $ 2 , and machine

sewers in the factories $2 to $3. There are no kid-glove operatives
actually out of employment, but the hours of labor have been materially
reduced.
COTTON HOSIERY.
The only large establishment for the manufacture of cotton hosiery

within this consular district is at Zeulenroda, in the principality of
Reuss. The proprietor reports that the production of his factory during
the current year has exceeded that of the previous twelvemonth by 25
per cent. This is due to the fact that he has enlarged his premises and
introduced new and more effective machinery. The operatives are all
paid on the piece-work plan, and earn , according to their industry
and ability, from $2.50 to $ 6 per week. There has been no material
change in the rate of wages, and there are no unemployed people con
nected with the manufacture.
FANCY WOODEN WARE .
This branch of industry languishes greatly, and wages have been

reduced from 15 to 20 per cent., while the number of persons ordinarily
employed is very much smaller. Piece-workers only earn from 50 cents
to 62 cents per day. Many of the unemployed have found temporary
occupation in the harvest-field, but the prospect of securing permanent
work during the winter is not bright.
THE HARVEST.
Reports of a satisfactory harvest come from nearly all quarters of this
consular district. The winter grains turned out especially good. The
barley, oat, and pea crops are classed as fair, although they suffered to
some extent in June from drought. The first cutting of the grass gave
an enormously heavy yield of hay, and the second mowing was also
above the average quantity. Potatoes, upon which the laboring classes
chiefly depend for sustenance in winter, bid fair to be of good quality
and abundant, although in a few places the vines have shown symptoms
of disease.
THE COST OF LIVING .
The cost of most of the prime necessaries of life has ruled nearly the
same as last year, although the tendency is to slightly higher rates. An
exception must be made, however, to every kind of meat, which has
advanced in price from 1 to 4 cents per pound . Farmers have greatly
reduced their stocks during the past few years, owing to the distrust in
political and commercial affairs, and the effect of this course is now
beginning to be felt in a comparative scarcity of animals. But the
working classes, who may be said to be almost vegetarians as to diet,
are not so much affected by the price of meat. They are compelled to
content themselves in the best of times with black bread , cheap coffee
without sugar, potatoes, and other humble fare, using more substantial
food on exceptional occasions. The middle class, who are required to
keep up the appearances of respectability in their mode of living, feel
the stress of high prices most of all.
EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES. *
From the subjoined table, showing the value of declared exports to
* For table of declared exports from Sonneberg to the United States, see table of de
clared exports from the consulate-general of Frankfort-on-the-Main, page 296.
the United States during the year ending September 30, 1877 , it appears
that there was only a slight variation from the total amount of the pre
vious twelvemonth, being a decrease this year of nearly $8,000. On
comparing the figures with the table of 1876 it will be found , however,
that there have been heavy gains in certain lines of goods and corre
sponding losses in other articles. For instance, the export of cotton
hosiery has increased from $ 96,143 in 1876 to $ 141,998 ; China ware,
from $ 130,331 to $ 158,892 ; glass ware and tobacco-pipes also show that
there was an improved demand . On the other hand , brass (student )
lamps dropped from $35,837 to $ 18,883 ; kid- gloves from $ 57,164 to
$24,443 ; toys and dolls (but mainly toys in contradistinction to dolls)
from $339,995 to $316,278 , and all the other kinds of merchandise have
fallen below last year's figures.
INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS.
The number of persons engaged in toy-making in the Sonneberg gov

ernmental district is 1,633 independent employers. These are all to be
regarded as heads of families, and of their employés at least 200 must
be looked upon in the same light. Therefore there are 1,840 heads of
families. Taking the number of persons in each family as 6, this gives
a total in families of 11,040 persons. Add thereto 1,270 unmarried
male employés and 858 unmarried female employés, we find that 13,148
are employed in the toy business. There are 39,620 inhabitants in the
Sonneberg district ; and, therefore, it will be seen from the above figures
that one-third of the entire population supports itself by the manufac
ture of toys.
H. J. WINSER.
STETTIN.
Statement showing the commerce at Stettin for the year ending December 31 , 1876.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Value en- Amount of du

Quantity. tered. ties. Whence imported.
Crot. Marks.
Waste 31, 815 477, 225 Free German ports, Russia,Denmark, Eng.
land, Netherlands, France.
Guano 59, 168 532, 512 ....do German ports, Denmark, Norway,
England.
Rags .. 63, 231 1, 011, 696 ...do German ports, Russia, Denmark, Swe
den, Norway, England, France.
Cotton, raw 31, 628 1, 897, 680 ....do German ports, England, Netherlands,
France.
Cotton yarn... 56, 470 6, 776, 400 6, 12, and 18 German ports, England.
marks.
Cotton goods ..... 2, 403 624, 780 30, 48, and 78 German ports, Russia, Denmark,Swe
marks. den, England, Netherlands.
Lead, raw, and wares.... 5, 198 146, 045 Free and 12 German ports, Russia, England, Bel
marks. gium, Netherlands.
Brushmakers ' goods... 21 2, 100 Free German ports.
Caustic natron . 16, 776 301, 968 3 marks. Sweden, England.
Bicarbonate of natron. 3, 504 52, 560 0.75 mark England.
Alum 5,535 55, 350 1.50 marks . Denmark, England, Netherlands.
Chloride of lime ..... 58,261 640, 871 .....do England.
Soda . 254, 621 1, 476, 801 0.75 mark German ports, Sweden,England.
Ammoniac 11, 877 712, 620 Free . German ports, Russia, England.
White lead 1,502 45, 060 ....do German ports, Belgium, Netherlands.
Coloring-wood 27, 095 243, 855 ....do German ports, Sweden, England, Bel
gium, France.
GERMANY. 345
Statement showing the commerce at Stettin, &c. — Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued.
Articles. Value en Amount of du

Quantity. tered. ties. Whence imported.
Crot. Marks.
Coloring-materials 6, 236 112, 248 Free German ports, Denmark, England ,
Netherlands, France, N. America.
Bone coals 78, 039 702, 351 .... do German ports, Russia,Denmark, Swe.
den, England, Netherlands.
Chalk.... 5, 164 600, 196 ....do German ports, Sweden, England.
Sulphate of natron 4,759 28, 554 ...do German ports, Denmark.
Copper vitriol 3, 079 92, 370 ..do Sweden.
Potash.. 26, 222 576, 884 ..do Russia, Belgium, Netherlands.
Saltpeter .... 5, 097 76, 455 .... do German ports.
Sulphur.... 76, 476 688, 284 ....do Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Italy..
Combustibles 3,727 149, 080 .... do Denmark, Sweden.
Other drugs and chemi 35, 431 2, 125, 860 ...do German ports, Russia,Denmark,Swe
cals. den, England, Belgium, Nether.
lands, France.
Pig-iron . 1, 100, 290 3,851, 015 ...do Do.
Wrought iron and steel .. 91, 549 640, 843 1 mark. German ports,Denmark,Sweden, Nor.
way,England, Belgium, Netherl'de.
Railroad-iron 21, 084 168, 672 ....do German ports, Belgium.
Wire ....... 874 18, 354 ....do German ports, England, Netherlands.
Chains . 5,836 128, 392 do England, Netherlands, Spain.
Iron plates.. ..... 22, 167 266, 004 2.50 marks Sweden, England, Belgium, Nether
lands.
White iron plates . 1, 878 41,756 .do England.
Heavy castings 27,969 559, 380 ...do German ports, Denmark, Sweden,
England, Belgium, Netherlands, N
America.
Heavywrought-iron ware. 17, 637 264, 555 ...do German ports, England.
Fine iron-ware . 229 34, 350 12 and 30 marks England.
Lead and copper ore... 6, 441 128, 820 Free Spain.
Zinc ore 983 983 ...do Sweden.
Chalk , raw.. 34, 354 41, 224 .... do German ports, Denmark, England
Cement ..... 3, 098 8, 364 .... do German ports, Russia, England.
Kryolith.. 10, 891 87, 128 ...do Denmark, Norway, France.
Heavy spar 30, 864 92,592 ... do England.
Kaolin 138, 491 276, 982 ..do Denmark, Sweden, England, Nether
lands, North America.
Pyrites 108, 491 173, 585 ... do Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Spain.
Other mineral ores and 169, 610 1, 356, 880 ..do German ports, Russia,Denmark,Swe.
stone. den, Norway, England, Belgium ,
Netherlands, France.
Flax . 9, 585 460, 080 ....do German ports, Russia, England.
Hemp 44, 517 1, 469, 061 ...do German ports, Russia, England , Bel
gium.
Oakum ..... 7,717 208, 359 ...do German ports, Russia, England.
Jute .. 3, 898 81, 858 ...do German ports, England, Belgium.
Wheat.. 126, 111 1,261, 110 do German ports, Russia, Sweden, Eng.
land.
Rye...... 4, 526, 338 32, 815, 950 ....do German ports, Russia,Denmark,Swe
den, Norway, Netherlands, France,
North America.
Barley 18, 514 148, 112 ....do German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Sweden.
Oats 974, 079 8, 279, 671 ...do German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Sweden, England.
Hay and straw. 1 2 ....do German ports.
Sea-weed 215 860 ...do Denmark.
Pulse 23, 954 227, 563 ...do German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Sweden, France.
Anise, &c ..... 7,889 284,004 ...do German ports, Russia, Sweden, Eng.
land, Netherlands.
Mustard-seed 4, 962 129, 012 ...do German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Netherlands.
Rape-seed.. 48, 963 734, 445 ...do German ports, Russia, England.
Linseed.. 145, 159 2, 177, 385 ...do German ports, Russia, England, Bel
gium , France.
Clover-seed 21, 535 753, 725 ....do German ports, Denmark, England,
Fruit and potatoes . 157 471 ....do German ports, Russia, France.
Garden-seed 11, 702 292, 550 ....do German ports, Russia, Denmark, Eng.
land, Netherlands.
Glass and glass-ware. 6,317 227,412 2 to 12 marks.. German ports, Russia,Denmark, Eng
land, Netherlands, Belgium,
Hair and hair goods.... 3, 358 335, 800 Free German ports, Russia, Denmark,Eng.
land.
Skins and hides. 9, 508 950, 800 ....do German ports, Russia, Denmark, Swe
Furs den, England,Netherlands,Belgium.
1, 049 1,258, 800 2 marks... Russia.
Statement showing the commerce at Stettin, &c. — Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued.
Value en Amount of du.

Articles. Quantity. tered. ties. Whence imported.
Crot. Marks.
Firewood and charcoal... 1,866 1,866 Free ... German ports, Russia, Sweden, Eng
land.
Timber, deals, & c .. 757,980 ...do German ports, Russia, Sweden.
Foreign wood . 18, 152 272, 280 ...do German ports, England.
Bones, horns ... 5,529 82, 935 .do German ports, Russia, Denmark,Eng.
land, Netherlands.
Coopers' wares .. 25, 9:20 259, 200 ....do German ports, Russia,Denmark,Swe
den,England,Belgium, Netherlands.
Corks, &c..... 1,347 53, 880 .do German ports, Russia, Denmark, Swe
den, England, France.
Veneering 900 ..do German ports.
Farniture.. 699 48, 930 3 marks. German ports, Russia, Denmark, Swe
den, England, North America.
Hops . 107 18, 190 Free German ports, Russia.
Instruments, all sorts .. 91 36, 400 6 marks . German ports, Russia, Denmark, Eng
land.
Locomotives 490 24, 500 2 marks.. England.
Boilers. 565 12, 430 ....do German ports, England, Belgium.
Machinery . 47, 320 1,656, 200 1 to 2 marks . German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Sweden, England, Belgium, Neth.
erlands, North America.
Vessels (15) 36, 000 German ports, Russia, Norway, Eng.
land, Belgium.
India rubber 3 600 Free England.
India rubber goods . 1,220 488,000 .... do German ports, Russia, England.
Clothes (personal effects) . 11 2,750 30to 120 marks. German ports.
Copper.... 15, 679 1,489, 505 Free German ports, Russia, Sweden, Eng.
land, Netherlands.
Other metal ....... 188 18, 800 Free German ports, Denmark, Sweden,
England.
Copper in tins and rods 1,080 129, 600 5.25 to 12 marks German ports, England.
Copper and brass ware.. 1, 142 159, 880 ...do German ports, England, Denmark.
Hardware 11 3,300 45 to 150 marks German ports, Russia, England, N’th
America.
Leather, all kinds ..... 1,878 281, 700 6 to 40 marks.. German ports, Russia, Denmark,
272 England.
Leather goods 108, 800 ...do Russia, Denmark, England.
Linen yarn and thread. 12, 205 1,220, 500 1.50 to 12marks German ports, Russia, England.
Rope and matting 2, 755 137, 750 1.50 marks . German ports, Russia, England, Bel
gium.
Packing canvas ....... 20,970 1,467, 900 2 marks.... German ports, Russia, England ,
Netherlands.
Linen, raw and bleached 1,828 365, 600 12 to 30 marks . German ports, England.
Candles 758 53, 060 4.50 marks German ports, Russia, Netherlands.
Objects of art and litera 1, 167 233, 400 Free German ports, Russia, Denmark,
ture. England, Netherlands.
Beer 6, 046 108, 828 2 marks...... German ports, Russia, Denmark,
England.
German spirits, &c ... 28, 674 1,032, 264 18 marks... German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Sweden, England, France, Nether
lands.
Vinegar 90 1,080 4 marks.. France.
Wine, in casks . 92,482 3, 699, 280 8 marks. German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Englaud, Netherlands, France,
Spain.
Wine, in bottles 5, 229 627, 480 ....do German ports, Russia, Denmark,
England, Netherlands, France,
Belgium.
Butter 11, 527 1,267, 970 4 marks. German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Preserved meat. 9, 256 462, 800 1.50 marks German ports, Russia, Denmark,
England, Belgium, Spain, North
America.
Fish, dried, anchovies, & c. 9, 780 586, 800 ....do German ports, Denmark, Sweden,
Norway, Netherlands, France,
Meat 50 3,000 Free Denmark.
Fresh southern fruit, 863 15, 534 6 marks. German ports, Denmark, England.
oranges.
Dried almonds ... 3,243 194, 580 12 marks German ports, Denmark, England,
Raisins and currants ..... 19, 443 486, 075 ....do German ports, England, Netherlands,
Turkey.
All other southern fruit .. 213 5, 112 ....do German ports, England, Netherlands ,
Italy.
Pepper 5, 412 324, 720 19.50 marks . German ports, England, Netherlands.
Pimento 2, 062 74, 232 ....do Do.
Cinnamon 819 122, 850 ..do Do.
All other spices .... 584 105, 120 ....do Do.
GERMANY . 347
Statement showing the commerce at Stettin , &c. — Continued .

IMPORTS-Continued .
Articles. Value en Amount of du

Quantity. tered. ties. Whence imported .
Cut. Marks.
Herrings, 317,338 barrels . 952, 061 13, 328, 854 1 mark.... German ports, Denmark, Sweden,
667 ..do Norway, England, Netherlands.
Honey 26, 680 German ports, England.
Coffee.. 59, 533 5,060, 305 17.50 marks .. German ports, England, Denmark,
Coffee.. Belgium, Netherlands.
73 1,095 ....do German ports.
Cacao 387 23, 220 19.50 marks . German ports, England.
Caviar 3 750 24 marks .. Russia.
Cheese. 3, 229 213, 114 5 marks . German ports, Denmark, England,
Netherlands.
Confectioneries 240 24, 000 21 marks. German ports, Denmark, England,
France.
Dried home fruit and 12, 693 490, 470 Free .. German ports, Russia, England ,
nuts. France.
Chicory. 173 1,730 .... do German ports.
Starch 5, 096 122, 304 ..do German ports, England, Belgium ,
North America.
Flour 30, 232 423, 248 .do German ports, Russia.
Sago .. 7,076 148, 596 do German ports, Russia, Denmark,
England, France.
Oysters, lobsters 12 480 German ports, Denmark, England.
Rice 115, 007 1, 610, 098 1.50 marks German ports, Denmark, England,
Belgium, Netherlands, N. America.
Salt.. 13, 134 26, 268 6 marks . German ports, Russia, France, Spain,
Portugal.
Molasses ... 22, 222 266, 664 7.50 marks German ports, Denmark, Sweden,
Norway, England, Netherlands.
Tobacco leaves and stalks 3, 004 225, 300 12 marks.. German ports, Russia, Belgium.
Tobacco, manufactured, 1, 412 141, 200 33 and 60 marks German ports, Russia, Denmark,
and cigars. Belgium, Netherlands.
Tea..... 154 30, 800 24 marks ..... German ports, Russia, Denmark,
England, Netherlands."
Sugar... 509 19, 342 12 and 15 marks German ports, England, Netherlands.
Sweet oil 29, 492 1, 327, 170 2.50 marks and German ports, Denmark, England,
free. Netherlands, France, Italy.
Linseed-oil.. 88,223 2,470, 244 1.50 marks German ports, England, Belgium,
Netherlands.
Palm-oil 64, 034 2, 433, 292 Free .. German ports, Denmark, England.
Cocoanut-oil 11, 456 481, 152 .... do Do.
Other oil.. 30, 784 1, 015, 872 1.50 marks German ports, Russia, Denmark,
England, Belgium, Netherlands,
France.
Fish-oil 36, 370 1, 200, 210 .... do German ports, Denmark, Norway,
England, France.
Tallow.... 56, 489 2,654, 983 Free .. German ports, Russia, Denmark,
England, Belgium, North America.
Lard …….. 93, 848 5,067, 792 .... do German ports, Russia, England, Bel
gium , Netherlands, NorthAmerica.
Grease, &c. 870 43, 500 1.50 marks German ports, Russia, Denmark,
England, Netherlands.
Paper and paper boards.. 13, 901 834, 060 2 to 12 marks .. German ports, Denmark, Sweden,
Fars ... England, Netherlands, France.
Russia.
4 800 Free
Gunpowder 11 990 ....do North America.
Silk goods 16 24,000 1.20 marks Russia.
Soap and perfumery 272 13, 600 2.50to 10 marks German ports, Russia, England,
Netherlands.
Millstones 4, 208 25, 248 Free German ports, Denmark, England,
Slate, &c.. 259,076 777,228 .... do Sweden, England, France, North
America.
Other stones . 52, 775 211, 100 do German ports, Denmark, Sweden,
Norway,
France. England, Netherlands,
Stone goods... 850 25, 500 ....do Russia, Sweden.
Coal 1, 958, 240 1, 958, 240 ....do German ports, Denmark, England.
Coke.. 154, 649 309, 298 .do Eng'and.
Brown coal and turf 3,903 1,561 ..do Denmark.
Mats and straw ware 4,518 180, 720 12 marks German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Sweden, England, France.
Pitch and tar 44, 976 449, 760 Free ... German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Sweden, England, Netherlands.
Asphalt......... 33, 322 133, 288 .... do German ports, England, Netherlands,
West Indies.
Roofing-felt .... 1,452 14,520 ...do German ports, England.
Rosin and turpentine 135, 801 1,086 , 408 ....do German ports, Denmark, Sweden,
Belgium, Netherlands, France, N.
America, West Indies.
Statement showing the commerce at Stettin, &c.—Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued.
Value en Amount of du
Articles. Quantity. tered. ties. Whence imported.
Crot. Marks.
Petrolenm 621,097 12, 421, 940 Free German ports, Belgium, N. America.
Mineral oils, sundry 4, 411 66, 165 .do German ports, England, Belgium,
Netherlands, North America.
Resin and turpentine 6,380 191 , 400 ....do German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Sweden, England, Belgium, Neth.
erlands, France.
Animal products... 1,471 73, 550 .... do Russia, Denmark, Sweden.
Bladder and bladder-skins 1, 163 46,526 .... do German ports, Russia, Denmark,
England.
Wax...... 79 11, 060 .... do German ports, England, Netherlands.
Bricks and tiles ... 120, 177 180, 265 ... do German ports, Denmark, Sweden,
England.
Porcelain and clay ware.. 527 15, 810 5 to 12 marks.. German ports, Denmark, Sweden,
England, Netherlands.
Horses.. 800 Free Russia.
Oxen 600 ....do England.
Pigs.......... 9, 240 2 marks per Russia, England.
head.
170 sheep and goats 3,400 Free England.
Oil-cloth . 53 5, 830 2 to 6 marks .. Do.
Wool, raw 12, 353 2,223, 540 Free .. German ports, Russia, Denmark,
England.
Woolen yarn . 7,069 2,544, 840 1.50 to 12 marks German ports, England.
Woolen goods.. 13, 267 6, 633, 500 30 to 90 marks . Do.
Zinc 2,984 83, 552 Free German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Sweden, Netherlands.
Tin 9, 599 1, 151, 880 ....do German ports, Denmark, England.
Sundries 4, 484 134, 520 ....do German ports, Russia, Denmark,
Sweden, England, France.
Total 21,416,546 169, 056, 711*
* Or $42,264,178 gold.
NOTE BY THE CONSULAR AGENT. -Of the above there came from the United States 17,514,546 marks,
or $4,378,637 gold, or 10 per cent. The duties on the entire imports amounted to 4,483,922.72 marks, or
$1,120,981 gold.
EXPORTS.
Articles. Quantity. Value. Whither exported.
Crot. Marks.
Waste 260, 891 3,913, 365 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Guano 965 8, 685 German ports, Russia.
....
Rags... 30, 260 484, 160 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England, Belgium, Netherlands.
Cotton, raw 160 9,600 German ports, England.
Cotton yarn. 4, 484 538, 080 German ports, Russia, Denmark, England.
Cotton goods ... 10, 658 2,771, 080 Do.
Lead... 88, 150 2, 203, 750 German ports, Russia, Sweden, England, North
America.
Lead ware 3, 584 107, 520 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Brushmakers' goods 10 1,000 German ports .
Alum.. 905 9, 050 German ports, Russia.
White lead 21, 854 655, 620 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Coloring-wood 8, 439 75, 951 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng.
land.
Coloring materials . 13, 014 234, 252 Do.
Bone-coal 12, 546 112, 914 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden.
Chalk, ground.. 7, 122 8, 546 German ports, Russia.
Copper vitriol .. 1,772 53, 160 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Mineral water 9, 835 118, 020 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng
land.
Potash.... 25, 484 560, 648 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Saltpeter 1, 809 27, 135 German ports, Denmark, Sweden, Norway.
Sulphur.... 524 4,716 German ports, Russia.
Saltpeter 37, 090 185, 450
Soda .... and sulphuric acid . 11, 753 68, 167
German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden.
German ports, Russia, Denmark, England, Neth
erlands, North America.
GERMANY . 349
Statement showing the commerce at Stettin, &c. — Continued .

EXPORTS-Continued.
Articles. Quantity. Value. Whither exported .
Orot. Marks.
Axle-grease . 23, 686 284, 232 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden.
Other drugs and chemicals 148, 558 8, 913, 480 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Pig-iron 30, 477 106,669 German ports, Russia, Denmark, England.
Wrought iron and steel 29,744 208, 208 German ports, Russia, Sweden, England.
Railroad iron 7, 367 58,904 German ports, Russia.
Wire ...... 230 4,830 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Iron plates 4, 426 53, 112 German ports, Russia, Denmark, England.
White-iron plates. 490 10, 290 German ports, Russia.
Heavy iron and steel ware.. 68, 261 1, 365, 220 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Wrought-iron tubes.... 185 2,775 German ports, Russia.
Fine iron and steel ware. 69 10, 350 Do.
Brown stone 5, 818 26, 181 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden .
Cement 155, 900 420, 930 Do.
Gypsum ... 6, 730 10, 095 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Other ore and stone . 701, 687 5, 613, 496 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor.
way, England, Netherlands.
Flax, hemp 3,097 123, 880 German ports, Russia, Denmark, England.
Wheat... 127, 454 1, 274, 540 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Norway, Eng.
land, Belgium, Netherlands.
Rye . 4,887 35, 430 German ports, Russia, Sweden.
Barley 206, 838 1,654, 704 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Oats …………… . 4, 691 39, 873 German ports, England.
Maize.. 44, 009 286, 058 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
Malt 32, 255 483, 795 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, Netherlands.
All other kinds of corn 2, 004 18, 036 Gernian ports, Russia, Sweden.
Pulse 38, 720 367, 340 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
Anise, &c .. 1, 020 36, 720 German ports, Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands.
Rape-seed. 33, 563 503, 445 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng.
land.
Linseed .. 3,741 56, 115 German ports, Russia, England.
Clover-seed 10, 762 376, 670 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Hay, straw, and sea-weed 2, 116 4, 232 German ports, Norway, England.
Potatoes . 405, 151 1, 215, 453 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Fruit, green 20, 334 183, 006 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Garden-seed 15, 429 385, 725 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng
land, Netherlands.
Glass 11,777 235, 540 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way.
Glass-ware.. 12, 728 636, 400 Do.
Hair, raw 80 8,000 German ports, Denmark, England.
Bed-feathers 109 19, 620 German
Oil-cloth and felt.. 91 8, 190 German ports,
ports.
Denmark, Sweden, Norway.
Skins and hides 4, 112 411, 200 German ports, Russia, Denmark, England.
Furs.. 9 13, 500 Russia.
Charcoal 807 2, 421 German ports, Denmark, Norway.
Tanners' bark 333 1,998 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Logs of hard wood.. 5,430, 200 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain ,
France.
Logs of soft wood . 1, 633, 380 German ports, Russia. Denmark, Norway, Eng.
land, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Portugal.
Boards and planks . 541, 725 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng
land, Netherlands, France.
Foreign wood 22, 571 338, 565 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Coopers' goods .... 28, 203 282,030 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng
land, Netherlands, North America.
Corks ... 1, 167 46, 680 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden.
Furniture 6, 599 461, 930 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor.
way, England.
Hops 2,409 409, 530 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Instruments, all sorts 2,873 1, 149, 200 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way.
Locomotives 7,225 361,250 Russia.
Boilers....
......... 676 14,872 Do.
Machines 71, 088 2, 488, 080 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng.
land, North America.
Vessels 40, 800 German ports, Russia.
India rubber 1, 320 528, 000 Do.
Clothes and linen 147 36, 750 German ports, Russia, Sweden.
Statement showing the commerce at Stettin, &c.— Continued .

EXPORTS-Continued.
Crot. Marks.
Copper 7,063 670, 985 Germanports, Russia, Denmark, England, Nether
lands.
Other metal 2,548 254, 800 German ports, Russia, Denmark, England.
Copper in tins and rods 14, 392 1, 727, 040 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng.
land.
Copper and brass ware 11,316 1,584, 240 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden , Nor
way, England.
Quicksilver . 333 149, 850 Russia.
Hardware 308 64, 680 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way.
Leather, all kinds .. 2,922 438, 300 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Leather ware... 143 128, 700 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden.
Linen yarn and thread. 672 67, 200 German ports, Russia, England, France.
Rope and strings . 1,765 88,250 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Packing-canvas 509 35, 630 German ports, Denmark.
Linen, bleached and un 8,086 1, 617, 200 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
bleached. way, England.
Candles .. 7,080 495, 600 German ports, Russia, Sweden, Netherlands.
Objects of art and literature. 2,737 547, 400 German ports, Denmark, Sweden.
Beer 1,999 35, 982 German ports, Russia.
German spirits, & c 100, 640 3,623, 040 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England, Belgium, Netherlands.
Vinegar 895 10, 740 German ports, Russia, Sweden.
Wine, in casks . 20, 442 1, 122, 100 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, France.
Wine, in bottles 6,353 698, 830 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden.
Butter ... 8, 226 904, 860 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way.
Preserved meat and bacon . 1, 302 65, 100 German ports, Denmark.
Fish, dried, oysters, and sar 372 22, 320 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden.
dines.
Oranges and other southern 1.473 26, 514 German ports, Russia, Sweden.
fruit.
Almonds. 651 39, 060 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Raisins and currants. 2,476 61, 900 German ports, Russia.
All other dried fruit . 1, 022 24, 528 German ports, Russia, Sweden.
Spice ... 908 81, 720 Germau ports, Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands.
Herrings . 68, 925 964, 950 German ports, Russia, Denmark,Sweden, Norway.
Honey 558 22, 320 German ports, Norway.
Coffee 7, 232 614, 720 German ports, Russia, England, Netherlands.
Coffee 325 4,875 German ports, Russia.
Cacao . 68 4,080 Do.
Cheese. 604 39, 864 Do.
Confectioneries 4,496 449, 600 German ports, Denmark, Sweden.
Preserved fruit 833 74,970 German ports , Russia.
Chicory.. 92, 604 926, 040 German ports.
Home-baked fruit and nuts 31, 545 946, 350 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Starch 80, 855 1,940, 520 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
Flour .... way, England, Netherlands.
144, 379 2, 021, 306 German ports, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Eng.
land, Netherlands.
Other flour fabrications 2,997 62, 937 German ports, Deumark, Sweden, England.
Sago . 1,993 39,860 German ports, Russia Denmark, Sweden.
Rice 8, 632 120, 848 German ports.
Salt.. 25, 173 170, 346 Germau ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way.
Molasses 150, 656 1,807, 872 German ports, Russia, Denmark, England, Swe
den, Norway, France.
Sirup and starch- sugar 3, 463 58,871 Gorman ports, Russia, Denmark, England.
Tobacco, stalks and leaves .. 2,084 156, 300 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Norway.
Tobacco, manufactured, and 5, 189 518, 900 German ports.
cigars.
Tea.. 75 15, 000 Do.
Sugar.. 314, 506 15,096, 288 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Sweet-oil 2,670 120, 150 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Linseed-oil. 2,759 77,252 German ports, Russia.
Other oil.. 112,987 3,728, 571 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor.
Palm-oil 2,249 85, 462 German ports, Norway.
Fish-oil 3,718 122, 694 German ports, Russia.
Paraffine and stearine 213 10, 650 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Tallow. 1, 942 91, 274 German ports.
Lard .. 12, 770 689,580 Do.
Other animal greaso 51, 749 1, 134, 980 German ports, Denmark, Sweden, Norway.
Paper and paper-board. 26, 812 1, 608, 720 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor-
way, England.
Furs .. 443 88,600 Russia.
Gunpowder . 3, 219 289, 710 German ports.
GERMANY . 351
Statement showing the commerce at Stettin, &c.— Continued.

EXPORTS-Continued.
Owt. Marks.
Silk and silk goods 9 13,500 German ports, Russia.
Soap and perfumery 14, 483 579, 320 German ports, Russia, Denmark, England, Nether
lands.
Mill-stones, &c.. 5, 413 32, 478 German ports, Russia, Sweden, Norway.
Slate. 4,345 13, 035 German
Slates, framed 3, 805 79, 905 Do. ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden.
Other stones. 18, 295 73, 180 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden , Nor
way.
Stone ware... 1,073 32, 190 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden.
Coal 6,844 6, 844 German ports, Russia.
Mats and straw ware.. 720 28,800 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Pitch and tar 24, 171 241, 710 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng
land.
Asphalt 8, 208. 32, 832 German ports, Russia, England.
Roofing-felt.. 24, 260 German
242, 600 land. ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng
Resin 4,719 37, 752 German ports, Russia.
Petroleum 16, 612 332, 240 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Other tar and mineral oil 1, 173 17, 595 Do.
Resin and turpentine 4, 018 120, 540 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Animal products.. 229 9, 160 Russia, Denmark.
Bladder. 149 5, 960 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Wax . 1,826 255, 640 German ports, Russia, Sweden, England.
Bricks and tiles ....... 63, 213 94, 819 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, Netherlands.
Porcelain and clay ware 20, 514 615, 420 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, France.
Horses 16,000 Denmark.
Oxen ...... 300 German ports.
Pigs . 60 Do.
Sheep.. 140 Do.
Oil-cloth .. 305 33, 550 German ports, Russia, Denmark.
Wool, raw 3,717 669, 060 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng
land.
Woolen yarn. 729 276,260 German ports, Russia, Denmark, England.
Woolen goods 2, 039 1,019, 500 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Eng
laud.
Zinc 221,814 4,879, 908 German ports, Russia, Norway, Netherlands,
Denmark, Sweden, England, North America.
Zinc in plates ..... 23, 064 645, 792 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Nor
way, England.
Zinc, manufactured . 172 8, 600 German ports, Russia, Sweden, Norway.
Tin 1, 228 100, 696 German ports, Russia, England.
Tin, manufactured . 120 18, 000 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden.
Sundries .. 20, 272 608, 160 German ports, Russia, Denmark, Sweden , Nor
way, England.
Total .... 4, 798, 219111,017,599
* Or $27,754, 400 gold.
Statement showing the navigation at the port of Stettin for the year ending December 31 , 1876 .
ENTERED.
No. Cubic No. Cubic No. Cubic

meters. meters. meters.
Russian. 23 26, 071 49 26, 227 72 52, 298

Swedish 116 88, 060 48 14,375 164 102, 435
Norwegian .. 64 47, 798 131 89, 497 195 137, 295
Danish. 115 136, 201 213 30, 365 328 166, 569
Dutch. ..... 20 18, 477 52 14, 724 72 33, 201
Belgian 1 1,806 1 1,806
British. 393 700, 352 217 91, 372 610 791, 724
German.. 710 436, 942 1, 115 310, 794 1,825 747, 736
French . 17 5,558 17 5,558
United States 16 21, 533 16 21, 533
Total. 1, 442 1, 455, 710 1,858 604, 445 3,300 2,060, 155
Statement showing the navigation at the port of Stettin, &c. —Continued.
CLEARED.
No. Cubic No. Cubic No. Cubic

meters. meters. meters.
Russian.. *21 24, 987 46 24,476 67 49, 463
Swedish 114 86, 017 55 17, 220 169 103, 237
Norwegian 64 49,007 137 93, 541 201 142,548
Danish. 115 137, 566 219 32, 017 334 169, 583
Dutch ……………………….. ……………... 19 17,834 54 15, 607 73 33, 441
Belgian . 1 1,806 1 1,806
British.. ..... 394 703, 852 225 97, 798 619 801, 650
German. 697 425, 544 1, 152 330, 769 1,849 756, 313
French.. 17 5, 558 17 5, 558
United States . J. 16 21, 533 16 21, 533
Total ....... 1, 425 1,446, 613 1,921 638, 519 3, 346 2,085, 132
FREDERICK POLL.
NOTE BY THE CONSULAR AGENT.-One ton register is equal to about 3 cubic meters.
WÜRTEMBERG.
STUTTGART, November 1, 1877. ( Received November 28. )

THE GENERAL DEPRESSION.
In my annual reports for the years 1875 and 1876, it was stated that
" all branches of trade and the various industries of the Kingdom of
Würtemburg were unsettled and in a state of general depression ."
After carefully collecting information from different parts of the king
dom, I am not able to report any improvement during the year ending
September 30, 1877. While the wages paid mechanics and laborers are
generally lower than last year, the cost of many of the necessaries of
life are considerably higher. These facts, aud the nearly total destruc
tion of the wine crop by unseasonable frosts, have tended to produce a
still greater depression among the laboring classes and the various in
dustries upon which they rely for employment, thus necessitating the
practice of scrupulous economy among all classes of society.
DECREASE IN EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.*
The following figures exhibit the current of the export trade of Wür
temberg with the United States during the three years above named .
The total declared exports for each of those years ending September 30
were, in 1875, $ 1,108,283.80 ; in 1876 , $ 906,651.33 , being $ 201,632.47 less
than in 1875 ; in 1877, $ 687,239.21 , being $219,412.12 less than in 1876.
It will be observed that the decrease in exports during the past two
years has averaged about 19 per cent. per annum, making the decrease
during the year 1877, as compared with the year 1875, about 38 per
cent.
IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES .
As the imports and exports of the interior states of Germany are

merged in those of the whole empire, the value of goods imported into
the Kingdom of Würtemberg cannot be given with any approach to
* For table of declared exports from Stuttgart to the United States for the year end
ing September 30, 1877, see declared exports from the consulate-general of Frankfort
on-the-Main, page 296.
GERMANY. 353
accuracy. But, from such facts as I have been able to gather, it is evi
dent that there has been a considerable increase during the past year
of imports into the kingdom of articles manufactured and produced in
the United States. This result can be traced , in a large degree, to the
influence of the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition , in bringing to light
the extent and quality of the productions of the country, as well as the
taste and inventive ingenuity which are becoming known here as promi
nent characteristics of the people of the United States . The wonder
ful producing capacities of the country, the superior skill of its mechanics ,
and the great advancement attained in science, art, and manufactures ,
as developed at Philadelphia in 1876, have left an abiding and most
useful impression upon business communities in this part of Europe.
The indisputable facts of the Centennial Exhibition have overcome, in
many cases, the peculiar bias and caution of the German merchant, and
inspired him with confidence and courage sufficient to induce him to make
importations of a few of the novel and useful manufactures of America
for the purpose of testing their popularity in the markets of his own
country. There may at this time, therefore, be seen in the exhibition
windows of the jeweler a display of many articles of American manu
facture not seen heretofore.
American watches.-These, iu considerable numbers, are supplanting
the productions of the Swiss manufactories , which are distant but a few
hours' ride from this locality.
American silver and silver-plated ware, of varied and graceful form and
artistic decoration , is also much admired , and finds buyers at prices
considerably higher than are asked for German articles of similar size
and weight.
Chromos.- Boston chromo pictures also find purchasers at prices
ranging much higher than those paid for similar pictures produced in
Europe. The superiority of the best specimens of American chromos
is readily acknowledged here, but, owing to their high cost, the sale
in this locality is limited .
Glass ware.-Pressed flint glass ware, from Wheeling and Pittsburgh ,
has just now found its way into this market. Its remarkable clearness
and the perfection of its manufacture secure general admiration ; and,
notwithstanding the great expense attending importation- from its
bulky character as freight- these goods find purchasers at rates from
20 to 33 per cent. higher than similar goods produced in Europe.
Hardware.- Tools, cutlery, and locks of American manufacture are
beginning to find their way into the hardware stores of German cities.
It is difficult to induce a German mechanic to handle novelties in the
line of tools. The way of his fathers is generally considered the safest
and surest. But the American ax, hatchet, and saw, and the hammer,
chisel, and plane are here, and when the mechanic has conquered his
prejudices, and learned to use them , he is sure to be an earnest friend of
American tools. It can be safely predicted that judicious efforts on the
part of American manufacturers to introduce goods of this description
would greatly increase the trade.
Stoves. A few American parlor- stoves have come to this market and
been favorably received. It is to be hoped that the American cooking
stove will soon follow. It is a much greater necessity here. It would
• have to overcome a prejudice in favor of the German article, which has
existed for centuries. But it is believed that the American stove , if
properly introduced , would soon commend itself to popular favor, for its
greatly superior qualities could not be questioned in a land of advanced
civilization. Its adoption into general use in the Vaterland would cer
23 C R
tainly prove to be a blessing to its people, and the salvation of the for
ests of the empire, for the function of the German cooking stove appears
to be not only the destruction of fuel, where it is grievously expensive,
but also of the food it was created to make palatable. It is, therefore,
safe enough to predict that enterprising stove manufacturers in the
United States would reap rich rewards, and at the same time become
benefactors of their race, if they would successfully introduce the Amer
ican cooking stove into Germany and other parts of Europe.
Machinery and machinist tools of American manufacture are being
occasionally introduced into large establishments in Germany, and , as
I am informed , are so serviceable and popular as to be likely, under a
revival of business, to create a considerable demand for such property.
Boots , shoes, and some kinds of leather are quite extensively imported
into this kingdom from the United States, and are sold at a profit in
competition with German goods. This trade can be increased by intro
ducing the better quality of goods for ladies' wear.
Canned goods .- American dried and canned fruits and canned meats
of all kinds are quite extensively used in this kingdom . The trade in
these articles can, without doubt, be greatly extended by proper efforts
of the American dealers .
Dairy products.-The products of the American dairy are also in de
mand in this remote part of the continent, and can be imported and sold
here at a fair profit.
Cotton goods.- White cotton goods and prints of American manufac
ture are to be found here in the better class of shops . These fabrics
cannot compete in price with similar German goods, but their superior
quality has created a demand for them at prices considerably above
those of the German fabrics.
Fire engines.- Steam fire-engines , invented and manufactured in the
United States, are doing service in some of the German cities . At a
recent exhibition in this city of the powers of steam fire -engines from
different German manufactories, an American engine, manufactured by
the Silsby Company, of Seneca Falls, N. Y. , was present. The highly
finished and beautiful workmanship of its exterior was much admired,
but its lightness and apparently fragile character, as compared with the
heavy and cumbersome machines near it, was the subject of curious and
disparaging criticism . By some it was regarded as a sort of toy, " beau
tiful to look at," but without strength enough in its parts or power
enough in its pumps to be of practical use in a rough contest with fire.
After the conclusion of the trial among the German engines the Ameri
can machine was fired, and, in just one-third of the time occupied by
other engines , it was in full operation , and , to the astonishment of the
large number of spectators, easily throwing a steady stream which rose
far above all competitors. The superior performance of the American
engine was generously acknowledged and loudly applauded by the as
semblage.
American furniture, some samples of which have been sent to this city,
is much admired , especially the novel parlor bedstead. This article of
furniture is likely to become popular among the people of Germany,
where economy in the amount of room used for living apartments is so
extensively practiced . Samples of the cheaper kinds of American fur
niture, especially chairs, which have recently been brought to Würtem
berg, have attracted favorable attention , and American-made machinery
has been recently imported , and a large establishment erected in Reut
lingen, near Stuttgart, for the purpose of extensively manufacturing
furniture in imitation of American styles.
GERMANY. 355
How to place American goods on the market. -There is an almost end

less variety of tools and useful household articles , the product of Ameri
can inventive ingenuity, that are generally unknown on this continent,
which would undoubtedly find a ready and extended market, if the
manufacturers would combine in the adoption of some systematic method
of bringing them to the notice of the masses of the people. Advertis
ing unknown wares will not suffice for their introduction here . The
articles must first be seen and tested in the principal centers of trade
before advertising by circulars or through the public journals becomes
efficient .
CROPS OF 1877.
The grain crops of Würtemberg have not fully answered the hopes
and expectations entertained a few weeks before the harvest. This is
especially true with respect to their quality, which has suffered materi
ally in consequence of prevailing unseasonable weather.
If the number 100 be adopted as the standard of an average yield ,
the harvest of 1877 will give the following results :
Wheat .. 95
Rye 105
Dinkel or spelt . 95
Barley . 75
Oats ...... 90
As an average harvest of breadstuffs does not suffice for the consump
tion of the people of Würtemberg, they will again be obliged to import
about 2,000,000 centners, or 4,000,000 bushels, of wheat. A consider
able part of this quantity has been already secured from Hungary.
Brewers will in like manner be obliged to import largely of barley, as
this crop , in quantity and quality, is much inferior to the yield of pre
vious years. The yield of oats, though standing below an average crop,
is considerably in excess of home needs, and will be quite extensively
exported to other countries.
The potato crop has been greatly reduced in quantity by insects and
the prevailing disease. The quality of that portion of the crop which
has been saved is reported as excellent.
The yield of fruit in a few districts may be regarded as fair ; in other
localities it is very light and of inferior quality, and falls much below an
average harvest.
The fodder crops were good throughout the kingdom, and will tend to
raise the general estimate of the harvest.
The corn harvest is better than that of last year, so far as quantity is
concerned, but the quality is not so good .
On the whole, the grain crops are so far below an average yield as to
place Würtemberg in the catalogue of countries that must import largely
of the products of other nations to satisfy the demands of home con
sumption.
The grain crop of Europe for 1877.-The following table, made up
from information gathered from authentic sources, gives the estimated
percentage of yield of the grain crops in the different countries of
Europe for the year 1877 :
[An average crop is represented by the number 100.]
Dinkel
Wheat
Barle y
Oats
.*
.
ឧៈី yo
Countries.
.
ឆវី
ស៊ុប
.
R៖វៈ
ទខ
វម
.គីត
វី
*** PP2P8F8g | FF 882

Prussia.... 95 99 84 83
Mecklenburg 100 100 80 75
Baden 85 *5 85 100
Würtemberg 95 105 95 75 90
Bavaria 110 100 115 70 100
Franconia and Swabian Bavaria . 95 100 90 100
Upper and Lower Bavaria. 110 70 90
Saxony 105 100 90 90
Great Britain and Ireland 92 75 95
France 70 70 80 105
Austria and Hungary 112 105 100 .102
Russia, Southern 125 80 100
Middle 115 75 75
Northern 100 100 75 75
Poland 87 .. 100
Roumania 100 100 100
:
Switzerland 100 100 50 50
Swelen and Norway . 100 100 .. 80 95
Denmark. 110 100 75 70
Italy, Northern 98 80
Middle 95
Southern 100 100 100
Egypt 125
Bessarabia. 115 105 100
Dinkel not produced in the countries in which it does not appear in this table.
HISTORY OF THE VINE CULTURE IN WÜRTEMBERG.
The greatest hopes of the people of Würtemberg rest in a bountiful

yield of the vine, which is here very extensively cultivated ; but the
sharp frosts in the middle of September nearly destroyed the grape
crop . It is estimated that the product of the vineyards will in conse
quence not only shrink to perhaps one-fifth of an average yield , but that
the quality of the wine produced will generally be so bad as to be unfit
for use. The destruction of the grape crop in this kingdom is a very
serious disaster at any time, but particularly so this year because of the
general depression prevailing in other branches of industry. The loss ,
when compared with an average crop, cannot yet be accurately estimated ,
but it is quite certain to range between twenty and thirty millions of
marks.
Vineyards bave been cultivated in Würtemberg for more than six
hundred years, and misfortunes similar to that of the present year do
not appear to have been of frequent occurrence until within the last
quarter of a century, since which time they have been more numerous,
but none so severe as the case now recorded . It is observed that grapes
do not mature as early as in former years. It is not determined whether
this fact is attributable to a change of climate or to changes (which
have been frequent) of the kinds of grapes cultivated . It is recorded
that in the year 1328 grapevines blossomed in the month of April,
and the thoroughly ripened fruit was gathered toward the end of July,
and that the quality of the wine produced at that period was very supe
rior. In modern years it is seldom that the grape harvest begins until
toward the middle of October.
The wine in the vicinity of Stuttgart, as compared with wine pro
duced in other parts of Germany, is rated as partly " good " and partly
"excellent." Between the years 1479 and 1800 the highest average
price obtained for wine produced in Würtemberg was 84 florins per eimer
(S0 gallons), or about 40 cents per gallon . The lowest price at which
good wine is known to have been sold occurred in the year 1484, when
only 47 kreutzer per eimer was obtained , being less than half of one
GERMANY . 357
cent per gallon. The retail price during that year was 1 kreutzer (2 of
one cent), or one egg, per gallon . The wines of Stuttgart are of a red
color, and , from the peculiar nature of the soil, are heavy and sometimes
of a peculiar taste called " Bodengefährt " (earthy ) . There is much
" body and spirit " in the Stuttgart wines , and their strength makes
them suitable for long preservation. The price at this time ranges from
260 to 270 marks per eimer of 80 gallons.
VINTAGE FESTIVALS.
The so called " Herbst " (the gathering of the grapes) is , in all wine
producing localities in Germany, a time of great jubilee and festivity.
Early in the morning the old and young, amply provided with the neces
sary provisions for the day, start for the vineyards to gather the grapes.
All day long are heard the sounds of cannon and smaller fire -arms , and
exclamations of joy are echoed and re- echoed from mountain to mount
ain. In the evening various descriptions of fire- works are set off
among the vineyards, illuminating bill- side and sky as far as the eye can
see in all directions, and everybody seems cheerful and happy. The
day's work and the festivities being ended , the vine- dressers in different
groups form processions, and with torches , instrumental music and sing
ing, return to town and city.
Destruction of the grape crop of 1877. - Similar merry autumnal cele
brations have not been observed this year. The heavy frosts referred
to as occurring in the middle of September have made sad the hearts
of nearly all the vine-dressers of Germany. The evening before the
frost the loaded vines promised the most abundant yield on record, both
as to quantity and quality, and the vintager was hopeful and happy.
In the morning he awoke only to realize that a few hours of unseason
able frost had destroyed the encouraging results of his year's labor and
care.
In many districts it is apprehended that the severity of the frost has
prevented the wood of the vine from maturing . If this should prove
to be a fact the misfortune of the vintager will be doubly severe,
because the same blow that destroyed the promising yield of the present
year will have swept away the prospect of a crop for another season.
At the same time the future welfare of the vineyard will require him to
toil on without hope for still another year, precisely the same as if the
rich reward of a full harvest was before him .
The faith of the vine-dresser.- The Würtemberg vine -dresser is , how
ever, schooled to disappointment, and not easily discouraged . If he
suffers the disaster of a failure one year, he puts his trust in God, and ,
without murmur, simply hopes his efforts will be crowned with success
in the next. The vine- dresser's confidence in God , after years of failure,
is manifested in many ways, and often exhibited in the inscriptions upon
rough monuments or tablets of stone , placed in conspicuous positions
in the vineyards, and are intended to commemorate years of failure as
well as those of great abundance.
Upon a tablet placed in one of the walls surrounding a vineyard near
Stuttgart, in 1818, is an inscription , of which the following is a trans
lation :
When I put up this sign,
We had, five years, no wine ;
But on we till
Trust in God's will
And we will learn , in time,
Why God gave us no wine.
J. S. POTTER.
GREAT BRITAIN
Statement showing the value of the total imports into and exports from the United Kingdom
1873, 1874, 1875 and 1876. ( Arrranged by countries
[Compiled and arranged in the Bureau of Statistics ,
IMPORTS.
Countries.
1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876.
FOREIGN. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars . Dollars. Dollars.

United States 264, 573, 508 345, 922, 016 357,663, 416 336, 815, 861 367, 351, 198
France and dependencies.. 204, 598, 252 211, 792, 690 228, 555, 694 229, 481, 741 222, 485, 914
Germany. 93, 292, 125 96, 750, 658 96, 544, 423 105, 698, 180 102, 197, 514
Netherlands and dependencies. 67, 637, 010 66,876, 325 76, 462, 682 79, 583, 079 87,952, 020
Turkish Empire... 111, 032, 823 102, 845, 992 82, 131, 813 87,317, 569 97, 593, 435
Belgium ... 63, 941, 452 63,590, 536 72, 836, 506 71, 739, 641 67,025, 733
Russia 117, 710, 411 102, 701, 562 101, 317, 612 100, 231, 080 85,060, 521
Spain and dependencies 79, 072, 002 87,063, 347 68, 907, 718 69, 391, 455 65, 058, 389
China 64, 322, 141 60, 485, 131 53, 946, 199 65, 860, 696 72, 218, 520
Italy 20, 130, 339 18, 542, 480 17, 590, 302 22, 421, 875 20,096, 652
Sweden. 32, 584, 184 37, 460, 360 40, 818, 391 32,730, 683 38, 587, 040
Brazil 45, 739, 209 35, 815, 874 34, 895, 154 35, 906, 048 25,063, 388
Denmark and dependencies 17, 728, 445 17, 334, 910 19, 116, 659 20, 715, 016 20, 461, 190
Portugal and dependencies 23, 531, 581 23, 597, 037 23, 473, 666 23, 736, 642 18, 941, 219
Peru 20, 384, 739 25, 262, 728 21,785, 870 23, 639, 436 27, 252, 442
Chili 27,064, 229 23, 058, 703 22,750, 468 20, 309, 104 17, 349, 554
Norway 11, 457, 741 14, 263, 639 10, 454, 375 10, 435, 524 12, 979, 824
Argentine Republic 9, 209, 982 12, 651, 968 6, 153, 793 6, 581, 349 8,053, 900
Japan . 892, 215 2,717, 127 2,773, 978 1,828, 508 3, 180, 581
Greece 9, 671, 060 8, 405, 352 7, 438, 136 8,529,536 8,708, 984
West coast of Africa . 9, 174, 175 8, 520, 828 8,829,936 7,991, 183 7,733, 177
Austria-Hungary . 4, 412, 177 4, 208, 055 3,869, 792 6, 383, 422 4, 142, 062
Uruguay 6,857, 955 6, 150, 299 6, 956, 453 5,849, 575 4,071, 960
Central America 5, 450, 406 6, 601, 755 5, 425, 030 6, 335, 022 4,524, 296
Colombia 4,933, 097 5, 213, 807 4,818, 704 4,657, 072 3, 330, 458
Mexico ......... 2, 146, 656 2,417, 734 2,645, 790 3,494, 029 3,204, 718
Morocco. 3, 319, 949 4, 695, 797 3, 383, 948 3, 442, 662 3,036, 872
Hayti and San Domingo. 1,885, 959 1, 640, 769 1,667, 191 2, 148, 171 1,984, 211
Venezuela . 593, 485 472, 006 244, 632 179, 738 265, 609
Bolivia .. 4, 750, 813 3, 735, 319 1,658, 484 2,235, 978 1,999, 495
Ecuador... 1, 180, 185 1, 539, 899 1, 439, 440 1, 132, 463 1, 183, 462
Tripoli and Tunis 687, 696 728,550 1, 153, 163 2,066, 697 1, 894, 661
East coast of Africa. 589,875 334,995 203, 623 313, 278 397, 514
Islands in the Pacific . 572, 213 229, 861 409, 788 585, 610 549, 650
Persia . 32, 752 53, 196 493, 998 214, 562 306, 778
Cochin China.. 322, 895 152, 440 208, 579 615, 212
Whale fisheries 569, 334 704, 694 633, 105 564, 174 543, 764
Madagascar 9, 859 53, 511 237, 014 26, 924
Borneo 277, 646 273, 779 279, 848 138,980 122, 098
Siam 41, 817 81,680 142,963 32,626 21,349
Patagonia 19, 945 45, 133 57, 533 92, 255 33,880
Muscat. 6, 669
Abyssinia
All others ..... 7,553, 005
Total from foreign countries . 1, 132, 522, 532 1,404, 499, 890 1,393, 532, 1321,401 , 255, 533 1,415, 132, 178
BRITISH POSSESSIONS.
India. 163, 021, 635 144, 617, 402 151, 000, 478 145, 864, 507 145, 321, 116
Australia 75, 594, 488 83, 497, 578 89, 589, 764 99, 506, 305 106,295, 736
British North America . 44, 158, 944 56, 762, 806 57,397, 119 49, 429, 100 53, 355, 104
South Africa 15, 406, 134 17, 316, 610 17, 601, 855 18, 027, 364 17, 705, 862
West Indies .. 24, 563, 566 22, 436, 681 20, 997, 255 26, 204, 253 21 , 282, 525
Straits Settlements . 16, 964, 751 16, 767, 110 12, 607, 493 15, 242, 660 12, 787, 018
Hong Kong. 4,554, 062 3,791, 931 3, 616, 888 5,5-9, 764 6,567, 154
Ceylon 15,309, 660 20, 962, 069 17, 426, 381 21, 203, 073 15, 169, 145
Guiana 6, 496, 808 8,904, 216 8,956, 289 9, 253, 988 12,086, 036
Mauritius 7,451, 404 6, 165, 724 5,041, 987 3, 990, 149 4, 533, 822
Natal 2,551, 691 2,638, 618 3, 197, 003 3,650, 802 2,585, 431
Malta 910, 002 1, 560, 073 1,389, 874 1, 130, 473 1,034, 588
Channel Islands 2, 966, 198 2,666, 883 3, 147, 021 3, 423, 375 3,272, 251
Gibraltar . 503, 921 449, 660 398, 641 541, 810 241, 603
Gold Coast 1,871, 850 1, 872, 373 2,268, 048 2, 274, 582 2,655, 412
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . 359
AND IRELAND .
of merchandise from and to each foreign country and British possession for the years 1872,
according to total volume of trade for 1876. )
Department of State, from British official reports . ]
EXPORTS.
Countries.
1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876.
FOREIGN. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.

United States 223, 194, 710 177, 620, 372 156, 081, 873 121 , 301, 173 97, 896, 874
France and dependencies 137, 309, 411 146, 306, 051 143, 031, 670 133, 889, 544 142, 849, 776
Germany 208, 523, 674 177, 173, 913 170, 017, 666 165, 151, 521 141, 964, 196
Netherlands and dependencies . 124, 129, 150 124, 342, 518 110, 279, 906 106,730, 378 99, 747, 057
Turkish Empire.. 79, 392, 456 75, 173, 574 60, 674, 206 51,044, 590 47, 928, 499
Belgium.. 63, 403, 646 62, 377, 003 61, 242, 175 66,766, 686 62, 592, 836
Russia 45, 829, 824 58,878, 918 57, 427, 989 54, 916, 169 41,796, 570
Spain and dependencies 40, 618, 045 40, 179, 400 39, 018, 352 40,929, 750 40, 534, 361
China 33, 252, 823 24, 283, 896 23, 588, 055 24, 668, 366 22,842, 133
Italy 37, 344, 897 41, 486, 965 37,576, 036 39, 541, 851 39, 812, 858
Sweden... 14, 743, 961 22, 284, 444 22, 459, 047 20, 279, 963 20,952, 451
Brazil 37, 664, 008 38, 122, 929 38, 943, 366 34, 714, 445 30, 184, 011
Denmark and dependencies 13, 913, 655 16,575, 518 15, 642, 231 15, 253, 413 13, 897, 818
Portugal and dependencies . 14, 691, 752 19, 590, 388 17, 737, 869 16,537, 747 14, 808, 523
Peru 16, 179, 489 13, 267, 674 8, 857, 088 8,799, 028 5,660, 108
Chili 16, 303, 554 16, 020, 893 13, 999, 627 11, 344, 718 9,995, 519
Norway 8,753, 459 11, 464, 871 11, 697, 907 10, 197, 492 9, 653, 801
Argentine Republic 19, 511, 584 18, 441, 547 15, 450, 436 12, 054, 523 7,731, 890
Japan 10, 389, 147 9, 119, 261 6, 602, 374 12, 554, 292 10, 606, 797
Greece 5,056, 139 5, 361, 268 5, 678, 176 5,554, 785 4, 483, 789
West coast of Africa 5,782, 892 5,989,064 4,987, 160 4,555, 926 5, 421, 492
Austria-Hungary. 9, 419, 012 8,786, 840 6,949, 620 5,698, 374 5, 379, 064
Uruguay 9, 287, 713 6, 312, 115 3, 669, 174 5,040, 951
9,035, 471 849, 281 3,571, 644
Central America 1, 627, 614 1, 838, 953 12, 546, 035 4, 237, 889
Colombia 15,368, 384 4, 559, 749 3, 281, 975
Mexico.... 15, 009, 811 6, 402, 719 2,792, 779
4,353, 763 6,678, 564 2, 484, 217 4,746, 665 2,270, 448
Morocco ... 1, 414, 436 1,768, 361 2,036, 826
Hayti and San Domingo. 3,053, 626 2,347, 225 3, 464, 873 1,831, 875
Venezuela . 2,799, 509 2,555, 742 3, 377, 453
2,650, 761 2, 621, 440 360, 115 3,704, 627 1,078, 235
Bolivia 154, 260 397, 413
780 539, 568 1, 109, 531
Ecuador . 431, 166 529, 326, 070 646, 231 382, 369
Tripoli and Tunis 408, 607 368, 411 605, 021 693, 010
East coast of Africa . 542, 322 103, 634 203, 560 642, 824 496, 608
Islands in the Pacific . 143, 046 246, 187 193, 948 192, 302 179, 641
Persia.. 121, 396 235, 248 192, 965 233, 767 371, 745
Cochin China. 14, 248 416 4, 181 34, 228 15, 008
Whale fisheries.. 242 396 135
Madagascar 34, 131 126, 740 45, 825 25, 293 102, 810
Borneo 72 1, 219 338
Siam 143, 022 152, 950 134, 530 70, 019 28, 565
Patagonia. 212 25, 540 3, 811 193
Muscat. 2, 458 7,482 9, 321 154 319
Abyssinia 6, 292
All others ......
Total to foreign countries ... 1,205, 061, 341 1,160, 908, 160 1,063, 543, 710 991, 993, 390 903, 273, 290
BRITISH POSSESSIONS .
India.. 94, 327, 905 107, 999, 256 123, 104, 974 123, 880, 860 114, 596, 186
Australia . 74, 936, 635 93, 052, 078 100, 199, 170 102, 727, 160 94, 235, 114
British North America 54, 809, 065 45, 369, 075 49, 421, 167 46, 861, 794 36, 423, 020
South Africa 15,842, 420 18, 628, 516 18, 639, 749 21, 291, 910 18, 980, 519
West Indies . 13, 000, 472 12,928, 202 11, 527, 683 11, 722, 939 10,787, 909
Straits Settlements ... 12, 264, 119 10, 511, 603 13, 590, 787 10, 135, 816 10,016, 200
Hong-Kong . 15,000, 340 17, 473, 682 18, 920, 750 18, 581, 418 18, 207, 136
Ceylon 5, 154, 285 5, 361, 084 6, 001, 464 5, 476, 527 5,489, 803
Guiana 4,817, 150 4,382, 378 5,458, 721 4, 128, 405 4,713, 095
Mauritius 2,863, 886 2, 973, 899 2, 977, 597 1,837, 593 1,762, 081
Natal 3,486, 523 3,857, 964 4, 118, 264 4, 604, 483 3,688, 433
Malta 4,712, 044 5,516, 452 4,829, 226 4, 162, 254 5, 128, 797
Channel Islands 4, 170, 603 4, 179, 101 4, 494, 695 3,829, 301 3, 659, 596
Gibraltar. 6, 180, 781 6,286, 274. 5,972, 705 5,377, 222 5,844, 498
Gold Coast 2, 161, 602 035, 573 2,478, 080 2,539, 083 681, 76
Statement showing the value of the total imports into and exports from the United Kingdom
IMPORTS.
Countries.
1872. 1873. 1874. 1875, 1876.
BRITISH POSSESSIONS-Cont'd. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.

Aden 32, 198 125, 239 919, 062 1, 299, 796 1,204, 525
West African settlements 433, 695 418, 916 1, 112, 638 676, 878 640, 467
Honduras 850, 959 971, 195 950, 977 983, 173 1, 103, 016.
Falkland Islands 185, 386 138,922 251, 336 242,392 290, 099
Bermuda 1, 921 18, 174 22, 680 22, 525 20, 681
St. Helena. 57, 615 7,797 75, 905 55, 050 17,787
Heligoland
· Ascension . 82 14 183
Total from British posses 384, 164, 608 392, 088, 990 397, 668, 141 408, 612, 019 408, 169, 678
sions.
Total from foreign countries. 1,332, 552, 532 1,404, 949, 890 1,393, 532, 132 1,401, 255, 533 1,415, 132, 178
Grand total 1,716, 717, 140 1,797, 030, 880 1,791, 200, 273 1,809, 867, 552 1, 823, 301, 856
of merchandise from and to each foreign country and British possession, &c.— Continued .
EXPORTS .
Countries.
1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876.
BRITISH POSSESSIONS-Cont'd. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.

Aden .. 520, 329 697, 492 1,685, 199 987, 403 908, 797
West coast of Africa 1,929, 064 1,741, 606 2, 034, 232 1,587, 171 1,206, 931
Honduras 795, 197 780, 648 776, 699 668, 249 606, 491
Falkland Islands 119, 727 84, 787 130, 781 123, 279 130, 036
Bermuda 310, 979 329, 357 307, 030 282, 956 312, 233
St. Helena . 122, 166 147, 886 171, 553 179, 283 123, 148
Heligoland 1,989 266 21, 368 1,853 256
Ascension ...... 31, 334 17, 733 22, 641 23, 294 23, 420
Total to British possessions . 317, 548, 615 344,354, 902 377,084, 535 371, 010, 253 339, 525, 463
Total to foreign countries ... 1,205, 061 , 341 1,160, 908, 160 1,063, 543, 710 991 , 993, 390 903, 273, 200
Grand total.. 1,522, 609, 956 1,505, 263, 062 1,440, 628, 215 1,363, 003, 643 1,242,798, 753
Statement showing the value of imports into the United Kingdom, by articles, during the years
1864, 1870, and 1876. *
Articles. 1864. 1870. 1876.
Animals: £ sterling. £ sterling. £ sterling.

Oxen, bulls, cows, and calves 3, 208, 851 3, 147, 061 4,860, 440
Sheep and lambs ……….. 873, 905 1, 151, 373 2,226, 952
Bacon and hams......... ……… . ………………………. 2,292, 739 1,769, 241 8, 611, 329
Beef.. 520, 032 461, 521 943, 580
Bones, except whale fins .. 408, 205 629, 619 6:23, 371
Brimstone 296, 654 386, 660 282, 079
Bristles ............ 303, 041 366, 767 422,492
Butter.. 5,652, 704 6, 793, 877 9, 718, 226
Candles, stearine 194, 029 285, 333 278, 992
Caoutchouc. 502, 645 1,597, 628 1,536, 660
Cheese 2, 176, 248 3, 274, 331 4, 237, 763
Chemical manufactures and products.. 486, 827 533, 406 1, 116, 626
Clocks . 270, 225 258, 628 446, 955
Cacao 219, 855 371, 997 559, 788
Coffee 3,606, 236 4,942, 769 6,377, 829
Corn :
Wheat 10, 674, 654 16, 264, 027 23, 178, 011
ey . ..... 1,624, 392 2,831, 835 3,747, 685
Oats. 1,827, 990 4,381, 607 4, 620, 450
Maize 1,977, 955 5,790, 550 12,762, 092
Other kinds 941, 130 1, 498, 043 2, 620, 286
Flour, of wheat.. 2,832, 200 3,383, 751 4,741, 515
Flour of other kinds .. 3,860 20, 358 142, 399
Total of corn 19, 882, 181 34, 170, 221 51,812, 438
Cotton, raw.. 78, 219, 401 53, 477, 755 40, 180, 880
Cotton manufactures 233, 629 1, 185, 257 1,810, 759
Drugs unenumerated . 217,710 312, 428 523, 193
Dyeing or tanning stuffs:
Cochineal, granilla, and dust 416, 021 581, 956 343, 885
Cutch and gambier. 359, 873 468, 388 610, 645
Garancine 298, 998 275, 177 142, 038
Indigo.. 2,248, 112 2, 721, 208 2, 130, 568
Madder 197, 436 92, 683 52, 073
Madder root . 421, 509 339, 333 45, 683
Sumac . 168, 592 228, 431 215,253
Valonia 328, 570 395, 546 628, 852
Eggs 835, 028 1, 102, 080 2, 620, 396
Fish.. 432, 064 768, 387 1, 459, 974
Flax and hemp:
Flax, dressed and undressed 4, 619, 203 5, 181, 486 3,052, 546
Tow and codilla of flax and hemp. 760, 370 859,983 575, 440
Hemp and other like substances (except jute) ,
dressed and undressed .. 1,726, 661 2,034, 326 1,900, 927
Jute.. 2, 192, 498 2,326, 910 2,804, 597
Flowers, artificial . 307, 798 266, 502 527, 001
Fruit:
Currants 719, 680 920, 923 1,578, 754
Raisins. 477, 812 593, 527 1,058, 406
Oranges and lemons 683, 552 648, 056 1,247, 951
Glass of all kinds 555, 881 931, 467 1,860, 339
Guano.. 1, 457, 088 3, 476, 680 2,295, 744
Gutta-percha .. 275,000 496, 951 163, 574
Hair:
Goats' hair or wool 650, 191 536, 162 729, 535
Manufactures of bair and ofgoats' wool 244, 283 54, 762 147, 651
Hides, tanned and untanned 3, 151, 473 4, 601, 657 6, 280, 211
Hops 549, 863 428, 525 763, 440
Lard 490, 425 727, 192 1,579, 721
Leather gloves 1,094, 032 1, 180, 448 1,840, 956
Meat:
Salted or fresh 3, 686 96, 042 281,830
Preserved, other than salted .. 5, 156 231, 860 887, 035
Metals:
Copper ore and regulus... 2,054, 674 2, 015, 128 1, 954, 222
Copper, unwrought and part wrought, and old
copper. 2,314, 444 2,019, 544 3,237, 351
Iron, in bars . 625, 283 667, 345 1,096, 462
Iron and steel, wrought or manufactured 420, 549 639, 503 1,424, 531
Lead, pig and sheet. 611, 273 1,033, 724 1,749, 978
Silver ore.. 251 , 568 299, 726 499, 775
Tin in blocks, ingots, bars, or slabs, and regulus .. 497, 432 603, 979 1, 148, 542
Zinc, crude, in cakes . 562, 263 366, 461 662, 190
Zinc manufactures 170, 911 220, 394 411, 325
Oil:
Fish ... 853, 991 954, 710 735, 621
Palm 1, 121, 370 1, 583, 830 1,529, 360
Cocoa-nut 716, 175 392, 657 377, 480
Olive .. 958, 397 1, 185, 950 1,089, 176
From British official statistics.
Statement showing the value of imports into the United Kingdom , &c.— Continued.
Articles. 1864. 1870. 1876.
Oil-Continued. £ sterling. £ sterling. £ sterling.

Seed ..... 502, 548 594, 933 811, 421
Turpentine . 362, 645 134, 027 271, 618
Oil-seed cake 828, 969 1, 417, 100 1,768, 231
Paper for printing or writing . 392, 840 445, 613 631, 143
Petroleum :
Unrefined 160, 675 27, 511 15, 952
Refined . 295, 238 507, 761 1,415, 334
Pork 528, 935 799, 508 810, 739
Potatoes.. 142, 482 245, 252 1,740, 749
Pyrites of iron or copper.. 447, 855 1,095, 151 1,206, 799
Rags and paper-making materials :
Rags 472, 435 388,918 229,972
Esparto and other materials 220, 961 813, 219 1, 213, 896
Rice :
Not in the husk 1,809, 103 2, 156, 783 2,929, 138
In the husk 10, 912 153, 569 423
Resin... 559,810 373, 918 313, 007
Saltpeter 554, 212 384, 392 238, 053
Cubic niter 509, 955 881, 080 1, 93, 767
Seeds :
Clover and grass. 706, 694 603, 298 1, 004, 021
Cotton... 619, 781 1,091, 132 1,825, 116
1 Flax and linseed.. 3, 947, 221 4,016, 016 4,977, 177
Rape . 635, 221 1,737, 227 1, 165, 001
Silk:
Knubs or husks, and waste 328, 922 491, 605 406, 051
Raw.... 6,336 , 903 8, 204, 993 5,770, 341
Thrown 123, 281 599, 651 199, 293
Silk manufactures of Europe :
Broad stuff's 4,493, 507 10, 357, 666 7,826, 984
Ribbons. 1,839, 809 3,721 , 855 1,793, 086
Other manufactures '1, 148, 491 1, 018, 806 1,935, 339
Total of silk manufactures of Europe. 7,481, 807 15, 098, 327 11,555, 409
Silk manufactures of countries out of Europe .. 138, 625 146, 592 260, 331
Skins:
Sheep and lamb, undressed 246, 020 454, 917 989,118
Sheep and lamb, tanned, tawed, or dressed 75,586 181, 363 353, 924
Seal 59, 819 270, 024 219, 540
Goat, undressed 74, 542 99, 701 158, 077
Goat, tanned, tawed, or dressed 197, 156 341, 120 706, 802
Spices:
Cinnamon 62, 108 252, 875 123, 048
Pepper . 270, 200 418, 783 462, 084
Of all other sorts 266, 682 183, 038 445, 674
Spirits :
Ram 489, 172 808, 809 1,073,707
Brandy.. 1, 505, 382 2, 153, 699 2, 618, 325
Other foreign and colonial 280,495 255, 879 381, 758
Total of spirits 3,275, 049 3, 218, 387 4,073,790
Sugar:
Refined, and sugar candy. 1,668, 768 2,744, 366 4, 118, 166
Raw. 14, 404, 150 14, 440, 502 16, 338, 811
Molasses 380, 085 379, 347 234, 099
Tallow and stearine 2,091, 819 3,318, 566 2,875, 170
Tea 9, 438, 760 10, 097, 619 12, 697, 204
Teeth, elephants' , sea-cow, and sea-horse. 361,384 439, 839 605, 752
Tobacco :
Manufactured, cigars and snuff. 799, 411 488,913 1, 314, 912
Unmanufactured 2, 650, 009 1,680, 140 2,675, 890
Watches 237, 288 372, 420 450, 067
Wine.. 5, 002, 884 4,817, 294 6, 993, 399
Wood and timber:
Hewn 5,524, 605 4, 641, 119 6, 297, 615
Sawed or split 6,367, 576 7,584, 839 11, 539, 805
Staves ... 588, 076 658, 782 856, 753
Mahogany 386, 164 261, 358 446, 353
Wool-sheep, lamb, alpaca, and the llama tribe. 15, 503, 483 15, 812, 598 23, 637, 809
Woolen rags.. 642, 907 400, 326 660, 260
Woolen manufactures 1,849, 550 3,362, 656 4,920, 711
Woolen and worsted yarn :
Berlin wool and yarn used for fancy purposes . 48, 031 123, 984 162, 387
Yarn for weaving. 1, 008, 004 1,511, 170 1,538, 496
Yeast, dried . 231,748 226, 097 407, 017
All other articles .... 17, 127, 376 22, 342, 303 35, 892, 565
Total in pounds sterling . 274,952, 172 303, 257, 493 375, 154, 703
Total in dollars ... 1,336, 267, 555 1, 473, 831, 415 1,823, 301 , 856
Statement showing the declared value of articles of British and Irish produce exported from
the United Kingdom during the years 1864, 1870, and 1876.*
Articles. 1864. 1870. 1876.
£ sterling. £ sterling. sterling.

Alkali 916, 009 1,486, 04 2,222, 866
Animals, horses . 230, 931 255, 305 216, 523
Apparel and slops 2,579, 418 2,205, 255 2,962, 053
Arms and ammunition :
Fire-arms (small) . 348, 859 871, 419 270, 890
Gunpowder 428,938 427, 229 359, 722
Of all other kinds 269, 453 675, 259 610, 360
Bags, empty . 749, 422 913, 642 1,211, 728
Beer and ale . 1,841, 637 1,881, 673 1,922, 972
Books, printed .. 466, 485 630, 855 881, 839
Butter... 326, 928 315, 826 211, 439
Candles of all sorts 159, 629 132, 658 152, 200
Carriages, railway. 341, 209 475,741 468,956
Cement 297, 222 366, 199 627, 503
Cheese 147, 251 110, 246 70, 230
Chemical produc's or preparations 584, 284 1,227, 179 1,931, 792
Coals, cinders, and fuel 4, 220, 883 5,638, 371 8,904, 463
Cordage and twine .... 428, 868 354, 355 266, 460
Corn :
Wheat 29, 530 543, 597 242, 840
Wheat flour 13, 404 163, 197 20, 387
Of other kinds 257, 200 437,995 356, 972
Cotton yarn. 9,083, 239 14, 671, 135 12, 781, 733
Cotton manufactures :
Piece goods, white or plain 26, 263, 215 33, 922, 022 31, 454, 280
Piece goods, printed, checked, or dyed .. 17, 125, 777 19, 086, 746 18, 494, 492
Piece goods of mixed materials 528, 479 339, 437 429,401
Of other kinds 1,881, 619 3,397, 005 4,481, 362
Total of cotton manufactures .. 45, 799, 090 56, 745, 210 54, 859, 535
Earthen and china ware 1, 438, 761 1,746, 153 1,771, 179
Fish :
Herrings 513, 347 723, 005 732, 737
Of other sorts ... 248, 597 192, 529 220,067
Furniture, cabinet, and upholstery wares 255, 415 231, 026 404, 659
Glass :
Plate... 65, 155 145, 509 197, 340
Flint 336, 707 290, 174 265, 145
Common bottles ... 287, 551 306, 763 312, 132
Of other sorts.... 73, 038 90, 270 142, 426
Haberdashery and millinery. 4,797, 552 4,813, 023 3,770, 171
Hardwares and cutlery. 3,579, 031 3,812, 385 3,483, 286
Hats of all sorts .. 463, 436 527, 336 1, 001, 714
Implements and tools of industry 261, 317 326, 155 412, 615
Leather :
Unwrought 381, 842 850,495 1,211, 146
Wrought boots and shoes 1,484, 421 1, 148, 423 1, 404, 075
Wrought, of other sorts.. 196, 093 299,992 329, 773
Saddlery and harness .. 345, 950 326, 753 397, 561
Linen andjute yarn :
Linen yarn 2,991, 969 2,237, 492 1, 449, 513
Jute yarn ………..... 114, 503 196, 465 226, 813
Linen and jute manufactures:
Linen manufactures, white or plain. 6, 614, 284 6, 271, 734 4,365, 072
Printed, checked, or dyed....... 598, 934 421, 178 449, 918
Sail cloth and sails 407, 181 192, 862 186, 922
Of other sorts .... 552, 414 362, 571 618, 724
Total of linen manufactures . 8, 172, 813 7,248, 345 5, 620, 636
Jute manufactures . 356, 764 789, 657 1,558, 256
Machinery :
Steam-engines.. 1,617, 117 1,997, 523 1,939, 117
Of other sorts 3, 231, 475 3,295, 750 5,271, 309
Metals:
Iron, old, for remanufacture 13, 818 501, 536 95,977
Iron, pig and puddled 1, 412, 352 2, 229, 015 2,842, 434
Iron, bar, angle, bolt, and rod .. 2,568, 049 2,615,245 1,945, 445
Iron, railroad, of all sorts.......... 3, 305, 086 8,756, 552 3, 700, 105
Iron wire 416, 615 439, 546 731, 148
Iron, hoops, sheet, and boiler-plates.. ....... 1,776, 652 2, 119, 629 2,853, 621
Iron, tinned plates.. 1,263, 246 2,362, 872 2, 891, 693
Iron, cast or wrought, and all other manufac
tures 2,943, 080 3,334, 372 4,041, 418
* From British official statistics.
Statement showing the declared value, &c., ofBritish and Irish produce, exported, &c. —Cont'd.
Articles. 1864. 1870. 1876.
Metals-Continued. £ sterling. £ sterling. £ sterling.

Steel unwrought... 890, 395 1, 103, 936 878, 412
Manufactures of steel, or of steel and iron com
bined.. 459,908 575, 357 757, 157
Total of iron and steel 15,049, 201 24, 038, 090 20, 737, 410
(See, also, Telegraphic wire. )
Copper unwrought:
Ingots, cakes, or slabs 586, 147 795, 868 983, 451
Copper, wrought, or partly wrought :
Mixed or yellow metal 801, 761 795, 702 950, 607
Of other sorts .... 2,277, 632 1,228, 283 1,000, 133
Brass of all sorts . 234, 013 247, 075 485, 580
Lead, pig, sheet, and pipe.. 725, 647 946, 374 809, 995
Tin, unwrought .... 479, 835 633, 330 392, 700
Zinc, wrought and unwrought .. 112, 083 141, 281 130, 545
Oil, seed 1,262, 571 1,286, 276 1,903, 090
Painters' colors . 650, 629 877, 268 1,069, 647
Paper (other than hangings) . 571, 603 530, 646 853, 958
Pickles, vinegar, and sauces 404, 210 469, 675 598, 610
Plate and plated ware 186, 184 190, 757 250, 968
Provisions, not otherwise described . 722, 925 926, 112 713, 193
Salt 276, 559 381, 888 534, 753
Silk, thrown, twist, and yarn.. 854, 407 1, 154, 364 1,080, 678
Silk manufactures :
Broad piece goods 537,554 740, 212 648, 047
Of other kinds 922, 966 710, 185 1, 146, 518
Total of silk manufactures.. 1,460, 520 1, 450, 397 1,794, 565
Soap 232, 172 218, 345 313, 208
Spirits, British 502, 278 183, 291 317, 470
Stationery, other than paper.. 360, 103 489, 250 659, 910
Sugar, reåned 199, 841 934, 110 1,363, 908
Telegrapic wire 218, 464 2, 522, 593 814, 849
Wool, sheep and lambs' 673, 446 580, 570 757,832
Woolen and worsted yarn 5, 183, 229 4, 994, 249 4,417, 241
Woolen and worsted manufactures :
Cloths, coatings, &c., unmixed and mixed 4,533, 519 4,749, 165 6, 451, 410
Flannels, blankets, blanketing, and baizes . 1,504, 384 1,078, 983 1, 014, 886
Worsted stuffs, unmixed and mixed . 10, 800, 521 13, 788, 798 9, 141, 605
Carpets and druggets.... 861, 499 1, 393, 279 911, 873
Of all other sorts 869, 166 654, 728 1,083, 704
Total of woolen and worsted manufactures .. 18, 569, 089 21, 664, 953 18, 603, 478
ther articles.. 7, 121, 761 9, 782, 461 15, 426, 292
Total in pounds sterling... 160, 449, 053 199, 586, 822 200, 639, 204
Total in dollars.. $779, 781, 398 $969, 991, 954 $975, 146, 531
Total foreign and colonial goods re-exported
from the United Kingdom.. 254,048, 902 216, 239, 749 267,652, 222
Grand total 1,033, 830, 300 1, 186, 231, 703 1, 242, 798, 753
RAILWAY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM FOR 1876.
[Compiled from the Blue Book issued bythe British Board of Tra le and transmitted to the Department
of State by the United States consul at Leith.
Length of line, capital, passengers conveyed, gross and net receipts and working expenses of all
the railways of the United Kingdom.
Description. 1831. 1864. 1875. 1876.
Double line open for traffic M. 6, 103 M. 7, 402 M. 8,898 M. 9, 169

Single line open for traffic. 1,950 5,327 7,760 7,703
Capital authorized £368, 384, 308 £520, 522, 334 £717, 775, 898 £741, 802, 527
Capital paid up ... £286,068, 784 £425,719, 613 £630, 223, 494 £658, 214, 776
Capital paid up per mile of line open. £35, 523 £33, 288 £37,833 £39, 012
Number of passengers conveyed 111, 180, 165 229, 272, 165 506, 975, 234 538,287, 295
Receipts from passenger traffic* £10, 244, 954 £15, 684, 040 £25, 714, 681 £28, 163, 551
Receipts from goods traffic .. £9,970, 770 £18, 331, 524 £33, 268, 072 £33, 754, 317
Total from traffic* £20, 215, 724 £34, 015, 564 £58, 982, 753 £59,917, 868
Traffic receipts per mile of line open. £2, 510 £2,660 £3, 541 £3,551
Traffic receipts per train mile . 5s. 6 d. 58. 3d. 58. 7 d. 58. 64d .
Working expenditure.... £16,000, 308 £33, 220, 728 £33, 535, 509
Net receipts £18, 015, 256 £28,016, 272 £28, 880, 266
* The proportion of the receipts from passenger traffic to the total receipts was, in 1854, just over the
half-50.68 per cent. From that year, however, it steadily declined. It was 49.73 per cent. in 1855, 47.13
in 1860, 46.11 in 1864, 42 82 in 1870, 42.01 in 1874, and 41.99 in 1875. It is a proof of the commercial de
pression that prevailed during 1876 that in that year the proportion of receipts from passenger traffic
to total receipts showed some slight increase, being 42.5. The proportion of working expenses to total
receipts was first shown in 1860, when it was 47 per cent. Ithas since shown an upward tendency, with
occasional slight fluctuations. In 1862 it had advanced to 49 per cent. , but in the course ofthe next two
years fell again to 47. In 1867, however, working expenses were 50 per cent. of gross receipts. In 1871
they had fallen once more to 47. Since then their rate has been seriously higher. In 1873 it was 53 per
cent., in 1874 it was 55, and in 1875 and 1876 it was 54 per cent.
Total capital of the railways of each of the three kingdoms, including loans and debentures, in
accordance with the amount of dividend or interest paid during 1876.
Description. England and Scotland. Ireland. Total.

Wales.
Capital of lines not completed, not earning

dividend or interest .. £2, 239, 523 £739, 494 £435, 065 £3, 414, 082
Capital of completed lines not paying divi
dend or interest.. 37, 200, 229 4,735, 934 3, 134, 000 45, 070, 072
Paying not over 1 per cent.. 10,406, 349 2,535, 335 12, 941, 684
Paying 1 and not over 2 per cent . 9,572, 595 393, 527 44,980 10, 011, 102
Paying 2 and not over 3 per cent 11, 274, 278 2,542, 426 822, 100 14, 638, 804
Paying 3 and not over 4 per cent. 125, 031, 798 37, 620, 227 5, 408, 986 168, 061, 009
Paying 4 and not over 5 per cent.. 210, 489, 015 22, 479, 160 11, 295, 228 244, 263, 403
Paying 5 and not over 6 per cent. 73, 775, 320 1, 181, 279 8, 617, 141 83, 573, 740
Paying 6 and not over 7 per cent.. 37, 436, 368 9, 809, 543 47, 245, 929
Paying 7 and not over 8 per cent 20, 995, 564 406, 355 557, 900 21, 959, 819
Paying 8 and not over 9 per cent.. 601, 918 601, 918
Paying 9 and not over 10 per cent.. 775, 541 174, 228 350,000 1, 299, 769
Paying 10 and not over 11 per cent.. 1,061, 380 1,061, 380
Paying 11 and not over 12 per cent . 4,022, 085 4,022, 065
Paying 12 and not over 13 per cent . 30,000 30,000
Total..... *544, 831, 959 82, 717, 408 30, 665, 409 658, 214, 776
* From these figures it appears that nearly per cent of the total capital of the railways of England
and Wales, not quite 6 per cent. of that of Scotland, and about 10 per cent. of that of Ireland is invested
in completed undertakings which do not pay interest. On the other hand, while about 26 per cent. of
the English capital yielded more than 5 per cent , and while 31 per cent. of the Irish also paid upward of
5 per cent., not quite 14 per cent. of the capital invested in Scotch railways received more than that
amount. The returns of the great bulk of the capital embarked in railways in all three kingdoms
ranged between 3 and 5 per cent. Only in England did any investment of this class return above 10
per cent. in 1876.
RAILWAY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, &C. -Continued .

Statistics with regard to the traffic and receipts of the railways in each of the three kingdoms.
Description. England and Sootland. Ireland.

Wales.
Miles ofline open at end of year, double... 7,591 1,063 515

Miles of line open at end of year, single 4,398 1,663 1, 642
Totals. 11, 989 2, 726 2, 157
Passengers conveyed :
First class 38, 302, 841 4, 693, 843 1,862, 392
Second class .. 58,949, 892 3, 319, 741 4, 208, 562
Third class .. 383, 686, 658 31, 978, 057 11, 285, 319
Totals.. 480, 938, 391 39, 991, 641 17, 356, 263
Holders of season tickets 345, 656 26, 481 22, 290
Passengers per mile of line open* . 40, 190 14, 672 8, 046
Goods traffic :
Minerals. .tons.. 100, 412, 568 22, 019, 974 612, 041
General merchandise . ..do ... 48, 347, 375 6, 733, 166 2,908, 145
Not classified .do... 26, 931, 795
Totals .. 173, 691, 738 28, 753, 140 3, 520, 186
Tons carried per mile of line open .. 14, 487 10, 547 1, 632
Number ofmiles traveled by trains. 180, 146, 823 25, 806, 338 9, 758, 578
Receipts from passenger traffic :
First class .. £3, 816, 103 £481, 976 £268, 192
Second class . 3, 121 , 985 229, 392 307, 739
Third class 11,624, 235 1,379, 901 611, 825
Season- ticket holders . 1,060, 705 111, 648 44, 030
19, 623, 028 2,202, 917 1, 231, 786
Parcels, carriages, & c 2,076, 490 237, 115 104, 452
Mails 459, 675 117,211 107, 647
Total receipts from passenger traffic. 22, 162, 423 2,557, 213 1, 443, 885
Receipts from goods traffic :
Merchandise 16, 008, 508 1, 980, 201 996, 381
Live stock. 836, 372 173, 038 221, 538
Minerals 11, 496, 349 1, 948, 395 74,989
28, 341, 729 4, 119, 700 1,292, 888
Rents, tolls, navigation, & c 1,972, 167 288, 148 37, 592
Total gross receipts t . 52, 476, 319 6, 965, 091 2,774, 365
* Exclusive of season-ticket holders.

† Whilethey
Scotland in England
were nearly first-class
the 12 passengers
and in Ireland were
103 per . quitte8 per
not
cent cent. of the whole number, in
On other passengers
were per ent. in Scotland, against 12 in England and 24 per cent. in Ireland ; a fact which
might suggest to Scotch railway managers the expediency of following the example ofthe Midland and
abolishing the second-class altogether. Third-class passengers were in England 794, in Scotland just
over 80, and in Ireland only 65 per cent. of the whole number. It is observable that while in England
minerals formed nearly 58 per cent. and in Scotland 76 per cent. of the total goods traffic, in Ireland
they only contributed 17 per cent. While, however, the gross yield per ton of mineral carried was, in
England, 28. 3d. andsin Ireland 28. 5d., in Scotland it was only 18. 9d., the difference being probably
due to the fact that in England the minerals were carried longer distances , and that in Ireland the
tariff is higher than in Scotland. The average payment of each first-class passenger was, in England,
just under 28.; in Scotland, 28. 1d.; in Ireland, 28. 10d . Of each second-class passenger in England,
18. 01d.; in Scotland, 18. 4d.; and in Ireland, 18. 54d. Of each third-class passenger in England, 74d.;
in Scotland, 101d.; and in Ireland, 18. 1d. The number of train journeys per head ofthe population was
in England about 19, in Scotland 12, and in Ireland about 3.
· RAILWAY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM , &C.-Continued.

Working expenditure on the railways of each of the three kingdoms, the net receipts, and the
proportion borne by working expenditure to gross receipts.
Description. England and Scotland. Ireland.

Wales.
Maintenance of way, works, &c ... £5,464, 368 £796, 804 £482, 481
Locomotive-power, including stationary engines. 7, 199, 367 869,378 368, 535
Repairs, &c., of carriages and wagons 2,246, 026 355, 554 114, 253
Traffic expenses (coaching and merchandise) 8, 446, 725 986, 737 355, 521
General charges 1, 114, 195 139, 450 74, 079
Rates and taxes .............. 1,096, 404 130, 789 67, 915
Government duty .... 669, 487 58,749
Compensation for personal injury.. 287, 201 25, 330 7,335
Compensation for loss and damage of goods . 289, 017 24, 036 10,896
Legal and parliamentary expenses 229, 192 25, 472 13, 158
Steamboat, canal, and harbor expenses 962, 483 95, 212 5, 085
Miscellaneous . 461, 903 90, 482 21, 892
Totals* 28, 466, 368 3,597, 993 1, 471, 150
Gross receipts .. 52, 476, 319 6,965, 091 2,774, 365
Net receipts... 24, 009, 953 3,367, 098 1, 303, 215
The proportion of working expenditure to gross receipts was 54 per cent. in England, 52 per cent.
in Scotland, and 53 per cent. in Ireland. The maintenance of way and works was immensely more
costly in England than in either Scotland or Ireland ; it was £456 per mile of line open, while in Scot
land it was only £292 68., and in Ireland £200 10s. The cost of locomotive-power was in England nearly
14 per cent. of the gross receipts, in Scotland 12 per cent., in Ireland 13 per cent. Traffic expenses
absorbed in England 16, in Scotland just over 14, and in Ireland 123 per cent. of the gross receipts. Com.
pensation for personal injuries took in England .55 per cent., in Scotland .36, and in Ireland .26 of the
gross receipts; while legal and parliamentary expenses amounted in England to .44, in Scotland to .37,
and in Ireland to .47 of the gross receipts.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND .
LONDON, November 10, 1877. ( Received November 25. )

Report upon the trade and industry of the United Kingdom for 1876 and
1877.
In accordance with the provisions of paragraph 381 of Consular Reg

ulations, I have now the honor to submit my annual report upon the
trade and industry of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire
land, arranged and systematized , so far as possible, according to the
instructions in the above-mentioned paragraph. No returns, however,
are made of the fisheries, the products of the forests, or of manufac
tures, as none are furnished to the authorities here ; but, with these
exceptions , the statistics are arranged under the heads and according
to the forms mentioned in paragraph 381. With the exception of the
revenue and expenditure returns, which are for the financial year end
ing March 31 , 1877 , the figures are for the year ending December 31 ,
1876.
The returns based upon the reports of the consuls, and referring to
the condition of the consulates as such, are for the year ending Septem
ber 30, 1877.
I beg to call attention to a summary of the most important or in
teresting facts which a study of the general statistics of the kingdom
discloses.
AGRICULTURE .
The acreage under wheat crop in 1876 was 3,124,342 acres, being
nearly 400,000 acres less than in 1875. Under other grain crops, in 1876,
there were 7,117,036 acres, being nearly 100,000 acres in excess of 1875 .
Under green crops there were 4,960,166 acres.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 369
The average price of British wheat was 1s. per quarter dearer ; of
barley, 38. 3d. cheaper ; and of oats, 2s . 5d. cheaper than in 1875.
The total number of horses in the British Isles was 2,833,741 , being
more than 40,000 in excess of the number in 1875. The number of cat
tle was 9,997,189-a decrease of 165,598 ; of sheep, 32,252,579- a de
crease of 1,239,369 ; and of pigs, 3,734,429-an increase of 239,262, as
compared with the number in 1875.
The following quantities of British grain were reported as sold in va
rious market towns in England and Wales in 1876 : wheat, 2,201,993
quarters ; barley, 1,834,537 quarters ; oats, 148,878 quarters.
The harvest of 1877 is now gathered in, and the reports from the
country state that it is deficient in quantity, while in quality it is below
the average.
MANUFACTURES .
The general depression of trade has been severely felt in the manu
facturing districts. In the cotton and woolen trade many of the facto
ries are working short time, present prices leaving little or no margin
over the cost of production . The competition of the French manufac
turers has been complained of in worsted goods, in the finer descriptions
of which they seem to excel. In the iron trade the competition with
French and Belgian manufacturers has been close.
MINES .
The quantity of coal raised in 1876 was 134,125,166 tons , an increase

of about 1,000,000 tons over the production in 1875. Of ironstone
12,159,580 tons were produced, an increase of 140,000 tons ; and of fire
clay 2,071,983 tons, an increase of 100,000 tons over the production in
1875.
The number of persons employed in and about the mines was 514,532 .
NAVIGATION.
The total tonnage entered and cleared at all ports in the United King
dom in 1876 was 50,784,902 tons, 4,500,000 tons in excess of 1875 ; the
total tonnage entered being 25,067,264 tons , and cleared , 25,717,638 tons.
Nearly two-thirds of the tonnage was in British vessels.
The total value of imports, according to accounts compiled at the cus
tom-house, was $ 1,823,252,000 in 1876-an increase of $ 13,400,000 over
those of 1875. The value of grain imported was $ 259,000,000 ; ofraw cotton ,
$195,000,000 ; of wool, $ 114,000,000 ; of sugar, $ 103,500,000 ; of wood
and timber, $93,000,000 ; of tea , $ 56,500,000 ; and of silk, $ 56,160,000.
The total value of exports in 1876, according to declarations at the
custom-house, was $ 1,247,934,000 , being $ 575,318,000 less than the im
ports, and $ 120,700,000 less than the total value of exports in 1875.
The principal articles of British and Irish produce and manufacture
exported were : Cotton manufactures, $ 328,836,000 ; metals, $ 122,450,000 ;
woolen manufactures , $ 111,880,000 ; coal, $ 43,270,000 ; machinery,
$36,000,000 ; and linen manufactures, $ 28,100,000 .
The value of the imports from the United States in 1876 was
$367,351,000, an increase of $39,535,000 over the amount in 1875.
24 C R
The principal articles of imports were, raw cotton , $ 121,538,000 (being

five-eighths of the total imports of raw cotton into Great Britain ) ; grain,
$105,000,000 (nearly one-half of all grain imported) ; bacon and hams,
·
$35,700,000 (upward of 80 per cent. of total imports) ; cheese, $ 12,800,
000 (more than one-half the total imports) ; and tobacco, $ 10,900,000
(nearly 60 per cent. of all tobacco imported).
The value of exports to the United States was $ 101,133,155, a decrease
of $20,367,000 from that of 1875, and leaving a balance of $ 278,366,845
in favor of imports from the United States. The leading articles of ex
port were, metals, $ 13,600,000 ; linens, $ 13,442,670 ; cottons, $ 12,258,
775 ; and woolens , $ 11,223,650.
The imports from the United States were larger than from any other
foreign country. They were valued at more than one-fifth of the total
value of imports into Great Britain, and nearly $ 150,000,000 more than
the imports from France, and $ 229,500,000 more than from India , which
countries were the next largest exporters to Great Britain.
The exports of British and Irish produce to the United States were
less in value than those to India , to Germany, or to France.
France, Germany, Holland , and Belgium made larger demands than
the United States for foreign and colonial produce from the commercial
centers in Great Britain.
REVENUE .
The total gross revenue was $392,825,180 , being $ 765,180 more than
was estimated in the budget. The customs yielded the gross sum of
$99,610,000 ; excise , $ 138,680,000 ; and stamps , $54,450,000 .
EXPENDITURE .
In the budget the increase of expenditure was estimated at $ 11,396 ,

135. The actual increase, however, amounted to but $7,517,270. The
principal branches of expenditure required the disbursement of the
following sums : Interest and management of national debt, $ 139,964,
170 ; civil list and civil charges, $ 78,898,895 ; army and navy, $136,
430,585 .
POPULATION.
The population of the British Isles is now estimated to be 33,444,419.

The number of births during the year was 1,154,651 , and of deaths
676,929.
EMIGRATION.
The number of emigrants has steadily decreased since 1873, when

228,345 persons left the country . In the year 1876, the number was
109,469, of whom 54,554 went to the United States.
GOLD AND SILVER, BULLION AND SPECIE.
The value declared as imported was $185,271,220, an increase of

$ 18,947,275 over the imports in 1875. Of this total the sum of $35,044,
695 came from the United States, being $ 22,149,760 less than in 1875.
The largest values from other countries were : From Germany, $30,000,
000 ; from Australia , $ 25,000,000 ; and from Mexico, $25,000,000.
The value of exports was $147,320,410, or $ 9,180,200 more than in

1875. The largest amounts were : To British India, $42,229,475 ; to
France, $ 30,107,425 ; and to the United States, $ 19,513,635 .
MISCELLANEOUS.
The average minimum rate of discount charged by the Bank of
England in 1876 was 23 per cent. , ruling § per cent. lower than in 1875.
The average price per £ 100 of consols was £95, ruling £ 1 5s. per cent.
higher than in the previous year.
The total number of letters , book- packets, newspapers, and post cards
delivered by the post-office in 1876 reached 1,411,000,000. The pro
portion of letters per each hundred of the population was 3,079. The
number of telegraphic messages from postal- telegraph stations and the
amount of money- orders issued by the various offices have increased year
by year. In 1876, 21,575,207 telegrams were forwarded, and money
orders to the amount of $ 137,126,700 were issued.
The number of children present at the government inspections of the
primary schools in Great Britain was 2,830,523, and the amount of par
liamentary grants in aid of such schools in 1876 was $ 10,638,650 .
The number of paupers has been steadily decreasing since 1871 , and
in 1876 there were 906,983 persons in receipt of parochial relief. The
total sum expended in England and Wales in the actual relief of the
poor was $36,679,290.
The number of criminal offenders convicted was 16,578. The figures
show an increase of offenders in Englaud of 1,241 , but a decrease of 164
in Scotland and 140 in Ireland .
There were 214 miles of new railroad opened in 1876 , the total length
constructed being 11,989. The total capital of the railway companies,
consisting of shares, loans, &c. , amounted to $ 3,291,073,880. The net
traffic receipts were $143,401,330.
CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES CONSULATES.
I am also instructed to embody in this report a statement of the con
dition of the various consulates under my supervision during the year
ending September 30, 1877. This statement is based upon the reports
herewith forwarded from the consuls themselves , and upon my corre
spondence and personal intercourse with them during the year ; also in
a great degree upon the returns compiled in this office from the various
Forms D, showing the declared values of the exports to the United
States from the separate consulates.
My compilation of last year from Form D showed a
decrease in the values of exports in eighteen con
sulates of..... $30, 599, 504 25
And an increase in three of. 15,356 45
Or a net decrease of...... .. 30, 584, 147 80

or 44 per cent. on the values of the preceding year. The total exports
amounted to $94,893,660 25.
This year my compilation from the same sources ex
hibits a decrease in twelve consulates (against eight
een last year) of………… $3,104, 852 46
And an increase in eight (against three last year) of……. 2,763, 324 42
Or a net decrease of ... 341, 528 04

being not quite one-third of 1 per cent. decrease for the year ending
September 30, 1877, as compared with the preceding twelve months.
The total value of exports from the kingdom to the United States for
the year was $ 94,552,132.21 .
For purposes of comparison between the year ending September 30,
1877, and the preceding twelve months, I append the following state
ment of statistics from the principal business centers :
CONSULATES WHICH SHOW AN INCREASE IN EXPORTS TO THE UNITED
STATES.
-
Belfast. This year shows an increase of $ 396,470 ; last year there
was a decrease of $ 999,071 .
Bradford.- This year an increase of $ 113,753 ; last year a decrease of
$4,431,914.
London. This year an increase of $ 2,198,514 ; last year a decrease of
$ 5,092,955.
Sheffield.- This year an increase of $ 22,133 ; last year a decrease of
$2,027,520.
CONSULATES WHICH SHOW A DECREASE IN EXPORTS TO THE UNITED
STATES.
Birmingham. This year a decrease of $292,363 ; last year, $1,655,996.

Dundee. This year a decrease of $647,555 ; last year, $526,769.
Glasgow. This year a decrease of $ 511,972 ; last year, $ 695,160.
Leeds. This year a decrease of $431,049 ; last year, $ 1,491,158.
Leith. - This year a decrease of $ 108,718 ; last year, $ 514,409 .
Liverpool. This year a decrease of $362,745 ; last year, $4,359,510.
Manchester. This year a decrease of $ 264,324 ; last year, $7,998,588.
These figures seem to imply that the continuous decline in exports
from the United Kingdom to the United States, which has been going
on since the year 1873, has at length reached its lowest point ; and if
London, where the principal improvement has occurred, may be taken
as a criterion, it will be safe to prognosticate a decided improvement
during the current year.
I beg to call special attention to a carefully-prepared table which gives
at a glance the value, at each of the consular districts under my juris
diction, of declared exports from 1873 to 1877, inclusive, showing the
course of trade for each year, and also the summary, giving the gross
total for each year. No pains have been spared to make this return
accurate, but, from the difficulty experienced in obtaining the correct
figures for 1873, some slight discrepancies may be found ; still, for pur
poses of analysis, and as showing at a glance the value of exports for
the past five years, I do not hesitate to present it to the department.
I have now the honor to refer to the condition of the individual con
sulates.
BELFAST .
The opinion expressed a year ago by the manufacturers and shippers

of this district as to a speedy improvement in business (see my last an
nual report) has been verified. On reference to Form D, it will be ob
served that each quarter since that ending December 31 , 1876, has shown
an increase as compared with the corresponding one of the previous year,
amounting in all to a net increase of $ 396,470.36, or more than 63 per cent.
The linen trade, the staple of this district, although still depressed ,
shows signs of at least maintaining the improvement now reported .
Ship-building is carried on here extensively. Emigration continues very
small.
* Form D throughout this report refers to the declared exports from the several con
sulates of the United States in the United Kingdom.
BIRMINGHAM.
With the exception of a very small increase in the quarter ending

June 30, the decline in the value of the exports from this district to
the United States has been continuous. Form D shows a decrease, as
compared with the preceding year, of $292,363.87 , or not quite 93 per
cent.
It is generally believed that this decline is likely to be permanent, as
it is not confined to any particular class of goods, but extends to every
article exported from the district to the United States. It may possi
bly be accounted for by the fact that manufacturers in the United States
are not only able to compete successfully with English manufacturers
for American orders, but are also sending goods to this market, where
they are received with great favor. American manufacturers of the
goods generally recognized as Birmingham ware are also looked upon
in the British colonies and other markets with more favor than the
English ones. This is especially so in the case of agricultural imple
ments, in consequence of their lightness and superior finish. This pref
erence is also attributable to the fact that American manufacturers are
willing to vary patterns to suit their customers , while the English are
very slow to change. In this connection I beg to call attention to a
leading article in the Birmingham Daily Post, forwarded with this re
port to the department from the consul of the district.*
BRADFORD .
Form D shows an increase for the year of $ 113,753.87, or more than
11 per cent.
In my last report the trade of this district with the United States
exhibited a decrease of nearly $4,500,000 as compared with that of the
preceding year, say 38 per cent. It will be observed from the following
figures that the exports from this center to the United States are now
less than one-half of what they were in the year 1873 —a very serious
diminution , and one which must have been severely felt by the man
ufacturers and others of the district. It is, however, quite probable
that the lowest point has now been reached , and that the present im
provement will be maintained :
September, 1873 .... $15,900, 091 72
September, 1874 . .... 13,841 , 819 21
September, 1875 . ... 11, 629,262 15
September, 1876 . ...... .... 7,197, 347 88
September, 1877 ....... .... ...... 7, 311.101 75
No report is furnished from this consulate other than Form D.
BRISTOL .
Form D, for the year just ended , as compared with that of the preced
ing year, shows an increase in value of $ 794.43 , or 3 of 1 per cent.
The first three quarters exhibited a marked increase, which was, how
ever, almost entirely counterbalanced by the large decrease recorded for
the quarter ending September 30. Skins , lead, ashes, chemicals, and
salt are the principal articles of general export from this district.
CARDIFF .
Form D, for the four quarters ending September 30 , 1877 , shows a de
crease as compared with that of the preceding year of $ 53,022.99 , or more
than 34 per cent .
# See
page 384.
The following figures will indicate the long and severe depression
which this important coal and iron- shipping center has undergone, and
from which it is still not free :
Exports to the United States for the year ending September 30 -
1873 $4,411, 124 39
1874 497, 161 78
1875 . 445, 730 44
1876 .................. 155, 294 69
1877 ........ .... 102, 271 70
During the past year the course of the iron and coal trades has been
steadily downward, and during the three months ending September 30,
1877 , a number of steam and sailing vessels left this port in ballast -a
most unusual occurrence, and one which very strikingly illustrates the
condition of commerce at this town, which was formerly a most im
portant loading port.
It is believed, however, that the minimum price of coal has been
reached, because of the resolve of coal proprietors to stop their col
lieries rather than go on working at a serious loss. The colliers are also
apparently realizing the true state of affairs, and are consequently bet
ter reconciled to low wages . The iron trade is unfavorably influenced
by limited demand and small profits. Manufacturers are occupying
themselves largely with the endeavor to produce steel rails at the mini
mum of cost, and these may now be had as low as £6 5s. or £6 7s. 6d .
per ton. Iron rails cannot well be produced under £6 per ton, and the
result is that the iron-rail trade of this district may be considered vir
tually dead.
A want of confidence among the merchants here is very apparent,
possibly arising from recent heavy failures. The hopeful spirit which
animated and sustained them during the past two years appears to be
vanishing, certainly as far as regards the immediate future, and there
is little anticipation that the winter of 1877-'78 will prove in a commer
cial sense other than a hard one.
CORK.
Form D, as compared with the preceding year, shows an increase in

the value of exports for the twelve months ending September 30, 1877,
of $3,390.70, or 9 per cent.
Hides and calf- skins constituted the principal articles of export during
the past year.
Nothing calling for special notice has occurred within this consular
district since my last report.
No report from this consulate is furnished in addition to Form D.
DUBLIN.
Form D again shows a falling off in each of the four quarters of the
year, so that the decline at this point, the capital of Ireland, has now
been continuous for the past two years. The decrease for the last twelve
months, as compared with the preceding year, amounts to $ 89,238.85, or
more than 133 per cent.
The following figures exhibit the marked decline at this point in trade
with the United States :
Exports for the year ending September 30
1873 .. $1, 164, 020 68
1874 928,900 81
1875 769, 660 39
1876 639,550 65
1877 550, 311 80
The number of American vessels arriving at this port during the past
year was fifteen, representing 12,520 tons . In 1876 there were twenty
five, representing 17,751 tons.
DUNDEE.
Form D for this district shows a still greater decrease than was report
ed last year, when a falling off was exhibited of $ 526,769.67 as compared
with the year ending September 30, 1875. This year there is a decrease
of $ 647,555.58 upon the values of the preceding year, or more than 112
per cent. Thus in twenty-four months the total decrease amounts to
$1,174,325.25.
The following statistics exemplify to what extent the export trade
from this center to the United States has suffered :
Exports to the United States for year ending September 30 -
1873 .. $7,094, 321 53
1874 ..... ...... 6,685, 688 74
1875 . ...... 5,999, 913 37
1876 . 5, 473, 143 70
1877. 4,825, 588 12
Burlaps and linens constitute by far the most important articles of
export from this consulate.
Trade has continued in the same unsatisfactory condition which pre
vailed during the previous year ; stagnation has been manifested in all
branches, more especially in jute, the staple industry of Dundee, and
that on which three or four of the small towns around chiefly depend.
Many manufacturers have deemed it more to their interest to close their
works entirely than to manufacture goods at an absolute loss . The
manufacture of jute fabrics in Calcutta is considered to be one of the
main causes of the extreme depression in this special branch of industry.
Calcutta is, in fact, cutting Dundee out of the Australian , Egyptian ,
and Californian markets. Of the last named, by far the most important
of the three, Dundee formerly enjoyed a monopoly.
Ship-building remains in a healthy condition. The vessels built here
are replete with the latest improvements, are of the first class, and built
from the best and most elegant models.
Much interesting information will be found in the report furnished by
the consul for this district.
FALMOUTH.
Form D shows an increase in the values of exports of $ 8,815.33, or

almost 19 per cent. as compared with the preceding year. This in
crease is chiefly due to an increased demand for arsenic, amounting
during the past year to $ 6,777.49 ; china- clay also showing an increase
for the same period of $ 1,696.85.
The exports from this district to the United States for the past five
years are as follows :
Year ending September 30
1873 ............. $54, 052 30
1874 ............ 60, 420 52
1875 ... ......... 57,487 85
1876 44, 636 44
1877 ..... .... 53, 451 77
The great falling off in the prosperity of the mining and fishing inter
ests of this district still continues without any prospect of immediate
improvement. While the importation of tin ore fron Australia and
other countries continues, and until better prices prevail, it is difficult to

see how even the most productive of the Cornish tin- mines can be car
ried on without loss to the proprietors.
The consul for this district in his report furnishes some interesting
returns concerning the trade of the port.
GLASGOW.
With a single exception , each quarter of the past year shows a falling
off in exports, amounting in all to $ 511,972.09, or more than 10 per
cent. In the March quarter there was a slight increase.
The following figures testify to the continuous decline in the value of
exports from this district to the United States :
1873 . $8, 262, 433 88
1874 . 6,377, 818 61
1875. ...... ...... .......... 5,796, 289 62
1876 ... ........... ....... ........ 5, 101 , 128 94
1877 .... ...... .... 4,589, 156 85
This marked decline is thought to be owing not so much to depression
in business as to the fact that American manufactures are becoming
better appreciated , and are to some extent superseding at home the use
of goods manufactured abroad.
Business is believed to be reviving throughout this consular district.
Thread is the most important article of export to the United States,
cotton and linen goods coming next.
LEEDS .
Under Form D the exports from this district exhibit a decrease for the
past year of $431,049.10, or more than 20 per cent.
The following statistics show at a glance the great diminution in the
values of exports from this center :
1873 $4,868,277 08
1874 ...... ...... 3,602, 104 55
1875 3,626, 535 43
1876 ...... ....... 2,135, 376 68
1877 1,704, 327 58
Woolens, as in 1876, constituted more than half the entire amount of
exports.
Huddersfield , an agency subordinate to Leeds, exhibits a return of
exports considerably more than double that of Leed's , say 64 per cent.
Last year this agency returned as the value of declared exports just
four times that of Leeds.
No report is furnished from this district other than Form D.
LEITH.
Form D shows a decrease of $ 108,718.60, or a little more than 6 per
cent., as compared with the preceding year.
The following figures will give an idea of the large decline in exports
from this district to the United States since the year 1873 :
1873 ....
... ..... $2,996, 418 26
1874 1,862, 032 28
..
1875 .... ...... 2,294, 385 65
1876 ........ 1,779, 976 39
1877 1,671, 257 79
Linens constituted nearly 60 per cent. of the total value of exports for.
the past year. The exports from Dunfermline, recently a consular
agency subordinate to Leith, and now raised to the grade of a consulate,
are included in the foregoing returns.
LIVERPOOL.
Form D for this consulate shows a slight decrease in the value of 1

exports for the year ending September 30, 1877, when compared with
the preceding twelve months, amounting to $362,745.54, or a little more
than 11 per cent. Last year's report exhibited a decrease of $ 1,359,510.41 ,
or nearly 16 per cent., as compared with the year ending September 30,
1875.
The comparatively trifling decrease now reported from this important
center would almost warrant the conclusion that, even if no improve
ment of any moment is recorded at the end of the calendar year, it is
improbable that any further decline will occur.
Tin and terne plates constituted nearly 37 per cent. of the entire
values exported to the United States during the year. Chemicals follow
next, being 19 per cent.
The total values for the past five years are as follows :
1873 $36,095, 983 86
1874 31,791 , 783 75
1875 27, 307, 312 61
1876 22, 947, 802 20
1877 .... 22,585, 056 66
It will thus be seen that there has been a continuous decline for the
past five years, amounting in the aggregate to no less a sum than
$13,510,927.20.
The total number of vessels under the American flag that entered this
port for the year ending September 30, 1877, was 338, representing a
tonnage of 447,519, against 407, representing 491,819 tons, for the pre
ceding twelve months ; being a decrease of 69 vessels , representing a
tonnage of 44,300.
The total number of vessels , including their repeated voyages , entered
and cleared during the year 1876, was as follows :
Entered 5,381 , representing 4,494,356 tons ; cleared 5,219 , represent
ing 4,457,047 tons ; being, for vessels entered , 100 less than in 1875, but
representing an increase in tonnage of 92,240 , and for vessels cleared ,
an increase in number of 35, representing 78,844 tons.
The customs revenue for 1876 amounted at this port to $ 14,479,111,
against $ 14,188,376 for 1875.
Notwithstanding the very general depression of business for the past
three years, there have been but few failures of Liverpool firms.
The importation of cotton manufactures to this port increased during
the year 1876 $ 1,402,805 in value, a fact which demands special note.
The carefully prepared and interesting report, together with the
various statistical tables prepared by the cousul at this port, contains
much valuable information .
LONDON.
Form D shows that the exports from London to the United States for the
year ending September 30, 1877 , amounted in value to $ 22,728,837.83,
against $20,509,669.26, plus $ 20,653.69 (the latter being the return for
1876 of the Southampton consulate, which has been reduced to an
agency and is now attached to this consulate-general ) , making together

for the year 1876 $ 20,530,322.9554, an increase for the present year of
$2,198,514.8821 , or nearly 10 per cent.
It will be observed, on reference to my compilation from the various
Forms D of all the consulates, that of the increase reported at eight of
the twenty consular districts established in this kingdom, amounting in
the aggregate to $2,763,324.42, London contributed more than 79 per
cent.
The exports from this port show an increase in value in eleven articles ,
and a decrease in six, for the past year. The greatest increase occurred
in iron, steel , &c.; leather and leather goods coming next, and dry goods
taking the third place.
The total values of exports for the past five years are as follows :
1873 $36, 883, 557 37
1874 .......... .... 29, 402,080 24
1875 ............. 25, 602, 624 67
1876 ………………………………………… .... ...... 20,509, 669 26
1877 .... .... 22, 728, 837 83
This, it will be observed , is the first time since 1873 when any increase
has appeared in the value of exports to the United States from this
depot for nearly every article in use in the civilized world .
The value of merchandise imported by American vessels during the
year ending September 30, 1877, was about $ 7,375,000 , as against
$7,500,000 for the preceding twelve months.
Seventy-five American vessels entered the port of London during the
twelve months ending September 30, 1877, against 106 for 1876.
The tonnage of American vessels entering the port amounted to
78,585.29 during year, against 101,844.94 for the preceding twelve months.
The total value of articles imported into London during the year 1876,
was $656,261,353, and the amount of duties received at London during
same period was $ 50,061,020 .
The total value of exports of British and Irish produce was $ 253,326,578 ;
the value of exports of foreign and colonial produce cannot be ascertained.
The number of vessels entered at London in 1876 was 11,601 , against
11,312 in 1875, representing an increase of tonnage from 4,910,533 tons
in 1875 to 5,288,700 tons in 1876. The number of vessels cleared to
foreign countries and British possessions increased from 8,553, repre
senting a tonnage of 3,915,182 tons, in 1875, to 8,798, representing
4,264,396 tons, in 1876.
The return of navigation coastwise, to and from London, for the same
period, exhibits an increase of tonnage entered of 100,000 tons, and
cleared of 50,000 tons.
LONDONDERRY.
According to Form D, the declared value of exports to the United

States from this district exhibits a very marked decrease, viz , $ 5,465.91,
or nearly 87 per cent. on the values of the preceding year. Indeed, it
may be said that the export trade between this district and the United
States has almost ceased to exist ; in evidence of which I append the
following figures :
Exports for year ending September 30
1873 $173,295 77
1874 50,757 47
1875 5,585 02
1876 .... .... 6,248 07
1877 782 16
Whisky and hardware were the only two articles of export from the
district during the last year, whisky representing $706 out of $ 782, the
total value. No invoices were certified at this consulate during the
three months ending September 30 , 1877.
MANCHESTER.
Form D for this district for the year ending September 30, 1876,
showed a decrease in the value of exports, as compared with the year
ending September 30, 1875 , of 44 per cent., being considerably the
largest decrease experienced during that period at any of the consulates
under my jurisdiction . This year the decrease is not so marked , being
only $264,324.85, a little more than 2 per cent.
Cottons constitute 60 per cent. of the entire value of exports. Chem
icals come next, representing 10 per cent.; rags and jute are the next
articles of importance declared at this consulate.
The following statistics show unmistakably the heavy decline that
has occurred during the past five years in the export trade between this,
undoubtedly one of the most important manufacturing districts of the
United Kingdom, and the United States :
1873 ... $21,978, 696 48
1874 19, 339, 295 72
1875 ... 18, 139, 681 27
1876 10, 141 , 092 94
1877 ... 9,876,768 09
So large a falling off in trade as is here exhibited between this great
textile manufacturing center and the United States very naturally fills
the manufacturers and merchants of this locality with the gravest ap
prehensions, and there is a general disposition to regard as near at hand
the time when this district will find no markets in the United States for
any of its staple products and standard wares . In fact there is a pros
pect that not only will the entire American trade soon become a thing
of the past, but that America will prove to be the most formidable
rival in the world of the peculiar industry of this district.
In consequence of a strike that has occurred among the joiners and
carpenters in this section of the United Kingdom, advertisements have
appeared in several New York papers offering steady work at 83d. per
hour for six months and advanced passage money to all carpenters and
joiners who would come to Manchester. One hundred and forty men re
sponded to this offer, of whom 133 are still at work. With this aid, and
with assistance from other quarters, the masters have been enabled to
fill their shops and , as far as they are concerned , the struggle- a bitter
and determined one- is over, though the strikers are still unemployed,
and supported meanwhile by contributions from trade societies through
out the kingdom. Ofthe workmen who have come from America, a large
proportion have been only a year or two in the United States ; and of the
remainder, all, with possibly two exceptions , are adopted citizens ; so that
in coming to Manchester nearly all are returning to their native country.
I respectfully recommend attention to the carefully prepared report
of the consul at Manchester.
NEWCASTLE-UPON - TYNE .
The slight increase in the value of exports reported last year has this
year not been maintained , each quarter showing a decrease, according
to Form D, when compared with the corresponding quarter of the pre
ceding year. This decrease amounts in the aggregate to $ 193,171.13, or

more than 231 per cent.
Chemicals, including soda, paints, &c., constitute the bulk of the
export trade of this district to the United States.
The following statistics testify to the great decline in the export trade
of this center with the United States :
1873 $3,259,780 96
1874 1, 179, 818 65
1875 835, 181 00
1876 839, 007 29
1877 640,836 16
No great change for the better is expected by the merchants of this
town until the spring of 1878.
The ship-building trade of the Tyne is fairly healthy, most of the yards
having orders on hand.
The coal exports from the Tyne, foreign and coastwise, for 1876, are
greater than in any previous year, reaching the high figure of 6,445,814
tons, an increase over the previous year of more than 100,000 tons. It
is estimated that, assuming a future annual production of 7,000,000 tons,
the Northumberland coal seams would endure for 270 years.
The report from the consul at this center supplies much useful infor
mation.
PLYMOUTH.
Form D for this district for the year ending September 30, 1877,
exhibits a remarkable increase as compared with the preceding year,
amounting to $ 19,451.43, or more than 1,200 per cent. for the year.
This increase has been chiefly due to the demand for China clay , the
declared value of which for the past twelve months was $ 18,667.61 .
During the previous year the exports of this article to the United States
amounted to only $ 858.86.
The depression in trade in this district continues. Great stagnation
exists in ship-building, consequent on the unremunerative rates of freight.
For purposes of comparison , I append the declared values of exports
from this district to the United States, viz :
Year ending September 30 —
1873 . $37,594 90
1874 22,038 70
1875 .... 4,980 56
1876 .... 1,620 26
1877 21,071 69
SHEFFIELD .
According to Form D, the exports from this district to the United
States for the year ending September 30, 1877, exhibit, as compared
with the preceding twelve months, an increase in value of $ 22,133.42, or
more than one-third of 1 per cent.-the first time since 1873 that an
increase in the declared value of exports from this district has been
recorded .
The following statistics testify to the vast decline in exports in the
past five years from this center to the United States :
1873 $14, 197, 614 72
1874 11, 309, 037 51
1875 7,725,718 08
1876 ... 5,698, 197 78
1877 .... 5,720, 331 20
showing a decrease of 60 per cent. in the value of exports in the past

year when compared with those of 1873.
In the largest item of export, steel , there has been a decrease of
$354,877.40. In the next largest item of export, cutlery, an increase
is shown of $47,786.30. The export of salted skins from this district
to the United States is rapidly increasing. In 1875 the amount was
$189,731.01 ; in 1876, $ 356,027.01 ; and in 1877, $438,523.34 . Almost
the entire amount of skins thus exported are English skins , collected
chiefly from this consular district.
English sheep- skins are much thicker than the American , and conse
quently admit of being split to much better advantage, and are there
fore more in demand in the United States.
The exports from Nottingham (recently a consular agency subordinate
to Sheffield, but now raised to the grade of a commercial agency) are
included in the Form D furnished by the consul at Sheffield . This was
thought to be the best arrangement under the circumstances, Notting.
ham having been separated from Sheffield late in the last (September)
quarter of the year. In this connection it will be observed that laces
and lace goods (a specialty of Nottingham) constitute a large propor
tion of the declared exports under (Sheffield) Form D, viz , $ 2,072,751.65 ,
or more than 36 per cent. of the entire amount.
TUNSTALL .
The exports from this district for the year ending September 30, 1877 ,
when compared with the preceding year, exhibit, according to Form D,
a decrease in value of $ 140,223.95, or more than 5 per cent. of a total of
$ 2,428,483.17. Earthen ware is valued at $ 2,304,432.98 . No report
other than Form D is furnished from this consulate.
RECAPITULATION.
On the whole, it may be said that the condition of the British Islands
during the year 1876 was not so prosperous as could have been desired .
There was less wheat grown by 400,000 acres, and the average price
was 18. a quarter dearer ; there was a decrease in the number of cattle
of 165,000, and of sheep of 1,239,369. The manufacturing interest suf
fered severely from strikes and from the lessened demand ; cotton and
woolen goods, as well as iron and steel, and what are known as Bir
mingham wares, all felt these unfavorable influences in a marked degree.
The imports increased in value more than $ 13,000,000, while the exports
fell off to an amount no less than $ 120,700,000. The mining interests
and those coming under the head of navigation , however, held their own,
or even improved.
As far as trade with the United States is concerned , there appears
to be a permanent change. Although at London there is an apparent
revival, and at Liverpool at least a cessation in the decline, these points
are general markets for the supply of the United States ; the arti
cles exported thence are the products of foreign countries and of the
British colonies quite as often as of Great Britain herself ; and the state
of affairs in these markets affords no sufficient criterion for estimating
the condition of trade with the United States throughout the kingdom .
But at all the great manufacturing centers on the island the same story
is told. At Manchester, Americans are competing with British manu
factures of cotton ; at Birmingham, with the wares that have been a
specialty at that place ; at Sheffield , the railroad - iron trade is dead, and
that in cutlery almost gone ; at Glasgow and Bradford the same state
ments are made ; and the same opinion is expressed by the consuls at
all these points, that the change is due not only to the general business
depression extending throughout the world, but to the fact that Amer
ican manufactures are taking the place of foreign ones at home, and, in
instances, competing abroad, and even on British ground, with those of
England. The manufacturers and merchants of England suffer, perhaps ,
but American manufacturers are the gainers.
The anxiety which exists here, in all classes , for a removal of the pro
tective duties can hardly be exaggerated . It is scarcely my province
to enter upon a discussion of this intricate question of political economy ;
but, although I have no prepossession in favor of the doctrine of pro
tection, I could not fail to be impressed with the idea that the great
improvement in our own manufactures, which is to Americans, if not to
others, a subject of legitimate interest and pride, must have some con
nection with that policy to which those who suffer from our advance
ment attribute the result. The state of affairs forced on my entio
by a study of the subjects of this report enforces this idea , which I leave
for the proper authorities to give such consideration as it may deserve.
ADAM BADEAU.
Statement showing value of declared exports from the various consular dis
tricts ofthe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to the United
States ofAmerica from September 30, 1872 , to September 30, 1877 .
BELFAST. CARDIFF.
Year ending September 30 Year ending September 30
1873 ... $7,460, 197 10.00 1873 .. $4, 411, 124 39.00
1874 . 7,737, 266 18.00 1874 . 497 , 161 78.00
1875 . 7,243, 160 36.00 1875.... 445, 730 44.00
1876 . 6, 244, 088 77.00 1876 . 155, 294 69.00
1877 6, 640, 559 13.00 1877 .. ..... 102, 271 70.00
35, 325, 271 54.00 5,611, 583 00.00
BIRMINGHAM . CORK.
1873 .. $7,463, 185 72.49 1873 .. $147,571 32.00
1874 . 5,778, 957 84.00 1874 .. 115, 374 35.00
1875 .. 4,791 , 231 29.00 1875 80, 159 58.00
1876 3, 135, 234 92.00 1876 . 37,455 01.00
1877 2,842, 871 05.00 1877 40, 845 71.00
24, 011 , 480 82.49 421 , 405 97.00
BRADFORD . DUBLIN.
1873 .... $15, 900, 091 72.00 1873 ... $1,164, 020 68.00
1874 .. 13, 841, 819 21.00 1874 .. 928,900 81.00
1875 .. ...... 11, 629, 262 15.00 1875 ...... 769,660 39.00
1876 . ........ 7, 197, 347 88.00 1876 ...... 639,550 65.00
1877 ....... 7, 311 , 101 75.00 1877 ... 550, 311 80.00
55, 879, 622 71.00 4,052, 444 33.00
BRISTOL. DUNDEE.
1873 .... $306, 901 76.00 1873 .. $7,094, 321 53,00
1874.. 305, 863 06. 00 1874 .. .... 6,685, 688 74.00
1875 .... 390,595 58.00 1875 .. .... 5,999, 913 37.00
1876 .... 217, 427 57.00 ..
1876 .... .... 5, 473, 143 70.00
1877 218, 222 00.00 1877 ...... 4,825, 588 12.00
1,439, 009 97.00 30, 078, 655 46.00
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND 383
FALMOUTH. Year ending September 30

1876 . $6,248 07.00
Year ending September 30 1877 ... 782 16.00
1873. $54,052 30.00
1874 . 60,420 52.00
1875 . 57,487 85.00 236, 668 49.00
1876 ....... 44, 636 44.00 MANCHESTER.
1877. 53, 451 77.00 Year ending September 30
1873 ... $21,978, 696 48.00
270,048 88.00 1874 ... 19, 339, 295 72.00
GLASGOW. 1875 . 18, 139, 681 27.00
1876 10, 141, 092 94.00
Year ending September 30 1877
1873 ... $8, 262, 433 88.00 9,876, 768 09.00
1874 . 6,377, 818 61.00
1875. 5,796, 289 62.00 79, 475, 534 50.00
1876 5, 101, 128 94.00 NEWCASTLE-ON TYNE.
1877 4,589, 156 85.00 Year ending September 30
1873 .. $3,259, 780 96.00
30, 126, 827 90.00 1874 . 1, 179, 818 65, 00
LEEDS. 1875 835, 181 00.00
Year ending September 30 1876 . 839, 007 29.00
1873 .. $4,868,277 08.00 1877 640,836 16. 00
1874 . 3,602, 104 55.00
1875 3,626, 535 43.00 6,754, 624 06.00
1876 2, 135, 376 68.00 PLYMOUTH.
1877 1,704, 327 58.00
1873 ... 37,594 90.00
15,936, 621 32.00 1874 .. 22,038 70.00
LEITH. 1875 . 4,980 56.00
Year ending September 30 1876 .. 1,620 26.00
1873 .. $2,996, 418 26.00 1877 ... 21,071 69.00
1874 . 1,862, 032 28.00
1875 2,294, 385 65.00 87,306 11.00
1876 . 1,779,976 39. 00 SHEFFIELD.
1877 1,671, 257 79.00 Year ending September 30
1873 .. 14, 197, 614 72.00
10, 604, 070 37.00 1874 .. 11, 309, 037 51.00
LIVERPOOL. 1875 .. 7,725, 718 08.00
1876 .. 5,698, 197 78.00
1873 .. $36,095, 983 86.00 1877 .... 5,720, 331 20.00
1874 .....
. 31,791, 783 75.00
1875 . 27, 307.312 61.00 44, 650, 899 29.00
1876. 22, 947, 802 20.00 TUNSTALL .
1877. 22, 585, 056 66.00
1873 ... 4, 211, 584 33.45
140, 727, 939 08.00 1874 . 2,913, 201 94.65
LONDON. 1875 . 2,722, 526 55.55
Year ending September 30 1876 . 2,568, 707 12.00
1873 ... 1877 ... 2,428, 483 17.00
$36, 883, 557 37.55
1874 . 29,402,080 24.52
1875 ........ 25, 602, 624 67.66 14,844, 503 12.65
1876 .... 20, 500, 669 26.54 SOUTHAMPTON.
1877 .... 22, 728, 837 83,75
1873 ... 39,774 58.00
135, 126, 769 40,02 1874 . ......... 17,662 67.00
LONDONDERRY. 1875. ...... 9,786 58.00
Year ending September 30— 1876 . ....... 20,653 69.00
1873 $173, 295 77.00 1877 .
1874 ........ 50,757 47.00
1875. 5,585 02.00 87,877 52.00
SUMMARY .
Gross total for the year ending September 30
1873 $177,006, 478 72.49
1874 ...... ... 143, 819, 084 59.17
1875 ... ...... 125, 477, 808 06.21
1876 ...... ...... ...... .......... 94, 893, 660 25.54
1877 .... ... ........ 94, 552, 132 21.75
Gross total for the five years ending September 30, 1877 ... 635,749, 163 85.16
ENGLAND.
BIRMINGHAM.
OCTOBER 1 , 1877. (Received November 24.)
Report on the decline of the export trade to the United States.
A comparison of annual reports shows that the exports from this con·
sulate to the United States reached the highest point during the year
ending September 30 , 1872. The declared value of exports for that year
was $8,675,323.44. The present report shows a value ofbut $ 2,842,871.05,
a decrease of about 66 per cent. for the five years. This decrease has been
gradual and has amounted to about 10 per. cent during the past year.
It does not appear that any one kind of goods has exceptionally de
creased while others have continued equal to former years, but the
decrease affects the entire list. Nor has the decrease been so apparent
in the number of invoices certified as in the amount represented in the
invoices. The orders have been small, in many cases especially so.
Some kinds of goods formerly exported from this district are being sent
to this market from the United States and are received with great favor.
This is true of agricultural implements, and the remark is often made
that these are supplanting the English goods in British colonies . This is
attributed to the lightness and superior finish of the American goods, and
also to the fact that American manufacturers are willing to vary pat
terns to suit their customers, while the English are very slow to change.
The following from the Birmingham Daily Post is confirmatory of the
foregoing statements :
AMERICAN VS. BRITISH MANUFACTURES .
It may not be inopportune to direct the attention of our manufacturers to a matter
of very serious import to the staple industries of Birmingham and the district, which
was referred to, not for the first time, in our trade article of last Saturday. We allude
to the ever-lengthening list of American-made goods which not only in foreign markets,
but in our own colonies, and even in this country, are gradually displacing and super
seding English manufactures of the same description. In Australia and New Zealand,
which are now almost the only shipping markets that exhibit any real vitality, the
successful growth ofthis competition is especially alarming. Every month, we are told,
on the authority of some of the oldest and largest firms in the trade, adds to the list of
American and diminishes the list of English-made goods. Sydney, it is stated, swarms
with the representatives of American hardware houses, who spare no exertion to wrest
the orders from English firms, and in too many cases with success, and the reports from
Sydney are echoed from Melbourne, and from the principal towns of New Zealand,
Canada, the Cape, and many of the leading states of South America. In Australia and
New Zealand, the United States houses, we are assured, are carrying all before them ,
and at their present rate of progress it will evidently not be many years before these
splendid and expanding markets are entirely lost to the manufacturers and merchants
of the old country. The competition is not confined as formerly to those articles for the
production of which the Americans enjoy natural advantages, such as wood-work, but
extend to leather goods, tin ware, machinery, every description of implement and edge
tool, carriage-axles, force pumps, spades, shovels, axes, forks, locks, scales , tacks, rivets,
pulleys, stove-grates, guns, pistols, and other products too numerous to mention. In all
these branches of manufacture the Americans are rapidly increasing their Australian
business, while the English makers are losing ground. Australian commerce as a
whole is certainly expanding, yet the returns of many well-known English firms who
supply the markets of Sydney and Melbourne are not now one-tenth of what they were
a few years ago. If we ask for an explanation of this extraordinary falling off from
those who are in a position to answer us, we are told that it is due to the successful com
petition of the Americans, who beat our manufacturers, sometimes in price, always in
quality, and not unfrequently in both. English manufacturers are slow to adopt new
patterns or to accommodate themselves to the wants of their customers, but their
American competitors spare themselves no pains or expense in this way. They are
constantly on the lookout for novelty and improvement, and by good trade organiza
tion in close intercommunication , they are always kept well posted up in what is being
done by their rivals in other parts of the world. Their illustrated pattern-books, which
are distributed with lavish hand among their customers, are marvels of engraving and
typography, and no amount of canvassing or advertising is spared to bring the merits
of their productions before the world. Above all, the Americans take care that their
GREAT BRITAIN- ENGLAND . 385
goods shall correspond to sample and be turned out in a finished and workmanlike
manner, unlike those of many English makers, who never trouble themselves to inspect
the work they send away. These are points which we can only briefly touch, butthey
are of serious importance ; and, if we had in Birmingham any commercial organization
worthy of the name, they would not be left for us to indicate. We have spoken more
particularly with reference to the trade of Australia and New Zealand, but our remarks
will apply with equal force to almost every market into which English hardwares find
entrance ; and the underlying questions, therefore, are of general interest.
J. B. GOULD .
Statement showing the exports from the consular district of Birmingham to the United States
for the year ending September 30, 1877 .
Quarter ending
Articles. Total forthe
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Hardware, cutlery, steel, and iron.. $71, 693 46 $48, 892 93 $60, 704 56 $79, 495 78 $260, 786 73
Sheathing and other metals 901 03 1,661 97 2,622 43 5, 185 43
Iron bale-hoops 327 52 282 72 610 24
Anvils and vises 208 75 573 21 6, 144 24 9,345 85 16, 272 05
Tin-plates... 10, 640 26 23, 202 28 3,151 10 10, 924 44 47,918 08
Chains and hoes. 47, 540 95 22, 553 65 16,085 34 8, 602 93 94, 782 87
Saddlery and skins .. 5,969 61 6, 351 81 10, 472 23 11, 365 20 34, 158 85
Guns and implements . 63, 589 20 75, 181 42 76, 947 84 101, 299 16 317, 017 62
Buttons and shell 42, 180 25 63, 092 65 65, 509 09 72, 821 19 243, 603 18
Chemicals and phosphorus 984 95 102 62 44, 443 01 24, 255 24 69, 785 82
Superphosphates 43, 521 00 10, 387 14 53, 911 14
Glass and ware .. 2,536 62 1,871 13 9, 031 71 6, 745 98 20, 185 44
Pens and tips 19, 526 10 22, 811 49 16, 499 83 29, 231 77 88,069 19
Fancy goods and jewelry. 46, 431 70 44, 265 14 52, 352 12 57, 108 10 200, 157 06
Nickel and cobalt 1,040 94 1,927 21 3, 690 47 3, 514 62 10, 173 24
Sundries 2,399 78 4,848 53 4, 107 23 3,234 26 14,589 80
Total for Birmingham . 358, 594 09 316,857 82 370, 800 74 430, 954 09 1,477, 206 74
Leicester agency 123, 301 94 143, 378 13 68, 594 74 136, 104 41 471, 379 22
Wolverhampton agency.. 19, 016 84 17,919 77 22, 697 64 10,891 69 70, 525 94
Kidderminster agency 69, 058 16 50, 774 13 17, 206 12 44, 452 60 181, 491 01
Redditch agency 211, 895 69 229, 235 26 98,469 56 102, 667 63 642, 268 14
Total for Birmingham and dis
trict 781, 866 72 758, 165 11 577, 768 80 725, 070 42 2,842, 871 05
Total for Birmingham and dis
trict for 1876 895, 344 78 879, 869 14 570, 415 09 789, 605 91 3, 135, 234 92
Decrease 113, 478 06 121, 704 03 64, 535 49 292, 363 87
Increase. 7,353 71
BRADFORD .
Table showing the exports from the consular district of Bradford to the United States during
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for 1877.
December 31, March31 , 1877 June 30, 1877. September 30,
1876. 1877.
Stuffgoods $ 1, 130, 023 90 $2,052, 417 72 $715, 672 74 $ 1 , 964, 256 30 $5, 862, 370 66
Carpets 11, 106 12 85,565 56 6, 245 04 25, 286 38 128, 203 10
Wool 48, 365 12 59, 283 92 62, 902 08 879, 156 53 1,049, 707 65
Machinery 39, 414 54 22, 198 68 41, 415 02 51,210 93 154, 239 17
Iron and steel 2, 132 88 1,844 08 4, 298 42 5,060 59 13, 335 97
Silk yarn.. 5,805 80 14. 164 98 17, 206 48 28, 600 49 65, 777 75
Leather 990 72 1,021 01 1,080 78 3,092 51
Sewing cotton 684 48 253 01 334 20 521 10 1, 792 79
Miscellaneous 804 40 2, 807 44 4,940 14 6, 266 47 14, 818 45
Mohair yarn... 5, 671 18 2,350 94 4,733 24 1,380 90 14, 136 26
Oil 1, 764 74 1,862 70 3, 627 44
Total in United States gold.. 1, 244, 999 14 2, 243, 672 08 857,747 36 2, 964, 683 17 7,311, 101 75
Total for preceding year 1,716, 368 01 2,617, 395 36 803, 303 92 2,060, 280 59 7, 197, 347 88
Increase. 54, 443 44 904, 402 58 113,753 87
Decrease 471, 368 87 373, 723 28
C. O. SHEPARD.
25 CR
BRISTOL.
OCTOBER 8, 1877. ( Received November 24. )
THE EFFECTS OF THE NEW DOCKS ON THE TRADE OF BRISTOL .
I have endeavored to prepare for the information of your depart

ment a comprehensive commercial report, exbibiting the importance of
Bristol as a place of import. The opening of the Avonmouth docks,
five miles west of the city, has effected a rapid increase of the shipping
business here, in which, however, the ships of our country have, as yet,
not participated , for the arrivals of American vessels during the last
consular year numbered twenty ships less than during the preceding
year. It appears that the large steamships derive the principal benefit
from the augmented facilities thus offered to commerce by the opening
of the splendid docks referred to, a description of which I furnished in
a former report. The commercial navy of the United States may not
immediately derive pecuniary advantages of the increased accommoda
tion here for discharging freight ; our business men, however, cannot
fail to be materially benefited by it, as the charges of the docks- com
mittees at this post are quite moderate, and as no " rings " exist here,
as in Liverpool, which, by their nefarious operations, so frequently de
prive our merchants of their legitimate profits.
That Bristol now will divert a not inconsiderable part of the transat
lantic commerce from Liverpool is certain , for obvious reasons beside
those already mentioned . The entrance to the new docks from King
road is direct and safe, through a lock 450 feet long and 85 feet wide,
admitting, therefore, the largest class of steamers crossing the Atlantic.
The distance between the city of London and New York is 150 miles
shorter via Bristol than via Liverpool, and much safer. Between Cape
Clear and Liverpool , through the narrow Irish Sea , the track is difficult
and liable to frequent interruption from fogs and numerous passing
vessels. The Bristol channel is more open , less encumbered , and safer.
The railway system radiating from Bristol is complete. London may
be reached in two and a half hours , and, as shipping berths of the dock
are connected with the Midland and Great Western lines, passengers
and goods may be at once forwarded to their destination without inter
mediate delay and expense .
The importation of grain, corn , and produce of great variety from the
United States to this port is increasing steadily, and as a new feature
of the trade of this city with our country I may mention the import of
fresh beef and mutton , which was commenced in April last, having been
continued up to the present day. By referring to table No. 1 , appended,
it may be noted that not less than 4,430 quarters of fresh beef, and 365
carcasses of sheep , making in all atotal of 796,042 pounds, were brought
by the Great Western Steamship line into this port.
AMERICAN SHIPPING.
The number of American vessels arrived in this port during the con
sular year is 30, having a total tonnage of 16,987 tous. At the consu
lar agency at Gloucester the total arrivals were 23, with a total ton
nage of 10,499 tous. The export trade from Gloucester to the United
GREAT BRITAIN - ENGLAND . 387
States during the year has decreased $ 38,444, while at Bristol it in

creased $39,202, as table No. 2 shows, giving a total increase of export
from the district to the United States of $ 794.43, over the preceding
year.
AMERICAN FRESH MEAT IN BRISTOL.
The traffic in preserved meat put up in tin cans, mostly shipped from
Saint Louis to Bristol, is rapidly increasing, as this kind of beef finds
great favor with the public. This trade is destined to become an impor
tant source of profit to those engaged in the business, and this meat is
sold here at 9d. retail. Although vast quantities of fresh and preserved
meats are constantly arriving here from the United States , the price of
beef has not perceptibly decreased. Joints still command a price of 25
cents per pound in the retail - shops, thus offering our cattle-dealers am
ple remuneration in shipping all the beef to Great Britain that they can
spare. The fresh muttou brought to this port from the States found a
ready sale. Some of the best gourmands of Bristol pronounced the
American mutton equal to the English, and I doubt not that the dealers
in this class of meat will always find a ready market here, provided they
send a first- rate article across the Atlantic.
T. CANISIUS .
IMPORTS OF FRESH MEAT FROM THE UNITED STATES.
1.-Statement showing the quantities offresh beef and mutton brought into the port of Bristol by
the steamers of the Great Western line, New York, from April 1 to September 30 , 1877.
Date. Steamer. Beef and mutton. Quantities.
Pounds.
April Cornwall. 571 quarters beef. 102, 464
Do Somerset. 773 quarters beef, 288 sheep . 136, 107
May Arragon 657 quarters beef, 137 sheep 120, 251
Do Cornwall. 511 quarters beef 91, 980
Do Somerset.. 704 quarters beef. 126, 720
July Cornwall. 400 quarters beef 72, 000
August . ....do 408 quarters beef. 73, 440
September Somerset. 406 quarters beef 73, 080
Total .... 4,430 quarters beef, 365 sheep ...... 796, 042
2.—Statement showing the value ofdeclared exportsfrom the consular district of Bristol (includ
ing the agency at Gloucester) to the United States during the four quarters of the year end
ing September 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
BRISTOL.
Books $76 91 $201 24 $2,063 30 $3,014 46 $5,355 91
Bricks 2,490 80 1,345 36 2,695 52 2,102 44 8, 634 12
Cheese 595 20 595 20
Chemicals 4, 218 56 11, 727 10 7,304 50 10, 921 66 34, 171 82
Chocolate 990 99 1,287 06 719 32 528 34 3,525 71
Cloth 2,959 26 1, 124 92 4,084 18
Colors 1, 458 38 2, 164 58 349 00 495 36 4,467 32
Flocks ..... 272 20 272 20
Gluo 1,477 12 1,477 12
Lead ashes .......... ...... 5,400 94 9,099 52 19, 298 64 33, 799 10
Lead 3,263 46 3,263 46
2.-Statement showing the value of declared exports, &c. —Continued .
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
BRISTOL Continued.
Miscellaneous $2,170 80 $2,794 90 $1,057 46 $2, 415 30 $8,438 46
Nets and twines . 2,177 58 916 84 224 72 2, 621 30 5,940 41
Oil-cloth 1,875 84 414 92 314 18 2, 604 94
Rags 493 56 493 56
Rugs. 758 28 520 86 568 26 1,847 40
Skins 8, 750 00 10, 668 72 15,907 12 18,905 72 54, 231 56
Tin .... 3, 673 50 5,720 84 3,325 50 12, 719 84
Type-metal... 2,947 02 2,947 02
Total for Bristol ... 34, 417 10 47,346 70 60, 143 72 46,961 84 188, 869 36
GLOUCESTER.
Cloth .. 609 72 2, 170 02 4, 012 48 4,438 34 11, 230 56
Miscellaneous 1, 432 48 780 00 2,212 48
Salt 6,508 00 785 72 2, 591 16 5,900 10 15,784 98
Soda ash .... 124 62 124 62
Total for Gloucester . 7,217 72 3,080 36 8,036 12 11, 118 44 29, 352 64
Grand total.. 41,534 82 50, 427 06 68, 179 84 58,080 28 218, 222 00
Total for preceding year. 29, 915 47 36, 971 02 30, 949 26 119,591 82 217,427 57
Increase 11, 619 35 13, 456 04 37, 230 58 794 43
Decease 61, 511 54
3.- Statement showing the number of vessels and tonnage of the different countries arrived at the
port of Bristol during the year ending September 30, 1877.
Flag. No. of
vessels. Tonnage.
United States 30 16,987

Austrian . 31 15,985
Danish 18 3, 115
French 82 11,080
German. 47 16, 811
British.. 658 255, 861
Greek.. 10 3,166
Guatemalan 557
Dutch 945
Italian . 63 31, 909
Mexican 1 200
Norwegian 120 49, 621
Portuguese. 15 2,429
Russian 7 2,874
Spanish.. 3 2, 020
Swedish 38 19, 069
Total 1, 130 432, 629
4.-Arrival of American vessels at the Gloucester agency, and value of their cargoes.
No. of Value of
Quarter ending vessels. Tons. cargoes.
2137
December 31 , 1876 . 12 5, 465 $238, 105

March 31, 1877 .. 484 22,545
June 30, 1877 . 1, 549 63, 130
September 30, 1877 3,001 69, 200
Total.. 23 10, 499 392,980
CARLISLE.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular agency of Carlisle to the
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
June 30, September the year.
December March 31,
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Cotton $15, 698 60 $ 18, 391 01 $ 12, 234 08 $21, 629 91 $67, 953 60
Linen thread 1,080 34 128 96 1,209 30
Linen towels 340 29 463 84 654 78 1, 458 91
Coals. 741 39 741 39
Plants . 347 04 347 04
Total.. 16, 778 94 19, 819 73 12, 826 88 22, 284 69 71, 710 24
Increase. 3, 112 22
Decrease 3,802 03 65, 803 65 17, 790 61 34, 284 07
J. HEWETSON BROWN.
FALMOUTH .
SEPTEMBER 29, 1877. (Received November 24.)
THE CORNISH TIN-MINES.
In my last report on the trade and navigation of this consular district,
I alluded to the great depression that for a considerable period had
existed in the mining industries of this part of Great Britain. Owing to
the large importations of tin -ore from Australia and other parts, which
have continued to pour into this country, the standard for tin has been
still further reduced . The result of this increased influx and conse
quent depreciated standard has been seen in the stoppage of many tin
mines, once profitable, which gave employment to a large number of
people of both sexes. Unless a better price can be obtained for this
metal, it is difficult to see how even the most productive of the Cornish
tin-mines can be carried on without loss to the proprietors
VESSELS CALLING FOR ORDERS.
The number of vessels which called at this port for orders during the
year ended December 31 , 1876 ( exclusive of coasting shipping), was
3,076, having an aggregate tonnage of 1,337,031 , as against 3,067 ves
sels and 1,312,744 tons in 1875 .
From the following statement it will be seen that eighteen different
nations were represented in the 3,076 vessels above mentioned :
Number of Registered
Flag. vessels. tons.
British 1, 453 696, 956

German 379 131, 540
Italian.. .......... 343 156, 642
Norwegian ..... 201 79, 436
Swedish 90 39, 240
Danish 111 26, 547
Russian ... 33 17,670
Dutch .. 87 21, 203
Spanish.. 66 21, 066
Greek 91 29, 143
United States .. 67 56, 257
Austrian 136 54, 879
Portuguese 10 3, 048
Argentine ...... ...... · 3 962
Belgian . 3 1, 017
Brazilian 1 299
Turkish 500
Argentine 626
Total 3,076 1, 337, 031
In the year 1875 the number of United States vessels which arrived at
this port for orders was 40, with an aggregate tonnage of 35,329, while
in 1876 (as shown above) the number had increased to 67, with a ton
nage of 56,257.
TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES.
The inclosed statement of exports from this consular district to the

United States shows that the declared value.amounts to $ 53,451.77 ,
against $44,636.44 in 1875- an increase of $ 8,815.33 -the increase in
the article of arsenic alone being $ 6,777.49 , while the increase in china
clay is $ 1,696.85.
The chief imports from the United States consist of grain and timber
(pitch-pine mainly ) , but no returns of these are officially published, and
they can only be obtained at a considerable cost.
THE CORNISH PILCHARD FISHERY.
This fishery was again comparatively unproductive during the season

of 1876-77 ; the total quantity exported being only 9,903 hogsheads.
I transmit herewith a paper showing not only the exports of the year
1876-77, but of many previous years, together with other particulars
relating to this industry.
HOWARD FOX.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Falmouth to
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
the year.
December March 31, June 30, September
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
China clay and china stone ... $9,303 86 $9,351 55 $12, 678 18 $12, 915 83 $44,249 42
Arsenic 1,444 81 853 34 1,414 09 4,875 33 8, 587 57
Miners ' caps 175 19 175 19
Mathematical instruments 142 33 142 33
Wearing apparel . 104 13 104 13
Household goods .....
. 193 13 193 13
Total'. 10,748 67 10, 204 89 14,469 79 18,088 42 53, 451 77
Total for preceding year 16, 654 33 10,902 20 4,009 00 13, 070 31 44, 636 44
Increase 10, 400 79 5, 018 11 8,815 33
Decrease 5,905 66 697 91
GREAT BRITAIN- ENGLAND. 391
Statement showing the annual exports of pilchards since the year 1815.
[All shipped to Genoa, Leghorn, Civita Vecchia, and to the Adriatic. ]
Year. Quantity. Pricetoper hogshead Year. Price per hogshead

curers. Quantity. to curers.
Hhds. 8. d. 8. d. Hhds. s. d. 8. d.
1815 15, 000 100 0 to 102 0 1847 41, 623 30 0 to 36 6
1816 20,000 49 0 1848 7, 591 36 0 to 63 0
1817 24,000 60 0 to 70 0 1849 25, 588 42 0 to 55 0
1818 1,700 73 0 1850 25, 530 44 0 to 60 6
1819 2,900 52 0 to 62 0 1851 26,736 1 43 6 to 48 6
1820 800 55 0 to 84 0 1852† 15, 233 30 0 to 44 0
1821 2,000 72 0 1853 21, 276 35 0 to 42 6
1822 9, 123 60 0 to 80 0 1854 6, 845 37 0 to 55 0
1823 24, 109 52 0 to 84 0 1855 6, 103 42 0 to 75 0
1824 7,611 52 0 to 57 0 1856 18, 833 38 0 to 51 0
1825 12, 651 55 6 1857 15, 921 40 0 to 46 6
1826 16, 670 34 0 to 50 0 1858 18, 479 45 0 to 60 0
1827 5, 238 58 0 to 67 6 1859 3, 289 52 6 to 73 6
1828 26, 018 38 6 to 45 6 1860 4, 981 53 0 to 80 0
1829 700 Drift adventured. 1861 11, 078 63 6 to 72 6
1830 22, 010 32 0 to 35 0 18621 17,854 50 0 to 63 0
1831 26, 648 35 0 to 38 0 1863 25, 677 40 0 to 55 0
1832 31, 930 26 0 to 45 0 1864 22, 439) 46 0 to 57 0
1833 10, 037 50 0 1865 9, 929 50 0 to 75 0
1834 25, 295 32 0 to 56 0 1866 14, 294 55 0 to 68 0
1835 23, 833 35 0 to 40 0 1867 15, 832 60 0 to 65 0
1836 18,762 34 0 to 44 0 1868 19, 993 48 0 to 66 0
1837 15, 349 40 0 to 42 0 1869 15, 143 55 0 to 63 6
1838 7,580 51 0 to 62 0 1870 6, 0481 60 0 to 90 0
1839 12, 8561 47 0 to 52 0 1871 45, 683 20 0 to 68 6
1840 23, 372 50 0 to 78 0 1872 1, 138 Last season's fish.
1841 9, 605 46 0 to 50 18, 406 38 0 to 85 0
1842 20, 735 37 0 to 40 0 1873§ 31, 019 25 0 to 51 0
1843 8,859 43 0 to 59 6 1874|| 819 Last season's fish.
1844 13, 976 45 0 to 55 0 7,5431 60 0 to 89 0
1845* 30, 8071 40 0 to 54 6 1875 7,337 52 0 to 95 0
1846 34, 137 30 0 to 38 0 1876 9, 903 52 0 to 100 0
* 1845.-790 bogsheads lost on the voyage. † 1852.-360 hogsheads lost on the voyage.
1862.-605 hogsheads lost on the voyage. §1873.-653 hogsheads lost on the voyage.
1874. - 155 hogsheads lost on the voyage.
LEEDS.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district ofLeeds (embracing
the agencies of Huddersfield and Hull) to the United States during the fourquarters of the
year ending September 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
the year.
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Ale finings $288 08 $288 08

Bagging... $3,197 46 3, 197 46
Bleached imperials .. 5,697 88 $830 00 3, 417 64 $1,795 86 11, 741 38
Books .... 412 40 412 40
Brown grease 5, 635 42 696 08 2,382 36 5,487 25 14, 201 11
Bundles and bar iron 1,582 14 1, 582 14
Calf-skins 4, 697 38 6,987 26 8, 233 92 13, 396 70 33, 315 26
Camels' hair.. 5,547 56 10, 009 67 15, 557 23
Cashmeres 1,291 08 1,291 08
Chemicals .. 9, 952 61 12, 397 62 7,004 62 6, 318 90 35, 673 75
China grass top. 129 32 129 32
China clay 1,359 05 967 60 1,407 48 434 23 4,168 36
Circlet combs 918 04 273 92 1, 191 96
Clothing for carding-engines 168, 94 168 94
Cotton card cloth . 139 12 306 20 310 56 755 88
Coals . 500 40 5,149 38 5,649 78
Colors. .10, 727 36 10, 727 36
Cliff-stone 1, 396 98 1,941 81 265 94 1,796 29 5, 401 02
Cow hair 2, 617 05 1,506 56 4,504 46 8, 628 07
Cudbear . ........ 338 16 3,202 58 3,540 74
Cottons 606 34 3,098 03 2,995 62 2,058 36 8,758 35
and linens.. 2, 916 04 303 42 3,219 46
and mohair.. 391 69 391 69
Statement showing the value ofdeclared exports from the consular district ofLeeds, &c. -Cont'd.
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
the year.
September December March 31 , June 30,
30, 1876. 31, 1876. 1877. 1877.
Cotton, sewing... $9,802 52 $21,364 47 $28, 553 14 $12,981 62 $72, 701 75

and worsted .. 1,307 56 1,307 56
and woolens .. 2,639 70 1,577 24 6,396 34 10, 613 28
silk and mohair 647 37 647 37
Earthenware 2, 633 72 2, 633 72
Economizers 1,511 92 503 84 4,725 00 6,995 96 13, 736 72
Extract of indigo.. 1,521 58 8,991 16 416 14 767 32 11, 696 20
Flocks 672 01 4, 190 37 1,066 65 8, 161 50 14,090 53
House furniture. 162 40 162 40
Iron, bar and rods. 894 08 688 84 3, 524 30 4, 789 54 9,896 76
Leather .. 4,546 00 2,517 34 5, 571 24 1,281 64 13, 916 22
Linens 7, 104 52 14, 795 46 25, 215 55 10, 384 05 57,499 58
Linen and cotton. 975 06 1,682 84 2,657 90
Machinery. 20, 170 36 20, 005 59 25, 585 36 87,646 17 153, 407 48
Manila rope 495 48 1,714 26 2,209 74
Mohair.. 708 31 708 31
Orchil. ........ 1, 128 30 .......... 1, 128 30
Old rope. 1,896 27 1,896 27
Pale ale. 1,784 51 1,463 02 790 89 4,038 42
Paints 4,778 27 9, 118 36 22, 301 54 36, 198 17
Paper-hangings . 923 14 505 92 1, 429 06
Paris white 4, 233 51 1,315 87 5,549 38
Photographic machine 104 58 104 58
Prints 1,033 25 1,033 25
Rags..... 3,767 83 2, 117 74 4,519 51 10,405 08
Rags and rope.. 1,577 76 1,577 76
Rag-pins 225 00 730 74 225 00 1, 120 74
Retorts 217 04 217 04
Salt 716 92 716 92
Salted sheep-skins. 5, 728 72 577 40 1, 413 20 7,719 32:
Shawls 2, 113 77 2, 113 77
Silk .. ..... 257 47 2, 174 87 2,432 34
Silver 665 96 665 96
Spirit bottles.. 222 64 222 61
Steel tires 3,958 18 448 76 4,406 94
Thermometers 17 40 17 40
Threads . 7,395 80 6, 784 42 9, 824 24 8,330 60 32, 335 96
Trees 266 20 266 20
Twines . 1,250 72 612 06 752 44 1,793 34 4,408 56
Tow. 4,801 95 4,801 95
Union cloths 2, 364 60 2,151 14 2,237 48 1,759 50 8, 512 72
Wolens 460, 114 97 87,407 55 313, 660 12 77, 181 77 938, 364 41
and cotton cloths. 847 64 847 64
and silks 437 99 3,266 92 4,881 43 8,586 34
and worsted. 3,012 88 1, 194 11 10, 296 37 12, 205 58 26, 708 94
worsted and silk. 3,070 13 383 67 1, 883 99 553 94 5, 891 73
Worsted coatings ... 16, 898 84 1,486 92 14, 714 46 33, 100 22
and woolens .. 4,756 10 4,756 10
Yarn.. 2, 197 08 2,197 08
Miscellaneous.. 2,339 21 3,145 27 2,670 70 1,968 19 10, 123 37
Total 618, 856 98 235, 551 65 529, 571 18 317, 850 19 1, 701, 830 00
Total for preceding year 527, 185 53 609, 984 19 821, 115 49 177, 091 47 2, 135, 376 68
Increase 91, 671 45 140, 758 72
Decrease.. 374, 432 54 291, 544 31 433, 546 68
RECAPITULATION.
From Leeds .. $112, 358 08 $73, 406 70 $130, 895 10 $155, 034 18 $472, 694 06
From Huddersfield . 476, 804 39 140, 063 46 365, 940 50 109, 296 45 1 , 092, 104 80
From Hull 28, 694 51 22, 081 49 32, 735 58 53, 519 56 137, 031 14
Total.. 618, 356 98 235,551 65 529, 571 18 317, 850 19 1 , 701, 830 00
· LIVERPOOL .
SEPTEMBER 29, 1877. ( Received November 24.)

Report upon the trade, navigation, and marine institutions of Liverpool.
Liverpool is commercially so very intimately connected with the
United States, that it is hardly possible to state many general facts re
lating to its trade which are not fully known to the business men in our,
country interested therein.
Notwithstanding the very general depression of business here during
the past three years , there have been but few failures of Liverpool firms.
Whatever has been the commercial strain , and at times it has been very
great, the merchants have, with very few exceptions , been able to bear
it and continue their business with more or less success.
Each year hopes have been entertained of an increase of trade and
better times in the then immediate future, but as yet such hopes have
not been fully realized , and trade of nearly all kinds continues dull as
compared with former prosperous years.
I have, by the accompanying tables, endeavored to put the statistics
relating to Liverpool in such form as will give an intelligible statement of
its trade, navigation , marine institutions, and municipal finances.
To some of the more important items I beg leave to call especial atten
tion.
IMPORTS .
The imports (Tables I and II) from all countries of foreign and colo
nial produce at this port during 1876, show in some instances consider
able changes as compared with 1875. I note some of the principal va.
riations : Wheat decreased 3,033,955 cwt. Barley and flour decreased .
Hides, raw, decreased 139,212 cwt. Sheep- skins decreased 627,460 in
number. Sheeps' wool increased 1,624,682 pounds , while alpaca and all
other wools decreased . Oats increased largely. Woolen yarn and woolen
manufactures decreased to some extent. The articles which show a
large increase are chemicals, $ 165,547 in value, cocoa , 970,164 pounds ;
Indian corn, 1,663,307 cwt.; raw cotton, 209,277 cwt.; petroleum oil ,
2,125,012 gallons ; bacon and hams, 303,618 cwt.; beef, salted and fresh,
115,455 cwt., and hides, dressed , 504,532 pounds ; unmanufactured to
bacco, 19,928,061 pounds, and manufactured tobacco, 492,524 pounds.
All kinds of provisions increased, except cheese ; wines and spirits in
creased very largely. I call special attention to the fact that the im
portation of cotton manufactures increased $ 1,402,805 in value.
IMPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK.
At this port there are large importations of foreign live stock . It

appears from the official reports that in the year 1875, 11,399 head of
cattle and 10,014 sheep, and in the year 1876, 6,734 head of cattle and
17,466 sheep were landed here from Canada, the United States, Europe,
and Egypt. These importations of the two years compared show a de
crease of 4,665 in the number of cattle and an increase of 7,452 in the
number of sheep during 1876.
There are sixteen docks at which foreign live stock may be landed
under customs sanction as suitable for the purpose, and effective pro
vision has been made for the detection of contagious or infectious dis
eases in imported animals, and the prompt separation of those so dis
eased from the healthy ones and the slaughter of each kind . Under
these precautionary measures the animals after being landed are placed
temporarily in warehouse-sheds fitted up from time to time as may be
required ; the healthy ones are taken charge of by a duly constituted
official and sent to an abattoir for slaughter ; the diseased animals are
slaughtered immediately at the landing place and otherwise disposed of
as circumstances may require.
EXPORTS .
The value of the products of the United Kingdom exported (Tables III
and IV) from this port has largely decreased annually during the past
four years. In 1872 the value of such exports was $486,322,774 ; during
1873, it decreased $29,845,348 ; during 1874, it decreased $46,497,608 ;
during 1875, it decreased $23,800,471 , and during 1876 it decreased
$45,412,107 ; the total decrease in such value from 1872 to 1877 being
the enormous sum of $ 145,555,534. During 1876, as compared with
1875, there was a decrease in the quantities of many articles, with nearly
a corresponding decrease in values. You will observe, however, that
the quantities of some articles were largely increased , while the values
thereof decreased ; for instance, alkali shows an increase of 70,430 cwt.
in quantity and a decrease of $250,392 in value ; coal and fuel increased
19,036 tons and decreased $ 334,674 in value ; cotton yarn increased
894,800 pounds and decreased $684,453 in value ; cotton piece-goods
increased 140,427,500 yards in quantity, while the decrease in value
amounted to the immense sum of $ 4,134,008. All kinds of woolen man·
ufactures and all kinds of metals, except lead and lead ore, decreased
in both quantity and in value. The total decrease in the value of metals
amounted to $ 10,621,991 .
NAVIGATION.
There has been but little variation in the number and tonnage of for
eign- going and coasting vessels arriving at and departing from this port
duringthe years 1872 to 1876, inclusive. (Tables V to IX. ) During 1876,
5,381 vessels, of 4,494,356 tons, arrived from, and 5,219 vessels, of
4,457,047 tons, cleared to foreign countries and British possessions.
There arrived here from the United States 1,634 vessels , of 2,000,788
tons, and cleared to the United States 1,333 vessels, of 1,700,393 tons ;
that is, nearly one-half of the tonnage of all the foreign- going vessels
which arrived at and departed from Liverpool was engaged in trade with
the United States, a striking proof of the very intimate commercial rela
tions which exist between our country and this port. Not a single ves
sel arrived here during 1876 in ballast from the United States. On the
other hand, 384 vessels of 293,108 tons sailed in ballast from this port
to the United States. But one vessel, and that a small one of only 406
tons, arrived in Great Britain in ballast from the United States , while
there cleared in ballast from all ports in Great Britain for the United
States 2,361 vessels, tonnage 1,459,726. There arrived at this port dur
ing 1876 14,350 vessels, of 6,545,322 tons, and cleared 13,946 vessels,
of 6,438,802 tons, of all kinds and nationalities. Of the vessels which
arrived , 13,334, of 6,380,217 tons, brought cargoes, and 1,016 vessels,
of 165,105 tons, came in ballast. Of those which cleared, 11,658, of
5,587,416 tons, carried cargoes, and 2,288 , of 851,386 tons, sailed in ballast.
In many instances, where vessels are reported as sailing hence with
cargoes, those cargoes consisted of just enough heavy freight to serve
as ballast, and such freight was carried almost invariably at a price
hardly more than sufficient to pay for lading and unlading it.
The freight brought to this port very largely exceeded in tons that
carried hence.
SHIP-BUILDING.
This interest ( Table X), in spite of the great depression in general

business and low freights which have ruled during the last three years ,
shows an activity at this port which is reasonably encouraging to those

engaged therein. Forty-six steam and sailing vessels , of 25,993 tons,
were built in 1876 for British subjects, being a larger number than were
launched during either of the four preceding years, and double the num
ber, with a slight increase of tonnage, launched during 1875.
CUSTOMS REVENUE .
There has been no great variation in the amount of customs rev

enue collected at this port during the years 1872 to 1876 inclusive .
During 1873, however, there was a larger sum collected than in either
of the other years .
In 1876 was collected $ 14,479,111 , about 95 per cent. of which was re
ceived for duty on tobacco, wines, and spirits. The other 5 per cent .
was received for duty on the 23 other articles named in the official table
of customs duties , a copy of which I append . (Table XI. )
The tables herewith, numbered XII , XIII , and XIV, show the quantity
of the principal imports into, for 1875 and 1876, and the value of the ex
ports from, this consular district to the United States during the year
ending September 30, 1877, and a comparative statement of such values
for the years 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, and 1877.
Of late, quite successful efforts have been made to expand the trade
in live stock with the United States. I have ascertained from a most
reliable source that, between the 1st of January and the 31st of July,
of the present year, 3,244 head of cattle and 471 sheep were landed in
most excellent condition at this port from the United States. Within
the same period , 246,957 cwt. of fresh meat, four-fifths of which came
from the United States, and 70,439 cases and boxes of salmon , forty
nine-fiftieths of which came from the United States, were landed at this
port. About one-fifth of the meat and one-fiftieth of the salmon came
from Canada.
INCREASE IN IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES.
There was, during 1876, a large increase in the quantities of the priu
cipal articles imported into this port from the United States, except
wheat and cheese, both of which decreased .
There was an increase in the following articles : Salted beef, 60,391
cwt.; fresh beef, 141,238 cwt.; bacon and hams, 557,353 cwt.; barley,
120,863 cwt.; tallow and stearine, 215,855 cwt.: hides, 1,588,629 pounds ;
tobacco of all kinds, 34,433,238 pounds ; Indian corn, 15,006,854 cwt.;
oats, 153,167 cwt.; raw cotton, 816,667 cwt.
There has been a decrease in the values of these reports each year
since 1873, when the total value of such exports was $36,095,983.86 . In
1874 there was a decrease of $4,304,200.11 ; in 1875, a decrease of
$4,484,471.14 ; in 1876, a decrease of $4,359,510.41 ; in 1877, a decrease
of $362,745.54. It will be observed that the decrease in value was very
much less in 1877 than in either of the previous years mentioned .
The total value of such exports, during the year ending September 30 ,
396 COMMERCIAL RELATIONS:
1877, was $ 22,585,056.66, nearly the whole of which was of the following
named eight articles :
Chemicals ....... $4,425, 729 84
Fruit, &c... 586, 606 86
India rubber .. 838, 111 86
Leather, hides, and skins ...... 1, 169, 111 88
Salt ... 1,254, 730 50
Tin and terne-plates .. 8,356, 415 22
Wool .. 1,419, 032 52
Rice .. 444,758 04
18, 494, 496 72

The value of two articles, chemicals and tin-plates, was more than one
half of the whole value of all such exports .
The articles which show the largest decrease in value are -
Articles. Decrease .
Coal.. $108,689 04
Chemicals . 92,539 26
Earthen ware and glass. 218, 145 96
Iron .... 162, 635 04
Fruit, &c.... 182, 133 36
Jute, bags and canvas .. 101,199 78
Salt..... 101,442 78
Tin and terne- plates . 800, 233 02
Pig-iron.. 158, 154 12
Rice .. 218, 165 40
Sugar . 569,96 86
The articles showing the largest increase are
India rubber ..... $587,982 24
Leather, hides, and skins 265,069 26
Rags, waste-paper, aud junk .. 96, 947 28
Tin... 107,614 98
Wool... ... 1, 109, 017 93
Yellow metal . 74,231 64
Grease and oils . 62, 305 20
Lead ... 165,492 72
Table XIV shows the number and tonnage of American vessels which
arrived at this port during the years ending September 30, 1876 and
1877. There were 69 less arrivals in 1877 than during the previous year.
During the year, 8,659 seamen arrived at and 8,543 seamen departed
from this port on board American vessels .
EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION.
During the year 1876, as far as recorded officially, there arrived at this
port from the United States 15,594 cabin and 35,324 steerage passengers ;
total number, 51,918. From all other countries there arrived 1,852
cabin and 4,000 steerage passengers ; total number of arrivals at this
port, 56,770. The records show that 91,647 persons arrived at all ports
in Great Britain , from all countries , in vessels under the passenger acts.
There were 138,222 persons emigrated from all ports in Great Britain to
all countries, 66,446 of whom sailed from Liverpool. The departures
exceeded the arrivals at this port only by 9,676 persons during 1876.
During the first seven months of 1877 there sailed from this port to
the United 24,989 cabin and steerage passengers .
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.
There are at this port, in connection with mercantile marine, certain

institutions of so much public utility as to induce me to introduce into
this report a brief sketch of them, showing their chief features and
aims, which I think cannot fail to be read with interest in the United
States, especially by persons concerned in the shipping interests.
THE SCHOOL-SHIP CONWAY.
This establishment is one, and the first founded , of 16 training- ships

in Great Britain which exist within the scope of the Mercantile Marine
Association, incorporated by special act of Parliament, and which are
under the auspices and control of the board of trade.
These training-ships are divided into two classes, one being designed
for officers and the other for seamen . The Conway is one of the former
class, of which there are only two ships out of the 16. She has accom .
modation for 130 boys, and a complete and efficient nautical and edu
cational staff.
The average period of training is upward of two years, and the gen
eral scheme of education , instruction , and discipline embraces, with the
indispensable elements of education , English grammar, composition,
history, geography, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation, nauti
cal astronomy, French, swimming, chart-drawing, and exercise in all
the duties of a first-class ship ; and it seems worth mentioning in detail
that the boys are taught knotting , splicing, reefing, furling , heaving the
lead, the marks on the lead-line, heaving the log, the management of
boats, to sling and lash up their hammocks ; that each, in his turn ,
serves as mess- man to his mess for one day, and that they in turn keep
anchor-watch , two at a time, for two hours.
The terms of admission are $ 204 per annum, and $ 51 per annum for
uniform and outer clothing, medical attendance, washing, use of books ,
and stationery.
The parents or friends of the boys provide them with under clothing
and shoes, as prescribed in a schedule.
Only boys of good character and sound health , duly vouched for, and
between 12 and 16 years of age, are admitted .
The Queen presents , annually, a gold medal to the boys of the Con
way, also a prize to such of them as compete for cadetship in Her Majes
ty's service, which prize consists of a binocular glass, with a suitable
inscription , and $ 170 toward the expenses of the outfit of the boy who
obtains it. Ten appointments annually as midshipmen in the royal
navy reserve are given by the lords of the admiralty to the Conway boys.
This admirable institution so well fulfills its purpose as to commend
itself not only to the Queen and the lords of the admiralty , but also to
merchants, ship- owners, and others , and it is indebted to the latter for
additional prizes and benefactions . The boys, with every possible in
ducement to aim at the highest standard of character and naval quali
fication, become excellent officers, and many of the leading Liverpool
ship owners will give them a decided preference.
THE TRAINING SCHOOL SHIP INDEFATIGABLE. -
The idea and origin of this training-school ship grew out of a want,
which had been long felt, of an institution where the orphans of sailors ,
and destitute boys of good character, desirous of entering upon a seafar
ing life, might be properly taught and cared for. The public liberally re
sponded to the call for funds, and the British admiralty granted the ship
Indefatigable for the purpose. The ship has accommodation for 250 boys.
The orphans or sons of seafaring men connected with this port have the
first preference, and after these claims are met, then any boys that are
destitute and well recommended are admitted . All must have a consti
tution sufficiently strong for sea life, and be not under 12 years of age.
Except with special permission , they are not permitted to remain on
board over two years. While in the ship they are taught reading, writ
ing, geography, and arithmetic, navigation, the compass, rule of the
road at sea, and the duties generally of practical seamanship. With
the exception of $279, granted yearly by the British Government under
the education act, the cost of keeping up the ship in a proper state of
efficiency, feeding and clothing the boys, and other expenses, are de
frayed entirely out of the voluntary subscriptions from the public.
In 1876 the total amount received from these sources was $ 20,640,
while the expenditure was $22,150 for 241 boys.
The cost of maintaining each boy, including cost of outfit for sea,
may be roughly estimated at about $ 97 per annum.
The institution has been now in existence about twelve years, and
during this period 792 boys have been admitted . Of these 481 have
been sent to sea as apprentices, ordinary seamen, cooks, and stewards,
and 33 have been placed in different occupations on shore. Of those
who have chosen the sea the reports of their conduct have generally
been most encouraging and satisfactory. In fact many of them , having
studied navigation, have become officers of ships, and numbers of
British ship- owners, when requiring apprentices for their vessels, give a
preference to the boys from this school.
The training and endeavoring to make good seamen for the British
mercantile marine of boys, who otherwise might grow up to be a burden
to the world, is a work in which the citizens of all countries are alike
interested . If every large seaport had such a school there would be
fewer vagabonds in the streets and more good sailors on ship - board.
THE SAILORS' HOME.
This excellent institution was established about twenty-five years ago.

Its immediate objects are to provide for seamen frequenting the port of
Liverpool board, lodging, and medical attendance at a moderate charge ;
to protect them from imposition and extortion , and to encourage them
to husband their hard-earned wages ; to promote their moral , intellectual,
and professional improvement, and to afford them the opportunity of
receiving religious instruction. A reading-room, library, savings bank,
nautical schools, and dispensary are attached , and it has every conceiv
able minor advantage for sailors, and, so far as possible, its incidental
benefits are available to those who do not become inmates. The home
has accommodation for upward of 400 men. The average number of
inmates is 250, and of men who are inmates per annum, 6,600 . As in
dicating the chief inducements to seamen to resort to the home I extract
the main regulations :
(1. ) Seamen will have to pay at the rate of 16s. a week for living at the home, and
apprentices at 12s. a week.
(2.) After a man has lodged his chest and bedding in his cabin, and is waiting to
receive his wages, the house steward may, according to his judgment, advance him not
exceeding 208. , porterage, & c., included.
(3.) When a man has entered his name as a boarder, his board will go on, unless he
gives notice to the contrary to the house steward before 4 p. m. the day previously.
(4.) If a man, on leaving the home, after the settlement of his accounts, wishes to
deposit any property, he is to lock or lash it up carefully, place his name and number
thereon, and give the house steward the necessary information respecting it, when it
will be placed in safe custody in charge of the storekeeper until his returu. If, how
ever, nothing be heard of the owner before the expiration of three years, the property
so left will be sold, and the proceeds placed to a suspense account.
In reference to the savings-bank department, it seems desirable to

mention that it is under the board of trade, and that money deposited
can be drawn at any seaport in the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland , and that 3 per cent. is allowed ; also, that there is a bank
for temporary deposits, which may be withdrawn without notice. To
guard seamen from imposition of any kind in connection with the home,
there is a salutary regulation, which is kept before the notice of the
boarders :
That the boarders are hereby also informed that no agent or other person connected
with the home is permitted to charge or receive from them any money by way of fee
or gratuity, and are cautioned not to keep money in their cabins or chests, but to
lodge it with the cashier, as the institution will only be answerable for the moneys
which are paid into his hands.
Under board of trade regulations, the seamen from British ships are
shipped and discharged at the home. In 1876, 102,750 men were so
shipped and 100,190 so discharged.
Large sums having been subscribed by the citizens of Liverpool for
the purpose, a branch home is now being erected in another part of the
town , which will be opened in a few months , under the same manage
ment.
THE LIVERPOOL SEAMEN'S ORPHANAGE.
This institution was established in 1869 in a temporary home. Soon

after there was a sufficient sum subscribed and paid by the wealthy
men of this mercantile community to erect and furnish , at a cost of
about $218,700, the present truly magnificent pile of buildings , on land
granted by Liverpool, in one of the public parks. There has been also
subscribed and paid upward of $ 145,800 toward a permanent endow
ment fund. There are now about 325 children in the house , to be in
creased to 350 immediately. In addition to these, 270 children are
receiving $2.44 each per month outdoor relief and periodical grants of
clothing, provided they, if possible, attend school . Children are admitted
when they are eight years old, and they receive instruction in the ordi
nary English branches . The entire building being completed , was
opened by his his royal highness the Duke of Edinburgh, September
30, 1874.
This orphanage has a strong hold on the sympathy of the friends of
the British sailors' orphans, and is entirely supported by voluntary sub
scriptions. Funds are received now from about 3,000 different sources,
but the bulk of it comes from the large and wealthy ship-owners of this
port. It has also received several large legacies. The cost of main
taining each child one year is about $ 74 for food , clothing, and educa
tion. Such of the children as desire to enter on a sea-faring life are
either sent direct to sea, or, if they are not fully prepared , are sent to
the training- ship Indefatigable. All of the children are provided with
some kind of a situation when they leave the home. It is a most admi
rably-managed institution , and has done and is doing a vast deal of
good, and will never fail for want of liberal support in this community .
LIVERPOOL CORPORATION.
The ordinary income of the corporation of Liverpool for the year end
ing 31st August, 1876, was $ 1,150,145.73, derived from the following
Sources :
Lighting.. $183, 319 60
Parks and museum rates . 193, 856 82
Improvement rate ... 160, 691 00
Real and personal estate . $531, 425 01

Markets . ... .......... .... 59,575 70
Baths and wash-houses .. ...... ........ 7,795 70
Buildings .... 13, 481 90
For the same year the ordinary expenditure was $ 1,156,024.53 , dis
bursed as follows :
Lighting, watching, prevention of fires, and preservation of the peace... $432, 891 04
Administration of justice ..... 60,854 42
Parks and places of recreation and instruction . 209, 666 10
County expenses ...... 64,700 58
Churches ....... .... 12, 818 86
Establishments .. .... 39,319 52
Departments (salaries, & c. ) ....................... 65,050 12
Miscellaneous accounts ............ 71 , 116 96
Improvements accounts ....... ........................... 158, 639 38
Port sanitary account.. ........ 40,967 55
Of one of the items of expenditure, that for establishments , the fol
lowing particulars will doubtless be deemed noteworthy :
Town-hall ..... $13, 019 28
Grant to the mayor.. 13, 122 00
Sword-bearer, mace-bearers, & c .. 1,676 70
Municipal offices .. ...... 11, 208 83
Law courts and St. George's hall . 16, 200 14
55, 226 95
Less receipts from town-hall , municipal offices, law courts, St. George's
Hall . 15,907 43
39, 319 52
In reference to the foregoing figures, it remains to remark that Liver
pool has vastly outgrown its municipal borough, to which alone they
apply. In the year 1876, 2,826 houses of all sorts were erected within
the borough or corporate limits of Liverpool. This number is small, of
course, from lack of space, as compared with that of the houses built
in the suburbs in the same period , such suburbs having already a popu
lation estimated, in round numbers, at 200,000.
In the same year the population and numbers of births and deaths
within the borough were
Population... 521, 544
Births 20, 426
Deaths .. ...... 14,347
the birth rate being 39.2 and the death-rate 27.5 per 1,000 , and the in
crease of births over deaths being 60.79. Of the deaths, the largest
proportion is accounted for as follows :
Zymotic diseases .. 3,303
Tubercular diseases 1,937
&
Brain, c., diseases 1,627
Lung diseases . 2,814
Old age.. 426
Among the above were 386 cases of small -pox, 688 of measles, 251 of
scarlatina, 490 of whooping cough, 694 of diarrhea, 398 of typhus and
infantile fever.
LUCIUS FAIRCHILD .
GREAT BRITAIN-ENGLAND . 401
I.—Statement showing the quantities offoreign and colonial produce imported into the port of
Liverpool during the years 1875 and 1876.
Animals, living :
Oxen, bulls, and cows. .number.. 11,399 6, 734 4, 665
Sheep and lambs do.... 10, 014 17,466 7, 452
Bones (except whale fius) ....tons .. 14, 209 11, 355 2, 854
Caoutchouc .. ...cwt.. 111, 106 113, 809 2, 703
Chemicals, manufactures and products.. value .. $1, 206, 655 $1, 372, 202 $165, 547
Cocoa.. .pounds .. 2, 311, 824 3, 281, 985 970, 164
Coffee.. .cwt .. 152, 688 163, 449 10, 761
Corn :
Wheat cwt.. 15, 305, 309 12, 271, 354 3,033, 955
Barley . do.... 471, 797 331, 449 140, 348
Oats do.. 123, 181 264, 539 141, 358
Peaso.. do.... 612, 951 537, 221 75, 730
Beans do.... 1, 068, 650 1,632, 713 564, 063
Indian corn or maize .do... 6, 485, 155 8, 148, 462 1,663, 307
Wheat meal and flour .do... 1,709, 409 1, 615, 119 94, 290
Cotton, raw ..... .do.. 12, 293, 741 12, 503, 018 209, 277
Cotton, manufactures . value.. $598, 222 $2, 001, 027 $ 1, 402, 805
Dyes and dyeing stuffs :
Cochineal .cwt.. 15, 881 18, 049 2, 168
Indigo... ..do .... 515 1, 813 1, 298
Flax, dressed and undressed do.... 24, 352 9, 961 14,391
Fruit :
Currants cwt.. 358, 590 383, 397 24,807
Oranges and lemons .bushels .. 828, 810 901,288 72, 478
Raisins ..do .. 123, 927 153, 379 29, 452
Glass of all kinds ...cwt.. 63, 300 59, 586 3,714
Guano .tons .. 21, 785 39, 632 17,847
Hemp :
Dressed and undressed . cwt.. 513, 853 501, 666 12, 187
Jute.. do... 179, 227 196, 629 17, 402
Hides :
Raw cwt.. 398, 322 259, 110 139, 212
Tanned, tawed, curried, or dressed pounds. 22, 095, 859 22, 600, 391 504, 532
Hops..... ....... cwt.. 22, 019 17, 238 4,841
Horses . number.. 222 427 205
Leather gloves.. .dozen pairs.. 222 1,229 1,007
Metals :
Copper ore and regulus tons.. 21, 498 24,982 3, 484
Copper, unwrought and part wrought ..... do .... 23, 032 22, 106 926
Iron, pig.. .do.. 5,302 1,991 3,311
Iron, bar. do.... 2,208 1, 971 237
Iron, cast and wrought, of all sorts . ... do .... 5, 937 6, 285 348
Lead, pig and sheet... .do.... 7, 052 6, 946 106
Tin, in ingots, elabs, and regulus . …………… ..cwt .. 6, 312 2,794 3, 518
Zinc, crude and manufactured .do.... 49, 549 51, 173 1,624
Oil:
Train, blubber, and spermaceti .. tons .. 3,037 3,032 5
Olive ..do.... 11, 762 8,820 2,942
Palm.... ..cwt.. 797, 013 736, 858 60, 155
Seed of all kinds . ...tons .. 1,778 3, 100 1,322
Oil-seed cake .do .... 31, 190 4, 942 26, 248
Paper of all kinds (except bangings) . .cwt.. 13, 214 13, 726 512
Petroleum .gallons .. 3, 755, 806 5, 880, 818 2, 125, 012
Provisions :
Bacon and hams . .cwt.. 1, 924, 988 2,228, 606 303, 618
Beef, salted and fresh. ....... ..do .... 95, 037 210, 492 115, 455
Pork, salted and fresh.. .do... 94, 183 177, 408 83, 225
Meat, not otherwise described .do... 59, 547 63, 630 4, 083
Butter .do.. 94, 234 140, 662 46, 428
Cheese do .. 843, 161 781 , 394 61,767
Eggs great hundred .. 41, 453 57,768 16, 315
Fish ... .cwt.. 128, 419 202, 664 74, 245
Lard . .do.... 428, 669 450,859 22, 190
Potatoes...... do.... 49, 261 69, 855 20, 594
Pyrites of iron or copper tons .. 225, 048 169, 644 55, 404
Rags and other material for making paper.....do .. 26, 571 28, 023 1, 452
Rice, not in the husk ..... .....cwt .. 3,628, 829 3, 452, 520 176,309
Saltpeter and cubic niter .do.... 1,282, 939 1, 273, 782 9, 157
Seeds :
Clover and grass . cwt.. 22, 543 37, 105 14, 562
Cotton... ...tons .. 6, 120 8, 212 2, 092
Flax and linseed . quarters.. 233,851 228, 280 5, 571
Rape do.... 8, 825 5, 938 2,887
Silk :
Raw .pounds.. 4, 122 30, 786 26, 664
manufactures. value.. $61, 882 $43, 934 $17,948
Skins, sheep and lambs' .number.. 3, 469, 245 2,841, 785 627, 460
Spirits:
Rum... proof-gallons .. 1, 967, 815 2,740, 675 772, 830
26 CR
I.-Statement showing the quantities offoreign and colonial produce, &c. —Continued .
Articles. 1875. 1876. Increase. Decrease .
Spirits-Continued .
Brandy -proof-gallons . 623, 281 1, 530,279 906, 998
Geneva do.... 54, 821 60, 365 5, 544
Other unsweetened spirits.. .do.... 432, 023 371, 778 60, 245
Sugar:
Unrefined ..cwt .. 3,917, 553 3,886, 783 30, 770
Refined... ..do .... 189, 505 145, 675 43, 830
Tallow and stearine .do ... 399, 654 587, 001 187, 347
Tea... ..pounds .. 222, 039 20, 339 201, 700
Tobacco :
Unmanufactured pounds.. 19, 482, 452 39, 410, 513 19,928, 061
Manufactured, cigars and snuff. do .... 605, 086 1,097, 610 492, 524
Wine .. .gallons.. 2, 133, 786 2, 345, 337 211, 551
Wood and timber:
Hewn... .loads.. 180, 518 233, 875 53, 357
Sawed and split.. .do ... 464, 384 525, 791 61, 407
Staves ..do.... 8,338 12, 098 3, 760
Mahogany ..tons .. 21, 373 12, 856 8, 517
Wool:
Sheep and lambs' pounds.. 38, 996, 360 48, 621, 042 1,624, 682
Alpaca, vicuna, and llama . ....do .... 4, 162, 200 3,425, 996 736, 201
Woolen yarn ..do.... 105, 039 12, 244 92, 795
Woolen manufactures . value.. $491, 949 $129, 007 $62, 942
RECAPITULATION.
Value of total imports for 1876 $484, 154, 799

Value of total imports for 1875 510,762, 614
Value of total imports for 1874 520, 257, 494
II.-Statement showing the quantities of merchandise imported into the port of Liverpool for
transshipment and exported after transshipment during the year 1876.
Articles separately enumerated. Imported. Exported.
Spirits :
Rum .gallons.. 71, 114 71, 114
Brandy .do.. 199, 982 199,982
Geneva. ...do .. 358, 342 358, 342
Of all other sorts ...do .. 23, 951 23, 951
Tea... ..pounds.. 183, 734 183, 734
Tobacco:
Unmanufactured pounds.. 3, 793, 594 3,793, 594
Manufactured and cigars .do... 2,388, 774 2,388, 774
Other articles not separately enumerated . .value.. $22, 316, 270 $22, 316, 270
D
.-
III
OMESTIC
.EXPORTS
Statement
showing
quantities
values
and
produce
the
of
United
Kingdom
exported
from
port
Liverpool
during
the
1875
years
1876
.and
.
Articles Quantities
, Values Quantities
,
1875
. .1875 1876
. Values
.,1876 Increa
. se Decrease
.
Alkali cwt
.. ,225
2,395 ,56$,373 40 6, 55
2,465 48
1,6$23 92
,32$50
Apparel .value
.. 18,302 82 ,028
1,862 8,21 3454
Arms
am
and unition
:
saFire rms
.)(- mall .
.number ,803
99 472 ,037 , 24
698 , 80
3390 ,68157
Gunpowd
. er .pounds
.. 14
5,1443 , 81
8395 ,293
4,796 , 72
8446 5$9, 091
other
all
sorts
.Of ..
value , 28
11,371 6750, 71 , 57
4620
sacks
andmpty
epacking
merchandise
,fBags
or .dozen 1, 58 91,933, 01 0,3140 80 , 24
32,056 , 23
4122
Beer
ale
and ..
.barrels 6, 31
116 ,750
2,968 , 45
597 45,275 17 , 75
2451
pBooks
, rinted ..
..cwt , 80
327 32,169 ,836
22 ,929
1,090 ,440
178
Butte
.. r ..do
... ,021
33 , 12
8993 ,472
26 820,664 ,148
173
,of
.Candles
sorts
all .poun
.. ds , 49
7554 195 , 73 , 28
2446 , 81
176 ,91892
, anufactures
Caoutchouc
mof value
.. 8,120 01 ,132
973 , 88
6128
Chemical
products
preparations
or
.. ..
..do ,71203 65 38
,30201
cinders
,aCoals
patent
fuelnd ,365
164
..tons
.. , 95
4704 .2 ,610 04 ,532
723 , 36
92,269 ,674
334
Cot
yar
. ton n .pounds
.. 0,200
68 37 ,914
517 15 00
,8131
69 , 30
4816 62 , 53
4684
manufactures
:Cotton
gPieco
.- oods 2061
.. 84
7,6..yards
00 ,21,7149
57
12
00
30
02 70145, 23 22 1,0434 08
Hosiery
.,&
c... .value
.. 6,4993 07 , 95
38,045 ,212
1,448
Eartheu
and
china
of
ware
sorts
all ..
..do 7,3518 03 ,4953 , 65
2350
Fish
h() errings .barrels
.. 8,771 748 , 46 17,983 107 ,668
Glass
.,of
kinds
all 58,922
Haberdashery ..
value 2,095,462 , 31
01,795 , 31
4300
millinery
..and .d
...o 97
,74815 ,7161884 ,931
2,378
Hardware
ucutlery
,and
nenumerated ....do , 31
310 07 , 44
3880 2,426,987
Hats
f
osorts
,.all .dozen ,749
136 9802, 21 ,499
109 4, 17
703 ,59904
Leath
: er
Unwrought .cwt
.. , 75
020 ,113
797 1, 26
19 8644, 59 , 54
2152
Wroug
.. ht .
value , 17
41,675 32,14430 , 87
0431
GREAT BRITAIN- ENGLAND.
harness
.and
Saddlery ..
..do ,676
348 5, 02
290 , 74
158
Linen
and
jute
yarn
:
Li
yane rnn pounds
.. 7,248
10 44 4,6291 35 83,953 00 ,783
2,523 , 08
7111
Jut
yarn e .do
.. , 66
36,352 , 63
8472 46
2,4600 , 51
3470 5,212
man
Li
an
jut
: dne eufan ctures
Li
g-pie
oodne
cesn ..
yards 7,9119 10
04 ,393
119 88 884,288 47 37
, 28
3213 64
,81651
,unenumerated
thread
.Linen value
.. , 44
5808 , 08
5798 010, 36
manufactures
..Jute ..
yards ,9126
23 90 96
1,495 38
,6200
27 ,933
1,680 ,738
184
Machinery
.and
-work
mill value
.. ,4368
12 08 1,8947 .9 59
2,561
Metals
:
nd
wire
ar
ig
,apolt
bIron ..
..tons ,437
185 , 91
58,357 , 60
1160 ,735
6,658 , 56
81,698
,railroad
Iron ..do
... 82
,397 36
5,7407 6,5206 ,951
2,651 5, 56
2,084
Iron
-,all f
other
pikinds ncluding
olates
..tin tons
.. 8267
, 64 ,884
26,516 ,940
241 21,0146 20 8,3564 70
uSteel
, nwrought ..
tons 15
,294 2, 63
2,527 ,61161 ,146
1,789 1, 17
738
403
C
c.—
,&
the ontinued
Liverpool
of
port
from
exported
Kingdom
United
produce
values
and
Statement
quantities
showing
404
,
Quantities,1875
.Values Quantities
, Values
.,1876 Increase Decrease
Articles
. .1875 1876
. . .
Metals
Continued
.-
Copper
.,unwrought ..
.cwt 580, 40 31,$,768 45 , 84
966 21,$,362 00 45
1,$06
wrought
and
, art
pCopper do
... ,140
177 ,294
3,752 , 77
5175 3,562,783 ,511
189
Lead
...
ore
lead
and ..
tons 9,225 , 39
9344 5,340 , 21
5395 0
5,$82
,unwrought
Tin ..cwt
.. 287, 92 , 33
9658 923, 28 ,409
474 5, 24
184
.Oil
-seed ..
gallons 77
,1731 ,920
969 ,471
2,382 27,189 18 , 98
7319
Painters
.'colors ..
.value 8, 75
1,064 , 46
7903 ,129
161
Paper
)(except
hangings ..
.cwt ,32514 ,538
372 ,02204 , 42
2305 ,296
67
Salt
. .tons
.. , 26
3798 , 53
02,740 4750
, 90 71,206 34 ,347
605
hrown
,Silk
wist
yarn
t.and .value
.. ,626
104 , 19
2113 5,893
manufactures
.Silk ..
do 5, 87
1,524 7, 47
1,683 ,160
159
Irish
.and
, ritish
BSpirits ..
gallons 4,7899 3, 27
102 , 53
2144 3137 , 68 0,3541
,refined
Sugar ..
cwt ,546
504 68,278 46 1, 73
504 ,246
2,793 85,400
Telegraphic
wires
apparatus
.and .
value , 59
9274 , 46
8193 ,18113
Wool
a,slambsnd
' heep ..
pounds 40
2,1 26 438,741 3, 80
2,378 0, 91
732 293
,350
Woolen
worsted
and
.yarn ..
..do 118,215 5,9076 2, 19
113 9,7899 , 77
511
Woolen
:
manufactures
Cloths
kinds
all
of ..
yards , 00
414,908 , 53
0112 13 9,434
12 00 23,936 87 ,777
2,765
Worsted
stuffs
mixed
and do
... ,248
5103 00 81
,600
221 286,055 00 ,259
16 , 22
44,897
cFlannels
,& arpets ...
..do 25,800 89 , 05
24,785 ,100
7,038 4, 92
3,499 72,113 85
goods
Hosiery
..other
,and ..
value , 05
81,364 6937, 59 , 46
1427
All
..
articles
other ...
..do 319, 84 92 7618 , 98 97 , 95
5685
Total 79
,146
3386 40
, 67
27340 98
25,183 ,795
646 04
.
1876
year
the
for
decrease
Net 44506
,112
IV.- FOREIGN AND COLONIAL EXPORTS.
Comparative statement showing the quantities of foreign and colonial produce exported from
the port of Liverpool during the years 1875 and 1876.
Principal articles. Quantities, Quantities, Increase. Decrease.

1875. 1876.
Bacon and hams .. ..cwt.. 110, 154 190, 431 80, 277
Bark, Peruvian ..do ... 3, 504 1,911 1,593
Caoutchouc . .do 30, 370 29, 815 555
Cocoa.. pounds.. 1 , 102, 695 1, 111, 313 8, 618
Coffee .cwc.. 136, 163 153, 207 17, 044
Corn :
Wheat.. .cwt.. 5,873 198, 387 192, 514
Wheat meal and flour.. ..do .... 8,846 6, 924 1,922
Cotton :
Raw ..cwt.. 1,045, 909 743, 726 302, 182
Manufactures value.. $173, 412 $171, 748 $1,664
Dyes and dyeing stuffs :
Cochineal cwt.. 3,976 3,342 634
Indigo... ..do .... 3,239 2, 186 1,053
Flax, dressed and undressed do.... 297 5, 148 4,851
Fruits :
Currants.. cwt .. 28, 125 29, 055 930
Raisins .do .... 11, 295 12,936 1,641
Guano ...tons .. 11, 840 8, 865 2,975
Hemp, dressed and undressed . .... cwt.. 48, 396 58,832 10, 436
Hides :
Untanned . cwt.. 86, 362 65, 163 21, 199
Jute .do.... 15, 103 12, 469 2,634
Metals :
Copper, unwrought and part wrought...... tons .. 5, 868 5, 708 160
Iron bars .. .. do 2, 093 582 1,511
4,342 2, 020 2, 322
Oil:Tin in blocks, ingots, slabs, and regulus .... cwt..
Cocoanut ..cwt .. 3,244 3, 106 138
Palm ..do .... 357, 059 304, 555 52, 504
Quicksilver. .pounds.. 618, 949 629, 040 10, 091
Rice not in the husk. ..owt.. 1,913, 689 2,227, 750 314, 061
Saltpeter ..do .... 2, 881 5, 626 2, 745
Seeds :
Flax and linseed . .quarters.. 5, 538 4, 014 1, 524
Rape do . 3, 582 658 2, 924
Silk :
Raw pounds.. 101, 993 91, 096 10, 897
Thrown do 6 6
Manufactured ..value .. $202, 081 $176, 768 $25,313
Spices :
Cinnamon.. pounds.. 154, 662 107, 367 47, 295
Pepper do.. 687, 230 776, 483 89,253
Spirits:
Brandy -proof-gallons.. 32, 360 35, 753 3, 393
Geneva. ..... ..do .... 6, 323 5, 271 1, 112
Rum .... do.. 179, 604 201, 522 21, 918
Other unsweetened spirits .. .do... 30, 455 31, 144 689
Mixed, in bond .do.... 395, 541 507, 837 112, 296
Sugar :
Unrefined .cwt.. 132, 683 232, 465 99, 782
Foreign, .do ... 5, 089 6, 019 930
Molassesrefined, and candy .do.. 3,860 11, 500 7,640
Tallow and stearine ..do ... 6, 556 16, 748 10, 192
Tea .. ...pounds.. 135, 947 153, 033 17,086
Tobacco :
Unmanufactured .pounds.. 5,033, 734 6,756, 622 1,722, 886
.do ... 377, 254 372, 524 4,730
WinForeign,
e ..
manufactured, and snuff
..gallons.. 115, 978 116, 435 457
Wool, sheep and lambs' ..pounds.. 5, 202, 503 3,502, 448 1,700, 055
RECAPITULATION.
Value of total exports from the port of Liverpool during the years 1872 to 1876, inclusive.
1872. $486, 322, 774

1873. 456, 477, 426
1874 . ......... 409, 979, 818
1875 .. ......... 386, 179, 346
1876 .. 340, 767, 240
V.—Statement showing the number and tonnage of British and foreign vessels, including
their repeated voyages, that entered and cleared with cargoes and in ballast from and to
foreign countries and British possessions at the port of Liverpool during the year 1876.
Entered. Cleared.
From and to
Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons.
មុន
Russia.. 94 43, 613 196 70, 030
វត្ត
ពន្លះ
Sweden . 45 24, 061 36 20, 297
ព
”
នគ
“្ទ
គ
ឮ
Norway 78 26, 445 65 18, 608
Denmark 37 3, 934 66 12, 573
Danish West India Islands. 2 2,397 16, 664
Germany 124 69, 371 141 77, 653
Holland. 78 43, 144 80 40, 872
Dutch Possessions in Java. 6 3, 763 12 8, 381
Dutch Possessions in Indian Seas 3 1,912
Dutch Possessions in West Indies 5 4, 535 10 6,875
Dutch Guiana .. 6 1,153 5 2,056
Belgium 101 65, 839 130 77, 433
France .. 347 128, 999 290 113, 385
French West India Islands 3 924
French Algeria... 18 10, 708 3 1,563
Portugal... 148 52, 906 130 52, 086
Portugal, Azores .. 10 1,457 4, 243
Portugal, Madeira 8 5,306
25425184
Portuguese Possessions, Western Africa.. 1 222
Portuguese Possessions, Eastern Africa. 1 230
Spain .. 289 139,943 204 100, 016
Spain, possessions in India, Philippine and Ladrone Islands 46 39, 561 3 1,796
Spain, West India Islands . 47 16, 782 148 87,890
Italy.. 166 143, 662 181 157, 249
Austrian territories 4 1,687
;2
Greece.. 17, 603 11 7,217

Turkey, European 68, 546 79 84,077
Turkey, Wallachia and Moldavia 2, 822 10 7,157
Turkey, Asiatic .. 8, 687 6 1,355
Egypt. 137 182, 199 102 151, 813
Tripoli and Tunis 10, 240
Morocco 1,893 6 858
Africa, Western coast, not particularly designated . 62, 129 117 64, 588
China, exclusive of Hong-Kong and Macao . 7 9, 884
Japan 1 883
Islands ofthe Pacific 13 7, 664 4 3, 188
United States of America on the Pacific . 156 202, 000 63 80, 922
United States of America on the Atlantic. 1,478 1,798, 788 1, 270 1, 619, 471
Hayti and the Dominican Republic 28 7,710 16 10,585
Mexico 44 23, 547 27 10, 399
Central America... 6 4, 010 4 1,292
United States of Colombia 21 16, 265 8 G, 624
Venezuela . 10 5, 345 2,839
Ecuador 1 185 3 961
Peru... 128 130, 816 43 52, 745
Bolivia 14 10, 693 3 1, 844
Chili .. 62 37, 158 109 98,829
Brazil 263 107, 029 260 151, 652
Uruguay 19 6, 255 19 15, 147
States of Argentine Confederation.. 68 52, 623 52 28, 734
Total, foreign countries .. 4,313 3, 586, 702 3,990 3, 292, 793
Total, British possessions . 1, 068 907, 654 1, 229 1, 164, 254
Grand total...... 5, 381 4, 994, 356 5, 219 4, 457, 047
Total, foreign countries, 1875. 4, 463 3,553, 172 038 3,248, 565
Total, British possessions, 1875. 1,018 848, 944 1, 146 1, 129, 638
Grand total, 1875... 5, 481 4, 402, 116 5, 184 4,378, 203
Increase, 1876 92,240 35 78,844
Deorease, 1876 100
GREAT BRITAIN-ENGLAND, 407
VI.-Statement of the number and tonnage of sailing and steam vessels of each nation, in
cluding their repeated voyages, that entered and cleared with cargoes and in ballastfrom and
to foreign countries and British possessions at the port of Liverpool during the year 1876 .
Entered. Cleared.
Flag.
Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons.
British 3, 701 3, 444, 957 3, 499 3, 416, 860

Russian 55 33, 742 58 33, 121
Swedish . 77 43, 004 77 40, 737
Norwegian 388 179, 326 417 189, 709
Danish. 70 11, 969 71 12, 864
German 212 79, 659 208 77, 733
Dutch 36 9,928 39 8, 462
Belgian 2 1,060 1 173
French.. 93 31, 366 100 30, 056
Spanish 209 128, 591 241 144,516
Portuguese 10 4,712 9 3,818
Italian 73 39,708 67 35, 655
Austrian 38 24, 419 36 21, 400
Greek. 4 1,014 4 1,026
United States .. 401 453, 991 381 434, 296
All other countries. 12 6, 910 11 6, 621
Total 5, 391 4, 494, 356 5, 219 4,457, 047
VII.-Number and tonnage of sailing and steam vessels, including their repeated voyages, that
entered and cleared from and to British possessions, foreign countries, and coastwise with
cargoes and in ballast at the port of Liverpool during the year 1876 .
Sailing. Steam . Total.

Entered.
Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons.
Entered with cargoes .. 6, 420 2,312, 405 6, 914 4,067, 812 13, 334 6, 380, 217
Entered in ballast.. 667 90, 204 349 74, 901 1,016 165, 105
Total 7,087 2,402, 609 7,263 4, 142, 713 14,350 6, 545, 322
Sailing. Steam. Total.

Cleared.
Vessels. Tous. Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons.
Cleared with cargoes... 5, 253 1,774, 472 6, 405 3,812, 944 11, 658 5,587, 416
Cleared in ballast 1, 704 618, 757 584 232, 629 2,288 851, 386
Total 6,957 2,393, 229 6,989 4,045, 573 13, 946 6, 438, 802
VIII.- Statement showing the number and tonnage of all vessels , including their repeated
voyages, that entered and cleared with cargoes and in ballast from and to foreign countries
and British possessions at the port of Liverpool during the years 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875,
and 1876 (coastwise trade not included).
Entered. Cleared.
Year.
1872 . 5, 446 4,073, 779 5, 195 4, 030, 677

1873 . 5,696 4,312, 567 5,364 4, 235, 078
1874. 5, 442 4,352, 816 5,174 4, 215, 025
1875. 5, 481 4, 402, 116 5, 184 4,378, 203
1876 .. 5, 381 4,494, 356 5, 219 4,457, 047
IX.-COASTWISE TRADE.
Statement showing the number and tonnage of all vessels, including their repeated voyages,
that entered and cleared with cargoes coastwise at the port of Liverpool during the years
1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876.
Entered. Cleared.
Year.
1872 .. 7, 139 1,684, 401 8, 182 1, 494, 934

1873 .. 8, 227 1,859, 189 8, 154 1,630,-405
1874. 7,439 1,738, 149 7,016 1,543, 525
1875 . 7,943 1, 850, 151 7,447 1,649, 886
1876 .. 7,987 1,901, 042 7,172 1,637, 516
X.-VESSELS BUILT.
Statement showing the number and tonnage of sailing and steam vessels built at Liverpool
(exclusive of vessels built for foreigners) during the years 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875 , and 1876.
+
Sailing. Steam. Total.
Year.
22584
17237
1872. 160 21 15, 190 15,350

1873. 9, 362 17 16, 652 26, 014
1874. 11, 182 25 12, 525 37 23, 707
1875. 15 15,950 11 5, 307 26 21,257
1876. 34 21, 167 12 4,826 46 25, 993
XI.—Table of duties of customs for England—1876.

Beer and ale, viz : 41
£ 8. d.
Mum, the barrel of 36 gallons ... 1 0
Spruce, the worts of which were, before fermentation, of a specific gravity 14
not exceeding 1,190 degrees, the barrel of 36 gallons 110
Exceeding 1,190 degrees, the barrel of 36 gallons .. 1 0
Of other sorts, viz :
Beer, the worts of which were, before fermentation , of a specific gravity
not exceeding 1,065 degrees, the barrel of 36 gallons ...... 080
Exceeding 1,065 degrees and not exceeding 1,090 degrees, the barrel of
36 gallons... 0 11 0
Exceeding 1,090 degrees, the barrel of 36 gallons 0 16 0
And in charging the above rates of duty upon the importation of beer, the
specific gravity of the worts from which the same was made shall be ascer
tained and determined in the manner prescribed by the 16th section of the
act of the 19th and 20th Victoria, chapter 34, for ascertaining and determin
ing the rates of drawbacks on the exportation of beer.
Cards, playing, the dozen packs .... 03 9
Chicory, or any other vegetable matter applicable to the uses of chicory or
coffee :
Raw, or kiln-dried ..the cwt. 0 13 3
Roasted or ground the lb. 002
Chloroform .. the lb. 0 30
Chloral hydrate ... ..the lb. 0 13
Cocoa . the lb. 0 0 1
Husks and shells .... ...the cwt. 020
Paste or chocolate .. the lb. 002
Coffee the cwt. 0 14 0
Kiln-dried, roasted, or ground .the lb. 0 0 2
A drawback shall be allowed on all roasted coffee exported as ships' stores,
equal in amount to the import duty on raw coffee.
Collodion .the gallon 140
Currants .the cwt. 0 7
Essence of spruce. for every 1001. value 10 0
Ether, sulphuric .. the gallon 150
GREAT BRITAIN-ENGLAND . 409
£ 8. d.
Ethyl, iodide of. ..the gallon 013 0
Figs the cwt. 070
Fig cake the cwt. 070
Malt, not being essences and extracts thereof .the quarter 1 4 0
Naphtha, or methylic alcohol purified . ( See Spirits. )
Plate, viz :
of gold the ounce troy 0 17 0
of silver, gilt or ungilt ... the ounce troy 0 1 6
Plums, commonly called French plums, and prunelloes the cwt. 07 0
dried or preserved (except in sugar) not otherwise described .......the cwt. 070
Prunes . the cwt. 0 7 0
Raisins the cwt. 07 0
Spirits or strong waters, not being sweetened or mixed with any article so that
the degree of strength thereof cannot be ascertained by Sykes's hydrometer,
for every gallon of the strength of proof by such hydrometer, and so in
proportion for any greater or less strength than the strength of proof, and
for any greater or less quantity than a gallon, viz :
Brandy . the gallon 0 10 5
Geneva.. .... the gallon 0 10 5
Naphtha or methylic alcohol purified. ...the gallon 0 10 5
Rum of and from any foreign country being the country of its produc
tion ... the gallon 0 10 2
Rum from any country not being the country of its production . thegallon 0 10 5
Tafia of and from any colony of France .. the gallon 0 10 2
Rum and spirits of and from any British possession . the gallon 0 10 2
Unenumerated . the gallon 0 10 5
Other spirits, being sweetened or mixed so that the degree of strength cannot
be ascertained as aforesaid , viz :
Rum shrub, liqueurs and cordials, of and from any British posses
sion .... the gallon 0 10 2
Perfumed spirits and Cologne water . ...the gallon 0 16 6
Unenumerated …………. .the gallon 0 14 0
Varnish, containing any quantity of alcohol or spirit ..... the gallon 0 12 0
Spirits or strong waters imported into the United Kingdom mixed with any
ingredient, and although thereby coming under some other desiguation except
varnish, shall nevertheless be deemed to be spirits or strong waters, and be
subject to duty as such.
Tea, until the 1st day of August, 1877 .... the lb. 0 0 6
Tobacco, manufactured, viz :
Cigars .. .the lb. 0 5 0
Cavendish or Negrohead .. ..the lb. 0 4 6
Snuff, containing more than 13 pounds of moisture in every 100 pounds
weight thereof . .the lb. 0 39
Snuff, not containing more than 13 pounds of moisture in every 100 pounds
weight thereof.. the lb. 0 4 6
Being Cavendish or Negrohead manufactured in bond. .the lb. 040
Other manufactured tobacco .. the lb. 0 4 0
Tobacco, unmanufactured, viz :
Containing 10 lbs. or more of moisture in every 100 lbs. weight there
of... .the lb. 0 3 0
(with 5 per cent. thereon).
Containing less than 10 lbs. of moisture in every 100 lbs. weight there
of .. the lb. 0 3 6
Provided that no tobacco packed and prized shall, on the importation
thereof, be examined as to the quantity of moisture contained therein except
by special order of the commissioners of customs, and unmanufactured to
bacco shall on the entry thereof be distinguished as stemmed or unstemmed ,
as the case may be.
Varnish. (See Spirits. )
Vinegar.. the gallon 0 0 3
Pickles, preserved in . ..the gallon 001
Wine, viz :
Containing less than the following
rates of proof spirit verified by
Sykes's hydrometer, viz :
26 degrees . 42 degrees.
£ 8. d. £ 8. d.
Red wine, the gallon 01 0 0 2 6
White wine, the gallon ......... 01 0 026
Lees of such wine... 1 0 026
And for every degree of strength beyond the highest above specified , an additional
duty of threepence per gallon. Ten per cent. of proof spirit may be used in the forti
fying of any wine in bond, provided that the wine so fortified be not thereby raised
to a greater degree of strength than 40 per cent. of such proof spirit, if for home con
sumption.
XII.-TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES.
Statement showing the total quantities of some of the principal articles imported from the
United States into the United Kingdom, the greater portion of which arrived at the port of
Liverpool, for the years 1875 and 1876.
Principal articles. Quantities,

1875. Quantities,
1876. Increase. Decrease.
Bacon and hams .cwt.. 2, 196, 203 2,753, 556 557, 353
Beef, salted . do... 175,886 236, 277 60, 391
fresh. do... 3,098 144, 336 141, 238
Cheese do ... 958, 978 936, 203 22, 775
Corn :
Wheat .cwt .. 23, 523, 307❘ 19, 323, 054 4, 200, 253
Barley. do... 7,708 128, 571 120, 863
Oats... .do . 29, 399 182, 566 153, 167
Pease. .do... 501, 125 691 , 354 190, 229
Maize or Indian corn .do... 12, 058, 606 27, 065, 460 15,006, 854
Wheat meal and flour do... 2, 279, 075 2,320, 279 41, 204
Cotton, raw. do.. 7,511, 906 8, 322, 573 816, 667
Hides, tanned, tawed, curried, or dressed ..pounds.. 21 , 799, 266 23, 387, 895 1,588, 629
Lard cwt.. 502, 474 505, 359 2,885
Naphtha, crude ..gallons .. 2, 160, 863 2,328, 586 167, 723
Oilseed cake .tons .. 112, 007 137, 264 25, 257
Rosin ..cwt.. 937, 697 966, 109 28, 412
Tallow and stearine .do ... 360, 754 576, 609 215, 855
Tobacco, unmanufactured .. .pounds . 27,723, 788 61, 644, 985 33, 921, 197
manufactured, and cigars.. ..do... 1, 448, 429 1, 960, 470 512, 041
XIII
Statement
.-
ending
year
quarters
four
during
States
United
to
Liverpool
district
consular
from
exports
declared
of
value
the
showing
years
1877
and
1876
the
.total
for
exports
of
statement
omparative
September
1lso
ac,30
877
Quarter
ending
Articles
. the
for
Total Total
the
for .
Increase Decre ase
.
1877 previous
year
. .
MDecem
31
June
30 archber
877
,1. 877. September
,
30 year
1876
. 1877
.
Beer 750 ,2$76 0 294

,1$506 340,2$135 04
9$,545 888
,6$63 6 00
1,3$17 69 12,5$005
Chemicals 3448 30
,185 14
6, 33
1,036 02
21,006 , 97 20,414
952 784
,429 25 210
, 69
4,518 ,539
26
92
Coal 16
59 3, 21 20
456 , 73 00
,75087 06
, 46
299 42
265,827 46
374,516 04
, 89
6108
goods
Dry 60
27,507 2116 22
, 85 00
128 , 88 70
9113, 42 52
285,923 54
, 57
6261 98 4
2,$65
Earthen
glass
and
.ware 2150 90
, 46 66
, 28
5103 92
861 , 28 36
055, 44 84
375,648 759380
, 94 96
, 45
1218
Fruit
and
vegetabl
. es 7320 70
, 35 0145 28
, 61 5934
6, 27 54
, 82
161 658686
, 06 22 0
768,74 36
, 33
1182
Machine
. ...ry 36
2,556 1,880 82 313 00
, 65 80
1,846 98
, 48
619 64
, 03
626 66
9,654
Har dware
....... 50
,262
21 64
18 5, 84 012 36
, 33 08, 30
214 166 ,5810 20
, 02
8105 62
, 91
639
Hemp 02
,408 42
5,817 06
,01 74 96
417 46
,717
11 2501
,097 313 58
, 79
India
rubber
........ 24
9240 , 78 76
,794
174 239, 82 534 182
8,0404 86
, 11
1838 1250 62
, 29 24
,982
587
Iron 56
28,654 58,66992 50
9136 , 30 154
6,9488 92
, 43
9378 5541 96
, 78 6162 04
, 35
Jute
, ags
canvas
band 660 38
, 67 52 64
6, 04 13496
, 94 34
,085
61 ,552
32
208 730910
, 52 78
101 ,199
.aides
nd
Leather
h,skins 2319 54
, 48 68, 74
7274 92
,2265 19 830974
, 68 188
, 11 69 62
, 42
0904 26
,069
265
Rags nd
,-pwjunk
aaper
aste 862 12
, 98 34
, 05
195 92 ,99304 40
, 79
196 78
, 87
0348 50
, 40
1251 28
, 47
996
Salt
.. 368 ,271
36 40
, 23
2268 82
274,526 92
343,708 50
,730
1,254 28
, 73
11,356 78
,442
101
tiles
Slates
,abricks
nd 06
6,663 48
5, 08
11 8,033 58 62
8,344 74
34,549 82
, 37
898 08
64,288
Steel
... 34
, 70
211 06
4,719 16
515 56, 04
516 54
224 , 46 98
7,741
Tin 58
, 99
671 48 8
137,86 46
106,001 20
, 39
895 72, 08
4411 730374
, 93 98
, 14
6107
terne
and
Tin
plates 66
1,976,955 998,2161 18 50
2,376 1, 75 08 , 65
02,042 22
43,856 15 24
1,6956 48 02
, 33
2800
Wi
ropere 66
310 , 56 12 66
7, 86 22
, 97
115 013 ,0815 62
51,355 745 88
, 22 74
5,632
Wool 1523 00
, 79 16
9185, 24 56
, 11
6368 80
, 17
3341 52
, 32
01,419 54
, 14
0310 98 17
10, 09
Fu
.. rniture 2,75 62 5 62
2,755
Oa
flo
antm
dur eal 71626
, 23 78
6,915 74
3,931 98
694 228 76
, 65 ,04
729 14 28
1,448
Wi
w- orre
k
----- 74
529 700
,101 4,09428 68
6,259 38
646 630
,513
GREAT BRITAIN- ENGLAND .
Empt ies 02
520 62 8
5,42 54
675 18
,624 50
280 68
,343
.Wood………......... 52
,43805 98
8, 91
19 12
1, 40
37 22
, 00
320 70
, 37
7129 38 01
118,5 32
, 36
211
Straw
. ....... s 94
140 16
758 490
86 96
1,389 04,1643 08
4,753
iPig
- ron 74 96
,775 68
98,113 22
941
, 27 08
, 07
723 94
,523
238 06
, 78
6396 12
,154
152
Rice ...... 42 80
,427 80
932, 14 22
122,603 22
, 12
5186 744404
, 58 966244
, 23 40
, 65
1218
coffee
and
Tea ,270
1512 64
359 138
, 32 11430
, 18 44
, 80
830 82
85,715 38, 35
854
Cement 00
2,916 06
7,275 14
7,771 36
855 56
14,317 06
,411
15 50
1,093
Yellow
metal 11966
, 04 32
2,6194 08
, 79
273 06
37,767 12
, 45
4191 117 ,213
48 64
, 31
274
Ginger
.. 20
5,929 204
,327 20
2,041 44
, 97
111 68
15,736 24
4,539
Grease
oils
and 70
,677
27 92
, 90
745 10
31,760 04
, 95
621 76
, 23
9126 56
664 , 18 20
62,305
Felt 10
,1214 347,337 40
2,138 50
1,822 34
,8912 18 ,919
98 164
,907
…………. effects
private
and
Clothing 64
11,537 40
3,596 72
7,542 58
,977 34
,654
32 78
28,785 56
3,868
varnish
and
Paint 36
1,584 62
2,026 20
3,985 34
2,279 52
,3975 80
10,351 28
476
Books
and
stationery 2,930
58 78
597 42
1,686 52
1,613 30
6,828 28
8,009 98
1, 80
plants
,aSeed
trees
nd........ 12
5,064 24
1.866 66
5,253 88
9,029 21 ,213
90 10
4,301 80
16,912
411
States
,f
C
.-
oftoontinued
c
United
Liverpool
district
consular
the
from
exports
declared
XIII
Statement
.-
value
showing
ending
Quarter
412
the
for
Total Total
the
for Increase
. Decrease
.
Articles
. Decem
M archber September
,
30 .1877
year previous
year
.
1,31 877.
June
877
.,130
.
1876 .
1877
Cattle 62
$811 1$36,827 82
9$,170 256
$,896 1$364,706 44
, 83
260 08 5
,54$77
Jewelry 398
52 54
189 223
56 62
811 38
403 424
$08
Wine
and
spi ts .. 2,536
92 02
1,978 60
5,394 58
,8618 ,728
12
16 14
15,061 98
1,666
Hair
... 46
8,558 06
12,981 19,707
30 20
,7270 02
, 17
044 24
, 43
311 78
6, 73
32
aFire
-. rms 30
4,884 14
,6412 44
9,496 72
7,542 72
1,953
Cotton 04
, 88
034 84
, 65
715 18
28,980 66
19,347 72
98,181 96
69,429 76
, 51
728
.
materials
Watch 311
04 04
311 02
3,922 98
,6310
Provisions 24
3,810 04
4, 24
22 44
4,150 96
3,333 ,718
68
33 66
2,823 02
, 95
830
dials
Enamel 155
52 52
155 00
972 816
48
Horns
teeth
and 48
1,059 46
, 88
910 10
899 04
12,947 36
17,379 4,432
32
Dental
goods 155
52 52
155 56
466 311
04
Cutch 08
,7381 64
6,920 96
,6204 68
13,306 78
,336
18 10
5,030
Statuary
. ...... 46
53 46
53 60
,7149 1,696
14
Sugar
. 54
12,339 78
,383
25 108
96
,795 58
257 86
146,776 72
, 73
3716 86
569,596
Gum 02
277 56
1,438 26
,41 14 14
1,453 4,582
98 54
,8334 44
748
..
Lead 665
82 08
,249
22 46
, 32
1110 40
365
, 18 19876
,365 04
, 73
832 72
4165
, 92
.malt
and
Hops 92
3,265 92
3,265
Opiu
. ...... m 76
7, 89
44 ,789
76
44
Drugs 80
,996
13 ........ 325
62 42
14,322 72
,1296 70
, 25
112
Cigar s 78
111 78
111 80
,117 02
1,006
......
Farin a 72
,374
13 ,011
16
18 88
,385
31 31,385
88
and
monuments
Gravestones 84
1,671 18
2,007 14
,6268 62
2,512 78
8,859 78
8,859
Mineral
w- aters............ 70
704 476
28 98
,180 98 ,180
Wax 48
87 48
87 87
48
Coke
. 42
1,929 42
1,929 42
1,929
zinc
Spelter
and... 90
1,044 68
2,857 66
5,253 10
,8990 ,046
19
34 01934
, 44
Nickel
.. 84
942 942
84 84
942 .........
Grindsto
..... nes 10
,142 116
64 36
2,070 66
,122 76
4,451 76
4,451
chalk
.and
Clay 38
1,861 34
02 00
1,215 34
92 74
3,202 74
,2302
Mineral
ores 42
3,630 3,630
42 42
,6330 .........
Total 48
,8068263 54
,101
5,245 58
,089
5,838 06
,002
5,419 66
,0585
22 56 20
,902
82247 96
,475
2,723 50
,221
3,086
1876
for
Total 22
, 08
15,720 06
,667
5,456 98
,964
5,562 94 08
,02661 20
22,947,802 ...
Increase 26
,755
362 60
,124
275
Decrease 52
211,565 88
, 59
0789 362
,745
54
RECAPITULATION
.
1873
for
exports
Declared 86
,903$83 6
95 Declared
exports
.for
1876 20 2
47
8,92$02
Declared
exports
for
1874 75
,791
31 83 Declared
exports
1877
for 66
, 56
022,585
Declared
exports
1875
for 61 07
, 12
327
XIV.-Statement showing the tonnage and number of United States steam and sailing vessels
which arrived at the port of Liverpool during the years ending September 30, 1876 and 1877.
Number
Number
1876. 1877.
vessels
vessels
of
of
Quarter ending
.
Tonnage. Tonnage.
December 31 87 105,793 96 116, 383

March 31 125 141, 573 104 135, 622
June 30 ... 95 127, 142 74 105, 795
September 30 100 117, 311 64 89, 719
Total 407 491, 819 338 447, 519
LONDON.
NOVEMBER 1 , 1877. (Received November 24. )

In accordance with the provisions of paragraph 380 of Consular Reg
ulations , I have the honor to submit the annual statements respecting
trade and navigation within the consular district of London , arranged
and systematized in tabulated forms, as far as possible conforming to
Forms 127, 128, and 129, referred to in the above-mentioned paragraph.
These statements will be found to include :
1. A return of the imports at London, for the year ending December
31, 1876, their description , quantities, and total values, together with a
return of the gross amount of duties thereon .
2. A return of the exports of British and Irish products from the port
of London for the same period , their description , quantities, and values .
No return of the exports of foreign and colonial products is made to the
authorities here.
3. A return of navigation at this port to and from both foreign coun
tries and the British colonies for the same period , showing the flags
and the number and tonuage of all vessels entered and cleared ; also a
statement of the number and tonnage entered and cleared , discriminat
ing between sailing and steam vessels in the coastwise trade, for the
same period.
4. Form D for this consulate- general, showing the value and charac
ter of the exports from London to the United States during the year
ending September 30, 1877 ; and a summarized statement of the same
character for the five years beginning October 1 , 1872, when the recent
depression in trade began.
A synopsis of some of the most important facts presented may be
found useful.
The value of the imports at London continues to exceed that at any
other port in the kingdom . It amounted in 1876 to $ 656,261,353 , as
compared with $ 1,823,301,856, the total value of imports into Great
Britain and Ireland during the year, and exceeded by $ 176,370,455 , the
value at Liverpool , which stands next on the list. In the previous year,
ending December 31 , 1875, the imports at London were slightly more ,
amounting to $ 657,273,428. The duties received at London in 1876
amounted to $50,061,020, out of $ 100,969,005 received at all ports in the
kingdom ; more than half of the total sum was thus paid in London.
In 1875, the duties at London amounted to $49,907,334.
The value of British and Irish produce exported from London in
1876 was $ 253,326,578, as compared with $ 281,510,285 in 1875 , and

more than 25 per cent. of the total value of such exports from the
United Kingdom .
The number of vessels entered at London increased from 11,312 in
1875 to 11,601 in 1876 ; and the tonnage also increased from 4,910,533
in 1875 to 5,288,700 . The number and tonnage of vessels cleared from
the port of London increased from 8,553 vessels, with a tonnage of
3,915,182 , in 1875 , to 8,793 vessels of 4,264,396 tons in 1876. The navi
gation coastwise shows an increase in tonnage entered of 100,000 , and
cleared of 50,000.
On the whole, it appears that the total imports and duties were about
equal in value to those of last year, while the exports returned were
less by nearly $ 28,000,000 . There was an increase of several hundred
in the number of vessels entering and cleared, and in tonnage of several
hundred thousand, indicating altogether that the commercial interests
of the capital of the kingdom have improved since my last report.
The Bank of England rate of discount during the year ending Sep
tember 30, 1877 , varied as follows :
October 1 , 1876 2 per cent.
May 3, 1877 ... 3 per cent.
July 5, 1877 .. 21 per cent.
July 12, 1877 . 2 per cent.
August 28, 1877 ... 3 per cent.
October 4, 1877 ... 4 per cent.
October 11 , 1877 5 per cent.
Since October 11, up to the date of this report, it has remained at 5
per cent.
Under Form D , compiled at this consulate-general, it is shown that
the total exports from the port of London to the United States for the
year ending September 30, 1877 , amounted in value to $ 22,728,837 83,
against $20,530,322 95 the preceding year, being an increase of
$2,198,514 88, or nearly 10 per cent., and 79 per cent. of the total
increase in exports to the United States from Great Britain and Ireland
during the year. In this comparison the returns for Southampton,
which has been reduced from a consulate to a consular agency and at
tached to this consulate-general since my last report, are included in the
London returns for bo years,
The exports from London during the year show an increase in value
in eleven articles, viz, iron , steel , &c., leather and leather goods, dry
goods, chemicals, rags, wool, raw silk, tea, diamonds, hops, and seeds ;
and a decrease in beer, wine , spirits, books, machinery and hardware,
clothing, feathers, and miscellaneous.
The total values of exports to the United States for the past five years
are :
Year ending September 30-1873 .... $36, 883, 557 37
1874 .. .. 24, 402, 080 24
1875 .. 25, 602, 624 67
1876 .. 20, 509, 669 26
1877 ... 22, 728, 837 83
The last year is thus the first since 1873 in which any increase in the
value of exports to the United States has occurred .
The value of merchandise imported into London in American vessels
during the year ending September 30, 1877, was about $ 7,375,000, as
against $ 7,500,000 in the preceding year.
Seventy- five American vessels entered the port during the twelve
months ending September 30 , 1877 , against 106 in 1876.
The tonnage of American vessels entering during the year amounted

to 78,585.29 against 101,844 during the preceding twelve months.
The fact of principal importance to the United States in these various
returns is the decided increase in the values of exports from London .
As this point is not a depot for any especial staple, but rather the market
of nearly every article in use in the civilized world, an increase of more
than $ 2,200,000 may fairly be considered as indicating a general revival
in the export trade from London to the United States . After a long
and continuous decline, extending over four years and amounting in
that period to more than $ 16,000,000, there is at least a turn.
It should, however, be noted that, notwithstanding the substantial
improvement reported for the year, the exports for the last quarter, end
ing September 30, show a decrease in value, as compared with the
corresponding quarter of the preceding year, of $ 1,319,143.05 ; but in
spite of this decrease in the declared values, the number of invoices cer
tified for the same quarter was 3,455 , against 3,194 for the correspond
ing quarter of 1876 ; so that, on the whole, th belief is confirmed that
at London there is in reality a greater activity in trade with the United
States, and that the revival is likely to be a permanent one.
ADAM BADEAU.
Statement showing the commerce at the port of London for the year ending December 31, 1876.
I.-IMPORTS.
Articles. Quantity.
Animals, living:
Oxen, bulls, and cows. number.. 120, 603
Sheep and lambs .do .... 779, 134
Bones (except whale-finsy. tons.. 14, 226
Caoutchouc .cwt.. 32, 079
Chemical manufactures and products value.. £ 379, 776
Cocoa... ..pounds.. 16, 434, 027
Coffee. ..cwt.. 1, 194, 210
Corn :
Wheat .cwt .. 8, 494, 509
Barley.. .do.... 1,648, 224
Oats... ..do .... 7, 661, 996
Pease .do.... 406, 007
Beans ... .do .. 708, 079
Indian corn or maize .do.... 4, 451, 034
Wheat meal and flour .do.... 1, 128, 491
Cotton :
Raw ...cwt .. 616, 345
Manufactures value.. £ 446, 666
Dyes and dyeing-stuffs :
Cochineal ..cwt .. 10, 332
Indigo... ..do .... 77,529
Flax. .do.... 7,808
Fruit:
Currants. .cwt .. 622, 357
Oranges and lemons.... bushels.. 1, 175, 753
Raisins. .do.... 355, 112
Glass of all kinds. ..do ... 576, 058
Guano... ...tons.. 76, 926
Hemp.. ... cwt.. 260, 676
Hides :
Raw .cwt.. 510, 611
Tanned, tawed, curried, or dressed ..pounds.. 19, 894, 202
Hops ..... ... cwt.. 119, 073
Horses.. ..number .. 13, 744
Jute ....cwt.. 1, 650, 337
Leather gloves... dozen pairs.. 89, 702
Metals :
Copper
Ore and regulus . ..tous.. 1,652
Unwrought and part wrought ... do... 10, 873
Statement showing the commerce at the port of London , &c.—Continued.
Articles. Quantity.
Metals :
Iron
Pig. tons.. 281
Bar. .do.... 26, 249
Cast and wrought of all sorts . do .... 40, 909
Lead, pig, and sheet . ..do .. 40, 548
Tin, in ingots, slabs, and regulus .cwt .. 299, 937
Zinc, crude and manufactured . .do .... 349,273
Oil:
Train, blubber, and spermaceti.. tuns.. 5, 389
Olive.. .do... 3,282
Palm . ..cwt.. 25, 144
Seed, of all kinds.. ...tuns.. 4, 480
Oil-seed cake ...tons .. 57, 256
Paper, of all kinds (except hangings) cwt.. 534, 855
Petroleum -gallons.. 10,922, 870
Provisions :
Bacon and hams.. ..cwt.. 338, 649
Beef, salted and fresh.. .do .... 77, 159
Pork, salted and fresh.. .do... 126, 511
Meat, not otherwise described .do... 191, 345
Butter .do.. 291, 100
Cheese do. 247, 763
Eggs .great hundreds.. 1, 106, 915
Fish .cwt .. 272,795
Lard .do .. 24, 788
Potatoes.. do.. 2,096, 081
Pyrites of iron or copper. ..tons .. 38,988
Rags, and other materials for making paper .do .. 21, 365
Rice, not in the husk cwt.. 2,972, 157
Saltpeter and cubic niter ..do .. 886, 748
Seeds :
Clover and grass .cwt.. 134, 252
Cotton.. tons.. 48, 544
Flax and linseed quarters .. 729, 871
.do.... 405, 174
SilkRape
:
Raw.. .pounds.. 5,744, 272
Manufactures. value .. £1,626, 110
Skins, sheep and lamb ...number.. 7,802, 180
Spirits :
Rum.. -proof-gallons.. 7,075, 757
Brandy. .do.... 3,912, 136
Geneva.. do.... 64, 961
Other unsweetened spirits .do .... 1,281 , 835
Sugar:
Unrefined .. ..cwt .. 5,781, 966
Refined . ..do ... 1, 135, 456
Tallow and stearine. ... do .... 453, 808
Tea pounds.. 184, 955, 625
Tobacco :
Uumanufactured .pounds .. 29, 134, 713
Manufactured cigars and snuff do... 2,202, 894
Wine.. gallons.. 11, 409, 377
Wood and timber :
Hewed ..loads ... 260, 823
Sawed or split.. do.. 1,053, 448
Staves .. do.... 42, 569
Mahogany ..tons.. 29, 744
Wool:
Sheep and lambs'. .pounds.. 304, 533, 299
Alpaca, vicuña, and llama.. .do.... 61, 440
Woolen :
Yarn pounds .. 395, 964
Manufactures..... value .. £1,008, 315
Total value of imports .... £134,894, 420
$656, 261, 353
Total amount of duties received at London.... £10, 290, 035
$50, 061, 020
Statement showing the commerce of the port of London , &c.—Continued.

II.-EXPORTS.- PRODUCE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
£ sterling.
Alkali ……………………………………………. ...... cwt.. 94, 466 35, 454
Apparel 1,796, 083
Arms and ammunition :
Fire-arms, small ..number.. 66, 459 118, 809
Gunpowder. ........ .pounds.. 7,079, 750 215, 912
Arms of all sorts 303, 175
Bags and sacks, empty, for packing merchandise.. .dozens.. 745, 631 261, 215
Beer and ale barrels .. 321, 696 1, 144, 999
Books, printed ………………… . ... cwt.. 35, 314 388, 400
Butter …………………………………………………………………………………………….. do.. 1,375 9,370
Candles of all sorts …………………………………........... …………………………..pounds.. 3,096, 890 102, 215
Caoutchouc, manufactures of. 210, 643
Chemical products and preparations …………………………... …… . ………….. 522, 067
Coals, cinders, and patent fuel.. ...... ....tons .. 70, 599 71, 621
Cotton yarn …………… -pounds.. 44, 637, 300 2,395, 928
Cotton manufactures :
Piece goods .yards .. 872, 119, 100 10, 946, 911
Hosiery and small wares.. ……………………………………. 749, 462
Earthen and China ware of all sorts …………………. ……………. 370, 914
Fish, herrings . .barrels .. 26, 522 28, 173
Glass of all kinds .. …………………………......... 386, 906
Haberdashery and millinery 1,503, 746
Hardware and cutlery, unenumerated .............. dozens..
1, 014, 435
Hats of all sorts.. 396, 908 470, 160
Leather :
Unwrought …………………………… .cwt.. 63, 625 551, 586
Wrought ......... 877, 027
Wrought, saddlery and harness . .... 249, 297
Linen and jute yarn :
Linen yarn ..pounds.. 2, 324, 100 102, 775
Jute yarn ..... .do... 2, 137, 300 27, 663
Linen and jute manufactures :
Linen piece goods... .yards.. 16, 901 , 740 517, 367
Linen thread and unenumerated 84, 087
Jute manufactures ..yards .. 23 , 503, 500 277, 033
Machinery 1, 635, 883
Metals : and mill-work..
Iron
Pig, bar, bolt, and wire. tons.. 86, 959 778, 677
Railroad. ..do .... 59, 571 577, 573
Of all kinds .do.... 144, 179 2,905, 552
Steel, unwrought.. .do.... 2,548 86, 933
Copper
Unwrought cwt .. 35, 701 142, 625
.do.. 232, 830 937, 618
andwrought
LeadPart lead ore and wrought.. ...... .......... tons .. 21,808 497, 085
Tin, unwrought... ..cwt.. 52, 145 205, 892
Oil, seed..
Painters ……………….................. -gallons .. 6, 430, 760 626, 703
' colors .. ……………………………………………………. 566, 485
Paper (except hangings) ............................ ..... ..cwt.. 225, 365 648, 385
Salt …………………….. ......... .tons.. 31, 401 44, 926
Silk :
Thrown . twist, and yarn.. 323, 001
Manufactures .. 564, 472
Spirits, British and Irish .gallons.. 357, 112 103, 163
Sugar, refined. .............. …………............owt.. 98,816 124, 535
Telegraphic wires and apparatus ......………… . ……………... 760, 168
Wool, sheep and lamb ........ .pounds.. 818, 150 69, 967
Woolen and worsted yarn do... 1,579, 880 256, 143
Woolen manufactures :
Cloth of all kinds .yards.. 8, 774, 900 1,746, 1: 8
Worsted and mixed stuffs .do... 40, 081, 500 1, 964, 922
Flannels, carpets, &c., .do.. 9, 393, 800 772, 637
Hosie ry and other goods . 336, 379
All other articles 9, 601, 904
Total..... £ 52, 071, 239
$253, 326, 577
27 CR
Statement showing the commerce of the port of London, &c.—Continued.

II.-EXPORTS.-FOREIGN AND COLONIAL PRODUCE.
Articles. Quantity. Articles.. Quantity.
Bacon and hams.. cwt.. 4,424 Quicksilver.. .pounds.. 1,017, 924

Bark, Peruvian .. ..do... 25, 935 Rice ...cwt... 1, 163, 169
Caoutchouc ..do. 22, 108 Saltpeter ...do... 34,850
Cocoa pounds.. 6, 452, 684 Seeds :
Coffee.. .cwt.. 1,070, 589 Flax or linseed . ... quarters.. 81,350
Corn : Rape .do... 230, 516
Wheat .cwt .. 515, 874 Silk :
Wheat meal and flour ...... do... 5,438 Raw.. .pounds.. 321, 922
Cotton: Thrown do 24,682
Raw .cwt.. 536, 269 Manufactures value.. £179, 268
Manufactured.. .value.. £ 135, 498 Spices :
Dyes and dyeing stuffs : Cinnamon ..pounds.. 1,081, 059
Cochineal .cwt.. 10, 392 Pepper... .do... 16, 270, 114
Indigo... do... 4c, 845 Spirits:
Flax, dressed and undressed ....do ... 936 Brandy.. .proof gallons.. 260, 162
Fruits : Geneva. do.. 20,887
Currants .. .cwt.. 135, 804 Rum do.. 1,307, 402
Raisins. do... 77,765 Other unsweetened spirits..do 132, 271
Guano.. ..tons.. 28, 967 Mixed in bond.. do... 299, 191
Hemp, dressed and undressed..cwt.. 64, 462 Sugar:
Hides, untanned ... ..do ... 216, 210 Unrefined. cwt.. 512, 153
Jute.. do... 892, 727 Foreign, refined, and candy.do ... 172,940
Metals : Molasses do... 35, 842
Copper, unwrought and part Tallow and stearine do.. 39, 276
wrought.. tons.. 8,038 Tea.... ..pounds.. 28, 863, 399
Iron bars ...do .. 27, 100 Tobacco :
Tin, in blocks, ingots, slabs, and Unmanufactured .do... 4,658, 315
regulus ..cwt.. 81, 563 Foreign manufactured and snuff,
Oil : pounds 916,412
Cocoanut cwt.. 168, 724 Wine. gallons.. 1,277, 827
Palm ....do... 28, 275 Wool, sheep and lambs' ..pounds . 110, 051, 155
III.— Statement showing the navigation, by countries, at the port ofLondon for the year ending
December 31, 1876.
Vessels entered. Vessels cleared.

From and to
Foreign countries.
Russia, northern ports . 851 393, 317 332 147, 451
Russia, southern ports.. 56 49, 640 11 5, 738
Sweden 867 398, 266 490 226, 290
Norway 503 180, 866 513 206, 141
Denmark 48 11, 919 423 159, 631
Germany 1,035 466, 752 741 365, 065
Holland.. 1, 060 351, 106 973 344, 190
Belgium 875 296, 715 848 293, 250
France.. 1, 891 423, 668 1,507 371, 558
Spain and Portugal 446 193, 390 274 135, 910
Italy.... 133 61, 175 60 27, 069
Austrian territories 10 8, 176 11 10, 821
Turkish dominions.. 190 139, 044 28 34, 494
United States .. 577 464, 411 460 416, 502
Mexico and foreign West Indies 103 32, 657 74 25, 296
Central and South America . 213 120, 441 146 77,353
All other countries .. 289 223,749 96 49, 809
British possessions.
Channel Islands 719 116, 366 177 24, 738
India and Australia.. 802 880, 325 755 893, 990
British North America.. 312 235, 525 230 164, 418
British West Indies 360 112, 182 207 64, 172
All other ports .... 261 129, 010 442 220, 510
Total 11, 601 5,288, 700 8,798 4,264, 396
XXX.
IV.- Statement showing the navigation, by flag, at the port of London for the year ending
December 31, 1876.
Vessels entered. Vessels cleared.
Flag.
British 7, 201 3,618, 201 5,529 2,835, 354

Russian. 156 89, 744 123 75, 370
Swedish 363 182, 470 260 132, 185
Norwegian 1, 129 519, 718 1,072 482, 095
Danish 378 132, 979 336 108, 659
German. 720 318, 854 589 264, 887
Dutch 380 92,790 378 95, 485
Belgian 106 44, 382 106 41, 547
French 163 47, 597 95 41, 980
Spanish 109 45, 639 104 44, 495
Portuguese 8 2, 447 5 957
Italian 118 62, 433 68 36, 520
Austrian. 51 26, 937 37 20, 698
Greek 17 6, 544 14 5, 111
United States . 97 95,339 78 76, 316
All other countries 5 2, 626 4 2, 737
Total 11, 601 5,288, 700 8, 798 4, 264, 396
V.-Statement showing the number and tonnage of sailing and steam vessels, including their
repeated voyages, entered and cleared, coastwise, at the port of London during the year
ending December 31 , 1876.
ENTERED. CLEARED.
Sailing. Steam . Total. Sailing. Steam. Total.
Vessels
ls
els
. els
Vesse
Vess
Vess
Tons
Tons
Tons
.
.
.
.
.
27, 339 1,470, 777 5, 881 2, 450, 248 33, 220 3, 921, 025 7, 741 499, 157 1, 870 869, 991 9, 611 1, 369, 148
NOTE.- No record can be obtained of vessels clearing coastwise from London in ballast.
D.-Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of London
to the United States during the four quarters of the year ending September 30 , 1877 .
Quarter ending
Articles. Total forthe
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Beer, wine, and spirits ... $118, 712 99 $87, 193 34 $73, 464 96 $48, 122 89 $327, 494 18
Chemicals, soda, &c... 850, 590 14 325, 424 80 607, 942 88 727,289 66 2, 511, 247 48
Books and stationery. 243, 074 31 221, 091 11 271, 666 27 291, 438 76 1,027, 270 45
Dry goods, silks, woolens, cot
tons, laces, &c 494, 907 78 627,170 67 295, 122 38 717, 825 57 2, 135, 026 40
Machinery and hardware. 19, 791 06 5, 796 06 7,950 70 10,345 97 43, 883 79.
Iron, steel, metals, &c.. 413, 274 71 567, 977 63 817, 184 70 596, 835 42 2,395, 272 46
Leather, hides, skins, furs, &c. 830, 273 30 631, 852 47 586, 575 74 687, 355 57 2,736, 057 08
Rags and paper waste 129, 889 17 233, 221 17 239, 424 29 191,054 18 793, 588 81
Wool.. 286, 765 85 182, 282 32 415,988 74 359, 585 96 1,244, 622 87
Raw silk …………… ..... 338, 592 75 209, 097 28 190,970 19 66,219 90 804,880 12
Tea 70, 961 33 33, 218 81 75, 310 85 14, 937 51 194, 428 50
Clothing 19,904 77 3,826 93 10, 218 21 5,748 59 39, 698 50
Diamonds 230, 355 45 182, 698 77 280, 120 60 308, 172 96 1,061, 347 78
Hops 4,508 38 1,085 45 5, 593 83
Seeds 89, 722 16 60, 568 27 100, 747 68 20, 701 25 271, 739 36
Feathers 15, 264 48 24, 574 91 36, 446 52 148, 399 28 224, 685 19
Miscellaneous 2, 330, 506 801, 743, 224 97 1, 565, 097 31 1,273, 171 94 6,912, 001 02
Total 6, 487, 095 43 5, 140, 304 96 5, 574, 232 02 5,527, 205 41 22, 728, 837 82
Total for preceding year. 4, 834 , 860 63 4, 895, 688 52 3, 932, 771 64 6, 846, 348 46 20, 509, 669 25
Increase 1,652, 234 80 244, 616 44 1 , 641 , 460 38 2,219, 168 57
Decrease 1,319, 143 05
MANCHESTER.
OCTOBER 25, 1877. (Received November 24.)

I have the honor to submit herewith the returns of the trade of this
consular district with the United States during the year ending Septem
ber 30, 1877 .
DECREASE OF EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.
The following table shows the value of all articles exported from Man '
chester during the year, compared with similar returns for the preceding
year.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Manchester to
the United States for the four quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877.
Value.
Articles.
December31, March 30, June 30, 1877. September 30, Total.
1876. 1877. 1877.
Cottons $1, 153, 153 87 $2,047, 106 61 $1,070, 600 98 $1, 656, 117 42 $5, 926, 978 88
Chemicals 243, 707 40 270,546 62 240, 582 09 277, 879 79 1,032, 715 90
Rags and junk.. 134, 634 03 147, 355 02 151, 538 47 176, 687 98 610, 215 50
Machinery 103, 846 54 46,351 46 61, 164 34 65, 849 19 277, 211 53
Worsted stuffs 58,627 59 88, 508 34 33, 372 92 98,489 20 278, 998 05
Leather and hides 35, 510 56 22, 955 50 16, 532 74 15, 668 84 90, 667 64
Wool. 49, 266 86 56, 435 82 42, 259 47 103, 400 11 251, 362 26
Linens 68, 527 51 104, 322 51 75, 153 64 86, 969 42 334, 973 08
Hosiery 66,448 40 93, 890 60 75, 131 77 147, 530 52 393, 001 29
Carpets 88,784 46 72, 920 00 9,395 06 29, 833 54 200, 933 06
Iron . 5,762 80 13, 193 29 7, 334 34 10, 566 41 36, 856 84
Silk 26, 049 82 32,995 52 10,889 06 30, 693 43 100, 627 83
Paper .......... 10,566 39 14,596 45 13, 093 94 4, 779 89 43, 036 67
Steel 11, 228 88 7, 116 03 7,030 51 12, 592 40 37,967 82
Rugs, mats, & c 6, 810 54 6, 810 54
Miscellaneous 100, 129 43 15, 053 17 57, 077 94 92, 150 66 264, 411 20
Total, 1877. 2, 163, 055 08 3,033, 346 94 1,871, 157 17 2,809,208 80 9,876, 768 09
Total, 1876. 2,722, 435 65 3, 474, 080 76 1,525, 580 60 2,425, 335 52 10, 141, 092 94
Increase. 345, 567 57 383, 873 28
Decrease 599, 380 57 440, 733 82 264, 324 85
It will be observed that the figures show a considerable decline in

business over the previous year, while the latter, it may be remarked,
exhibited in turn a still greater falling off from its predecessor.
The course of trade in all its fluctuations can best be shown, however,
by the following exhibit, which gives the number of invoices declared at
this consulate in each year since 1862 :
1863 .. 5, 925 1871. 12, 306
1864 6, 277 1872 13, 086
1865 5, 421 1873 ........ 11, 128
*1866 12, 625 1874 ..... ..... .... 9,784
1867 7,903 1875. ........... 8, 176
1868 .. .... 6,776 1876 ......... .... 6, 043
1869 . ……………. 7,950 1877 . 5, 824
1870 ....... 8, 608
From this it will be observed that, with the exception of 1865 , no year
during the past fifteen years shows as small a number of invoices as
the one just closed . Since 1872 there has been a continuous falling off
of business between Manchester and the United States, and at a rate
which shows a constantly increasing acceleration . Not only have the
number of invoices diminished , but the average value of each invoice
has decreased in corresponding proportion. In 1872 the number of in
voices certified was 13,086, their average value was $2,246.22, and their
aggregate value $ 29,383,850.84. In 1877 the number of invoices certified
was 5,824, while their average value was only $ 1,696.08, and their total
amount $9,876,768.09. Such a falling off in trade with the United States
in the short period of five years has naturally filled the merchants and
manufacturers of this district with the gravest apprehensions, and there
is a general disposition to regard as near at band the time when this
great textile-fabric-manufacturing district will find no markets in the
United States for any of its staple products and standard wares.
THE GENERAL DEPRESSION.
The general condition of the Manchester trade for the past three or
four years has been very discouraging. The year 1873 was one of unex
ampled prosperity in the cotton manufacturing industry . Not alone in
the United States did English textile fabrics find a good market ; the
war between France and Germany cut off all competition in that direc
tion and left England without a competitor in the Levant and the far
East. The large returns obtained upon profitable investments induced
capital to seek this channel, and new mills were erected and old mills
were enlarged to enable the manufacturers to keep pace with what was
considered to be a rapidly growing and permanently remunerative in
dustry. Improved and more economical machinery was also introduced ,
and thus the productive power of the looms and spindles was enor
mously increased. When private enterprise was distrustful, joint-stock
companies were organized to prosecute the work, and in the Manchester
suburb of Oldham not less than 3,000,000 spindles were added, in a
comparatively few months, as the result of joint- stock operations , to the
producing power of the district.
Even in brisk times it would have been difficult to keep these mills
in profitable operation. Unfortunately, the circumstances of late have
rendered brisk trade impossible. Abundant crops of cotton in the
United States, in Brazil, and in Egypt and India, placed an unusual
quantity of raw material at a low price upon the market, and induced
a competition which soon resulted in overstocked warehouses and
glutted channels of trade. The peace between Germany and France
opened the factories of Normandy, of Alsace, of Lorraine, and of Ger
many, and brought their products into competition with those of
Great Britain ; while latterly, the war in the East has closed markets
in which formerly a great proportion of the output of the cotton dis
tricts was disposed of. As a result of these and other causes, mills .
which have been paying from 16 to 25 per cent. find themselves una.
ble to meet their shareholders with a dividend , and are fortunate indeed
if they can escape an exhibit which does not reveal heavy losses.
AMERICAN COTTON MANUFACTURES IN THE MANCHESTER MARKET.
This general depression of trade in all directions is, however, consid

ered as only temporary ; but, on the other hand , the decrease in the busi
ness with the United States, which cannot be referred to the same causes ,
is gradually becoming to be regarded as something more serious . In
fact, there is a prospect that not only will the entire American trade soon
become a thing of the past, but that America will prove to be the most
7 formidable rival in the world to the peculiar industry of this district.
8 In the last annual trade report from this consulate, it was shown that du
$ ring the year ending 30th September, 1876, there had been sold in this mar
ket 400,000 pieces of American goods, valued at $ 1,500,000 . It was not

promised that this large trade would continue, and if the returns for
the year just closed be procured , it is probable they would show a con
siderable falling off. Still the enterprise has been attended by most
significant results. It afforded proof that many of the American goods
were admirably adapted to the English market, and were very accepta
Ible to those who saw and used them. Their superiority has been ac
knowledged not only by the trade, many of their distinctive features
having been copied and adopted by English manufacturers, but by the
consumers, among whom such a demand for American fabrics has
arisen that it is asserted that there is hardly a town of any importance
in England where they are not to be procured . The falling off in the
quantity imported into this conntry is therefore not attributable to any
defective qualities in the goods themselves, but to other circumstances
of a temporary character. In the first place, the demand for the goods
has been great in the United States, where the prices obtained have
been higher in proportion to their cost. Next, it must be remembered ,
as before stated, that the market in England has been greatly depressed
and prices extremely low, many classes of goods having been sold below
the cost of production , and thus American goods were obliged to com
pete with a lower scale of prices .
THE GREAT STRIKE OF COTTON- OPERATIVES OF BOLTON.
As the fabrics of the United States have been favorably introduced

into the great cotton center of England, and a removal of any one of the
temporary causes which have produced a decline in the trade during the
past year may give a strong impetus toward its permanent establish
ment, the question of the relative cost of the manufacture of cotton
goods as between the two countries becomes a most interesting one.
The factor of most importance in this problem is the cost of wages, par
ticularly as the labor-market in the United States has shown a sharp
decline, while bere it has been , at least during the last year, subject to
considerable excitement and agitation . Within this district there are
now in progress strikes or lock- outs among the cotton-operatives, the
weavers, the joiners, and in other industries. Of these the most nota
ble and of the most importance to the question of a revival of the trade
in American goods is the strike of the cotton -spinners of Bolton , which
is now, it is expected , about to be settled. For eight weeks no less than
13,000 employés have been idle, in consequence of an attempt by the em·
ployers to reduce the scale of wages 5 per cent. The last strike of
importance in this country occurred in 1874, at the same place and on
the same question . It was ended by the award of an arbitrator, who
decided in favor of the reduction. This 5 per cent. was restored in
1875, and now an attempt is being made to revert to the reduced wage.
In 1861 , the same workmen had a struggle with the mill- owners, which
lasted six weeks , entailed a loss of $390,000 on the community, and ended
in the submission of the workmen . On that occasion the operatives had
to rely for suppport upon their own local organizations and the volun
tary contribution of their fellow-workmen in other towus. Now they
are affiliated with an association which embraces most of the cotton
manufacturing towns of the counties of Lancashire, Cheshire, York
shire, and Derbyshire. Its membership numbers 15,544 operatives ,
each of whom pays three cents per week to a central committee for
trade purposes, and this amount can be increased by extraordinary
levies should occasion require. The strike-pay in the present contest
is as follows : Self-actor minders and hand -mule spinners, $3.75 per

week each, together with 25 cents for each child under ten years of age ;
side and cross piecers, $ 1.25 ; little piecers , 60 cents, and half-timers
(children who are prevented by law from working more than half time) ,
30 cents each per week.
The strike has now concluded its eighth week. During this time, at
the foregoing rate of strike-wages, it has relieved the central and local
associations of $ 100,000 , while the loss in wages at the standard rate is
estimated at $ 400,000 , or half a million of dollars in all. The most
unfortunate feature of the affair is the enforced idleness of nearly
5,000 females, who are not members of the trade organizations, and have
therefore no funds out of which to support themselves. The consequent
destitution has been very great, as is made evident by the fact that the
daily applications for parish relief are quadruple those of the week be
fore the strike commenced . It is believed that the contest, which has
been an amicable one throughout, is now about to be settled , as the op
eratives have agreed to accept the reduction of 5 per cent. , upon the un·
derstanding that the masters will raise the pay-rolls before the first of
January proximo.
MILL-WAGES IN MANCHESTER .
The following particulars, obtained from the books of one of the largest
firms in Bolton , will show what advance has been made in the wages of
operatives since 1851 :
Per week 1851. 1877.
8. d. 8. d
Card-tenters, girls 56 10 0
Drawing- tenters, young women 70 12 6
Jack-frame tenters, young women 8 4 to 11 8. 17 0
Shippers and grinders, young men. 11 0 21 6
Self-actor minders (spinners), men .. 24 0 34 0
The average earnings per head per week of every man, woman , and
child engaged in this district in the preparation and spinning of cotton
were as follows during the years mentioned : 1849, $ 2.58 ; 1859, $2.87 ;
1865, $3.28 ; and in 1877 , $ 4.34. The reduction in Bolton has been fol
lowed by a similar action in Oldham , and it is probable that the wage
lists of Stalybridge, Ashton , Blackburn , and other towns , will be altered
to make the rate uniform throughout the Manchester district.
WAGES IN MANCHESTER AND THE UNITED STATES.
It is very difficult to show a comparison between the wages paid in

England and the United States. The cotton-factories of the two coun
tries are not similarly arranged and organized ; duties that in one coun
try are assigned to separate hands are in the other united and given to
different grades of workmen ; the technical names of the operatives are
not the same, and the character of the machinery is in many instances
strikingly different. It should also be remembered in considering the
following exhibits, that the hours of labor in England (523 per week ) are
shorter than those in America. The following is the rate paid in Eng
land in an average-sized mill, as near as can be obtained, after applica
tion to a large number of owners, compared with the wage earned in a
factory of the same character in the United States.
,wage can
America
,wage sh
,wage sh
Ameri
wage
Engli
Engli
1/
diem
diem
diem
diem
per
per
per
per
.
.
.
.
Picker: Mule-spinning :
RE THAN 278 1
888884984084
HER FORECAOPPPPOA ARHANG
Mau $0 96 $1.00 Second-piecer.. $0 70 $1 84
Opener-hands. 55 1 00 Bach-boys 36 30
Picker-hauds 55 1 00 Spinners, 1,580 spindles 1 71 1 50
Carding-room : Dressing room :
Overseer.. 1 75 3 50 Overseer. 1 44 3 50
Grinders . 96 1 37 Second-hand 96 1 84
Strickers 96 1 00 Warpers 92 90
Oiler.......... 96 1 00 Drawing girls .... 72 90
Lap-boys ...... 62 45 Weaving room :
Card-boys........... 52 Overseer. 1 75 3 50
Strippers... 68 1 00 Second-hand 1 31 1 84
Drawing-girls.. 79 45 Section-hands.. 1 05 1 45
Slubber-girls... 79 76 Weavers 66 90
Intermediate-girls 79 76 Yard and watch:
Fly-frame girls ....... 79 76 Watchmen .. 84 1 30
Roving-boys 69 50 Firemen 88 1 30
Sweeper 30 45 Shop :
122
Warp-spinning : Foremen.. 2 18 3 75.
Overseer. 1 31 3 50 Woodworkers 79 175
Second-hand 79 1 84 Ironworkers 79 •1 60
883
Oiler and roving hand . 56 1 00 Cloth-room:

Doffer 52 60 Overseer.. 175 3 00
55
Other doffers 25 35 Man 61 1 37
Girls, 400 spindles each 46 70 Folder. 1 05 1 25
Mule-spinning : Inspector.. 1 05 1 25.
Overseer.. 1 75 3 50
WORKING CAPABILITIES OF THE BRITISH AND AMERICAN OPERATIVES.
The number of each of the various kinds of operatives, or even all the
different kinds required in either of the respective mills, is not given in
the foregoing comparative lists, but great pains have been taken to make
the statement as accurate as possible. If it is at fault in any respect, the
error is in giving too liberal a scale of wages to the English operatives.
It should also be stated as a material fact that it is generally admitted
that a greater number of workmen is required in an English factory than
in an American factory, both having the same productive power, owing
to the difference in machinery and the greater convenience in the
arrangements of the buildings in the United States. Some light may
be thrown on this subject by the statement that in a given factory in
Lancashire having 63,900 spindles 202 work-people are employed at a
total wage outlay per week of $ 880, or an average of $4.40 to each opera
tive.
PURCHASE -VALUE OF THE BRITISH WORKINGMAN'S WAGES.

2222222
That the real value of these wages may be understood as far as their
purchasing power to the operative is concerned, the following table
showing the market prices of the necessaries constantly required in a
workingman's family is of interest :
Bread, per 4-pound loaf... $0.15 Veal, hind quarter, per pound . $0 20
Bread, per 4-pound loaf, best .. 16 Veal, cutlets, per pound
Beef, fresh roasting pieces, per Mutton, fore quarter, shoulder, per
pound .... $0 20 to 0 22 pound .. 20
Beef, soup pieces, per pound. .... 16 Mutton, neck, per pound 18
Beef, rump, steak, per pound 26 Mutton, leg, per pound.. 24
Beef, corned, per pound . 18 Mutton, chops, per pound 28
Veal,fore quarter, per pound . $0 14 to 0 16 Pork, fresh, per pound . 18.
Pork, dairy-fed, per pound .. $0 20 Cocoa, per pound $0 32

Pork, salt, per pound . ........ 18 Sugar, brown, per pound 08
Chops, per pound ................ 20 Sugar, yellow, per pound . ... 07
Bacon, per pound ... 24 Sugar, white, per pound .. 10
Hams, smoked, per pound ...
........ 28 Sugar, crystallized, per pound .. 11
Shoulders, smoked, by the piece, per Treacle (corn molasses), per pound . 04
pound . 16 Sirup, per pound .. 06
Shoulders, cutlets, per pound 20 Soap, per pound ...... 06
Pork sausages, per pound 20 Soap, per pound ------ 08
Lard, per pound 20 Soap, per pound 09
Butter, very inferior, per pound 24 Starch, per pound .. 08
Butter, general average, per pound. 32 Coal, per ton 4 25.
Butter, very good, per pound ...... 48 Shirtings, brown 4-4, per yard
Cheese, per pound ........ 22 Shirtings, bleached, per yard ......
Potatoes, per pound .... ....- 02 Shirtings, brown 9-8, per yard
Rice, per pound ........ $0 04 to 0 08 Cotton flannel , per yard .
Milk, per quart .... .... 08 Cotton tickings, per yard
Eggs, each 02 Cotton prints 12
Eggs, each (new laid) 04 Bradford goods .....
Tea, inferior, per pound 40 Monsseline de laines
Tea, ordinary to best, per pound, Reut of 4-roomed house, per week . 1 25.
$0.50 to 1 00 Rent of 6-roomed house, per week . 1 75
Coffee, roasted, per pound .... $0 25 to 0 40 Board for mechanics, per week .... 4 00.
Cocoa, per pound 20 Board for factory girls ......
WARNING TO AMERICAN WORKMEN.
There is one serious feature in the influx of workmen from the United
States, whether they come as carpenters to Manchester or as masons to
Glasgow and London , or as miners to the Derbyshire district, where a
strike, which has resulted in a loss of three and three quarters of millions
of dollars to masters and men , has just been concluded . The fact that
there is an occasional demand for workmen has apparently given American
mechanics of all kinds an idea that the labor market is much better in the
old country than the new, and so large numbers have come hither confi
dent of procuring speedy and remunerative employment. The result,
unless the mechanic holds a contract entitling him to work, as in the
case of the carpenters who came to Manchester, is invariably the same.
In a short time the little money which the newly landed man has brought
with him is spent, in a vain search for work. His condition rapidly
becomes worse, and he is obliged to part with his clothing to obtain food
and lodging, until finally he appears at the nearest United States con
sulate half starved and with hardly sufficient raiment to cover his naked
ness, begging to be sent back to the United States, and surprised and
indiguant when informed that no funds are in the consul's hands for such
a purpose. The cases of this kind at this consulate are numerous and
of a most painful nature. Whatever may be the claims of the applicant
for relief, there can be no doubt of the need for it, and no doubt that if
given it will afford only temporary consolation, as there is an utter im
probability of the stranger obtaining any kind of employment.
Under these circumstances it is respectfully suggested that the depart
ment should take some measures to inform the working people of the
United States of the improvidence of their course in seeking work from
strangers and at such a distance from home, without having some posi
tive assurance that they will be successful, and especially to warn such
persons that the consular officers of the United States are not author .
ized to grant them any relief whatever. I am of opinion that such a
course would save much suffering and many lives.
NEWTON CRANE.
NEWCASTLE -UPON-TYNE.

THE TYNE AND ITS TRADE.
During the last quarter of a century more has been done to deepen and
improve the river Tyne than was accomplished in the sixteen centuries
preceding. The result of this has been to increase and facilitate the
trade of the district in an unprecedented degree, and to line its banks
with populous and busy towns.
The first recorded survey of the Tyne was made in 1682, and from
that date down to 1852 the state of the river had practically not
improved at all. For about two hundred years the depth of water at
the Tyne bar continued between seven and eight feet. When the com
missioners got the management of the river in 1850, it was full of shal
lows and dangerous shoals. It was stated before a parliamentary
committee, that in 1847, three years before the commissioners commenced ,
a vessel named the Pekin , under 600 tons, was detained , with her crew on
board, for six weeks before she could be put to sea. This is now entirely
changed. A ship carrying over 4,000 tons can go safely to sea, and
many vessels of from 2,000 to 3,000 tons have sailed from the Tyne with
ease and confidence. During the sixteen years to which the works of
the commissioners have been principally confined , the depth of water over
the bar has been increased threefold , from 6 feet 8 inches to 18 feet 7
inches, and the throat of Shields Harbor has been cleared from obstruc
tions that nearly blocked it up. Seven extensive sands have been
removed out of the navigable channel between Shields and Newcastle.
The least depth in the passage-way from the mouth of the river and
Newcastle has been increased from 2 feet 10 inches to 19 feet 6 inches.
At the present moment, during dead low water of spring tides, there is
nothing less than the latter depth in the Tyne between the sea and
Newcastle bridge. During the same period, the average high water has
been increased from 24 feet 4 inches to 39 feet 7 inches. Sir John Goode,
speaking of the commissioners' work before a parliamentary committee
last year, said : " There is nothing like it in this country, or as far as I
know in any other country, so far as regards the amount of work exe
cuted and the benefits that have accrued from the works within a given
time. We have a river for ten miles long deepened to an average extent
of 18 feet within that period , and I know nothing to compare with it."
An idea of the extent of these works may be formed from the fact that
45,254,000 tons of ballast have been dredged from the river below New
castle bridge, and about 7,000,000 tons above ; in all 52,292,000 tons, at
a cost of £ 1,011,901 . The wisdom of the scheme undertaken by the com
missioners was proved by the steady increase of the trade of the river
and the size of the ships which frequent it. In 1854 the number of ships
cleared out was 19,096. Their gross tonnage was 2,849,680, giving an
average of 149 tons each vessel. The number of ships cleared out in
1861 was very little in excess of the above number, but the gross tonnage
had increased to 3,196,781 . That year also the number of vessels above
500 tons register frequenting the river rose to 246. In 1874 the number
of ships cleared out was 16,737-2,000 less than in 1854 ; but they rep
resented a tonnage of 4,762,379, or nearly double that represented by
the larger number of vessels twenty years previous. The average size
of vessels in 1874 was 284 tons, and the number of ships above 500 tons
register swelled to the proportion of 3,012 . In 1875 the number of ships
cleared out was 17,069, with a tonnage of5,205,146 . In that year the number
GREAT BRITAIN- ENGLAND, 427
of ships above 500 tons register increased to 3,517 . The returns of last
year show a still further increase in the traffic of large ships. The num
ber of vessels that cleared the Tyne in 1876 was 16,581 , the aggregate
tonnage being 5,297,029. Here, compared with 1875, there is a decrease
of no less than 488 in the number of vessels, but on the other hand
there is an increase of 91,883. tons in the total to ge represented by
these vessels. In 1863 only 19 vessels of more than 1,000 tons register en
tered the Tyne. In 1874 the number of vessels of this class rose to 198
and last year they still further increased to 273. As might be expected ,
the number of smaller vessels has decreased in a corresponding ratio.
In 1863 the vessels under 100 tons clearing the Tyne numbered 6,177 ;
last year they had diminished to 2,653. Another fact worthy of notice
is the gradual supplanting of sailing by steam vessels of a large size.
In 1862 the shipping using the Tyne was in the proportion of 88 per
cent. sailing and 12 per cent. steam. In 1875 , the position had so far
changed that the percentage of sailing tonnage receded to 40 , while the
percentage of steam tonnage increased to 60. Last year the difference
was augmented ; the percentage of sailing tonnage being 37, and the
steam 63. The custom-house, and shipping statistics also show the de
velopment of the trade of the Tyne. In 1843, the foreign trade inward
was represented by 708 vessels ; in 1853, by 942 ; in 1863, by 1,757, with
a tonnage of 323,444 ; in 1873 by 3,126 ships , with a tonnage of 812,786.
The vessels engaged in the foreign trade outward with cargoes num
bered, in 1853, 6,533 , but by 1873 they had swelled to 8,858 , representing
a tonnage of 2,760,180 . Thirty years ago the vessels clearing with car
goes in the coasting trade inward numbered 3,207. In 1873, the num .
ber had grown to 3,692 , and these represented a tonnage of 653,778 . At
the same date the coasting trade outward was represented by 7,074
vessels, with a tonnage of 1,595,225. In 1875, there were 5,811 vessels
engaged in our foreign trade, aggregating 2,205,972 tons. Last year
the increase on these figures was remarkable. In 1876, there were
5,909 vessels engaged in the foreign trade of the Tyne-an increase of
98-with a total tonnage of 2,392,893, or an advance of 186,921 tons.
On the coasting trade returns, there was a decrease. Notwithstanding
the dullness prevailing in the commercial world in 1876, there was a
steady increase in most of the principal articles required for or pro
duced by staple industries. Before 1860, the esparto import grass trade
was unheard of ; last year it reached the respectable dimensious of
48,416 tons. The actual imports of grain and breadstuffs into the Tyne
last year were over 800,000 quarters, and it is believed that when the
large wheat elevator, now in course of construction , is completed , this
trade will be greatly increased. There was no iron-ore trade in 1853 ;
last year 175,000 tons came. Of sulphur-ore, none was imported in 1853 ;
last year there were 120,000 tons. The timber-trade import has within
thirteen years nearly quadrupled . In 1863 it was 72,000 loads ; in 1876
it reached a figure of 144,254 loads. Speaking generally, the increase
in the import trade of the Tyne in ten years-from 1863 to 1873- was
at the rate of 150 per cent. Since the latter date it has been even more
rapid. In 1863, the whole import was 323,000 tons ; in 1873, it was
812,000 tons ; and in 1876 it reached the magnitude of 1,395,000 tons
Number and tonnage of ships cleared from the Tyne during the years 1875 and 1876 .
1875. 1876. Increase. Decrease .
Number of ships 17,069 16, 581 488

Tonnage... 5, 205, 146 5, 297, 029 91, 883
SHIP-BUILDING.
The growth of the iron and coal trades produced a new industry that
has now attained gigantic proportions, namely, ship-building. Anterior
to the year 1784, when Cort introduced his invention for rolling plate
and bar iron, there was nothing in the form of plates available for the
construction of iron vessels. In some parts of the country canal -barges
were built of iron toward the close of the last century, but it was not
till 1822- in the case of the vessel Aaron Manby-that iron was used
for really sea-going ships. The Tyne and its neighboring rivers have,
for the past two centuries at least, been famous for their ship-building.
The " wooden walls " launched from its banks were held up to perfection, so
far as regarded their strength and firmness to bear the sea. Iron ship .
building was not introduced upon it until the year 1840, and the preju
dice which existed against the use of that material for the building of
sea- going vessels retarded its extension here as everywhere else. As
late as 1836 the admiralty declared that iron was unsuitable for war
ships, and resolved to adhere to their timber walls, notwithstanding the
representations of scientific men, who urged the contrary. The present
magnificent fleet of iron-clads, which now and again visits our coasts, as
well as the leviathan merchantmen that crowd every estuary, are monu
ments to show that science is generally more indebted to private euter
prise than to governmental encouragement. The first iron ship-å
Liverpool one-seen on the Tyne, made its appearance at Shields in 1840,
and in less than two years from that date an iron steamer was launched
at Walker- on -Tyne. To meet the competition in the transit of coals from
the north to London caused by the railway system, iron screw- steamers
were found to be invaluable, and after the trial of one-the John Bowes
built by the Messrs. Palmer, their adoption gradually grew into favor.
This gave an impetus to the ship -building trade of the Tyne which for
years it has steadily maintained . New yards were opened out and colo
nies of men attracted to them. During 1862 the estimated amount of
tonnage of iron ships launched on the Tyne was taken at 32,175 tons.
The quantity of iron consumed during the same period in the construc
of iron vessels on the river is set down at 22,540 tous, and the number
of men employed in their building, exclusive of those engaged in man
ufacturing the engines, is reckoned to be 4,060. Since the time the
admiralty saw the folly of trusting solely to their ancient oak walls the
Tyne has had a considerable share of the building of iron- clad war ships.
The first one constructed in the district was the Terror, one of the large
iron-cased floating batteries designed during the Russian war to operate
against Cronstadt. The Messrs. Palmer Brothers & Co. completed
this vessel in three and a half months. Since that time they have built
several war ships for Her Majesty's government, and only lately finished
six gunboats intended for service abroad. The extent of this ship-build
ing and engineering establishment-commenced in 1851- may be gath
ered from the fact that in 1870 it gave employment to more than 5,000
men and the fortnightly pay bill frequently averaged from £ 14,000 to
£ 15,000. When in full work the firm employs about 7,000 hands, but in
April of this year the number did not exceed 5,000. The yards of Messrs.
A. Leslie & Co. , Messrs. Mitchell & Co. , and other firms, also give employ
ment to a good number of workmen , and consume a vast quantity of iron
in the construction of vessels. At present the ship-building trade of the
Tyne is fairly healthy, most of the yards having orders on hand .
Number and tonnage of ships built in the United Kingdom during the years 1875 and 1876.
Number of ships. Gross tonnage.
Description.
1876. 1875. 1876. 1875.
Sailing-ships .. 719 600 251, 338 256, 299

Steamships 348 380 222, 155 311, 883
Total 1,067 980 473, 493 568, 179
Number and tonnage of ships built on the Tyne during the years 1875 and 1876.
Number of ships. Gross tonnage.
Description.
1876. 1875. 1876. 1875.
Sailing-ships .. 3 11 1,750 6, 074

Steamships 84 76 46, 405 62, 295
Total 87 87 48, 155 68, 369
Number and tonnage of ships built in the United Kingdom during the first six months ofthe
years 1876 and 1877.
Number of ships Gross tonnage first
first six months. six months.
Description.
1877. 1876. 1877. 1876.
Sailing-ships .. 329 352 100, 892 112, 434

Steamships 181 185 139, 682 113, 866
Total 510 537 240, 574 226, 300
Number and tonnage of ships built on the Tyne during the first six months of the years 1876
and 1877.
Number of ships Gross tonnage first
first six months six months
Description.
1877. 1876. 1877. 1876.
Sailing ships.... 2 1,738

Steamships 38 45 29,614 30,083
Total 38 47 29, 614 31, 821
THE IRON AND COAL TRADE .

Previous to the introduction of the Cleveland ironstone, about 1851,
there were only 38 furnaces in existence in this district, and the entire
make of all never exceeded 150,000 tons per annum. The marvelous
progress of the Cleveland iron trade, and the immense proportions it
soon attained, demanded coals and coke from the Durham mines ; and
the enlargement of shipping tonnage stimulated the Northumberland
production . A few figures will show the manner in which the northern
coal-field, of which Newcastle may be regarded as the center, has
enlarged its output during the last quarter of a century. In 1854 the
total coal production of Durham and Northumberland was only
15,420,615 tons. In the next six years there was an increase of scarcely
60,000 tons, but during the half dozen years following upon them the
output extended from 16,000,000 to 25,000,000 tons ; practically an
increase of a million and a half tons per annum . From 1865 to 1869 the
northern coal trade was almost stationary. The three years following
the latter date saw the intense strain upon the industrial resources of
this district that culminated in the coal famine, and taxed the northern
collieries to their limit. In that time the output increased from 25,000,000
tons to 29,190,916 tons ; a ratio of advance that surpassed all previous
gradations. In 1875 the output of coal in the two counties reached the
enormous quantity of 32,097,323 tons, and last year's output would prob
ably be even beyond that. It was estimated in 1873 that in the coun
ties of Northumberland and Durham there were very close upon one
hundred thousand men employed about the mines, and that the amount
of wages paid them in the same period was £ 7,480,000 . It is reckoned
that up to the present time about 1,067,784,000 tons have been extracted
from the coal - fields of the north, of which 857,000,000 have been won
since the commencement of this century, the present ratio being
32,000,000 tons a year. The export trade in coals from the port of New
castle has gone on steadily increasing for years, and has outdistanced
all competitors . In 1876 there were shipped from the Tyne to foreign
ports 4,246,265 tous of coal, and 186,580 tons of coke, being an increase
of 298,309 tons on the foreign exports of coal in the previous year and
an increase of 699,038 tous on the foreign exports of 1874. The coal
exports from the Tyne-foreign and coastwise-for 1876 show a total
larger than any previous years. They reached the high figure of some
thing over 6,445,814 tons, giving an increase on the total export in the
previous year of more thau 200,000 tons.
Never before in the history of the Tyne had such a large quantity of
coal been conveyed upon its waters in one year. Alarmist fears regard.
ing the failure of the magnificent coal- fields from which these exports
have been drawn are not modern. So long ago as 1611 a worthy knight
who was mayor of Newcastle, by name Sir George Selby, gravely prog
nosticated (the vend being then about 650,000 tons) that twenty-one
years from that date the seams around Newcastle would be exhausted.
Only a few years ago a similar outcry was raised, and resulted in the
appointment of a royal commission to inquire into the extent and dura
tion of our national coal-fields. In 1863, Sir William Armstrong calcu
lated 200 years to be sufficient to exhaust the principal seams in this
district at the rate of working prevalent at that date.
This year a report was drawn up by leading mining engineers regard
ing the extent and duration of the Northumberland coal- fields. They
estimated that 1,943,100,000 tous remained available in the beds of that
county. The output in 1875 was 6,755,796 tons. How the honest
knight of 1611 would stare at the figures ! Assuming a future produc
tion of 7,000,000 of tons annually, the remaining coal- seams would endure
for a period of nearly 270 years. In addition to this, of under- sea coal,
it was estimated there was a quantity capable of supplying an annual
working of 7,000,000 tons for 56 years.
The growth of capital employed in the northern coal fields of Durham
and Northumberland has been a phenomenon almost without parallel
in industrial history . In 1795 it was calculated that the capital engaged
by working collieries on the Tyne and Wear, including the necessary
shipping trade, was a little over three millions sterling, giving employ.
ment to 7,000 men and boys. In 1829, Mr. Buddle, before a committee
of the House of Commons, estimated that there were fifteen millions
sterling laid out on the coal trade of the Tyne, inclusive of shipping, and
one million sterling on the Wear. By 1854 these sums had become
doubled. The capital employed in the northern coal-field at that date was
reckoned at thirty-two millions sterling. The extension of the railway
system, and the disuse of wooden barges for the conveyance of coal, to
make room for the large iron vessels brought into use upon the Tyne,
extended the coal trade in a yearly increasing ratio, and induced fresh
capital to embark in its production . By 1860, thirty- eight millions ster
ling were employed in it. Then followed years of growing prosperity ;
and colliery after colliery was opened out in rapid succession. It is im
possible to state exactly the amount of capital invested in the coal trade
of Durham and Northumberland at the present date, but, from a return
compiled this year, it is estimated to have grown to a sum of not less
than sixty-nine millions sterling ; and an industry of magnitude never
advances alone. By comparing the coal export of the Tyne with that
of its right and left hand neighbors, Sunderland and Blyth , it will be
found that the first is advancing with giant strides. On the Tyne, the
export of coal in 1876 showed an advance on the previous sixteen years of
581 per cent.; at Sunderland it showed an increase of 103 per cent. , while
at Blyth there was a decrease of 244 per cent. New firms, recognizing
the facilities obtainable from the Tyne, settled themselves along its
course, and old establishments that had come down from the preceding
century enlarged their works. The deepened river made the building
and launching of large iron ships possible. Jarrow, Hebburn , and
Walker then sprang into real existence, became denizened by a busy
population , and a new era opened for the Tyne. Newcastle was made
the center of some of the largest engine-works of the time, and Elswick,
which previous to 1846 was a green bank, became the site of the great
establishment made famous by Sir William Armstrong's name. From
1861 to 1876 the population of Newcastle and Gateshead increased 44
per cent., and in the villages and towns on the course of the Tyne east
ward the increase has been 75 per cent.
THE CHEMICAL TRADE .
A striking instance of the adaptability of the district to the require
ments of almost any industry is to be seen in the gigantic extension of
the chemical trade of the Tyne. About the year 1796, Mr. Losh and
others commenced an alkali work at Walker, and they were followed at
successive periods by various other firms. To Mr. Losh is generally as
cribed the position of the founder of the modern alkali trade. After the
battle of Waterloo he went to Paris, where he learned the details of the
present plan of decomposing sulphate of soda, and this he immediately
introduced into his works at Walker. The trade afterward developed
in a most extraordinary manner. In 1830 it was estimated that the
annual production of alkali and kindred materials on the Tyne did not
exceed 3,300 tons. In 1863 the production of alkali alone had grown to
43,500 tons a year, representing a value of £369,750 . The yearly output
of crystals of soda was put down at 51,300 tons of the value of £243,750.
The total quantity of the finished products was stated in a paper read
before the British Association to be 171,995 tons annually, and the value
was reckoned at the respectable sum of £1,455,220 . In 1868 the number
of workmen employed in the alkali trade of the Tyne was estimated at
8,000, and the floating and fixed capital was computed at between two
millions and two millions and a half sterling. In the same year the
value of the products of the Tyne alkali works was estimated at nearly
£1,929,825, or about £ 700,000 more than the total chemical produce of
the United Kingdom in 1852. Since the great prosperity of 1872-73, the
chemical trade bas, like its neighbors, undergone various vicissitudes,
but its proportions have gone on nevertheless undiminished . At the
beginning of the present year the number of workmen employed in the
Tyneside alkali trade was estimated at more than 10,000, and the amount
annually paid in wages is computed at over half a million sterling. The
floating and fixed capital employed was nearly four millions sterling,
and the quantity of raw material used close upon two million tons. The
produce of finished chemicals was counted as little short of 300,000 tons,
including about 100,000 tons of soda crystals and an almost equally
large proportion of alkali. The value of the stuff turned out is reckoned
at two millions of money, and it requires 1,393,000 tons of raw material
to manufacture it.
Chemicals (including soda, paints, &c. ) constitute the bulk of the ex.
port trade of the Tyne to the United States. So far as that trade may
be measured by the invoices which pass through this office, it shows a
continuous decline since 1874. The decrease during the past year, as
compared with 1876, amounts to $ 198,171.13, as compared with 1875 , to
$ 194,344.84, and as compared with 1874, to $ 538,982.49. No great change
for the better is expected by the merchants of this town until the spring
of next year.
The value of exports from this district to the United States will be
seen by the table of declared exports accompanying this report.
EVAN R. JONES.*
Statement showing the quantities of goods (exclusive of coal and coke) imported coastwise and
over sea into the Tyne during the year ending December 31, 1876, and preceding year.
Articles. 1876. 1875. Articles. 1876. 1875.
Apples and pears ....bushels 114, 060 91, 772 Pitch .barrels 340 926
Ale ....tuns 8, 285 12, 265 Plaster of Paris .....tons. 2,799 3,575
Butter ......... .......cwt. 140, 959 131, 825 Rags ...do... 2,091 2, 192
Bones .. ...tons 1,543 1,557 Sheep and swine ....number. 57, 423 55, 585
....cwt
Beef, pork, and bacon..... 97, 494 106,284 Salt .....tons . 117,390 106, 802
'Bark ..tons 7,497 9,765 Sugar ........ ..... .do.. 4,075 3,146
Barytes... .do.. 610 360 Spirits ......casks . 7, 197 7,883
Brimstone ... do .. 126 Spirits.. ...cases . 6,311 6, 771
Burnt sulphur-ore . ....do .. 37, 535 Seal-skins . ..number. 111, 564 99, 069
Clover-seed ........cwt 412 593 Sumac .. ..tons. 310 506
Cows and oxen ...... .number 43, 853 31, 043 Silver sand .do.. 9, 283 7,058
Copper and copper-ore ...tons. 686 2,942 Sulphur- ore .do.. 119, 332 110,207
Cheese .....cwt 17, 528 23, 835 Slates ....... .do.. 9, 804
Chrome-ore ..tons 1, 080 1,274 Tar . barrels 6, 203 9, 941
Eggs ...cases 26, 756 27, 998 Tallow, fat, and grease..tons. 2,993 2, 183
Esparto grass ...........tor 48, 416 45, 538 Valonia.... do.. 41 43
Flax and codilla .....do .. 363 307 Wine .casks. 2,904 2,898
Guano and manure .... ...do .. 7,067 4,933 Wine................... cases 4, 401 5, 895
Glass .cases 10, 410 9, 761 Yeast ... cwt 11, 242 13, 215
Hemp ...tons. 1, 533 1,448 Zinc and zinc-ore ......tons 641 1,618
Hay and straw .do.. 2, 615 7,172 Flour sacks. 312, 658 275, 028
Horses and ponies ....number 1,466 377 Barley ... quarters. 47, 111 52, 014
.Iron .tons 86, 094 71, 911 Beans .do.. 11, 560 5, 326
Iron ore. ..do .. 175, 107 269, 250 Maize do.. 70, 599 13, 333
Lead and litharge .. .do.. 33, 723 33, 373 Wheat .do.. 300, 810 326, 762
Lead-ore..... do.. 100 372 Deals, battens, and boards,
Limespar.. .do.. 369 1,027 loads ..loads. 83, 240 .78, 147
Linseed .quarters 8,036 6, 336 Wood hoops . M 20, 092 20, 694
Mineral-water ..gallons 4,910 7,392 Oats quarters. 207,832 340, 021
Manganese and manganese Pease do.. 20, 019 18, 461
ore .tons 1,965 4,819 Rye ...... do.. 348 547
Marble .do.. 267 588 Tares . ... do .. 574
Nitrate of soda ..do .. 9,431 7,080 Laths and lathwood ..loads 4, 002 1,573
Onions .bushels 92,651 125, 212 Timber. .do.. 144, 254 104, 208
Oil tons. 9,581 8,122 Staves and headings.....do.. 20,946 14, 935
Oranges and lemons....boxes 16, 489 31, 340 Treenails ..do.. 74 89
Potatoes tons 15, 496 13, 513 Mahogany.. .tons 542 400
Phosphates.. .do.. 18,651 15, 536 Wainscot-logs ........loads 76 129
Pyrites do.. 1,537 7,781
* The consul_makes due acknowledgments for valuable contributions toward this

report to Mr. James Guthrie, secretary of the river Tyne commissioners ; Mr. Benja
min Plummer, secretary of the chamber of commerce, and to the Newcastle Daily
'Chronicle.
Statement showing the quantity of goods (exclusive of coal and coke) exported coastwise and
coastwise
foreign
over sea from the Tyne during the year ending December 31 , 1876.
coastwise
,coastwis
eign
Total
Total
foreign
foral
and
and
Total
Decrease
Tot
Increase
.
,
.
Articles .
·
1876
1875
.
.
.
.
Soda crystals ....... tons. 60, 438 46, 195 106, 633 82, 571 24, 062
Alkali and soda ash .. ..do .. 66, 349 15,387 81, 736 74, 780 6, 956
Bleaching powder . do.. 16, 824 6, 914 23, 738 22, 851 887
Bicarbonate of soda ..do .. 3, 021 3,707 6, 728 5,876 852
Canstic soda.. ..do .. 1, 712 426 2, 138 2,269 131
Sulphate of soda do.. 771 63 834 861 27
Hyposulphite of soda.... ..do .. 70 92 162
Potash and nitrate of soda ..do .. 621 212 833
Magnesia... ..do.. 244 36 280 195 85
Epsom and Glauber's salts . ..do .. 22 5 27 44 17
Pearl hardening and gypsum ...... ..do .. 366 1, 103 1,469 1,344 125
Alum ... ..do.. 816 5, 648 6, 464 1,573 4, 891
Copperas ..do.. 736 72 808 693 115
Manure .do.. 7,646 14, 311 21, 957 16, 433 5, 524
Barytes do .. 3,815 336 4, 151 4, 106 45
Ammonia do.. 160 1 161
Soap.. ..do.. 20 337 357
Red lead . .do .. 2, 198 4, 480 6, 678 6,332 346
White lead .do.. 860 6,723 7,583 8, 695 1.112
Litharge ..do.. 437 478 915 957 42
Lead shot. ..do .. 196 401 597 592 5
Sheet and pipe lead ..do.. 3, 034 4, 182 7, 216 7, 293 77
Pig-lead ........... .do.. 6, 810 11, 353 18, 163 17, 451 712
Venetian red ..do .. 1,984 364 2, 348 3, 348 1,000
Spanish brown and yellow ocher. ...do .. 219 58 272
Lamp-black and coal-dust .... ...do.. 160 209 369 337 304
Pig-iron ..do .. 18, 690 7,388 26, 078 29, 596 3, 518
Iron castings ..do .. 5, 332 9, 672 15, 004 10, 515 4, 489
Bar iron and rails . ..do .. 12, 727 4, 209 16, 936 24, 967 8, 031
Plates, sheets and angles . ..do .. 8, 405 9, 398 17,803 16, 817 986
Bolts, nuts, nails, and iron work.. ..do.. 1,703 1, 718 3, 421 2,483 938
Anchors and chains ..do.. 3,254 1, 017 4, 271 5, 239 968
Machinery and bridge-work ..do .. 3, 404 1,378 4,782 6, 027 1,245
Steel and steel rails.... ..do.. 743 6 749
Wire and wire rope ..do .. 45 195 240
Scrap-iron ..do .. 1,274 322 1, 596
Purple iron ore, ironstone, and mill-cin
ders .tons . 87 34, 440 34, 527
Copper ...do.. 4, 556 371 5, 127 3, 905 1,222
Antimony ....do .. 163 351 514 505 9
Tin and tin plates ...do .. 294 294
Paper ..do.. 100 1,816 1, 916 1,258 658
Glass ……………. ........ do .. 970 578 1, 548 1,211 337
Bot ………………………………………… .. ...do .. 241 1, 724 1,965 1,559 406
Millstones .do.. 1,556 85 1, 641 1,500 141
Loam, sand, and stones.. .do .. 122 122
Oil... .do.. 235 263 498 405 93
Beef, pork, and bacon.. ..do .. 476 895 1,371
Cured fish .do.. 115 5 120
Ale, wine, and spirits .. ..do .. 53 261 314
Grain .. ... do.. 304 1,327 1, 631
Flour and meal. ...... .do.. 12 1,598 1, 610
Sugar and molasses ...... ..do .. 115 16 131
Leather and hides .do.. 128 549 677
Cotton canvas and linen goods .. ..do .. 996 239 1,235
Rope, hempen .... do.. 35 491 526
Esparto fiber ……………… do.. 64 171 235
Hay and straw. .do.. 1 282 283
Tar, pitch, and resin. .do.. 631 462 1,093
Timber ..loads. 152 1, 132 1,284
Rags and old rope.. ..tons. 122 461 583
Sulphur-ore. ……….. .... do.. 150 835 985
Patent fuel ..do .. 1,025 1,025 .....
Plaster of Paris and whiting .do.. 61 556 617 .....
Flint, ground .do.. 1,313 362 1,675
Cement.. ……………………………….. .do.. 17,390 9, 326 26, 716 22, 894 3,822
Fire-clay ..do .. 7,104 3, 434 10, 538 13, 684 3, 146
Fire-clay goods ..do .. 5, 459 5,423 10, 882 9, 809 1,073
Fire-bricks .M . 19, 864 7,280 27, 144 28, 203 1,059
Earthen ware.. ...crates. 3, 824 4,845 8, 669 5, 669 3,000
Cattle and horses. ………….....number . 11 80 91
28 C R
Statement showing the quantity and value of coal and coke exported from the ports of the
Tyne (Newcastle, North and South Shields).
1874. 1875. 1876.
Coals. Coke. Coals. Coke. Coals. Coke.
Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.

Over sea 3, 547, 227 139, 838 3, 947, 956 192, 258 4,246, 265 186, 520
Coastwise... 2,396, 856 20, 180 2,771, 389 6,707 2,699, 549 6, 245
Total ...... 5, 944, 083 160, 018 6,719, 345 198, 965 6, 945, 814 192, 825
Estimated value $15, 210, 812 $65, 696
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Newcastle-upon
Tyne to the United States during the four quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
December March 31, June 30, the year.
September
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Chemicals .. $15, 427 34 $16, 550 13 $768 00 $4, 439 43 $37, 184 90
Coals 2,034 31 4,698 60 4,517 26 20,942 58 32,192 75
Furs and skins 7,316 99 14,902 98 46, 424 76 37, 521 41 106, 166 14
Fire-bricks 229 93 170 32 136 56 96 49 633 30
Glass .. 486 65 486 65
Grindstones 2,979 02 1,708 96 4, 277 13 728 32 9, 693 43
Gypsum.. 5,396 31 3,870 07 7,718 08 3, 113 20 20,097 66
Iron. 2, 433 25 2,433 25
Jet (crude) . 194 04 194 04
Leather 1,361 26 1,361 26
Oil ( manganese) . 291 99 291 99
Paints . 29, 756 01 32,580 26 36, 933 98 32,870 10 132, 140 35
Porcelain (vitrified) 386 64 384 45 771 09
Soda 73, 454 92 53, 636 00 84, 858 71 83, 542 50 295, 492 13
Shot.. 105 71 105 71
Miscellaneous. 985 32 606 19 1,591 51
Total.. 140,305 39 129, 184 65 186, 730 83 184, 615 29 640, 836 16
Total for preceding year 231 , 631 45 174, 310 70 233, 010 93 200, 054 21 839,007 29
Decrease 91, 326 06 45, 126 05 46, 280 10 15,438 92 198, 171 13
PLYMOUTH.
Statement showing the commerce of Plymouth for the year ending September 30, 1877.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Value en. Whence.

Quantity. tered.
Phosphate .tons .. 432 $8, 294 40 United States.

Bark ............ ...... ..do... 446 21, 408 00 South Australia.
Wheat ..do ... 981 5,520 00 Do.
Petroleum. ……………….. ..gallons.. 22, 747 3,388 00 United States.
Bark .tons.. 447 25, 747 20 South Australia.
Timber.... cubic feet.. 53, 250 5, 287 68 United States.
Total 69,645 28
Statement showing the commerce of Plymouth, &c.— Continued.

EXPORTS.
Value, in
Articles. Quantity. cludin Whither.
costs and
charges.
Limestone .tons .. 460 $372 00 West Indies.
China clay .do... 400 3, 405 84 New York.
Arsenic.. .do.. 50 1 2 23 2, 404 08 Do.
China-clay ... .do... 300 2, 464 02 Philadelphia.
Do .do... 267 2,944 96 New York.
Do ..... ➖➖ .do... 397 3,243 56 Do.
Do .......... ……………. .do... 265 2,148 73 Do.
Do do.. 50 464 13 Boston.
Do .do... 500 3,996 37 New York.
Total.. 21, 443 69
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Plymouth for
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
30, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
China-clay $3,405 84 $3, 405 84

Arsenic .......... 2,404 08 2,404 08
China-clay ...... $2,944 96 $3,243 56 $9,073 25 15, 261 77
Total in United States gold .. 5,809 92 2, 944 96 3,243 56 9,073 25 21, 071 69
Total for preceding year 853 16 376 56 390 54 1,620 26
Increase... 4,956 76 2,568 40 3,243 56 8,682 71 19, 451 43
Statement showing the navigation ( American ressels) at Plymouth for the year ending Sep
tember 30, 1877.
ENTERED. CLEARED .
Flag. From or to Sailing. Sailing.

vessels. vessels.
No. Tons. No. Tons..
United States.. Navassa 1 345

Do ....... Adelaide ................ 532
Do .... New York. ..... 1 338
Do.. Adelaide 377
Do.. Pensacola …………….. 1 1,028
Do Antwerp . 1 1,381
Do.. ........ Demerara ........ ……………............ 1 345
Do. New York. ...... 532
Do.. St. Lucia 338
Do ....... ..... Boston.... …………............... 377
Do ... Key West 1,028
Do.. Quebec 1, 381
Total 6 4,001 6 4, 001
NOTE.-Other flags not known.

HENRY FOX.
·
SHEFFIELD.
Report on the export trade of Sheffield with the United States.

I have the honor to submit herewith my statement of the exports from
the consular district of Sheffield to the United States, for the year
ending September 30, 1877.
It will be seen that the trade of the district has slightly improved, as
compared with that of the preceding year, the total value of the goods
exported being $5,720,331.20, against $ 5,698,197.78 for 1876 ; an increase
of $22,133.42.
DECREASE IN THE STEEL TRADE.
In the largest item of export, steel, there has been a decrease of

$354,877.40, as compared with preceding year. The great and long-con
tinued depression is severely felt by the large manufacturers, and but
little hope seems to prevail here that Sheffield will ever regain her
former supremacy in this branch of trade with the United States,
although a considerable revival from the present depression is looked
for.
INCREASE IN THE CUTLERY TRADE.
In the next largest Sheffield industry, cutlery, there has been an in

crease in the exports to the United States, during the year, of $47,786.30,
as compared with 1876, and a growing feeling of encouragement pre
vails. This increase in the cutlery trade has a more favorable bearing
upon the laboring people of Sheffield than would appear from the simple
statement ofthe figures, since in the production of a given value of cutlery
probably four times as much money is paid to the workmen in wages
as in the production of a like value in steel.
INCREASE IN THE EXPORT OF ENGLISH SHEEP SKINS.
It will be noticed that the export of salted skins from this district to
the United States is rapidly increasing. In 1875, the amount was
$189,731.01 ; in 1876, it rose to $356,027.01 ; and for the present it
amounts to $438,523.34. Almost the entire amount of skins thus ex
ported are English sheep-skins, gathered very largely from this consular
district. At first thought it would seem strange that consumers of this
article in the United States should need to draw their supplies from this
country. The question why they do is answered , probably, by the fact
that English sheep-skins are much thicker than the American, and conse
quently admit of being split to much better advantage. This greater
thickness of the English skin is said not to be owing to any difference
in the breed of sheep, since English breeds imported into the United
States are said to lose, gradually, that peculiarity.
C. B. WEBSTER.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Sheffield to the
Quarter ending
Articles. Totalforthe
year.
Dec. 31, 1876. Mar. 31, 1877. June 30, 1877. Sept. 30, 1877.
Steel, in sheets, bars, rods, wire,

&c $251, 483 71 $210, 975 70 $272, 782 34 $224, 128 00 $959, 369 75
Iron.. ........ 9,516 65 4, 010 82 3,574 49 17, 101 96
Spiegeleisen. …………….. 10, 804 94 22, 914 17 26, 432 03 60,151 14
Cast-steel tires 1,302 93 6, 024 15 2,689 87 10, 016 95
Bessemer steel tires 743 41 7,521 43 4, 558 13 1,074 63 13, 897 60
tire-blooms 686 05 686 05
Cast-steel axles.. 1,056 82 1,056 82
crank-axles 470 36 381 24 851 60
crank-pins 22 74 22 74
Bessemer steel axles 24 39 12 75 12 76 49 90
Cast-steel castings . 256 63 26 62 283 25
Steam-hammers …………………….. 1,605 95 1,605 95
Other machinery ………………….. 3,345 89 2,859 13 7,194 76 1,662 06 15,061 84
Cutlery 137, 629 59 176, 420 67 116, 555 27 276, 065 92 706, 671 45
Files ......... 20, 466 00 22,568 75 17, 685 23 20, 153 02 80, 873 00
Saws 114 88 146 87 261 75
Edge and other tools 4,472 33 4,956 86 6, 187 76 7, 109 63 22, 726 58
Garden-tools 398 27 1,266 30 84 51 56 96 1,806 04
Sickles and grass-hooks... 140 64 1,527 08 321 69 388 04 2,377 45
Scythes ... 147 20 83 82 231 02
Sheep-shears 18, 592 30 13, 343 84 9, 607 83 1,380 80 42, 924 77
Anvils 744 40 1, 179 21 745 05 1,526 70 4, 195 36
............ ......
Vises... 24 33 24 33
Nickel ...... 61 80 61 80
Copper . 56 08 56 08
Iron wire-ropes ... 1,267 62 1,267 62
Electro-plated goods 132 48 137 59 43 79 290 73 604 64
Trays and waiters (iron) 339 67 240 41 175 70 755 68
Coal-vases (iron) ……
.. 40 26 167 88 208 14
Fire-irons . 133 18 133 18
Guns, gun furniture, materials,
&0 3,757 20 1, 659 99 1,300 63 2,464 75 9, 182 57
Shooting tackle, breech-loading
implements. &o... 764 12 3,259 95 2,714 46 1,369 51 8,108 04
Doctors or calico web . 491 11 226 12 258 74 191 09 1, 167 06
Hackle pins. 74 20 74 20
Gill pins and gill sets . 171 78 171 78
Wire reeds 230 57 33 73 264 30.
Anemometers 272 37 272 37
Magnets ......... 15 24 22 62 615 92 435 14 1,088 92
Optical goods.. 289 99 213 90 667 59 1, 171 48
Surgical instruments 387 49 70 36 457 85
Measuring-tapes, rules, land
chains, &c.. 639 03 820 57 2,673 29 1,006 49 5,139 38
Padlocks ..... 30 65 93 72 124 37
Corn-mills.... 93 51 3 51
Pens 57 43 57 43
Nails.. 14 35 14 35
Needles ..... 2 92 197 21 200 13
Screws ........... 51 09 51 09 9 64 111 82
Spus .... ....... 187 92 187 92
Graining-combs 83 13 41 56 489 49 614 18
Umbrella frames and ribs 9, 217 67 290 72 3,499 30 1,508 75 14,516 44
Umbrellas 17 02 17 02
Umbrella handles (horn) 317 00 317 00
Pearls for tea and coffee pots
(non-conductors of heat) .. 461 12 461 12
Gut-bands...…………. 63 51 63 51
Kittool 369 37 369 37
Mattress twines. -----... 42 58 ..... 42 58
Cocoa fiber... 301 96 319 25 .... 621 21
Hair seating. 4,314 14 818 05 3,568 37 605 89 9,306 45
Lace and lace goods . 303, 875 27 802, 994 34 422, 838 19 543, 043 85 2,072, 751 65
Hosiery . 99, 687 06 272, 900 75 60, 394 74 216, 565 62 649, 548 17
Surgical hose………….……………………… . 192 96 192 96
Linens ..... ......... 9, 229 12 91, 132 45 22, 289 68 59,250 65 181, 901 90
Muslins 56, 047 79 40,868 77 3,519 71 10, 290 06 110,726 33
Cottons ............. 9, 863 22 977 59 3,856 69 14, 697 50
Cotton yarn ……………………… 146 66 1,928 92 2,075 59
White goods …………......... 17, 540 02 5,878 75 4,245 64 27, 664 41
Quilts... ....... 393 54 393 54
Handkerchiefs ....... 13, 407 19 3,024 15 16, 431 34
Silk 1,230 95 1,230 95
Velvets 373 32 10, 788 08 402 37 8, 558 92 20, 122 69
Crape …………….. 4,185 59 16, 695 52 10,448 18 2,600 18 33,929 47
Elastic 2,679 03 2, 178 14 1,377 37 2, 123 13 8,357 67
Statement showing the value of declared exports, &c.— Continued.
Quarter ending
Articles. Totalfor the
year.
Dec. 31, 1876. Mar. 31, 1877. June 30, 1877. Sept. 30, 1877.
Haberdashery . $3, 173 34 $3,482 58 $6,655 92

Linings $815 37 117 21 932 58
Surgeons' lint $197 33 221 82 419 15
Paper, pill, and willow boxes. 411 21 531 91 608 50 1,551 62
Wooden and glass ware. 16 71 61 05 133 34 211 10
Plaster 6, 541 22 6,541 22
Earthen ware.. 131 15 426 40 557 55
Encaustic tiles 495 36 968 88 1,464 24
Grindstones 2, 659 16 581 38 3, 486 62 3, 132 75 9,859 91
Millstones.. 211 31 211 31
Scythe-stones : 19 50 19 50
Whetstones 9 12 9 12
Glazer 9 45 9 45
Salted skins . ... 114, 583 44 102, 140 97 96, 081 63 125,717 30 438, 523 34
Dyed skins . 10, 321 97 24,968 76 15,069 15 47, 359 88
Parchment 431 86 700 85 398 94 1,531 65
Leather scraps 177 22 188 65 365 87
Chamois leather . 1,291 69 1,291 69
Glue 7,774 65 4,008 83 8,794 61 14, 673 74 35, 251 83
Grease 638 32 638 32
Buffalo horn tips 145 99 58 40 204 39
Deer horns 173 68 173 68
Horn brooches 30 67 76 85 107 52
Books and stationery. 171 25 164 53 335 78
Malt liquors.. 1, 386 91 715 00 2,560 15 4, 662 06
Wines and spirits 242 42 337 19 579 61
Cheese 48 66 3 65 52 31
Venetian red 4, 011 14 1, 629 65 3,229 84 8,870 63
Terra alba 1, 351 04 1,827 58 914 43 4, 093 05
Crocus 11 56 11 56
Oxide of iron.. 224 45 695 66 920 11
Annatto.. ...... 58 71 58 71
Alabaster 4,386 28 2,611 00 6,997 28
Trees and shrubs . 151 73 151 73
Tobacco-pouches 45 77 45 77
Wax 19 33 19 33
Sundries 67 47 67 47
Total 1,094, 469 87 1, 892,272 15 1, 166, 015 63 1, 567, 573 35 5,720, 331 20
• Total for preceding year.. 1,346, 771 58 2, 141, 775 73 925, 440 80 1,284, 209 67 5,698, 197 78
Increase. 240, 574 83 283, 363 68 22, 133 42
Decrease 252, 301 71 249, 503 58
TUNSTALL .
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Tunstall to the
Quarter ending
December 31, March 31, June 30, September year.
1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Earthen ware $433, 167 73 $584, 051 53 $630,552 34 $656, 661 38 $ 2,304, 432 98
Parian...... 3,125 79 1,352 65 4,665 06 4,229 26 13, 372 76
Tiles 8,410 72 9, 762 60 12,949 59 9, 707 55 40, 830 46
China 3,275 21 4,006 34 2,434 24 11, 297 94 21, 013 73
Saddlery 9,588 86 3,054 09 5,800 88 1,984 49 20, 428 32
Majolica.. 1,655 92 1, 661 45 424 16 2, 681 90 6, 423 43
Glass .. 880 22 880 22
China-clay 97 33 97 33
Ale 3, 112 36 3, 112 36
Cutleryl 4,797 57 617 24 5,414 81
Tailors' trimmings 1,594 13 1,594 13
Salted skine. 3,413 72 3,413 72
Miscellaneous 1,387 47 469 85 4,024 69 1,586 91 7,468 92
Total. 464, 025 42 612, 268 44 661, 468 20 690, 721 11 2,428, 483 17
Total for preceding year.. 646,870 49 676, 101 98 633, 646 76 612, 087 89 2,568, 707 12
Increase . 27, 821 44 78, 633 22
Decrease 182, 845 07 63, 833 54 140, 223 95
J. M. LUCAS.
GREAT BRITAIN- IRELAND. 439
IRELAND .
BELFAST .

I have the honor to transmit my annual report of the commerce of
this consular district for the year ending September 30, 1877.
For the quarter ending December 31, 1876, the exports of all kinds ,
principally linen goods , flax, cotton goods, hemp, ginger-ale, and ma
chinery, were declared to be of the value, in United States gold coin, of
$1,312,420.80 ; for the quarter ending March 31, 1877 , $ 2,566,467.78 ; for
the quarter ending June 30, 1877 , $ 1,173,371.22, and for the quarter
ending September 30, 1877 , $ 1,588,299.33. Total declared value of ex
ports for the year was $6,640,559.13, an increase of $ 396,470.36 over the
preceding year. This increase, though not large, indicates, I think, a
gradual improvement in trade in our country.
AMERICAN SHIPPING.
The number of arrivals of American vessels for the year ending Sep
tember 30, 1877 , were 16 , the total tonnage of which amounted to 8,319
tons. This is a decrease as compared with the preceding year of 4 in
the number of arrivals and of 5,687 in tons. These vessels brought
Indian corn from Norfolk, Va., and Indian corn , wheat, petroleum, mo
lasses, and deals from San Francisco, Boston , New York, Baltimore,
Philadelphia, and from Sackville in the British possessions, and coal from
Scotland. The values of these cargoes I regret I cannot give, but am
sure they were considerable.
STATISTICAL HISTORY OF BELFAST.
I am indebted to the Belfast directory for the year 1877 for some in
formation which I deem of sufficient importance to forward to the depart
ment. In the year 1757 Belfast contained only 1,779 habitations, mostly
straw-thatched, and a population of 8,549.
The increase in the population may be traced through the various
years up to the present time as follows : Year 1782 , population 13,105 ;
1791 , 18,320 ; 1816, 30,720 ; 1821 , 37,117 ; 1831 , 48,224 ; 1834, 60,813 ;
1841 , 75,308 ; 1851, 100,301 ; 1861 , 120,777 ; 1871 , 174,412 ; 1876, 206,000.
In the year 1841 the total number of habitations in Belfast was 11,885 ;
in 1851 there were 15,009 ; in 1861, 18,375 ; in 1871 , 27,691 , and in 1876
the number was 32,670.
The town of Belfast is situated at the mouth of the river Lagan . It
is 101 miles north of Dublin, in latitude 54° 36′ 8.5" north, longitude 50
55' 53.7" west.
The harbor of Belfast, which was originally an insignificant creek of
the river Lagan, has, owing to successive improvements and extensions ,
now become one of the finest in the United Kingdom. The following
is a comparison of the tonnage entering this port since 1867 : In 1867,
7,817 vessels, tonnage 1,372,326 ; in 1868, 7,156 vessels , tonnage 1,201 ,
306 ; in 1869, 8,225 vessels , tonnage 1,203,776 ; in 1870, 8,303 vessels ,
tonnage 1,225,566 ; in 1871, 9,323 vessels, tonnage 1,325,566 ; in 1872,
8,230 vessels, tonnage 1,309,251 ; in 1873, 7,538 vessels , tonnage
1,268,845 ; in 1874, 7,012 vessels, tonnage 1,305,016 ; in 1875 , 7,475 ves
sels, tonnage 1,434,754 ; in 1876, 7,150 vessels , tonnage 1,497,585.
Large numbers of these vessels are engaged in the coal trade between
ports in England and Scotland and Belfast.
Ship-building is carried on extensively here.
The following return of the comparative acreage under flax, in 1876
and 1877, has been kindly furnished me by Michael Andrews, esq., sec
retary Flax Supply Association of Belfast.
Province. 1876. 1877. Decrease.
Acres. Acres. Acres.

Ulster 129, 051 120, 083 8,968
Connaught. 1,684 1,562 122
Leinster. 1,135 776 359
Munster.. 1,068 941 127
Total. 132, 938 123,362 9,576
Showing a decrease in 1877 of 9,576 acres, as compared with the

acreage under flax in 1876, or 7.2 per cent.
EMIGRATION— HARVEST.
Emigration from this district continues very small. For the past two
weeks the weather in this part of Ireland has been very fine, and , as it
was the season of harvesting, it has been a great blessing to the people.
Previously, the weather was very wet, and but for the favorable change
all the crops must have suffered greatly.
The linen trade, which is the staple trade of this province (Ulster) ,
though still depressed, shows signs of improvement.
JAS. M. DONNAN.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Belfast to the
United States during thefour quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
December31, March 31, June 30, September year.
1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Linens and cotton, Belfast and

Ballymena $1, 198, 396 00 $2,434, 796 36 $997, 993 47 $1,486, 806 62 $6, 117, 992 45
Flax, hemp and yarns 102, 282 75 113, 129 49 142, 658 48 86, 609 55 444, 680 27
Ginger ale...………… 4, 237 28 8,449 11 14, 424 10 6, 495 58 33, 606 07
Felt . 2,654 32 1,932 69 7,053 32 2,629 59 14, 269 92
Machinery and hardware.. 291 74 92 46 3, 197 78 1,401 55 4,983 53
Whisky and wine 1,362 00 1,068 71 538 48 1,440 92 4,410 11
Oatmeal.. 682 19 1, 134 85 1,817 04
Granite 2,311 58 2, 311 58
Clothing 741 88 1,312 25 82 47 2,136 60
Jewelry. 2, 128 00 2, 128 00
Potatoes 3,861 79 1,951 26 5,813 05
Sundries 1,772 64 690 3,426 33 262 91 6, 151 95
Total for the year.. 1,312, 420 80 2,566, 467 78 1, 173, 371 22 1,588, 299 33 6,640, 559 13
Total forpreceding year. 1 , 365, 826 82 2, 411 , 050 66 1, 108, 288 571, 358, 922 72 6, 244, 088 77
Increase. 155, 417 12 65, 082 65 229, 376 61 396, 470 36
Decrease 53, 406 02
GREAT BRITAIN- IRELAND . 441
CORK.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Cork to the
Quarter ending—
December 31, March 31, June 30, September 30, year.
1876. 1877. 1877. 1877.
Linen goods ..... $3, 123 31 $578 98 $688 94 $4,391 23

Whisky 3, 465 00 506 36 $203 63 1,865 59 6, 040 58
Feathers 584 62 502 99 1,087 61
Goat skins 900 30 4,825 93 72 99 5, 799 22
Hides and calf-skins . 16,808 88 145 99 6, 472 44 23, 427 31
Two setter dogs. 97 33 97 33
Two rabbits.. 2 43 2 43
Total.. 24, 882 11 5, 911 27 522 37 9,529 96 40, 845 71
Total for thepreceding year. 13, 312 67 9, 724 08 6, 597 24 7,839 02 37, 455 01
Increase . 11, 569 44 1,690 94 3,390 70
Decrease 3,812 81 6,056 87
LEWIS RICHMOND.
DUBLIN.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Dublin to the
Quarter ending
December 31, March 31, June 30, September 30, year.
1876. 1877. 1877. 1877.
Ale and porter $59, 895 25 $42, 221 85 $44,261 50 $38,714 00 $185, 092 60
Aerated waters 756 50 4,825 50 6,941 75 3, 350 00 15, 873 75
Books 649 75 671 50 1, 141 00 122 00 2,884 25
Corsets . 140 18 140 18
Glue ………….......……. 9,489 82 7, 443 30 5,771 25 12, 289 00 34, 993 37
Hosiery ..... 1,813 75 5,915 75 294 00 8, 023 50
Linens 13, 161 00 601 77 13, 762 77
Oatmeal. 2, 606 00 7,606 75 7,657 70 1,560 75 19,431 20
Oil leather. 1,363 00 2, 621 54 3, 159 75 1, 173 25 8,317 54
Poplins.. 724 00 724 00
Prune wine……………………. 3,491 64 624 22 4, 115 86
Salted skins 57,992 50 50, 052 88 62,896 50 54, 860 20 225, 802 08
Sausage- casings 3,389 82 3,723 33 3, 381 75 4,411 75 14,906 65
Whisky . 2,810 50 2, 330 35 1,328 00 4, 952 50 11, 421 35
Wines, foreign ……………... 320 58 562 00 882 58
Miscellaneous 266 75 1,193 12 840 75 1,639 50 3,940 12
Total. 152, 521 07 128, 917 86 144,319 70 124,553 17 550 311 80
Total forthe precedingyear. 175, 309 47 172, 866 73 148, 890 25 142, 484 20 639, 550 65
Decrease 22, 788 40 43, 948 87 4,570 55 17,931 03 89, 238 85
B. H. BARROWS.
LONDONDERRY.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Londonderry
during the four quarters of the year ending September 30 , 1877.
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Hardware $75 33 $75 33

Whisky 127 73 $517 79 $61 31 706 83
Total. 203 06 517 79 61 31 782 16
Total for the preceding year.. 2,839 94 3,156 61 147 50 $104 02 6, 248 07
Decrease 2,636 88 2,638 82 86 19 104 02 5, 465 91
JAS. STEWART.
SCOTLAND .
DUNDEE .
SEPTEMBER 30, 1877. ( Received November 24.)
DEPRESSION IN THE JUTE MANUFACTURES .
During the past year, trade has continued in the same unsatisfactory
condition that characterized it the previous year. Stagnation in all
sections has prevailed , but more especially in the jute branch, which is
the staple industry on which this city and three or four of the small
towns around principally depend . So bad has the state of the jute
trade been considered , that many manufacturers have found it more for
their interest to close their works entirely than to go on making goods
at an absolute loss.
The chief local newspaper says there are at present standing idle in
Dundee and immediate vicinity 12 mills and factories, which employed
2,400 hands ; 7 mills, which employed 1,770 hands ; 4 factories, which
employed 670 hands. Total, 23 mills and factories, and 5,840 hands.
Seven of these works have been closed in consequence of the suspen.
sion of the firms, but the majority have been stopped voluntarily by
the owners wishing to withdraw from losing concerns , and others from
the want of orders for the special class of goods manufactured by them.
· A number of these works ceased working six months ago, some as far
back as the end of 1876. Nearly the whole of the works still in opera
tion are running with fewer hands than at this time last year, one firm
alone having 600 less.
While this is so, it is remarkable that comparatively few of the
people thus thrown out of work are to be seen going idle. It is supposed
that many of them have found employment in the rural districts from
whence they had come attracted by the high wages paid in the Dundee
jute-mills.
There can be no doubt but that the great production ofjute fabrics
in Calcutta is one of the main causes of the extreme depression in this
special branch of trade here. Calcutta is represented as having 20
mills, 4,786 looms ; 80 per cent. of the spindles and looms are on double
warp bagging and sacking and 20 per cent. on Hessian or burlap
cloth . These figures show that Calcutta is a formidable rival to this
GREAT BRITAIN- SCOTLAND . 443
town in the manufacture of the coarse stuffs, on the making of which

material Dundee has always relied. An ' immense quantity of this
quality of cloth is produced in this locality, three-fifths of the mills
and factories having only machinery adapted for spinning the yarns for
and weaving this cloth. The prices received for the same have been
very unremunerative indeed , owing to the Calcutta competition , which
is cutting Dundee in the mean time out of the Australian, Egyptian, and
Californian market. Ofthe last-named , by far the most important of the
three, Dundee formerly had the complete monopoly of the business ,
which was of vast magnitude.
The total value of the bags exported to California, declared at this
office, was, for the four quarters of the years ending 30th September,
1875, 1876, and 1877, as follows :
Quarter ending
Total for
the year.
December March 31. June 30. September
31. 30.
1875 $335, 440 19 $137, 960 78 $3,686 01 $11, 586 67 $488, 673 65
1876 23, 053 24 94, 610 65 267, 886 44 39, 008 90 424, 559 23
Increase.. 264, 200 43 27, 422 23
Decrease 312, 386 95 43, 350 13 64, 114 42
1876 23, 053 24 94, 610 65 267, 886 44 39,008 90 424, 559 23
1877 21, 456 71 6, 229 23 2,835 33 1,350 99 31, 872 26
Increase.
Decrease 1,596 53 88,381 42 265, 051 11 37, 657 91 392, 686 97
Decrease in 1876.. 64, 114 42
Total decrease in the two
years 1876 and 1877 .... 456, 801 39
This demonstrates that at the moment Dundee has entirely lost con
trol of this splendid outlet for its goods . Of course some allowance for
this almost incredible decrease may be attributed to the encourage
ment the San Francisco sack-sewers have in the difference of 10 per
cent. in the tariff in favor of burlaps which they make into bags on the
spot. But even in this way Dundee receives little compensation for the
serious commercial loss it has sustained as proved by the above state
ment, as the bag-makers get the major part of the cloth they use from
Calcutta, which source it is beyond question must now be supplying
California , Oregon, and the Western States with millions of bags and
thousands of pieces of cloth yearly, which used all to come from this
quarter.
DECREASE OF EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.
I next give you an abstract of my detailed statement of exports from

this consular district to the United States during the four quarters of
the year ending 30th September, 1877, forwarded to your department,
which shows a marked decrease during that period. I have also added
the decrease for 1876, which makes an enormous falling off in just two
years. I may mention that four-fifths of the total valuation is for jute
goods of every sort, but principally of a coarse kind.
Abstract.
Quarter ending Total for the

Whence. year in
December September United States
31. March 31. June 30. 30. gold.
Total at Dundee, 1877 $1,037, 811 87 $1, 175, 239 41 $1, 154, 566 08 $1, 302, 977 08 $4, 670, 594 44
Total at Aberdeen, 1877 49, 169 40 30, 506 93 38, 134 89 37, 182 46 154, 993 68
Total from district, 1877 1,086, 981 27 1,205, 746 34 1, 192, 700 97 1,340, 159 54 4,825, 588 12
Total from district, 1876 . 1, 101, 294 35 1, 459, 987 48 1, 782, 689 49 1, 129, 172 38 5, 473, 143 70
Increase.. 210, 987 16
Decrease 14, 313 08 254, 241 14 589, 988 52 647, 555 58
Decrease in 1877 647, 555 58
Decrease in 1876 526, 769 67
Total decrease in the two years 1876 and 1877 .. 1, 174, 325 25
FORCING JUTE SALES IN THE UNITED STATES, AND THE EVIL

RESULTS THEREOF .
I have also at this point to note the fact that a large proportion of
the total value of these exports is for goods (burlaps, generally) sent to
the United States on consignment instead of on actual sale. This has
come about by the American firms who are represented here by their
own houses or agents declining to purchase. The result has been that
manufacturers have been compelled to ship their merchandise them
selves to keep their establishments moving and from accumulating
stock.
Business being thus forced, has had a disastrous effect on prices in the
United States, and the account- sales have advised in these cases a wide
discrepancy between the prices realized and the actual cost thereof.
The inevitable consequence of this state of matters has been frequent
failures and for large amounts by the manufacturers and merchants in
this locality, some of whom were established for upwards of twenty years.
The former, in only two or three instances, have got their works started
again. In the beginning of October, 1876, there was something almost
approaching to a panic, there having been four failures among manufac
turers in one week.
JUTE IMPORTS.
Turning now to the importation of jute, it will be seen from the under
noted list that the quantity of that fiber brought direct from Calcutta
in 1877 is, in the aggregate, far behind that of 1875-76 or 1874-'75.
Landed at Dundee direct from Caloutta.
Jute, 350 pounds. Rejections, 400 pounds. Cuttings, 400 pounds.
Description. Season. Season. Season.
1876-77. 1875-'76. 1874-75. 1876-77. 1875-76. 1874-75. 1876-77. 1875-76. 1874-75.
Bales... 464, 782 569, 616 576, 854 8, 418 17,482 32, 867 17, 747 546 4,846
GREAT BRITAIN -SCOTLAND. 445
Total arrival of vessels from Calcutta at Dundee.

Arrivals Ships. Tons. Bales.
From January 1 to October 1, 1877... 44 60, 171 401, 802

During the same period in 1876 57 78, 921 527, 046
Exhibiting a falling off on the nine months' arrivals of 13 18,750 125, 244
Nor is there any prospect of the decrease being made up during the
three months of the year still to run . From latest advices, I find that
there are at sea, bound to Dundee, three jute vessels of 4,311 tons, and
loading or chartered at Calcutta twenty-three of 31,324 tons. The whole
of the vessels at sea are likely to arrive before December 31. Of the
ships chartered or loading, three steamships of 3,847 register tons and
5,995 tons gross will also, in all probability, arrive before the close of
the year. The total probable arrivals, direct from Calcutta , for 1877,
may therefore be set down at fifty ships of 68,329 tons register.
Taking the vessels arrived, sailed , and chartered , and comparing
them with last year, they stand thus : 1876 , 90 ships of 126,139 tons ;
1877 , 70 ships of 95,806 tons ; decrease, 20 ships of 30,333 tons.
This not only speaks of a bad current year, but promises very poorly
for 1878. The 44 vessels arrived this year from Calcutta, in addition to
the jute bales stated , have also brought : linseed , 569 tons ; castor- oil ,
18 tons ; tea, 162 chests ; iron , 330 tons, and saltpeter, 250 tons.
The prospects of the jute trade are thought to be brightening up a
little. During the past fortnight prices have become firmer, inquiries
being more active, although no higher prices are quoted . It is averred ,
however, that this improvement is not tangible, but created by specula
tion on the market, which will likely soon pass over and leave the busi
ness as lifeless as before.
Altogether the immediate future for the trade is gloomy. The stop
page of the machinery that has already taken place has not yet been
the means of bringing the supply in accordance with demand. Wages
have also been reduced, but neither does this seem to enable Dundee
to compete with Calcutta, where they have the advantages of saving
the freight on the raw material, of paying exceedingly low wages to the
native workers, and of getting longer hours of labor from them- 72 hours
per week against 56 in Dundee.
TRANSFERRING CAPITAL TO CALCUTTA.
These inducements have led to £ 150,000 of capital being subscribed

exclusively in Dundee to constitute a limited liability company to man
ufacture jute in India. It is true that Calcutta jute -mills have not
yielded the profits to the shareholders that they expected. The bad
times since their commencement, combined with gross mismanagement,
is blamed for this . But it is argued that with moderate good trade and
economical management they will fulfill the anticipations of the share
holders.
THE LINEN TRADE.
The linen trade, second in importance in this locality to the jute trade,
has also suffered severely during the past year. Hundreds of operatives
in this department have felt keenly the effect of the dull trade by only
being employed on short time for months. The total value of the linens
exported to the United States was, for the year ending 30th September,
1875, $ 2,241,702.46 ; 1876, $ 1,584,193.36 ; decrease in 1876, $ 657,509.10
1876, $ 1,584,193.36 ; 1877 , $ 1,807,544.79 ; increase in 1877, $ 223,351.43 ;

decrease in 1876, $657,509.10. Total decrease in two years , $ 434,157.67.
The continental and the home-trade demand has been under the sup
ply, notwithstanding the curtailment of production by less hours of labor.
Stocks are thereby held by some manufacturers who have refused to
accept the low prices that have been current. The linen factories have
again resumed full time, but manufacturers are trying to bring down the
wages of spinners and weavers. This the workers are vigorously resist
ing. In Forfar (the county town, 16 miles from Dundee) 2,000 hands
have been locked out during the last week from the four principal works
there because of a dispute about wages with their employers. The
struggle has fortunately ended to-day in the best manner, masters and
employés having agreed to refer the matter to arbitration ,
FLAX IMPORT.
The import offlax, the raw material for manufacturing linens, is in some
degree making up for the falling off in jute, as will be observed from a
comparison of the number of vessels arrived this year with the two pre
vious years. The number of vessels entered with flax during the first
six months of 1877 was 52, of 23,529 tons, of which 34 were steamers and
18 sailing-ships. The amount of flax landed was 17,049 tons.
I cannot give the exact quantity of flax imported in the same period
last year and the one previous, but that it must have been very much
less will be judged from the circumstance that the arrivals to the same
date in 1876 were only 13 sailing and 12 steam vessels, while in 1875 7
sailing and 8 steam vessels had arrived during the corresponding period .
IMPORTS OF FLAX, TOW, HEMP, AND JUTE.
The next table gives the quantities and places from whence imported
of the principal raw materials consumed by the staple manufacturing
industries in this district from 1st January to 30th September 1875,
1876, and 1877.
Flax. Tow and codilla. Hemp and hemp Jute.

codilla.
Whence.
1875. 1876. 1877. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1875. 1876. 1877.
Riga tons. 4, 748 2, 308 6, 559 30 83 81 813 906 838

St. Petersburg ...do.. 3, 549 1, 511 5, 24 523 268 2,635 115 41 176
Archangel. .do.. 2, 991 2, 831 4, 084 2, 837 1, 952 3, 915
55
Narva .do.. 378 102 27 11
Reval ..... do.. 346 1, 166 902 98 481 523 ....
Pernau .do.. 1 , 863 1, 800 4, 396 445 922 1, 128
Libau .do.. 160 1,057 3, 681 2
Memel . .do .. 823 366 700 2
Pillau do.. 218 2, 100 13 112 62 20
Hamburg, &c ....do.. 6 130
Bremen .do.. 59
Holland do.. 54
Belgium.... .do..
France ......... .do..
Calcutta....... .do .. ...... ..... 88, 643 85, 292 68, 664
142 27, 703 4, 016 3, 762
From foreign..do .. 15, 076 11, 326 8, 582 990 951 1,036 88, 643 85,292 68, 664
Coastwise .do.. 711 726 176 130 627 107 196 165 15, 138 18,717 13,517
15, 787 11, 468 28, 429 4, 192 3, 892 9, 209 1, 097 1, 147 1, 201 103, 781 104, 009 82, 181
Railways ...... do .. 1, 112 995 1,264 437 531 522 179 306 576 770 1,016 110
Total .do.. 16, 899 12, 463 29, 693 4, 629 4, 423 9, 731 1,276 1, 453 1, 777 104, 551 105, 025 82, 291
NOTE.-Estimated for September, 1877.
The foregoing table shows a noticeable increase in 1877 over 1876 and
1875 in the first three articles ; the fourth, jute, having decreased.
GREAT BRITAIN- SCOTLAND. 447
TIMBER TRADE .
Dundee now holds an important position in the timber trade by rea

son of its own consumption , as well as from it being the medium for
the supply of most of the midland and many of the northwestern dis
tricts of Scotland .
The total number of loads of all kinds of timber imported into Dun
dee from 1st December, 1875, to 30th November, 1876, was 59,002 ;
1874-75 , 41,510 ; increase, 17,492.
The import for 1875 was under the average , which in part accounts
for the favorable increase in 1876. A new feature in the American tim
ber trade with Dundee has been the import of two cargoes of Michigan
timber. These logs look well, but are said not to cut up so well as
they look. The deals, however, being of great length and, width, are
bought readily.
THE BUILDING TRADES.
The building trades have been checked through the continued languor of
the staple industries. The scheme of town's improvements that has been
going on for three years, and which is not yet completed has furnished
work for them, and will do double more for a year hence, if not concluded
before that time. Accordingly, their wages have not been reduced, but
rather, I understand , been advanced to joiners , plasterers, and painters.
Iron-workers , on the other hand , have had a different experience. Me
chanics, engineers , boilermakers , and such like, are tradesmen who have
had to sympathize with the quietness in the jute and linen manufactur
ing industries, and so have had thereby to succumb to lower wages,
short time, and too often to have their services dispensed with altogether,
as the number of such workmen known to be idle abundantly testifies.
CONFECTIONERY AND PRESERVES.
In this town some hundreds of women are employed by a company
engaged in the confectionery and fruit-preserve line, who make large
quantities of these luxuries and export them to all parts of the world .
No complaints are heard about want of orders in this business. On the
contrary, I am informed they were never more plentiful or paying so
well .
LEATHER TRADE.
The leather trade- tanning, currying, and boot- making-is reported
healthy and prosperous ; 3,000 pairs of boots and shoes, machine-made,
are turned out of one of the leather works alone. There being two other
such factories of about the same size in Dundee, an idea can therefore
be formed of the extent of this industry.
NAVIGATION.
Four American vessels have arrived and cleared at this port during
the present year ending September 30 ; a decrease of one vessel and 618
tons from the same period in 1876. This statement gives the partic
ulars of these vessels arrived and cleared :
Class. Name. Tons. Where Where belong Cargo Cargo

Value. outward Where
from. ing. inward. bound.
Ship . Exporter.... 1, 369. 76 Calcutta .. Newburyport, Jute £33, 000 Ballast Shields.
Mass.
Bark.. Xenia .. 1, 174. 36 ...do Boston, Mass ....do 30,000..do Do.
Ship Reporter.... 1 , 350. 02 ..do Newburyport, Jute and 34, 000..do Do.
Mass. castor-oil.
Schooner. City ofGreen 346. 37 Montreal.. Milwaukee , Timber ... 3,500 Coal... Montreal.
J Bay. Wis.
The gross tonnage of vessels belonging to this port is estimated at

85,000 to 95,000 tons. Dundee capitalists are investing largely in ship
ping and forming clipper-lines belonging to this port, to which additions
of new vessels (as a rule, built in Dundee) are being constantly made.
Hence the reason that the tonnage belonging to the port is yearly in
creasing. The new vessels are replete with the latest improvements
introduced by ship -builders, and are of the first class and built after the
best and most elegant models.
SHIP-BUILDING.
Ship-building is still maintaining its ground in Dundee, as the state

ment below will confirm :
Steamers. Sailing-vessels.
Total
Years ending 31st May tonnage.
1875 10 10, 190 5 4,446 14, 636

1876 6 3,555 11 7,694 11, 249
1877 3 750 17 11, 610 12, 360
These vessels are built mostly of iron, some of wood, and a few of
composite (wood and iron).
VESSELS ENTERED AT DUNDEE 1876 AND 1877.
The following is a comparative statement of the numbers of vessels

and their tonnage entered this harbor in 1876 and in 1877 :
Number of vessels. Registered tonnage.

1876. 1877. 1876. 1877.
Increase. Decrease. Increase. Decrease.
Vessels, fromforeignports,
belonging to Dundee... 52 60 8 31, 535 33, 505 1,970
Vessels, from foreign ports,
not belonging to Dundee . 405 481 76 172, 814 207, 211 34, 397
Vessels,fromcoast ports,be.
longing to Dundee . 596 597 1 172, 320 177, 140 4,820
Vessels,from coast ports,not
belonging to Dundee.. 411 482 71 46, 577 46, 441 136
Vessels in the river Tay
trade 1,718 2, 201 493 53, 347 48, 714 4, 633
Total.. 3, 182 3, 821 639 476, 593 513, 011 36, 418
WHALE AND SEAL FISHING.
The success attending the whaling- fleet belonging to this port was
considerably greater in 1876 than in 1875. (These vessels have not yet
arrived from this year's fishing, and no statements have been published . )
All the vessels, 12 in number, prosecuted both seal and whale fishing in
1876. The only change in the course usually followed was by one
vessel, which went to Labrador instead ofGreenland with the other ships .
The total catch at the seal-fishing was, in 1876, 57,776 seals ; 625 tons of
GREAT BRITAIN--SCOTLAND . 449
oil. Seal-oil last year was valued at £32 per ton , and the average price
for skins was 6s. Taking the 625 tons of oil at £32, gives £20,000, and
57,776 skins at 6s. each, produces the sum of £ 17,232 16s . So that the
value of the seal-fishing in 1876 was £37,332 16s. Only one vessel
returned clean from the seal-fishing. The total catch at the whale-fishing
was in 1876 64 whales ; 824 tons of oil ; 45 tons of bone. The selling
price of whale-oil in 1876 was £35 per ton, and although as high as
£ 1,200 was got for bone, £800 was the average price. The 824 tons of
oil produces £28,840, and the 45 tons of bone, £ 36,000 ; total for the
whale fishing, £64,840 ; total for the seal - fishing, £37,332 16s.; total for
both fishings, £102,172 16s. Of course from this sum falls to be deducted
the expenses of the fleet, which must necessarily be very heavy .In 1875
the value of the seal- fishing was computed at £27,026 7s . 6d. and the
whale-fishing at £50,325 ; total for both fishings, £ 77,351 7s. 6d . This
shows an increase in favor of 1876 in the seal -fishing of £10,306 Ss. 6d .
and in the whale fishing of £ 14,515 ; total increase on both fishings for
1876, £24,821 8s. 6d.
The following is a very complete statement showing the produce ot
British vessels from 1865 to 1876, inclusive, at the Davis Straits and
Greenland seal and whale fisheries.
Fisheries.
.whale
whale
seal
Cwts
Tons
Tons
Whales
.bone
Seals
oil
oil
. ar
Ports. Vessels.
.
.
Ye
1865 Peterhead 10 sailers ... 17, 291 5 195 71

do . 3 steamers 10, 248 6 113 84
Dundee 7 steamers 64, 041 50 734 547 650
Kirkcaldy 1 sailer
Hull. ..do
85222
do. 1 steamer 5 40 60
1993
Fraserburgh 2 sailers 12, 219 156

Aberdeen 1 sailer
1866 Peterhead 9 sailers 16, 188 31 187
..do . 3 steamers 16, 632 9 210 100
Dundee 11 steamers 48, 418 30 674 333 373
Hull. 1 steamer .
do . 1 sailer 2 16 40
Fraserburgh 2 sailers.... 4,571 62
Aberdeen .... 1 sailer 9 100 120
1867 Peterhead 8 sailers 13, 208 16 160 151
.do .. 4 steamers 21, 368 4 287
Dundee …………….. 12 steamers 53, 822 2 619 20
Hull.. 1 steamer 2 40
Fraserburgh. 2 sailers.. 8, 217 124
Aberdeen 1 sailer
1868 Dundee 13 steamers 16, 458 107 199 856 944
.do.. 1 sailer 1 7 5
Peterhead . & sailers 13, 774 *16 165 262 90
.do 4 steamers 18, 038 4 228 23 17
Fraserburgh 2 sailers 3,986 32
Aberdeen 1 sailer 6 80 108
Hull 1 steamer . 230 3
1869 Dundee 11 steamers 44, 424 458 118 128
Peterhead . 9 sailers 8,868 ts 125 118 49
.do.. 4 steamers 16, 021 4 256 25 25
Aberdeen .... 1 sailer
Hull 1 steamer 1 5 5
1870 Dundee 10 steamers 87,763 61 862 734 871
Peterhead. 7 sailers .. 8,373 18 132 125 144
do.. 4 steamers 32,087 487 5 5
Aberdeen 1 sailer 98 91
1871 Dundee 10 steamers ... 64, 497 133 652 1, 163 1,313
Peterhead. ......... 6 sailers 17, 047 11 194 105 155
.do.. 5 steamers 34, 837 8 481 80 76
1872 Dundee ..... 11 steamers . 40, 391 105 410 969 1,062
Peterhead 5 sailers.. 1,851 9 25 131 132
do ... ............. 6 steamers 8,442 24 129 293 292
1873 Dundee 11 steamers 25, 480 158 262 1, 303 1,344
K do. 1 sailer 4, 131 46
FORS 29 CR
Fisheries-Continued.
whale
whale
.Cwts
seal
Tons
Tons
Whales
.bone
Seals
oil
oil
Year
Ports. Vessels.
.
.
.
.
15200
1873 Peterhead 7 steamers 37, 827 754 16 16
do .. 3 sailers 6,784 73 110 115
1874 Dundee 11 steamers 44, 087 190 575 1,419 1,436
Peterhead . 5 steamers 8, 113 196 95 91
do . 3 sailers 615 2 148 153
1875 Dundee 12 steamers 44, 445 79 418 706 729
Peterhead .. 6 steamers 27, 198 $6 355 113 77
do 2 sailers 13 156 164
1876 Dundee 12 steamers 57,776 64 625 824 900
Peterhead 5 steamers 4, 180 $135 75 222 138
do .. 3 sailers 371 5 69 94
*And 645 white. †And 859 white. And 630 white. §And 700 white.
It will be observed from this statement that the whole of the British
vessels engaged in the Davis Straits and Greenland seal and whale fish
ing now belong to this consular district, and of these the largest num
ber belong to Dundee and are all steamers . Indeed , sailing- vessels are
quite the exception , Peterhead being the only port that has two or
three old sailing- ships which go to Greenland ; and it is predicted that
in the course of a year or two these will either be turned into screw
steamers or laid aside for steam-vessels.
COMPLETION OF THE TAY BRIDGE.
That great undertaking the Tay bridge, referred to by me in my

reports for 1875 and 1876, is now completed , and is to be formally
opened soon. This bridge is full 24 miles in length , consisting of nearly
90 spans, the girders resting upon brick columns or strong cast iron pil
lars. The spans over the navigable part of the river are 245 feet
in width and 88 feet above the surface of high water. The estimated
cost was about £ 300,000, but this has been exceeded by at least another
£ 100,000. Unfortunate mishaps have occurred several times , attended
by loss of lives and destruction of portions of the work. In spite, how
ever, of these discouragements the contractors have persevered and
creditably finished the bridge. Great interest has been manifested by
notable scientific and eminent men in the progress of this gigantic
structure, who have visited it while building. A tunnel in connection
with the bridge, running parallel with the docks, has cost a large
amount of money, and is now almost ready for traffic.
AMERICAN INVESTMENT IN DUNDEE.
The American Investment Trust and other companies formed in Dun

dee have been a great success. The first started, the Scottish American
Investment Trust, has had three issues of certificates, on which 6 per
cent. has been regularly paid , and the certificates now stand at from 10
to 12 per cent. above par. This company's transactions are in every
kind of good American securities, but chiefly in railway and city bonds.
The capital subscribed for each issue was £400,000 for the three issues =
£1,200,000. So much confidence is reposed in this trust, that for the last
issue double the amount of money required was offered . Another com
pany, the Oregon and Washington Investment Company, limited , has a
total capital with debentures of £250,000 , which is lent out on culti

vated farm lands in the States of Oregon and Washington exclusively.
This company has also paid high dividends to the shareholders, 6, 7,
and, one year, 8 per cent., and the shares are quoted 10 per cent. above
par. The last company constituted was the Dundee Mortgage and Trust
Investment Company, limited , which with debentures has a capital of
upward of £200,000, with which they operate on the varied investments
of such a field as the United States offers. The dividends paid have been
6 to 7 per cent. Besides yielding these handsome returns, each of these
three companies has a substantial reserve fund . A company called the
Oregon and Washington Mortgage Savings- Bank, limited , was floated in
Dundee last year. The capital required for this bank, however, is small
compared with the other companies mentioned . These facts bear out
that American investments are held in high esteem in Dundee and that
the benefits accruing have fully rewarded such an appreciation .
MATTHEW MCDOUGALL.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Dundee (includ
ing the agency at Aberdeen) to the United States during the four quarters of the year end
ing September 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
December March 31, September year.
31, 1876. 1877. June 30, 1877. 30, 1877.
DUNDEE.
Burlaps $552, 734 22 $571, 817 85 $637, 814 59 $136, 937 05 $2, 199, 303 71
Linens …………… 361,509 20 457,656 19 355, 2-3 27 633,096 13 1,807, 544 79
Canvas. 14, 108 34 14, 699 10 10, 337 76 10, 034 08 49,179 28
Towels 4, 031 87 24, 063 40 10, 205 71 40, 192 97 78, 493 95
Bagging . 15,019 79 16, 458 74 26, 286.95 50,314 52 108, 080 00
Yarn 50,479 63 36, 112 49 48, 669 48 63, 128 56 198, 390 16
Marmalade 615 81 1,962 04 245 26 2, 623 11
Flax 4, 280 09 16, 977 21 28,311 47 31, 164 78 80, 733 55
Paper stock 9, 480 57 15, 939 79 20,936 49 22, 540 52 68, 897 37
Bags 21, 456 71 6, 229 23 2, 835 33 1,350 99 31, 872 26
Gauge-glasses . ... 1, 615 55 1,412 18 587 09 2, 143 85 5,758 67
Firebricks 414 37 414 37
Soda ash 2,065 72 2,065 72
Machinery 463 32 172 96 928 39 5,564 67
Worn clothing 130 63 130 63
Sack-sewing machines 249 84 249 84
Coals... 865 57 865 57
Bricks 548 04 548 04
Nets 287 98 294 31 728 89 1,371 18
Tarpaulin 1,020 04 3,034 47 4,054 51
Plants . 443 48 443 48
Padding 2, 864 35 5,071 32 5,955 99 13, 891 66
Serum 798 43 798 43
Books 239 51 239 51
Firo-escapes .. 93 81 93 81
Sail-duck 4,245 70 2,329 41 6,575 11
Whisky 99 60 47 39 146 99
Cord 275 95 207 23 483 18
Setting-stones 9 82 9 82
Twine... 1,550 66 1,550 66
Gooseberry-jam 20 41 20 41
Total for 1877. 1,037, 811 87 1, 175, 239 41 1, 154, 566 08 1, 302, 977 08 4,670, 594 44
Total for 1876. 1, 015, 277 14 1, 403, 578 44 1,720, 737 50 1,068, 847 02 5, 208, 440 10
Increase 22, 534 73 234, 130 06
Decrease ... 228,339 03 566, 171 42 537,845 66
ABERDEEN.
Polished granite . 42,992 20 25, 381 08 28, 412 63 26,655 84 123,441 78
Paper manufactures.. 6, 145 12 4,988 18 7, 192 74 4,620 44 22, 946 48
Whisky and wines 32 08 1,219 60 1,251 65
Statement showing the value of declared exports, &c.-Continued.
Quarter ending Total for the

Articles. year in U.
December March 31, June 30, 1877. September S.gold.
31, 1876. 1877. 30, 1877.
Implements, seeds, and plants $137 67 $137 67

Photographic goods $243 17 243 17
Printed sheets 113 70 113 70
Portrait . 24 30 24 30
Machinery 2,148 35 2,148 35
Woolen manufactures $4,686 58 4,686 58
Total for 1877.. $49, 169 40 30, 506 93 38, 134 29 37, 182 46 154, 993 68
Total for 1876. 86, 017 21 56, 409 04 61, 951 99 60, 325 36 264, 703 60
Increase
Decrease 36, 847 81 25, 902 11 23, 817 10 23, 142 90 109, 709 92
RECAPITULATION.
Total at Dundee for 1877 1,037, 811 871, 175, 239 41 1, 154, 566 08 1, 302, 977 08 4,670, 594 44
Total at Aberdeen for 1877 49, 169 40 30, 506 93 38, 134 89 37, 182 46 154, 993 68
Total from this district for 1877 1, 086, 981 27 1, 205, 746 34 1, 192, 700 97 1,340, 159 54 4,825, 588 12
Total from this district for 1876 1 , 101, 294 35 1,459, 987 48 1,782, 689 49 1, 129, 172 38 5,473, 143 70
Increase 210, 987 16
Decrease 14,313 08 254, 241 14 589, 988 52 647,555 59
GLASGOW.
OCTOBER 9, 1877. (Received November 24. )
Report upon the trade and commerce of Glasgow for 1876-77.
The accompanying statement shows a marked decrease in the value of

declared exports. This is owing, not so much to business depression
generally, as to the fact that our home manufactures in the United
States are becoming better appreciated, and are in a measure supersed
ing the use of goods manufactured abroad and formerly imported.
Business is believed to be reviving throughout this consular district.
There is a noticeable increase in the value and quantity of imports from
the United States , especially in the line of fresh meats and live cattle.
The imports of grain, during the ensuing year, promise to be largely
in excess of those of any past year.
Fifty- six American vessels have arrived and cleared at this port and
at Greenock during the past year, showing a decrease of eight as com
pared with the previous year. The ship-building interest on the Clyde
has again revived after an almost total suspension during the past three
months, resulting from a serious strike and lock-out, now happily ter
minated..
SAMUEL F. COOPER.
Statement showing the arrivals at and departures from the harbor of Glasgow , coastwise and
foreign, during the year ending June 30, 1877.
SAILING VESSELS.
INWARD. OUTWARD.
From an to Loaded. In ballast. Loaded. In ballast.
No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
Scotland 688 29, 326 489 115, 969 919 32, 695 117 13, 829
England 406 74, 614 4 4, 107 311 42, 866 7 3,603
Ireland 756 53, 313 15 5, 198 835 60, 678
Coasting 1, 850 157, 253 508 125, 274 2,065 136, 239 124 17, 432
United States . 100 48, 325 12 8, 630 45 27,223
Other foreign 399 135,728 9 5, 293 568 259, 849 28 12,767
Total.. 2, 349 341, 306 517 130, 567 2,645 404, 718 197 57, 422
Total for 1876 .. 2,308 296, 139 508 135, 383 2, 567 380, 870 225 49, 861
Inward. Outward.
Loaded 2, 349 341, 306 Loaded. 2,645 404, 718

In ballast 517 130, 567 In ballast ...... 197 57, 422
Total. 2,866 471, 873 Total ...... 2,842 462, 140
Total for 1876 2,816 431, 522 Total for 1876 2,784 424, 425
COUNTRIES TO WHICH THE VESSELS

BELONGED.
2433
Great Britain and its dependencies . 242 99, 805 8 4,963 374 205, 490 29 17, 474
United States of America . 20 8, 004 16 6, 909 1 654
Other foreign . 237 76, 244 1 330 190 56, 080 21,862
Total... 499 184, 053 9 5, 293 580 268, 479 73 39, 990
Total for 1876 .. 381 148, 357 14 8,304 543 244, 801 60 31, 273
STEAMSHIPS.
Statement showing the number and registered tonnage of steamships which arrived at the
harbor of Glasgow during the year ending June 30, 1877.
Last six months First six months

of 1876. of 1877.
Whence.
No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
Scotland . 8,572 511, 142 8, 636 504, 364

England . 643 287, 801 724 324, 014
Ireland …………………….. 1,791 549, 152 1,868 576, 472
Foreign . .............. 506 408, 178 533 447,733
Put back from sea . 3 2,584 4 2,584
Steamers built, &c .......... 255 107, 697 232 102, 576
Total ... 11, 770 1,866, 554 11, 997 1 , 956, 743
Increase 227 90, 189
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Glasgow to the
Quarter ending
December31, March 31, June 30, 1877. September 30, year.
1876. 1877. 1877.
Thread $478,980 90 $459, 165 00 $456, 144 00 $373, 955 00 $1,768, 244 90
Cotton and linen goods 248, 931 20 267, 300 00 259, 949 00 192, 255 00 968, 435 20
Woolen goods . 681 30 2,260 00 1,500 00 3,504 00 7,945 30
Muslins 20, 629 10 15,700 00 29, 115 00 22, 240 00 87,684 10
Laces and trimmings 837 10 31, 125 00 14,999 00 4,920 00 51,881 10
Carpets 3, 129 15 5,425 00 5, 122 00 20, 235 00 33, 911 15
Hats and caps. ..... 3,367 60 1,045 00 1, 013 00 1,216 00 6, 641 60
Furs and skins 1,659 50 2,365 00 2,206 00 6, 230 50
Fishing gut . 3,140 00 2,847 00 5,744 00 11, 731 00
Hemp and jute goods.. 3,484 40 35, 235 00 .36, 369 00 3,096 00 78, 184 40
Books 141 10 380 00 1,560 00 3,072 00 5,153 10
Pig-iron 86, 351 15 47,660 00 35, 210 00 35, 760 00 204,981 15
Machinery and iron ware.. 15,874 50 10, 255 00 11, 677 00 1,219 00 39,025 50
Wire goods.. 2,657 10 980 00 1,490 00 3, 192 00 8,319 10
Gum and paints 5,022 20 5,090 00 1,627 00 4,824 Ou 16,563 20
Coals .. 9, 231 75 8,065 00 17, 296 75
Paper and paper stock 23,882 40 34,085 00 32,316 00 6, 064 00 96, 347 40
Granite and stone goods.. 15, 994 90 5, 220 00 4, 172 00 1,548 00 26, 934 90
Tobacco pipes (clay) 5,747 10 4,560 00 4,320 00 3,320 00 17,947 10
Wine and liquors 15, 456 00 4,920 00 4,679 00 19,650 00 44,705 00
Beer 6,716 90 11, 170 00 9,850 00 3,63 8 00 31, 374 90
Cement 330 90 330 90
Oatmeal and flour 3, 168 00 1,710 00 1,400 00 1,108 00 7,386 00
Fire-clay goods . 730 00 245 00 355 00 341 00 1, 671 00
Chemicals 192, 732 85 28, 945 00 86, 411 00 44, 144 00 412, 132 85
Shawls 29, 656 55 30,520 00 29, 003 00 22,368 00 111, 547 55
Earthenware and glass. 8,774 30 2,985 00 2,670 00 2, 085 00 16, 514 30
Miscellaneous .. 46,522 90 110,990 00 54, 089 00 298, 466 00 511, 067 90
Total 1, 230, 600 85 1, 182, 375. 00 1,092, 158 00 1,077,964 00 4,589, 187 85
Total for preceding year... 1, 462, 911 75 1, 174, 976 78 1, 184, 911 78 1,278, 328 63 5, 101, 128 94
Increase... 7,398 22
Decrease 232, 210 90 86,753 78 200, 364 63 511, 941 09
LEITH.
Report upon the commerce and navigation of Leith for 1876-'77.
I have the honor to transmit herewith, in compliance with the consu

lar regulations, the following annual returns applicable to the commerce
falling under this consular district.
IMPORTS.
Inclosure A.- Statement showing the imports at Leith for the year
ending 30th June, 1877. This statement shows the average value, dur
ing the above period , of the various kinds of produce imported at Leith
from the countries mentioned in it, the total value of the whole
imports amounting to $ 17,088,108.44. The quantities thus imported
are, as regards nearly all the different kinds of produce, considerably
in excess of what was imported during the preceding year, with the
exception, however, of wheat, which has decreased this year by upward
of a million bushels.
EXPORTS .
Inclosure B.- Statement showing the exports from Leith for the year
ending 30th June, 1877. The total value of these exports, being exclu
sively coals, pig- iron, and malleable iron, amounts to $3,033,395.50. The
GREAT BRITAIN -SCOTLAND . 455
quantities of these minerals exported for the past year show a large
decrease as compared with the previous year, and this is undoubtedly
accounted for by the dull state of trade which has prevailed throughout
Scotland during the last twelve months.
NAVIGATION.
Inclosure C.-Statement showing the navigation at the port of Leith

for the year ending 31st August, 1877. From this statement it will be
observed that, during the year, there entered the port of Leith 1,519
vessels of the total burden of 516,449 tons, and , during the same period ,
there cleared 1,113 vessels of the total burden of 408,205 tons. Of the
vessels which entered, three, of 2,086 tons, were United States vessels ,
and of those which cleared , four, of 2,064 tons, were United States vessels.
In forwarding the three returns above mentioned I take the liberty
of referring to the difficulties which I have experienced here in procur
ing the information contained in these returns , and that, owing to the
manner in which the accounts are kept in the custom-house, I have been
unsuccessful in obtaining the full particulars of the trade of this port.
Inclosure D. - Statement showing the declared exports from this consular

district to the United States during the year to 30th September, 1877 .
From this statement, it appears that the value of the total exports for
that period amounts to $ 1,671,257.79. This is a slight decrease upon
last year, and arises from the recent backward condition of the principal
manufactures in this consular district.
Inclosure E.- Statement giving the statistics of the railways in the
United Kingdom, condensed from the official publication just issued. *
Grain.-Russia and the United States afford the greatest supplies of
grain to this country, and for the next year at least the United States
alone must be looked to to meet the demand for grain . This district,
therefore, will have to be supplied to the extent of at least one-third ad
ditional so as to make up the deficiency on the harvest.
THE NEW DOCK.
A new dock of about 16 acres will shortly be opened at Leith , which

will afford greater commercial facilities to that port.
JOHN T. ROBESON.
*This statement will be found under the head of Great Britain and Ireland, page 366.
,
Statement showing the commerce of Leith for the year ending June 30, 1877.
A.- IMPORTS.
Articles. Quantity. Value entered. Total value. Whence.
Wheat .bushels.. 1, 001, 904 $1,643, 122 56

Indian corn .. do ... 669, 944 569, 452 40 $2,261, 685 71 United States.
Wood...... .loads.. 2,691 49, 110 75
Guano.. ..tong .. 9, 057 439, 072 64 439, 072 64 South America.
Barley bushels.. 341, 584 341, 584 00
Corn .do ... 8,688 6,516 00
Pease do... 9, 872 10, 266 88 784, 788 64 Africa.
Beans do . 268, 432 279, 169 28
Guano . ..tons .. 2, 474 147, 252 48
Wheat bushels .. 278, 528 456, 785 92 456, 785 92 Australia,
Flour ..bags.. 2 22.86
Flax ... ..... tons .. 21 3,381 00 3,883 86 Belgium.
Tow... .do ... 4 480 00
Wheat .bushels.. 177, 960 291,854 40
Corn ... .do 324, 864 243, 648 00 1,033, 295 52 Canada.
Pease. ..do ... 112,200 116, 688 00
Wood.. .loads.. 15, 664 381, 105 12
Wheat bushels.. 5, 848 9,590 72
Barley. do... 24, 088 24, 088 00
Corn... do... 68, 896 51,672 00
Pease .do... 1,784 1,855 36
Tares. do... 2,128 3, 362 24 1,011, 750 62 Denmark.
Flour. ..bags.. 80, 122 915, 794 46
Guano.. ..tons.. 17 1, 011 84
Flax... do... 16 2,576 00
Hemp .do ... 10 1,800 00
Wheat bushels .. 29, 552 48,465 28
Barley. ..do ... 128, 144 128, 144 00 1 6, 609 28 Egppt.
Barley.. .do ... 132, 177 132, 176 00
Pease ..do ... 14,744 15,333 76
Flour ..bags.. 46,355 529, 837 65 693, 006 41 France.
Flax ... tons.. 19 3,059 00
Tow .do 105 12, 600 00
Wheat .bushels .. 613,296 1,005, 805 44
Barley .do... 128,872 128,872 00
Corn. ..do... 2,256 1,692 00
Pease .do... 60, 472 62, 900 88
Beans .do. 94, 784 98,575 36
Tares.. ..do ... 27, 576 43, 570 08 4, 129, 603 05 Germany.
Flour. bags .. 159, 937 1,828, 079 91
Wood ..loads.. 194 2.477 38
Flax . .tons.. 2,120 619, 040 00
Tow... ..do.. 179 21, 480 00
Hemp ... do ... 1,669 317, 110 00
Pease bushels.. 712 740 48
Beans ..do ... 152 158 08
Flour. ..bags.. 1,000 11, 430 00 15, 271 56 Holland.
Meal.. do... 5 45 00
Flax . ..tons.. 18 2,898 00
Guano ..do ... 366 19,998 72 19,998 72 West Indies.
Beans bushels .. 16, 584 17, 247 36 17, 247 36 Italy.
Wood ...loads.. 27, 165 329, 726 40
Guano tons.. 970 57, 634 40 387, 360 80 Norway.
Wheat. .bushels .. 1, 127, 320 1,848, 804 80
Barley. ..do ... 43, 960 43,960 00
Corn.. .do... 501, 360 376, 020 00
Pease.. ..do .. 30, 352 31, 566 08
Beans.. ...do ... 872 906 88 3,706, 680 68 Russia
Tares.. ..do ... 8, 344 13, 183 52
Wood. ..loads.. 38, 089 456,099 40
Flax ………. .tons .. 2, 320 373, 520 00
Tow ...do .. 889 106, 680 00
Hemp do.. 2,533 455, 940 00
Barley. .bushels.. 31, 464 31, 464 00
Corn.. .do... 363, 648 272, 736 00
Pease.. ....do ... 608 632 32 629, 290 07 Sweden.
Beans .do .. 18, 160 18, 886 40
Wood.. .... loads.. 22, 855 305, 571 35
Barley .bushels .. 920, 656 920, 656 00
Corn... ..... do ... 446, 512 334, 884 00 1,321, 777 60 Turkey.
Rye ..do ... 60, 216 66, 227 60
Total 17,088, 108 44
Love
Statement showing the commerce of Leith, &c.—Continued .

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT SHOWING THE QUANTITIES OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES IMPORTED DURING THE YEARS
1876 AND 1877.
Oats and
Wheat. Barley. Indian corn. Pease. Beans. Tares. Rye.
Year.
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bush. Bush.
Ending June 30, 1877. 3, 471, 112 1,776, 024 2, 530, 320 253, 544 401, 672 38, 416 60, 304
Ending June 30, 1876. 4,572, 480 1,487, 376 2,036, 576 199, 688 208, 152 18,584 45, 264
Increase 288, 648 493,744 53, 856 193, 520 19, 832 15, 040
Decrease.. 1, 101, 368
Flour. Meal. Wood. Guano. Flax. Tow. Hemp.

Year.
Bags. Bags. Loads. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.
Ending June 30, 1877. 310,950 5 106,666 13, 274 4, 689 1, 198 4,527
Ending June 30, 1876. 285, 806 446 92,679 9, 255 2,667 1,283 9, 249
Increase 25, 144 13, 987 4, 019 2, 022
Decrease . 441 85 4, 722
B.-EXPORTS. *
Articles. Quantity. Value, including costs and Whither.

charges.
Tons.
Coals 9, 664 $33,824 00
Pig-iron . 914 13, 710 00 $47, 534 00 South America.
Coals ......... 1,307 4,574 50 4,574 50 Africa.
Coals ...... 1, 143 4,000 50 4,000 50 Austria.
Coals 6, 802 23, 807 00
Pig-iron... 7,723 115, 645 00 139, 452 00 Belgium.
Coals 7,726 27,030 50 27, 780 50 Canada.
Pig-iron.. ........... 50 750 00
Coals 20, 569 71, 996 50
Pig-iron. 5,550 83, 250 00 176, 156 50 Denmark.
Malleable iron 615 20, 910 00
Coals 4, 782 16, 737 00 16, 737 00 Egypt.
Coals 18, 558 61,953 00 115, 668 00 France.
Pig-iron. 3,381 50, 715 00
Coals ......... 56, 034 196, 119 00
Pig-iron.... 69, 616 1,044, 240 00 1,241, 855 00 Gerniany.
Malleable iron ....... 44 1,496 00
Coals ..
……… 11,623 40, 680 50
Pig-iron.. 34, 845 522, 675 00 564, 239 50 Holland.
Malleable iron ..... 26 884 00
Coals 4, 701 16, 453 50 16, 453 50 West Indies.
Coals 28, 838 100, 933 00
Pig-iron.. ......... 1,100 16,500 00 117, 739 00 Italy.
Malleable iron .......... 9 306 00
Coals ......... 11,407 39, 934 50
Pig-iron.. ........ 50 750 00 40, 684 50 Norway.
Coals ............. 2, 071 7,248 50 7,248 50 Portugal.
Coals ........... 64, 641 226, 243 00
Pig-iron.. ..... 9, 593 143, 895 00 390,946 00 Russia.
Malleable iron 612 20,808 00
Coals 5,036 17, 626 00
Pig-iron... 250 3,750 00 21, 376 00 Spain.
Coals ............... 16, 807 58,824 50
Pig-iron.. 40 600 00 59, 424 50 Sweden.
Coals 8, 436 29, 526 00 41,526 00 Turkey.
Pig-iron..... ..... 800 12, 000 00
Total. 3,033, 395 50
Coals. Malleable
Recapitulation. Plg-iron. iron.
Tons. Tons. Tons.
Year to June 30, 1877 292, 286 139,425 2, 138
Year to June 30, 1876 375, 223 160, 301 2,530
Increase.
Decrease 82, 937 20,876 392
74
* Exports of coal, pig-iron, and malleable iron only are given in this table.
Wist
e
,1877
31
August
ending
year
for
Leith
of
port
at
navigation
the
showing
.Statement
458
ENTERED
. CLEARED
.
.Flag to
or
From Steamers
. -vessels
.Sailing .
Total Steamers
. .- essels
vSailing Total
.
No. Tons
. No. Tons
. No. Tons
. No. Tons
. No.
Tons
. No. Tons
.
.
British ,nports
.Russia
orthern 52 , 78
037 17 3, 15 69 ,34093 44 , 39
232 9 6,102 8,3341
sRussia
, outhern
ports 6 1,499 1 297 4,486 7 0,622 647 6, 69
Sweden 9 5,143 5,143 11 540 2,540
Norwa
....y 3 622 622 1 192 648 1, 40
Denmark 48 23
,152 48 23
,152 51 24
,581 434 , 15
025
North
Confederation
German 207 105
,771 21 2,284 228 , 55
0108 183 , 21
794 1,762 196 496, 23
Holland
.. 68 , 27 3
124 388 71 , 15
524 66 ;52107 1323 ,52107
Belgium
…………… ......... 36 14,473 6 498 42 ,971
14 35 2,1476 14 ,276
Fran
....
……………
. …ce 61 8, 20
19 16 ,0211 77 , 31
821 41 , 18
215 22 2,985 218 , 03
Spain 18 10,853 25 , 97
012 43 9, 50
22 9 .
3,074 892 9,366
Portu ………….
...... gal 2 269 7 1,584 9 8,153 3 412 2 359 771
Italy
. 5 2,026 5 2,026 2 1,316 4 1,274 5,290
**** 88 × 8no
Greece
Turkey 10 8,643 6 1,365 16 ,2808 1 737 2 450 1, 87
United
States
. 6 3,221 6 3,221 1,067 1,067
Mexico
.... 3 633 633 467 467
Braz
.... il
……………….. 1 240 240 199 199
Peru
.... 5 4,02 4, 02 1,25 1, 25
countries
other
All
designated
not 5 3,098 41 8,14,9 46 17,987 644 2,210 8,254
Egypt 1 737 1 737 300 300
maa - an.
Chili 728 728

Canada 1 0,1 27 21 , 51 22
712 7,1378 5,975 5,975
.
Zealand
New
and
Australia 214 1,214
Indies
West 1 248 1 248 881 881
East
Indies 1 822 1 822 2,618 648
other
All
ports
...... 2 896 2 896 2,028 2,028
Channel
Islands 402 402
Russian nRussia
, orthern
ports 6 2,464 24 1,539 30 4,903 4 2,909 1,940 10 4,849
Sweden 2 392 2 392 502 502
Denmark 246 246
North
Confederation
German 1,609 6,169
Portugal 726 726
Italy
. .... ...... 519 2 519
41182324321722
.....
Norway 1 227 227
.
States
United 1 795 795
Italian
. ports
,southern
.Russia 3 5,102 1,502
Ital
. y ... 5 3,264 ,3264 24 , 00
113 24 ,100
13
United
States
.........
………………………
. ..……… ........ 10 ,9513 10 ,9513
Egypt....................... 1 498 498 3 6,121 3 1,621
Turkey 5 338 2,338
P
Peru ……………........... ..... J 536 536

………………………..........
Austria 1 377 377
...............
Canada 1 496 1 496
Danish Russia
orthern
,nports 2 1,032 34 4,887 36 9,5 19 3 2,272 11 1,493 14 3,765
Sweden 28 392 28 4,392
Norway 19 153 19 1,253 2 278 2 278
North
Confederation
German
isici
1 614 25 45
72,26 3,359 1 782 9 1,793 10 2,575
Denmark 32 8, 23
13 32 8,239 64 ,61662 36 ,31501 39 7,397 75 19,098
Belgium 1 497 6 746 7 2,143
Italy ........ 1 187 1 187
..
countries
other
All 2 311 2 311
Austrian sRussia
, outhern
ports 4 1,466 466
United
States
....... 5,448 4,548 626 1 626
Egypt 571 571 2 1,019 2 0,119
Turkey 396 396
Italy
. ...... ……………. 1 197 1 197 2,268 4 2,268
Austr
. ia 3 1, 13 3 1, 13
countries
other
All
designated
not 2 862 2 862 1 431 431
Canada 205 805
Greek
. Turkey 3 1,043 3 1,043 3,198 1,398
Ita
. ly ------- 1 299 1 299 788 783
sRussia
ports
., outhern 1 347 1 347
countries
other
All 2 664 2 664
.
States
United Unite
States
......d. 2 1,278 2 1,278
Peru ............ 1 808 1 .808
Mexico
……………………. 1 476 1 476
Canada 1 310 1 310
countries
other
All 2 1,278 1,278
Confederati
German
nNorth nRussia
ports
., orthern 1,718 42 08,64 ,7982 5 1,235 19 0,491 24 2,626
Sweden 37 2,634 37 234 4 724 4 724
Norway
. 7 1,409 41,09 4 502 4 502
Confederation
German
North 1,929 73 7,842 78 610, 71 3 1,651 86 1, 00
17 89 7, 51
18
France
. 186 186
Holland
. 1 564 885 4,1 49 2 ICO 2 160
FIFT
Spain 519 519
Belgium 737 737
Turkey 220 220
United
995882L23.
States
. 1,431 2477202514 4,131
Denmark 4 669 669
Russia
, outhern
sports
GREAT BRITAIN- SCOTLAND .
countries
other
..All 2 359 2 359
Italy 2 314 314
………………·
Canada
Dutch nRussia
, orthern
ports 3 373 373 10 1,658 10 6,158
Holland
. 50 ,62712 19 2,726 69 330
, 38 8 4,597 1 65 6,462
Drre
386
Belgium 7 4,088 240 4,328

Sweden 474 .474 .....
Confederation
Gorman
North 554 551 56 8, 63
30 5 610 61 4,3173
Deumark 1 58 58 1 93 1 93
.Norway 1 88 1 88 4 412 4 412
France
.. ......
Italy
. 1 136 1 136
French France
. ......... ..... .... 5 393 5 393 6 435 6 435
Spain 1 202 1 202 1 202 1 202
459
Continued
c-
,&
Leith
of
port
at
navigation
the
showing
.Statement 460
.ENTERED CLEARED
.
Fla
. g From
or
to Steamers
. Sailing
.-vessels Total
. Steamers
. .- essels
vSailing Total
.
No. Tons
. No. Tons
N. o. NTons
. o. Tons
o.
.NNo.
Norway 1 205 205

Sweden 249 249
TI
countries
other
All 3 693 3 693
Spanish Spain 1 306 1 306
Turke y
...........
Italy
.
sRussia
, outhern
ports
United
States
.. 1 263 1 263
Swedish Sweden 22 3,878 22 3,878 1 397 23 4,553 24 4,950
nRussia
, orthern
ports 2 1,009 1 332 1,341 1 162 1 162
Belgium 112 112
United
States
. 1,267 1,267
North
Confederation
German 258 258 1 237 1 237
Brazil
. 434 434
Spain ...... 166 166
Tru
Egypt 1 429 429
23122211
Denmark 62 1 62
Fran
....
……………
. ce
……
Norw
. ay
countries
other
All 1 336 1 336
..
Norwegian Russia
,northern
ports 34 7,620 7,620 28 4,644 28 4,644
Sweden 32 ,587 32 5,587 10 3,300 10 3,300
Norway
. ……………. 2 609 90 116, 36 92 16,744 1, 64 62 4, 30
10 66 11,594
North
Confederation
German 4 597 591 12 2,267 12 2,267
.
France 1 277 22241 277
Holland
......
Spain ………………….. 4 1,676 4 1,676

Belgium.......... 2 415 415
Turkey 1 177 177 1 284 1 284
United
States
. 17 ,6802 ,6802
217
Denmark 10 1,973 10 9,173

sRussia
ports
., outhern
Italy
. 1 226 1 226
Canada 6 3,018 6 ,0318 1 429 1 429
countries
other
..All 8 3,424 8 4,324 1 440 440
Brazil
. 1 237 237
Mexico 2 511 511
Turkish
.. Turkey .... 1 378 378
3171
Total 628 , 17
0310 891 1,5206
419 32 19
4,516 565 , 10
3277 548 130
1,813
95 , 05
2408
GREAT BRITAIN- WALES. 461
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Leith to the
United States during thefour quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877.
theal
Tot
for
Quarter ending
year
Articles.
.
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Ales $22,181 45 $7,967 36 $17,500 23 $10, 713 32 $58,362 36

Biscuits 3, 349 65 1, 158 44 2, 615 91 2, 168 93 9, 292 93
Boiler composition 501 90 465 19 967 09
Books 17,576 55 12, 595 11 25, 707 86 16, 373 77 72, 253 29
Carpets 1, 140 34 1, 140 34
Clothing 783 37 783 37
Coals 10,588 89 2,229 96 12, 818 85
Colors . 643 01 474 17 421 30 1,538 48
Cottons 46,899 00 36, 359 87 13, 720 75 29, 622 28 126, 601 90
Floor-cloth 2,052 83 9,877 01 9, 061 42 20, 991 29
Gelatine.. 11, 748 81 17, 116 28 19, 752 77 14,488 01 63, 105 87
Granite 1,486 68 255 45 1,742 13
Frindstones 402 47 145 36 208 63 756 46
Linens 179, 844 33 482, 985 44 87,828 75 250, 27 031 , 001 , 185 55
Linens and cottons.. 49, 084 00 157, 484 13 206, 568 13
Lime juice 466 61 466 61
Lithographic stones 1,028 47 1,028 47
Maps 713 52 497 85 1,526 99 2,738 36
Miscellaneous 869 55 1, 423 35 1,246 08 3,538 98
Morphia 785 36 1,319 78 1,016 75 3,121 89
Oatmeal. 1,541 01 501 12 862 25 ε00 06 3,704 44
Oil-cloth. 1, 891 16 1, 891 16
Paper shavings .. 9,599 89 7,096 60 6,943 86 7,948 97 31, 579 52
Philosophical instruments.. 212 25 212 25
Pictures.. 1,317 65 1,317 65
Printing materials. 9, 327 03 7,022 27 7,046 38 1, 988 99 25,384 67
Seeds.. 238 65 166 14 404 79
Silver plate . 762 51 762 51
Stationery 87 97 87 97
Stereotype plates . 176 85 270 28 447 13
Tiles 398 50 398 50
Vulcanite goods. 4,357 23 144 53 5, 501 76
Wax 158 06 106 86 162 39 427 31
Whisky 266 99 735 26 113 96 1, 116 21
Wines.. 481 94 131 39 613 33
Wool....... 3,965 03 4,280 05 8, 185 08
Total. 323, 398 84 595,300 94 242,874 09 509, 683 92 1, 671, 257 79
Total for preceding year. 397, 394 80 630, 321 67 259, 664 70 492, 595 22 1, 779, 976 39
Increase 17,088 71
Decrease 73,995 96 35, 020 73 16, 790 61 108, 718 60
WALES .
CARDIFF .
SEPTEMBER 29, 1877. (Received November 24.)
Report upon the continued depression of the coal and iron trade of Cardiff.
I have the honor, herewith, to send my annual report on the trade and
navigation of Cardiff and district ; the principal exports of which are
steam and house coal, iron and steel rails , and tin plates. Since my
last report, the course of the iron and coal trades has been one of still
deeper depression . Latterly a number of steam and sailing vessels have
left this port in ballast, a most unusual thing, and a sad illustration of
the condition of commerce at a great center port of exportation . It is
believed that the minimum price of coal has been reached , because of
the resolve of coal proprietors to stop their collieries rather than go on
working at a serious loss . The colliers, however, appear to be realizing
the true state of affairs, and to be consequently more reconciled to low
wages.
In the iron trade the manufacture is unfavorably influenced by the

limited demand and small profits. The district appears to be passing
through what may be called an experimental era. Manufacturers are
largely occupying themselves with the endeavor to produce steel rails
at the minimum of cost, and these may now be had as low as £6 5s. to
£ 6 7s. 6d. per ton. Iron rails cannot well be produced under £6, and the
result is that the iron-rail trade of this district may be considered vir
tually dead. There appears also to be a want of confidence among
merchants, largely owing, no doubt, to recent heavy failures. The hope .
ful spirit which has sustained so many during the past year or two
seems now, I regret to say, to be succumbing, at least as relates to the
near future, and there is little anticipation of other than a hard winter
before us.
The export of tin plates is not very considerable, Swansea agency
having almost a monopoly.
WIRT SIKES .
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Cardiff to the
Total
the
for
Quarter ending
year
Articles.
.
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Tin plates. $24, 390 11 $24, 17370 $19, 499 95 $21 , 919 81 $89,983 57
China clay 263 25 1,264 85 2, 450 41 3,978 51
Coke and patent fuel 3,013 20 3,013 20
Bricks and cement 1, 163 94 32319 172 53 1,659 66
Old spring-steel 1,659 18 1,659 18
Steel rods 70154 211 77 913 31
Rose nails 252 21 252 21
Dandelion 224 57 224 57
Nails 217 22 217 22
Black taggers 137 84 137 84
Rottenstone 129 76 129 76
Beef. 102 67 102 67
Total 25, 919 97 27, 204 59 24, 300 14 24,847 00 102,271 70
Total for preceding year.. 44, 397 00 64,891 50 20,549 86 25, 456 33 155, 294 69
Increase. 3,750 28
Decrease 18, 477 03 37, 686 91 609 33 53, 022 99
Statement showing the number and tonnage of vessels which entered at the ports of Cardiffand
agencies for year ending June 30, 1877.
Number.
Ports. Tons.
11111
Cardiff 49 40 14 20 123 105, 961
Newport 2 15 3 8 28 14, 216
Swansea 1 5 1 2 9 4,889
Milford Haven 2 2 1,002
Llanelly.
Total 52 62 18 30 162 126, 063
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- AFRICA. 463
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES .
AFRICA.
CAPE TOWN.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Cape Town to
Total
the
for
Quarter ending
year
Articles.
.
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Diamonds $993 04 $993 04

Everlasting flowers. 244 15 244 15
Old iron $178 13 178 13
Ostrich feathers . 7,422 45 $5, 321 24 12, 743 69
Personal effects 96 80 192 25 289 05
Roans (skins) . $2,000 34 8,091 02 10,091 36
Wool. 4,740 56 556 88 55, 593 88 306, 59 22 367, 750 54
Wine.. 56 84 56 84
Sundries 145 31 145 31
Total 6,886 21 1,890 87 71,534 57 312, 180 46 392, 492 11
Increase.. 228 57 30,928 43 235, 755 46 237, 281 08
Decrease 29, 731 38
W. W. EDGECOMB.
MAURITIUS.
Statement showing the commerce of Port Louis for the nine months ending September 30, 1877.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Value Amount Whence imported.

Quantity. entered . of duties
Animals (of all kinds)... $237, 305 $2,881 India, Continental Europe, Madagas
car, Cape of Good Hope, and Natal
dependencies of Mauritius, and all
other countries and ports not in Mau
ritius.
Coals ..tons 8,977 54, 265 2,244 United Kingdom.
Coffee pounds . 5, 832 61, 211 116 India, Reunion, Madagascar.
Coru, grain, meal, flour (other 326, 903 773,415 67, 617 Australasia, India, Continental Europe,
than rice), bags. Reunion, Madagascar, Cape of Good
Hope, Natal, and other countries.
Cotton manufactures (of all 11, 878, 762 811,595 24, 347 India, United Kingdom, Continental
kinds), bags. Europe, and Madagascar.
Marua, guano…. ..tons 43, 601 887, 080 5, 236 Australasia, and all other countries and
ports not in Mauritius.
Guano of other sorts.....do .. 1,539 39, 625 1,840 Australia, India, and Continental
Europe.
Rice. .do .. 611, 116 1,544, 760 245, 050 India and Madagascar.
Tea... 10, 215 734 United Kingdom.
Tobacco of all sorts, cigars, 64, 580 20, 828 India, United Kingdom, Continental
and snuff. Europe, Cape of Good Hope, and all
other countries and ports not in Mau.
ritius.
Wine, beer, ale, spirits, and 329, 830 92,715 India, United Kingdom, Continental
liqueurs. Europe, Cape of Good Hope, and all
other countries and ports not in Mau
ritius.
Woolen manufactures (of all 108, 195 60, 888 Continental Europe, Cape of Good
kinds). Hope, United Kingdom, and all other
countries and ports not in Mauritius.
Total ........ 4,922, 076 524, 496
Statement showing the commerce of Port Louis, &c.—Continued.

EXPORTS.
Value, includ
charges.
Bags (vacoa) . 592, 075 $26, 340 Australasia and Continental Europe.
Cocoanuts .tons . 23, 904 680 Reunion and Madagascar.
Fiber (aloe) . .pounds 3,878 19, 780 United Kingdom.
Horns .do .. 9,806 220 Do.
Molasses .barrels . 9, 197 5, 230 Australasia .
Oil (cocoanut) ..gallons. 65,956 52, 625 Reunion and Madagascar.
Sugar .pounds 151, 464, 319 10, 651, 770 Australasia, United Kingdom, Continental
Europe, Madagascar, Cape of Good Hope,
Natal, and dependencies of Mauritius.
Rum and other sorts 670, 385 158, 230 India, United Kingdom, Continental Europe,
Madagascar, and dependencies of Mauri
tius.
Vanilla 4, 509 31, 605 United Kingdom, Continental Europe.
Total 152, 844, 029 10, 946, 480
Statement showing the navigation at the port of Port Louis for the nine months ending Sep
tember, 1877.
Entered.
wero∞2018
British 237 122, 602 237 122, 602
HOBODBOL4I3
French 9 8, 100 145 55, 550 154 63, 650

German 21 3, 804 3, 804
United States . 8 8, 673 8, 673
Danish 6 1,556 6 1, 556
Norwegian 5 2, 196 2, 196
Swedish 689 589
Italian ... 10 6, 393 10 6, 393
Arabian 1 181 1 181
Turkish 750 4 750
Peruvian 1 848 848
Dutch 1, 772 3 1,772
Total 9 8,100 444 205, 014 453 213, 114
Cleared.
British . 240 114, 764 240 114, 764

French 8 132
200305II13
7, 200 50,279 140 57, 479

German 19
DUBOKIES
3, 119 19 3, 119
United States . 8 7, 428 8 7,428
Danish 748 3 748
Norwegian 8 3,378 8 3,378
Swedish 1,507 5 1,507
Italian. 11 7,221 11 7,221
Arabian 181 1 181
Turkish 675 5 675
Peruvian 848 1 848
Dutch 1,870 3 1,870
Total 8 7, 200 436 192, 018 444 199, 218
JOHN J. TURTLE.
AUSTRALIA
.
Statistics
Australia
131of
for
ending
year
the
876.
*,December
30 CR
Name
colony
of
.
December.
December.
the 31st December.
on the 31st December.
Births.
Deaths.
Marriages.
Immigrants by sea.
Emigrants by sea.
Total public revenue.
Public debt on the 31st
Miles of railway open on
Imports.
Total cultivation, acres.
Miles of telegraph open

Horses.
Cattle.
Sheep.
Victoria
. 7,840
369
0026 513
, 614, 94935
, 79731
, 977 48
32,$801272 7785
,14$8691 30
05 0$6987
2,719 04 743 1,205 31 7194
, 68 1178
2,811 28
65
93 175
Wales
South
New 96,32 2629
123
411
,723 76
98
30
93
4221 24
,1424 97 224 99
27 ,578
.
Queensland 66,538
,657 63
,26509 79
83 8,472 513
,840 7366
, 03 50,324 113 31
03
88 6173
, 04
9,621 8314187 03
00
67
31
94
95 6,147 94 83315
2,315 94
99 18
84,298 15
60 4,633 85,569 6133
, 25 392,079
,0779 15
74 53
4, 55
Australia
South ,135225
829413 652 24
77
50
41
95 76,473 24 18
647
2,922 73
69
95 328
,8423
91
37 3,470 91,514
, 16 106
,903 41
Western
Australia 27 21
,3383
918
191
650
409 24,1621991
33 102
,295
Tasmania ,293
789 9, 78
656 78
1,6849 38 ,426
1,933 1, 59 ,933
45 33
5, 02 54
0,899
458
94 18
,108
430
573105
8,1746 49
84
71
69 01,593
, 44 ,513
7,399 5,713 59 ,929
5172 03 635 332
,558 23
,622 ,7124
1,768
485 59 60
,681
Zealand
.New 399
068
3916
16,418 75
04
96
14
59 ,51451
55 100
,033738 6,0330415 27
9,617
09 8, 27
787
.at
taken ransmitted
by
vice
onsul
-the
eneral
SMelbourne
*tatistics
published
from
reports
gcTofficial
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES -AUSTRALIA.
465
Statistics of Australia for the year ending December 31 , 1876- Continued .

PUBLIC DEBT.
At the end of each finan

cial year.
Colony. Year.
Total amount Amount
of debt. per head.
Victoria.. 1876 $68, 112, 539 13 $82 13

New South Wales 1875 55, 821, 854 96 92 02
Queensland 1875 33, 815, 293 77 186 53
South Australia. 1875 16, 159, 699 90 76 79
Western Australia 1875 656, 977 50 24 59
Tasmania 1875 7,248, 165 10 69 91
New Zealand.. 1875 84, 677, 250 86 225 28
MELBOURNE.
Statement showing the imports from the United States at Melbourne during the year 1876.
Anchors $97 33 Medicines, patent ; roots, & c $4,287 91

Arms and ammunition (military) . 1,114 43 Milk, preserved . 14,317 24
Powder-fuse 194 66 Mixed metal ware.. 246 75
Axles, arms, and axle-boxes . 2,387 28 Molasses.. 77 87
Beef, salted 350 39 Muslins . 43 30
Blankets... 49 07 Nails . 13, 222 28
Books 5, 764 31 Oars 1,898 06
Boots and shoes . 422 85 Oils, kerosene 280, 357 20
Brass ware ... 384 46 Oils, lubricating, pine, sperm 2, 180 19
Brush ware and brooms 13, 8:25 62 Oil-cloths 300 89
Canes and rattans 111 93 Oilmen's stores 3, 747 51
Carriages, cart and carriage mate Paintings and engravings . 841 91
rials 48, 773 29 Paper-hangings . 262 79
Cheese... 345 52 Perfumery... 4, 475 09
Clocks 23, 690 66 Personal effects . 355 66
Coffee. 676 45 Pitch and tar. 939 24
Combs. 690 79 Plaster of Paris (American) 23,281 34
Cordage 1,824 94 Plated ware. 5,783 12
Cordage, steel (unserviceable) .. 19 47 Pork, salted 2,403 92
Cotton piece-goods (wholly ofcotton) 12, 823 23 Printing materials. 7,105 09
Cotton wick 496 38 Resin. 24, 152 44
Cutlery . 1,211 76 Saddlery and harness, and saddler's
Doors . 92,857 69 ironmongery... 2,650 35
Drugs and chemicals 15, 714 17 Seeds, unenumerated 146 00
Dyes ... 944 10 Sewing-machines 74, 301 72
Essences and essential oils . 243 33 Slates, roofing. 8, 175 72
Fancy goods ..... 1, 720 57 Spirits, cordials and bitters 11, 003 16
Fish, preserved and salted .. 45, 885 50 Spirits, gin.. 1, 946 60
Fruit, dried . 4,929 97 Spirits of wine 2,433 25
Furniture and upholstery . 78,999 62 Spirits, other unenumerated and per
Glass, bottles and ware .. 4,502 66 fumed 89, 164 01
Glue.... 618 05 Starch 997 63
Goodsmanufactured, unenumerated . 1,046 30 Stationery 438 59
Grates and stoves.. 171 74 Stone ware.. 394 31
Grease . 335 79 Sugar, refined .. 1,557 28
Grindery (shoe and leather findings) . 12, 492 31 Timber, dressed. 127, 838 09
Haberdashery 350 39 Timber, undressed 186, 965 94
Hams 204 39 Timber, laths 11, 115 09
Hardware and ironmongery. 57, 663 16 Timber, logs 16,831 89
India-rubber goods ... 1,747 08 Timber, pickets .. 5, 216 89
Ink, writing 12 75 Timber, shooks and staves 2,739 67
Instruments (musical) , organs.. 46,193 16 Timber, spokes and felloes 993 01
Instruments(musical),unenumerated 1, 124 16 Timber, other unenumerated . 11, 168 62
Instruments, scientific 180 06 Tobacco, manufactured . 188,557 41
Iron bolts, nuts, and iron castings.. 2, 704 21 Tobacco, unmanufactured . 55, 259 11
Iron wire, unenumerated 437 99 Tobacco, cigars . 3,649 88
Lamps and lamp ware.. 2, 805 84 Tools and utensils 122, 854 79
Leather, patent, Toys 238 92
er ware ... imitation, and leath 16, 557 39 Turpentine. ..... 30, 264 77
Machinery, agricultural . 1,252 90 Twine 38 93
Machinery, spinning .. 1, 177 69 Varnish 2,019 60
Machinery, unenumerated 23, 197 97 Watches 126 46
Maizena and (Indian) corn flour 18,638 70 Wicker and basket ware.. 71 92
Manufactures of cotton, woolen, Wooden ware. 98,590 32
silk, & c 105 99 Miscellaneous.. 96 37
Manufactures of metals .. 18, 922 51
Mats and matting . 2, 398 61 Total. 2,019, 573 17
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- NEW SOUTH WALES. 467
Statement showing the declared exports from Melbourne to the United States during the years
ending September 30 , 1876 and 1877.
Articles . Year ending Year ending

September September
30, 1876. 30, 1877.
Wool $458, 600 96 $727,839 45

Quicksilver-flasks .. 306 87 217 41
Wine 94 42
Sausage-casings . 6, 618 96
Hide-poison 142 74 60 09
Kangaroo-skins 9,476 83
Exhibits for Centennial Exhibition 20, 323 59
Regulus of antimony. 44 06
Emu eggs 36 62
Sheep-skins, pickled . 266 80
Bullocks' weasands 135 17
Bird-skins 46 82
Specimens of natural history. 120 34
Skins, unenumerated . 2,224 56
Ingots oftin 706 04
Plated ware .. 1,286 02
Timb , logs 7 93
Ferner
trees 168 01
Totals 496, 093 84 732, 629 85
SAMUEL P. LORD.
NEW SOUTH WALES .
SYDNEY, October 1 , 1877. (Received January 18, 1878.)

Report upon the agriculture, trade, and industries of New South Wales for
the year 1876.
I have so recently received the published statistics for the year 1876
that there is but little time to report upon them ; indeed , the statistics
of the land department have not yet been issued . Referring, therefore ,
to my general report upon the year 1875, 1 proceed to make such remarks
as appear to me pertinent upon the period under consideration.
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK.
The result of the year's work may be considered favorable, as food crops
were considerably in excess of the previous year, and approached nearer
to the requirements of the population , thus saving a considerable outlay
for the importation of breadstuffs. There will, without doubt, be con
stant progress in this direction , as railways reach the more fertile lands
of the interior. Live stock has not in the aggregate increased, and it
is to be feared will not do so during 1877 ; the losses through drought
fully counterbalanced the natural increase, which under favorable cir
cumstances should have been at least 4,000,000 in numbers. Recent
rains may check these losses, but they have already been very great,
and must unquestionably affect unfavorably the production of both
wool and meat. The last stock returns give the numbers as follows :
366,703 horses, 3,131,013 horned cattle, 24,503,388 sheep, and 173,604
pigs - in all 28,174,708.
Statement showing the quantity of land under crop and the produce of the same in New South
Wales for the year ending March 31, 1877.
Articles. Amount
produced. Acreage.
Wheat .bushels.. 2,391, 979 145, 608

Maize do.... 3,879, 537 116, 365
Barley .do.... 134, 158 5, 662
Oats .do.... 461, 916 28,889
Millet .do .... 4, 400 243
Rye .do... 22,277 1,277
Potatoes ..tons .. 42, 939 14, 172
Tobacco.. ... cwt.. 2,440 333
Arrow-root pounds.. 86, 458 54
Sorghum and imphee.. cwt .. 1,290 52
Sugar-cane, productive pounds.. 10,523, 520 3, 524
unproductive.. do ... 3, 233
Sour grapes .tons .. 159, 660 111, 946
Vines, wine .gallons .. 799, 709
brandy do.... 2,969 4,457
fruit.. tons.. 918
Total number of acres under crop . 435, 815
INCREASE OF PRODUCTION.
With some few exceptions , there has been a general increase of pro
duction. Sugar is less by upward of 500,000 pounds. In tobacco there
has been a marked falling off. Vines show but little difference in the
aggregate produce. Wheat and maize both show a considerable in
crease, also oats and potatoes.
EXPORT OF FRESH MEAT TO EUROPE .
In connection with this business, I may remark that great interest

has been felt here for several years as to the practicability of sending
frozen meat to Europe in a sound condition, and a ship was fitted up for
the purpose of making the experiment ; the machinery, however, broke
down as the meat was about to be put on board. The project, however,
has not been abandoned, the ship having been sent forward under com
petent persons with the machinery (but without the meat) to test its
efficacy on the voyage. It will be seen by comparing the quantity of
stock with the population that in favorable years very large shipments
might be made which could be indefinitely increased. If there was an
outlet for the annual increase, prices would be very much in favor of the
colonial shipper, but freight would be greatly in favor of the American .
COAL EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.
Shipments of coal, coke, and shale to the United States (almost all to
California) were in excess of 1875 by about 6,000 tons. The price of coal
at Newcastle ( free on board ) is $3.40, to which if loaded in Sydney
must be added $ 1.20 for freight. The price of Illawana coal in Sydney,
which is said to resemble Cumberland coal, is $3.65. Permission has
been obtained from the government to bore for coal under Sydney, where
it is confidently believed to exist, and the result of the trial is of great
moment to all ship- owners whose vessels come here to obtain freights
for the different ports of the world , as success would save all the delay
and expense of shifting ports, while the coal would probably be obtained
at cheaper rates, and the ships would load in one of the safest harbors
of the world .
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES - NEW SOUTH WALES . 469
MILLS AND MANUFACTURES.
Total number as given in government statistics, 10,787. In the above

number are many machines, such as mowing, chaff- cutting, and other
machines, which are chiefly imported, principally from the United
States, under the head of agricultural implements. I have not had time
to analyze the statement to ascertain how many were really the manu
facture of the colony, but I have satisfied myself that the number ought
to be materially reduced. These establishments produced during the
year 396,000 yards of woolen goods, an increase of 41,000 yards over the
previous year ; 80,895 cwt. of soap, a decrease of 2,500 cwt.; 13,811 cwt.
of candles , an increase of 2,000 cwt.; 13,740 cwt. of tobacco, a decrease
of 260 cwt.; 94,000 cwt. of refined sugar, a decrease of 2,000 cwt.; 50,000
cwt. of lard, about the same as in the previous year ; 218,308 gallons colo.
nial distilled spirits, or 66,000 gallons more than in 1875. The above are
the only returns given, and I cannot say what have been the productions
of the other manufactories.
RAILWAYS AND TELEGRAPHS.
There have been extensions of 72 miles of railway and 460 miles of

telegraph wire during the year. Miles of railway open for traffic at
the end of the year, 509 ; passengers carried during the year, 2,478,946 ;
freight, 1,244,251 tons. Total earnings , $ 3,373,485. Expenses , $ 1,651,690
net, being about 4 per cent. upon the total outlay on finished lines.
Earnings of telegraphs, $ 288,000 ; expenses not given. Number of
miles open, 8,472. Cost of construction, $ 1,801,560 .
American locomotives and cars in the colony .— What will be of interest
to the people of the United States will probably be the fact that three
American railway-carriages, viz, one sleeping- car and one each first and
second class passenger-carriages and one locomotive-engine have been
recently landed here. These have been imported with a view to test on
the spot the comparative merits of American and British made carriages
and engines, and if the result of the trial be favorable to the first, it will
lead to extensive orders , unless they can be made as cheaply here, which
I do not think, and open the way for other labor- saving machines. There
will be a large amount of prejudice to overcome, but, as I am told that
an American railway engineer has obtained the job of putting the loco
motive together, and hopes to get the chance of running it, both car
riages and engine may get a fair trial.
NAVIGATION
shows an aggregate diminution of 92 vessels and 30,460 tons.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS .
The amount in the aggregate is close upon $ 130,000,000 for a popula

tion of less than 630,000. Imports were in excess of the previous year
by $888,600. Exports less than the preceding year by $3,250,000 . Ag
gregate ofimports and exports from and to the United States, $2,063,043 ;
an increase of imports from the United States of $ 360,125. The ex
ports were about the same as for 1875.
POPULATION
estimated at (347,869 males and 281,907 females) 629,776. Births, 23,298 ;

deaths, 11,193 ; increase, 12,105 ; arrivals by sea, 32,942 ; departures,
21,923 ; increase, 11,019 ; total increase, 23,124. Arrivals and depart

ures overland are not given, but they would add considerably to the
above stated increase. Amount expended by government in promoting
immigration, $77,133. The amount placed upon the estimates for pro
moting immigration in 1877 is £ 100,000, but it is not likely that the
whole of it will be spent, although there will doubtless be a much larger
addition to the population than in 1876. For some months past the
arrivals from Great Britain would probably average 400 per month, and
from the United States the arrivals in excess of departures will proba
bly exceed 1,000 for the year. Four ships from New York, bringing
some 780 passengers, have already arrived , and each steamer from Cali
fornia brings more or less.
IMMIGRANTS FROM THE UNITED STATES.
From what I can learn , there are but few native-born Americans
among the passengers, and I have felt glad that such was the case, as
I hear of a good deal of disappointment and dissatisfaction among
those who have arrived. Several have applied to me for assistance to
return, after, as they said, endeavoring to get work both in town and
country, and if they had met with encouragement I should , without doubt,
have had many more. I have no doubt of there being plenty of employ
ment for all who may come, but to me there appears to be no properly
arranged system for bringing employers and laborers together ; no
such place as a central intelligence office, where employers can make
known their wants and their wages (if not themselves in town ) , and to
which persons seeking employment could resort with some degree of con
fidence that they would obtain good information and advice. There is
no provision made for sheltering and feeding the immigrants on their
arrival, and if they are without money and do not obtain immediate em
ployment they are reduced to sad straits. Several have told me that
they were without food and were sleeping in the parks, but some of the
same men afterward obtained work. Several, I am told , enlisted in the
permanent defense force of the colony as a last resort . Employers here
generally look for written certificates of character, which persons com
ing from the United States could not well give, and even if they could
the writers would be no better known than the person presenting them.
Again, there is a bitter hostility on the part of the laboring classes to
all immigration promoted by the public funds, and the new arrivals meet
with anything but a sympathetic reception from their own class. Indeed ,
this hostile feeling is shaping into a labor-defense association , intended
to embrace the whole colony, for the purpose of bringing political press
ure to bear upon the government through the legislature for the pur
pose both of restricting immigration and introducing a protective tariff.
In my opinion, any man who is tolerably comfortable where he is will
do well to remain , rather than come here with the hope of bettering his
condition . *
* The following return (official ) shows the current prices paid, in the month of De
cember, 1876, for labor in some of the principal trades of the Colony of New South
Wales, which of course vary somewhat in different districts :
Coal-miners (the demand for miners at present is not great, and in many cases the
men are only employed half time), $2.43 to $3.65 per day ; compositors, 24 to 26 cents
er1,000 ; stone-masons, $2.67 per day; stone-masons' laborers, $ 1.94 per day ; plasterers,
$2.92 per day; plasterers' laborers , $1.94 per day; bricklayers, $2.92 per day; bricklayers'
laborers, $1.94 per day; painters, $2.19 to $2.43 per day; saddlers, $10.94 to $13.38 per
week; tailors (paid by the piece) can average about $14.60 to $17 per week ; shoemakers.
paid by the piece) can average about $14.60 to $17 per week ; iron-turners, 30 to 32
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES-NEW SOUTH WALES. 471
EDUCATION.
Total number of public schools, including charitable institutions , 1,079 ;

teachers, 1,600 ; scholars, 112,612. Amount contributed by government,
$1,427,349 ; amount received from fees, $322,259.
In addition to the above, there are 1 university, 4 affiliated colleges ,
and 63 private schools, with 18,430 scholars, supported at an expense of
$ 131,400, contributed in nearly equal proportions by government and
private individuals, but not including the fees in the 63 private schools
There is considerable controversy as to the percentage of the population
attending the schools, but it probably does not exceed 1 in 9. There is
no compulsory law.
GOVERNMENT LANDS.
Although I have no statistics to refer to, yet I am aware that the

amount received by government under this head exceeded $ 10,000,000.
The quantity of land sold was considerably in excess of 3,000,000 acres,
of which, probably, more than one-half was taken in large parcels by
cents per hour ; carpenters, 30 cents per hour ; engine-fitters, 28 to 33 cents per hour ;
coppersmiths, 32 to 36 cents per hour ; general fitters, 26 to 31 cents per hour ; black
smiths, 28 to 38 cents per hour ; blacksmiths' strikers, 18 to 22 cents per hour ; iron
molders, 30 to 34 cents per hour; boiler-makers, 28 to 32 cents per hour ; pattern
makers, 28 to 32 cents per hour ; boiler-makers' assistants, 16 to 22 cents per hour ;
general laborers in iron-works, 14 to 16 cents per hour ; brass-molders, 28 to 32 cents
per hour; carriage and wagon builders, 26 to 32 cents per hour ; carriage-painters, 20
to 28 cents per hour ; sawyers, in mill, 20 to 30 cents per hour ; brass-finishers, 22 to 30
cents per hour ; machine-men, in fitting-shop, 22 cents per hour.
The foregoing trades connected with the iron and engineering departments work
eight hours a day, with one or two breaks.
The following quotations are exclusive of rations or board, in town or country, which
are not charged for:
Married couples for stations, $268 to $316 per annum ; farm-laborers, $170 to $220 per
annum ; bullock-drivers, $195 to $253 per annum ; horse-team drivers, $195 to $316 per
annum ; boundary-riders, $195 to $253 per annum ; stockmen , $195 to $365 per annum ;
shepherds, $ 170 to $230 per annum ; road-makers, $253 to $316 per annum ; grooms,
$195 to $253 per annum ; gardeners, $195 to $253 per annum ; gardeners (in town), $252
to $316 per annum ; blacksmiths (country), $365 to $487 per annum ; bakers, $7.30 to
$14.60 per week ; butchers, $12.16 per week ; cooks (private houses) , $ 156 to $253 per
annum ; cooks (hotels), $252 to $316 per annum ; laundresses, $156 to $219 per annum ;
house and parlor maids, $127 to $170 per annum ; general female servants, $127 to $220
per annum ; nursemaids, $97 to $170 per annum ; grooms and coachmen (in town ), $220
to $316 per annum ; useful boys on stations, $78 to $146 per annum.
Current rate of wages, without board or lodging :
Wheelwrights (country), $14.60 to $17 per week ; railway-laborers, $1.70 to $ 2.19
per day; brick-makers, $3.47 per 1,000 ; potters, $12.16 per week ; tinsmiths, $2.19 per
day; galvanized-iron workers , $2.45 to $2.92 per day. (The two trades last mentioned
work ten hours to the day.)
Lumpers and wharf laborers :
Daywork for handling general cargo, 24 cents per hour ; day-work for handling coal,
30 cents per hour ; night-work, 36 cents per hour ; plumbers, $2.43 per day ; gas-fitters,
$2.43 per day. (These two trades last mentioned work eight hours to the day.) Coop
ers (on odd jobs ), $2.92 per day ; coopers, on piece, as follows : Wine casks, $5.46 per
ton ; oil-casks, $4.87 per ton ; tierces, 85 cents each ; hogsheads, $ 1.33 each ; ten-gallon
kegs, 73 cents each ; five-gallon kegs, 48 cents each ; two-gallon kegs , 42 cents each .
HOUSE-RENT.
Small cottages in Sydney and suburbs, 3 or 4 rooms and kitchen, $ 1.94 to $2.92 per
week; small houses, 3 or 4 rooms, with kitchen, &c., $3.40 to $4.80 per week ; other
larger houses from $4.80 per week upward ; board and lodging for single men, from
$3.40 to $4.80 per week.
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-The above rates of wages are without doubt the maximum,
and the rates for rents the minimum, while, at the same time, the dwellings let to
a borers are of a very inferior character generally.
comparatively few persons, and for which the government received the
full value in cash, although to a large extent it was the cash of the banks
and not of the purchasers. The remainder was taken up by free select
ors, in parcels varying from 40 to 640 acres, upon which a deposit of $ 1.25
per acre was paid, and increasing both the number of debtors and the
amount of indebtedness to the government, and also by increase of
numbers to a large extent increasing their political power. The aliena
tion of the public lands during the present year has been quite as rapid
as in 1876.
I make these remarks not because I believe the land policy of New
South Wales in itself to possess much interest for the people of the
United States, but because I believe that the present course of proceed
ing, if continued, will end in a general commercial revulsion , which
would, to a greater or less extent, affect all commercial countries . The
system pursued recalls to my recollection the old Bank of the United
States, with its disastrous influences.
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.
Revenue, $ 24,516,500 ; expenditure, $ 23,110,210 ; receipts from land

gave $ 10,949,525 ; customs, $ 4,866,627. Of the customs revenue
$2,733,447 were received from spirits, wine and rum ; $436,958 from to
bacco and cigars ; $ 54,234 from hops and malt ; $46,060 from opium ;
$3,270,699, or nearly two-thirds of the total amount of duties collected.
Public debt, $57,227,606 ; balance on deposit in banks, mostly at 4 per
cent. interest, $ 14,283,000. The balance due from free selectors I cannot
give, but it must be largely in excess of 1875.
SAVINGS BANKS.
Savings-banks : 13,270 depositors in 149 post- office banks, $ 1,952,923 ;

31,003 depositors in New South Wales Savings Bank, $ 6,344,865 ; total ,
$8,297,788. The post-office savings-banks have been in existence some
three or four years. The government allows 4 per cent. interest on
deposits. The Savings Bank of New South Wales dates from 1832, and
allows 5 per cent. interest on deposits. It has been admirably man
aged. The lesser part of its funds are invested in government securities
and mortgages, and the sum of $4,000,000 and upward is lent to other
banks, which use the money in discounting, although the savings- bank
itself does not discount.
From the tabular returns, herewith , general details of this trade will
be obtained, and it will be seen that there was a considerable increase
over the previous year, and I anticipate that the returns of the present
year will show a still greater increase.
AMERICAN MANUFACTURES AND AGENTS IN THE COLONY.
One of the results of the representation of the Australian colonies at

the Centennial Exhibition was to induce a very considerable representa
tion of American manufactures and machinery at the exhibition held
here in April last. As the exhibits were all in the hands of private in
dividuals, I am unable to say what were the results of the experiment ;
but I was told by several that they had obtained satisfactory orders for
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES - NEW SOUTH WALES. 473
their goods, and all will have learned the styles and qualities of the vari
ous articles required in this market, so that I think there is reason to
look for an extension of business between the two countries. Up to the
present time, there has been number of agents of American houses
seeking business, and almost every steamer from San Francisco brings
more or less . I have already directed attention to the initial import of
railway carriages and locomotives, and I believe it is the opinion of Mr.
Morris, the New South Wales Centennial commissioner, that rails could
be imported more favorably from our country than from England . He
is also a strong advocate for introducing the American principle ofbridge
building, as being better suited to many portions of this colony than that
now in vogue. He is also exerting himself strenuously to have the ma
chinery of an American dredge imported , to test its efficiency alongside
the dredges constructed and used here, and there are many other of our
labor saving appliances for facilitating work and saving expense which
he advocates.
American machinery is by no means a novelty here ; indeed , there is
hardly a mauufacturing establishment where more or less of it will not
be seen .
AMERICAN WATCHES.
There has been a recent sale of a large number of Waltham watches

(I believe about 1,000) , and I am told by the auctioneer who sold them
that he could at once dispose of three times as many ; they are much
liked .
AMERICAN COTTON GOODS .
If, as our cotton manufacturers assert, they can make goods as cheap
as in England, I feel confident that certain descriptions might be largely
sold here, as their superior quality has been recognized for the past
twenty years. I mention these matters as indicating a growing atten
tion to American productions.
The exports from here to the United States by no means show the
amount of colonial produce used there. I believe there are large impor
tations of Australian wool from London, and considerable quantities of
tin intended for the United States are also sent via London. If this por
tion of the trade could be made direct, it would give employment to
our ships, and probably lead to a large increase in the general trade.
We have a vigorous and flourishing Auglo- Saxon people to deal with,
and I cannot doubt that eventually there will be a large intercourse
between the two countries.
J. H. WILLIAMS .
Statement showing the commerce of New South Wales for the year ending December 31 , 1876.
IMPORTS.
Whence imported. Value

entered.
United Kingdom . $28,048, 233
Victoria :
Seaward $5,547, 308
Overland. 6, 067, 941
11, 615, 249
South Australia :
Seaward 3, 641, 529
Overland . 2, 031, 379
5, 672, 908
Queensland:
Seaward. 9, 645, 334
Overland 36, 951
9, 682, 285
Tasmania :
Seaward. 1,007, 760
New Zealand :
Seaward.. 1,257, 216
All others :
Seaward 4, 622,300
South Sea Islands :
Foreign 159, 660
Fisheries.. ..... 21, 412
United States 1, 350, 647
Other foreign countries 3, 100, 116
Total.. 66,537, 786
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-Of the above amount, rather more than half was from British colonies, and
the overland imports from Victoria, South Australia, and Queensland amounted to more than $8,000,000.
Of imports from other countries than Great Britain and her colonies, nearly one-third came from the
United States, and were above 33 per cent. in excess of 1875.
EXPORTS.
Whither exported. *Value.
United Kingdom . $28, 800, 856

Victoria :
Seaward $3,644, 380
Overland. 16, 034, 119
19, 678, 499
South Australia :
Seaward 448, 550
Overland. 2,812, 676
3,261, 226
Queensland :
Seaward.. 5,044, 624
Overland. 414, 713
5, 459, 337
Tasmania :
Seaward. 260, 279
New Zealand :
Seaward 2,337, 093
All other British colonies :
Seaward.. 1, 302, 610
South Sea Islands :
Foreign . 219, 667
United States 720, 806
All other foreign countries 1,243, 269
Total. 63,283 , 642
* Including costs and charges.

NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-Of the above amount, more than half was to British colonies, of which
upward of $18,000,000 represented the overland exports to Victoria, South Australia, and Queensland.
The exports to the United States were about the same as in 1875, and represented as nearly as possible
one-third the total amount of exports to other countries than Great Britain and her colonies. There
will be found a slight discrepancy between this and the detailed accounts of imports and exports from
and to the United State, arising, probably, from different calculations, but not affecting the general
result. Of the total exports, somewhat above $52,000,000 were the produce or manufacture of New
South Wales.
EXPORTS, BY ARTICLES, THE PRINCIPAL OF WHICH ARE THE PRODUCE AND

MANUFACTURES OF THE COLONY.
Bark.. .cwt.. 45, 864 $91,000

Butter .. .do . 3,086 102, 000
Coal and coke ..tons.. 870, 653 3,060, 000
Gold coin ................... 7,670,000
Silver coin . ……………. 42, 680
Copper, ore and raw ...... cwt.. 98,901 1, 480, 000
Fruit, green 238, 458
Gold, bars, dust, &c.. .ounces.. 19, 179 387, 000
Horns and hair ..... 45,000
Leather 481, 783
Live stock . 6, 066, 578
Oysters, fresh 63,000
Pearl-shell.. 301, 723
Potatoes... ..tons.. 3, 017 70,000
Preserved meats, &c .. .packages.. 65, 779 713, 428
Shale, kerosene . ....... .tons.. 8, 154 103, 000
Skins and hides . 484, 786
Spirits, distilled in the colony.. gallons .. 118, 346 75,000
Tallow .cwt .. 84, 617 666, 710
Tortoise-shell................ 20, 925
Wool 29, 516, 295
Grain, principally maize .. 485, 582
Salt meat... ..packages.. 33, 308 476, 900
Total produce and manufactures of colony 52, 641, 848
All others 10, 641, 794
Grand total.. 63, 283, 642
Statement showing the imports and exports between New South Wales and the United States
for the year ending December 31, 1876.
Imports. Exports.
Articles.
Agricultural implements ..cases.. 215 $6,125 00

Apothecaries ' ware... packages .. 165 3,547 00
Apparel and slops do.. 10 949 00 3 $102 00
Arms and ammunition ...... ....... cases.. 5 2,993 00
Beer ..gallons.. 193 243 00 562 734 00
Blacking ...... ………………….. ..packages .. 106 1,022 00
Boats ..number.. 2 195 00
Brush ware ................... ………………………………… .).packages.. 468 16, 629 00
Carriages ......... ..number.. 48 8, 604 00 1 195 00
Carriage materials . .packages.. 431 30, 633 00
Carts, drays, and wagons .. .... ..number.. 59 1,557 00
Cement. ..barrels.. 110 584 00
Cheese ..pounds.. 4,318 861 00
Cider ...... ………………………………… .. ..gallons.. 45 24.00
Coffee. .cwt.. 1 3 12 54 00 1,806 457 00
Cottons.... ...... ....... packages .. 18 2,044 00
Curiosities .......... do . 1 24 00
Cutlery.... ....cases .. 4 195 00
Doors and sashes 9, 466 31,394 00
Drugs and medicines. .packages .. 422 15,174 00
Earthenware and china.. .do.. 1 49 00
Fish, salt, dried, and preserved .. pounds .. 893, 770 103, 783 00 2,704 511 00
Flour.. ...tons .. 106 6, 190 00
Fruits, dried, bottled, and green ... 19, 915 00 1,781 00
Furniture ..packages .. 9, 433 103, 574 00 2 243 00
Gas-fittings …………………….. .do... 6 97 00
Glass ware.. .do .... 159 3,922 00
Grain :
Barley bushels.. 36, 656 70, 837 00
Maizena . ..pounds.. 21, 500 1,888 00
Wheat .bushels.. 38, 042 42,825 00 4 5 00
Grindery, (shoe and leather findings) ..... packages.. 40 146 00
Haberdashery ..do... 2 204 00
Hardware ........ ………………… .. .do. 9, 715 195, 297 00
Hops ...pounds .. 117, 746 29, 515 00
India-rubber goods packages.. 3 190 00
Instruments:
Musical ... cases.. 18 2,716 00
Surgical and scientific.......……………………………………….do. 7 399 00
Jams and jellies........................pounds.. 23, 274 2,681 00 3,492 569 00
Lamp ware.. ..packages.. 246 6,920 00
Statement showing the imports and exports between New South Wales, &c.—Continued.
Imports. Exports.
Articles.
Leather .packages.. 24 $2,180 00

Linen and drapery .do . 3 107 00
Live stock, horses ...number.. 10 487 00
Machinery ..packages.. 162 20, 609 00 9 $146 00
Machines :
Sewing cases .. 1, 901 74, 043 00
Weighing .do... 28 457 00 20 730 00
Manganese ..tons.. 120 2,920 00
Mustard .pounds... 600 117 00
Nails.. .cwt.. 714 11, 621 00
Nuts ..pounds .. 2, 027 102 00 .........
Ores 1,520 1,567 00
Oils :
Kerosene gallons.. 282, 236 110,820 00 256 127 00
All other .do . 34 00 2,150 2,316 00
Oilmen's stores... .packages.. 696 6, 263 00 (cases) 32 238 00
Oil-cake . .casks.. 316 1, 615 00
Onions ..tons.. 25 623 00
Paint ... cwt .. 200 3, 356 00
Paper-hangings .packages .. 2 268 00
Perfumery ...cases .. 32 1,246 00
Photographic materials .do .... 3 34 00
Pickles and sauces do.... 200 584 00
Pictures and paintings . do.. 6 1,655 00
Pipes ... ..do . 2 292 00
Pitch, tar, and rosin .barrels.. 2, 103 12, 239 00
Plants and seeds. .packages .. 24 818 00 12 701 00
Plated ware ..cases .. 18 2,399 00
Preserves .pounds.. 78, 288 10, 064 00 461 122 00
Printing materials . ..packages .. 13 813 00 20 146 00
Provisions .. 13, 076 00 988 00
Quicksilver .bottles.. 541 24, 410 00
Rice. ..tons.. 2 180 00 (cwt.) 72 360 00
Saddlery and harness . .packages .. 105 4, 657 00
Sarsaparilla ..gallons.. 5,948 18, 332 00
Shooks and staves .number.. 4, 921 1,280 00
Sheep .do .... 4 97 00
Slates 2,959 00
Specimens ofnatural history ………… .. packages.. 11 939 00 6 1,367 00
Spirits, distilled 44, 698 00 1,387 00
Stationery :
Books cases .. 107 9,086 00 5 803 00
Maps.. ...do .... 17 1, 946 00
Sundries ..do ... 10 31, 793 00 (pkgs.)401| 1,664 00
Stone ware . .do .. 4 19 00
Timber 34, 197 00
Tin . ...tons .. 365 00
Tin ware ..packages .. 68 00
Tobacco :
Manufactured .pounds .. 149, 238 47, 215 00 1, 452 560 00
Leaf... .do... 231, 849 54, 334 00
Cigars .do.... 804 1, 620 00 93 15 09
Snuff .do.. 458 311 00
Toy and fancy goods . 223 4, 779 00
Turpentine ..gallons.. 18, 558 12, 843 00
Turnery and wood ware .packages .. 6,307 31,983 00
Varnish .gallons.. 410 1,032 00
Watches and clocks -packages.. 1,423 24, 114 00
Wine. .gallons.. 3,027 00 147 720 00
Bark. .cwt .. 61 146 00
Coal ..tons.. 128, 433 484, 854 00
Coke .do.... 12 146 00
Cordage. ...cwt.. 163 204 00
Exhibits ..packages.. 590 28, 452 00
Gold-dust.. ounces.. 10 185 00
Iron .tons .. 256 6, 230 00
Pearl-shells . .pounds.. 1, 120 389 00
Safes number.. 2 97 00
Shale ......tons .. 3, 905 44, 217 00
Sugar .......... ...cwt.. 135 1, 105 00
Tea.. .pounds.. 1,742 676 00
Tin ... .cwt .. 4, 4021 76, 414 00
Tortoise-shell. .pounds.. 1,046 4,711 00
Vinegar ..gallons.. 34 68 00
Wool ..pounds .. 204, 671 48,534 00
Total.. 1,350, 622 00 *713, 415 00
*See note to table of general exports, preceding this.

Statement showing the navigation at the port of New South Wales for the year ending Decem
ber 31, 1876.
ENTERED.
British Great Britain and foreign 130 103, 783 318 230, 195 448 333, 981
ports.
Do. British colonies .. 662 348, 834 1,069 312, 240 1, 731 661, 074
United States From all places . 7 20, 656 48 28, 566 55 49, 222
French . do 2 548 29 12, 651 31 13, 199
German do 30 10, 995 30 10,995
Tangise 2 405 405
Norwegian 660 660
Swedish 4 1,620 1,620
Danish 3 899 899
Dutch . 4 1, 422 1, 422
African 1 154 154
Russian 1 794 1 794
801 473, 821 1, 512 600, 604 2,313 1,074, 425
CLEARED.
British Great Britain and foreign 134 104, 761 333 236, 902 467 341, 663
ports.
Do. British colonies 583 313, 048 1,087 319, 691 1, 670 632, 739
L282248 .
United States From all places .. 7 20, 542 50 31, 210 57 51,752
French .do 1 382 29 12, 231 30 12, 613
German .do 10, 160 28 10, 160
Tangise 270 270
Norwegian. 649 649
Swedish 1, 619 1, 619
Danish 711 711
Dutch 330 330
African
Russian 1 794 1 794
725 438, 733 1,540 614, 567 2, 265 1, 053, 300
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-It will be noted that, with the exception of British vessels, the ships of the
United States exceed in number and tonnage those of any other nation, and although the number of
American ships is less the tonnage is greater than in 1875. Of this number 32 arrived at and sailed
from the port of Sydney. All the steamers were to and from California. I have not given the arrivals
and departures of American ships at Newcastle, as nearly, ifnot quite, all of them appear in the returns
of the Melbourne and Sydney consulates. There were built in the colony during the year 38 sailing.
vessels, measuring 2,066 tous, and 22 steamers, measuring 1,399 tons ; the aggregate tonnage being less
than in 1875 by 2,975 tons. By far the largest portions of steamers and sailing- vessels, to and from
British colonies, given above, are engaged in the coasting-trade.
Statement showing the mineral production of New South Wales for the year ending December
31, 1876.
Description. Quantity. Value.
Gold .ounces .. 126, 789 $2, 335, 920

Coal .tons.. 1, 320, 000 3,909, 259
Shale .do... 16,000 233, 592
Copper, ore, regulus, &c . ..do... 5, 225 283, 571
Tin . .do... 10, 386 1,294, 975
Antimony ....... do... 40 681
Total value .... 8,057, 998
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.- Gold was less than 1875 by 75,000 ounces. In other minerals there was a
general increase.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from New South Wales ( consular district of
Sydney) to the United States during the four quarters of the year ending September 30,
1877.
Quarter ending
year.
Dec. 31, 1876. Mar. 31, 1877. June 30, 1877. Sept. 30, 1877.
SYDNEY :
Coal. $12, 378 03 $9,306 45 $20, 077 37 $29, 987 80 $71, 749 65
Tin 26, 933 44 60,063 67 39,926 77 66,169 32 193,093 20
Fruit. 287 85 164 85 157 07 124 82 734 59
Wool. 7,691 78 4, 149 06 11, 840 84
Shale. 9, 607 22 12,428 79 22, 036 01
Pearl-shell 611 85 611 85
Catsup 12 16 12 16
Tea 40 87 40 87
Tobacconists' goods . 341 25 341 25
Total from Sydney 56, 898 32 73, 684 03 60, 785 22 109, 092 85 300, 460 42
NEWCASTLE :
Coal, $291, 027 ; tin, pig-iron,
&c., $11, 225 302, 252 00
Total 602, 712 42
Total for preceding year. 615, 191 00
Decrease 12,477 58
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
PORT ADELAIDE, October 2, 1877. (Received December 22.)
COMMERCIAL PROSPERITY OF THE COLONY.
In my annual report upon the state of this colony commercially, I

beg to state that its prospects were never more favorable ; the promise
of an abundant harvest and the large increase in the acreage under
cultivation justify me in stating that there is little doubt that the ex
ports of grain this season will be much in excess of any former years .
The coming clip of wool may be also considered large.
MINING.
Mining interests , owing to the low prices ruling in Europe for copper,
cannot be considered in like favorable condition . Owing to the same
cause, work at the Burra Burra Mine has recently been suspended .
IMMIGRATION AND PUBLIC WORKS.
The policy of this government has been to increase immigration , and

with the large number flowing in , the government is borrowing money
in the English market with a view to open out the country by an exten
sion of railways, improvement of harbors and jetties, the erection of
several new light-houses of the first order, and other public works.
Port Darwin , the northern territory of this colony, has not succeeded
up to the present, and the population of Palmerston is now reduced to
about four thousand souls, but the prospect of a railroad across the
continent being early constructed may materially chauge this state of
affairs.
Besides the postal contract with the Peninsular and Oriental Com
pany, there is recently established another steam line of packets via
the Cape of Good Hope, calling here en route to the adjacent colonies
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES - SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 479
Unquestionably, the exhibition made by this colony at the international

exposition at Philadelphia, aided by the courtesy shown to the commis
sioners by our officials, will tend to cement closer interests with the
United States in exchange of commodities, and , if possible, in warmth
of feeling .
J. W. SMITH.
Statement showing the commerce of South Australia for the year ending December 31 , 1876.
IMPORTS.
Articles . Quantity. Value entered. Am't of duties. Countries whence imported.

Unenumerated
Ammunition, bark, bed Great Britain, Victoria, New

steads, beer, books, boots South Wales, Western Aus
and shoes, bottles, corn tralia, Queensland, Natal,
sacks, candles, carpeting, Singapore, Germany, Uni.
cement, cheese, clocks ted States, India, Ceylon,
and watches, coal and Sweden and Norway, Tas
coke, coffee, confection mania, Canada, Java, Mau
ery, cotton piece-goods,
.
ritius, Malta, Hong-Kong,

doors, drugs, fancygoods, New Zealand, and Cape
fish, furniture, groceries, $22,269,959 56 $2,167,149 78 Colony.
hardware, hops , iron,
jewelry, leather, linen
piece -goods, machinery,
malt, matches, nails, oils,
paper, resin, saddlery,
sewing-machines, spirits,
sugar, tea, tin, tobacco,
tweeds, vinegar, wine,
wood, woolen piece-goods.
EXPORTS .
Value, includ
Articles. Quantity. ing costs and Countries whither exported .
charges.
Bark, butter, coal, fruits, Great Britain, Victoria, New South Wales,
grain and flour, hay and Western Australia, Queensland , New Zea
chaff, horses, meat (pre $23,437,891 30 land, Cape Colony, Ceylon, Singapore, New
served), metal, nuts , ore, Caledonia, St. Helena, Java, India, Mauri
potatoes, skins, wine, tius, United States, Natal, Tasmania, Bour
wool, & c. bon, Peru, &c.
Statement showing the navigation at the ports of South Australia for the year ending Decem
ber 31, 1876.
Entered. Cleared.
Flag. From or to
Steamers. Sailing. Total. Steamers. Sailing- Total.
vessels. vessels .
British Sundry ports 6 823 829 1 844 845
RRERIE
German ...do 12 12 13 13
BOIRL92
Swedish . ...do 15 15 10 10
French ...do 11 11 11
Danish. ...do 2
2192
2
Russian ..do 1 1 1
United States ...do 11 11
Dutch.. ... do
Total. 6 875 881 1 892 893
Statement showing the imports and exports between South Australia and the United States
for the year ending December 31 , 1876.
Imports. Exports.
Articles.
Coal ..tons.. 1,720 $10,545 70

Axles. .packages .. 80 $730
Chairs 950 8, 312
Clocks and watches . .packages.. 383 5, 991
Wheat.. 180 489
Cotton wick ..pounds.. 372 78
Doors.. 1, 957 7,586
Drugs .packages .. 168 10,930
Fish.. pounds.. 7, 200 1, 639
Fruits. .do 16, 533 1, 789
Furniture packages.. 811 8, 282
Groceries . do.. 337 2,272
Hardware ..do .. 151 4, 224
Iron manufactures .do . 23 913
Leather.. 977
Maizena.. pounds.. 48,000 4, 549
Mowing-machines packages .. 21 710
Nails. ..cwt.. 161 301
Oars .. 696 520
Kerosene ..gallons.. 242, 228 87,606
Paints ..cwt .. 43 43
Perfumery packages.. 233 1,240
Plaster of Paris .casks . 200 375
Resin.. .packages .. 1, 151 3, 561
Sarsaparilla gallons.. 818 2, 593
Gin .. ..do ... 295 437
Perfumed spirits ..do ... 85 301
Grindstones .packages.. 80 145
Tobacco ..pounds.. 45, 491 13, 852
Tools .packages.. 1,270 21, 055
Turpentine . ..gallons.. 2, 080 1, 295
Varnish .packages .. 158 685
Wood.. 5, 168
Boards, laths, &c .. 10, 739 1, 834
Wooden ware. -packages .. 3, 170 13, 767
Unenumerated .do . 389 8, 501
Total 222, 750 1,720 10,545 70
TASMANIA .
HOBART TOWN, October 1 , 1877. ( Received November 24. )

Report on the trade, navigation, and development of Tasmania for the year
1876.
I have the honor to transmit the annual report of this consulate for
the year ending 31st December last.
The official statistics for the year show as follows :
Population increased by excess of births over deaths 1,419, and by
excess of immigration over emigration 402 ; total increase , 1,821 ; making
the total population on 31st December, 1876, 105,484.
Revenue $1,593, 043
Expenditure . .... 1,637, 026
Shipping, inward .vessels .. 639 .. .tons .. 141 , 181
Shipping, outward ....... .vessels .. 616 . ..tons .. 136, 303
Total vessels 1,255 Total tons . 277 , 484
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- VICTORIA. 481
The export of home produce was :

Bark tons .. 8,690
Bran and pollard . ...... tons .. 142
Butter and cheese . ..cwt .. 2, 129
Flour .. ....tons .. 383
Fruit, preserved and green . ..pounds.. 3,373, 642
Gold ..ounces .. 10,278
Grain :
Wheat bushels.. 46, 104
Oats .... .do .... 271, 496
Barley .. .do ... 4, 621
Hides, skins, and leather . .cwt .. 609
Do .. packages .. 950
Do. (rabbit-skins) . .number .. 624 , 996
Hops .pounds .. 848, 405
Live stock :
Horses ... .number .. 328
Sheep .do .... 1,299
Oatmeal .tons .. 286
Oil :
Sperm .tuns .. 513
Black.. .tuns.. 13
Timber :
Palings .... .number.. 6,456,529
Treenails, spokes, & c .... ... .do .... 328,707
Posts and rails, & c .... ...... ...... ------ .do.... 82, 466
Piles, beams, & c ---- ...... …………….. .do .... 17
Laths and shingles .. ...... ·· .... .do .... 11,876, 600
Sawn and hewn .feet .. 7,271 , 952
Tin :
Ore ..... .tons .. 544
Smelted ...... ..tons .. 1,072
Vegetables :
Carrots, turnips, cabbages, onions, and potatoes . .tons .. 6, 214
Wool -pounds .. 6,848, 517
The value of the foregoing was $ 5,971,673, being an increase on 1875

of $201,404. The imports were $ 5,538,553 , being a decrease on 1875 of
$228,716.
Only one American whaling-vessel visited Hobart Town to refit, and
one vessel sailing under British colors arrived from New York.
The acreage under cultivation was 332,558 , showing a slight decrease
of 266 acres.
Number of live stock in the colony : horses, 23,622 ; cattle, 124,459 ;
sheep, 1,755,142 ; pigs, 60,681.
One hundred and seventeen miles of telegraph were opened during
the year, making a total of 513 miles in the colony.
The colony has made steady progress during the year, and there is
every indication of further improvement.
Iron was referred to in my last report as about to be produced . This
has been since effected to some considerable extent, but the presence of
chrome in large proportion in the ore has proved a source of difficulty.
Since my last report further discoveries have been made of tin and
auriferous quartz. A copper lode has also been found .
The existence of very extensive areas of coal country has been long
known ; but the quality was too poor or the seams too far from a port
to admit of profitable working. Lately fresh seams have been discovered ,
superior in quality, which may prove to be of considerable importance.
A. G. WEBSTER.
31 C R
VICTORIA .
MELBOURNE, October 30, 1877. (Received December 22.)
A report upon the population, agriculture, mines, manufactures, and com

merce ofthe colony of Victoria.
In compliance with consular instructions, I now have the honor to sub

mit the annual report from this consulate. In doing so, I have to remark
that I have had to rely on the statistics compiled by the government
statistician, which are considered perfectly correct, they being prepared
at great expense and care. All financial statements are compiled up to
June 30, 1876, the end of the financial year as adopted by the Victorian
Government. The statement for 1877 has not yet been published . The
agricultural statistics are for the year ending March 31, 1877 , being the
close of the harvest and found most convenient for the government sta
tistician . All other statistics are for the year ending 31st of December,
1876. For all these I am indebted to the government returns ; all de
ductions and conclusions therefrom I am alone responsible for.
POPULATION.
The increase of the population has not kept pace with previous years ,
being only 17,028 ; the excess of births over deaths being 13,208, and
the increase by arrivals over the decrease by departures being only 3,820.
As it may prove of interest, I append the following table, showing the
estimated population, the proportion of females to males, and the num
ber of persons to the square mile in Victoria, during the four years
ended with 1876, and in each of the other Australian colonies, during
the three years ending with 1875 : Persons
square
Females
the
mile
to
males
Population.
100
.
to
Colony.
Year
Males. Females. Total.

.
1873 430, 042 360, 450 790, 492 83.82 8.963

Victoria 1874 439, 159 369, 278 808, 437 84.09 9.166
1875 447, 148 376, 124 823, 272 84. 12 9.334
1876 456, 463 383, 837 840, 300 84.09 9.527
1873 307, 329 252, 946 560, 275 82.30 1.723
New South Wales ........ 1874. 321, 447 262, 831 584, 278 81.76 1.798
1875 334, 461 272, 191 606, 652 81.38 1.951
1873 87, 154 59,536 146, 690 68.31 0.216
Queensland 1874 97, 860 65, 657 163, 517 67.09 0.241
1875 111, 272 70, 016 181, 288 62.92 0.267
1873 101, 540 96, 535 198, 075 95.07 0.217
South Australia 1874 104, 870 99, 753 204, 623 95. 12 0.224
1875 107, 944 102, 498 210, 442 94.95 0.230
1873 15, 569 10, 192 25, 761 65. 46 0.026
Western Australia. 1874 15, 722 10, 487 26, 209 66.70 0.027
1875 15, 910 10, 799 26, 709 67.88 0.027
1873 55, 368 48, 849 104, 217 88.23 3.975
Tasmania 1874 55, 117 49, 059 104, 176 89.01 3.974
1875 54, 643 49, 020 103, 663 89.71 3.954
1873 170, 406 125, 540 295, 946 73.67 2 819
New Zealand 1874 194, 349 147, 511 341, 860 75.90 3. 256
1875 213, 294 162, 562 375, 856 76.22 3.583
..
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES-VICTORIA . 483
immigrants
emigrants
Immigration and emigration.
Excess
over
of
Immigrants
o, r
Emigran ts
versa
vice
Colony.
.
.
.
Year
.
1873 29, 460 26, 294 3, 166
Victoria.... 1874 30, 732 27, 365 3,367
1875 32, 744 29, 342 3,402
1876 35, 797 31,977 3,820
1973 24, 022 16,770 7, 252
New South Wales 1874 29, 756 19, 279 10, 477
1875 30, 967 20, 350 10, 617
1873 15, 141 5, 474 9, 667
Queensland 1874 20, 725 7,794 12, 931
1875 24, 809 9, 640 15, 169
1873 4,548 3, 172 1,376
South Australia 1874 5,557 3,271 2,286
1875 6, 566 4, 019 2,547
1873 285 639 -354
Western Australia... 1874 660 601 £9
1875 733 520 213
1873 6, 787 7,039 -252
Tasmania 1874 6, 265 7,714 -1, 449
1875 6, 535 8, 075 -1, 540
1873 13, 572 4, 761 8, 811
New Zealand 1874 43, 965 5, 859 38, 106
1875 31, 737 6, 467 25, 270
NOTE. The minus sign (—) indicates that the emigrants exceeded the immigrants by the number
to which it is prefixed ."
AGRICULTURE .
Under cultivation.-The total land under cultivation was, in 1876,

1,231,105 acres, against 1,126,831 acres in 1875 , comprising the follow
ing crops and the acreage under each crop : Wheat 401,417 acres , yield
ing 5,279,730 bushels ; oats 115,209 acres, yielding 2,294,225 bushels ; bar
ley 25,034 acres, yielding 530,323 bushels ; maize 1,609 acres, yielding
25,909 bushels ; other cereals, including beans and pease, 22,388 acres,
yielding 389,134 bushels ; potatoes 40,450 acres, yielding 134,082 tons ;
hay 147,408 acres, yielding 180,560 tons ; vines 4,765 acres, yielding 481,588
gallons of wine ; green forage 362,554 acres ; other tillage 110,271 acres .
The above does not include the minor crops . The total value of the
crops for the year is estimated at $27,126,987.
The greatest extent of land under cultivation is in the occupation of
selectors, so designated from their being allowed to select ( to the extent
of 320 acres) , under certain regulations, from areas thrown open for the
purpose. The conditions are : Residence on the land ; improvements
to the amount of $5 per acre ; cultivation of one-tenth in each year, and
the payment of 48 cents per annum per acre toward the purchase- money,
which is $ 5 per acre. At the end of the third year, the conditions
having been so far complied with, a lease is issued from the Crown, which
is negotiable, subject to the payment of the balance of $3.40 per acre.
The land alienated from the Crown under this system of deferred pay
meut was, on the 31st of December, 1876, 6,463,148 acres , while the
land alienated by sale in • fee- simple, on the same day, was 10,827,779
acres .
Total acreage. The total acreage of the colony of Victoria is 56,446,720
acres.
The land revenue of 1876 was as follows : For temporary occupation ,

$ 946,704.58 ; alienation in fee-simple and progressive, $4,061,887.49 ;
penalties, fees, and interest, $577,454.02 ; total, $ 5,586,046.09.
Average produce.-The average produce per acre of the principal crops ,
in the ten years from 1867 to 1877 was as follows : Wheat, 15.22 bushels ;
oats, 20.35 bushels ; barley, 20.55 bushels ; potatoes, 3.13 tons ; hay,
1.33 tons.
Rates offarm labor.- Rates of labor on farms, 1876 and 1877, were :
Plowmen per week, $ 5.17 ; farm laborers, per week, $4.21 ; married
couple, per week, $ 6.39 ; females, per week, $2.59 ; mowers, per week,
$7.56, per acre $ 1.39 ; reapers, per week, $8.11 , per acre $3.14 ; thrash
ers, per bushel, 16 cents. In all cases rations are allowed in addition to
wages quoted.
PASTORAL .
Number of stock.-The total numbers of stock on stations, farms, & c.,

in 1876 and 1877 , were as follows : Horses, 194,768 ; milch- cows, 277,072 ;
horned cattle, exclusive of milch cows, 831,193 ; sheep, 11,278,893
pigs, 175,578.
Live-stock slaughtered in 1876. - Sheep and lambs, 2,178,209 ; cattle
and calves, 201,163 ; pigs, 70,373. The total amount being 2,449,745,
of which, for preserving and salting, were 311,658 ; for boiling down for
tallow, were 212,665 ; for butchers or private use, were 1,925,4 :2.
Rates ofpastoral labor.-Rates of labor on stations, in 1876 and 1877,
were as follows : Stockmen , per annum, $240.40 ; boundary-riders, per
annum , $209.50 ; shepherds, per annum, $185.17 ; hut-keepers, per annum,
$158.89 ; married couples, per annum, $290.28 ; females, per annum,
$140.15 ; station laborers, per week, $4.35 ; sheep- washers, per week,
$5.49 ; shearers, per 100 sheep shorn, $3.45.
In consequence of long drought, the loss of sheep has been very heavy,
and it is estimated that the production of wool for shipment this season
will be 30,000 bales (averaging 300 pounds each) less than that oflast sea
1 son. From the same cause, wool will not be as sound as last season's.
From the want of water, most of the wool-growers have this year been
compelled to shear in the grease.
The following is an estimate of the value of pastoral produce raised
on holdings of all descriptions in 1876-'77 :
Value of pastoral produce, 1876-77.-Milk, butter, and cheese,
$ 13,483,708.88 ; estimated net value of stock slaughtered - cattle,
$ 10,687,885.16 ; sheep , $2,175,510.43 ; pigs, $ 1,229,774.28 ; estimated
value of produce of horse stock, $379,119.82 ; excess of exports over
imports of wool, customs value, $20,607,534.91 ; estimated value of
wool used in the colony for manufacturing purposes, $ 440,028.93 ; total,
$49,003,562.41 .
Wool product and sales. -The wool products of the colony are but now
coming to market, and being sold mostly in this city, the annual wool
sales attract buyers from all parts of the world . The quantity of wool
exported from the colony of Victoria during the year 1875-'76 amounted
to 93,769,800 pounds. During the year ending October 30, 1877 , there
were sold in this market 35,166,600 po nds .
Wool shipments to the United States. - The shipments from this colony
to the United States during the last six years were as follows : 1871 -'72 ,
6,015,960 pounds ; 1872-73, 4,312,800 pounds ; 1873-74, 2,574,000 pounds ;
1874-75, 6,732,000 pounds; 1875-76, 1,807,520 pounds ; 1876-77,
2,824,920 pounds.
The value of last year's wool shipment from this port to the United
States was $ 727,839.45.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES — VICTORIA. 485
Wool shipments from Australia. The following is a comparative state

ment of shipments of wool from the several colonies, in bales of 200
pounds each :
Year ending Year ending

Name of colony. October 1 , October 1,
1875. 1876.
Bales. Bales.
Victoria 303, 881 312, 566
New South Wales.. ........ ……………………… . 117, 902 133, 494
South Australia.. 98,536 109, 214
Queensland . ………………. 27, 195 33, 408
Total for the colonies* 547, 513 588, 682
Wool prices in Melbourne.-The following is the present value of vari

ous descriptions of wool in this market : Greasy, inferior, 12 cents to
16 cents ; ordinary to average, 17 cents to 21 cents ; good to superior,
22 cents to 28 cents. Fleece, washed , inferior, 28 cents to 32 cents ;
ordinary to average, 32 cents to 36 cents ; average to good , 36 cents
to 42 cents ; superior, 44 cents to 54 cents. Scoured , inferior, 24 cents
to 28 cents ; ordinary, 28 cents to 32 cents ; middling to good , 34 cents
to 40 cents ; superior, 42 cents to 48 cents.
The peculiar character of the wool grown in the Australian colonies
makes it much sought after by the manufacturers of Great Britain ,
France, Germany, and of the United States , for fine cloths , dresses, and
shawls, also for mixing with silk and cotton and the finer fabrics of wool
in general.
Tallow. The exports of this article show a gradual increasing local
consumption for soap and candle manufactories. The exports for the
past three years, ending February 23, were : 1875, 17,674 casks ; 1876,
16,608 casks ; 1877, 12,164 casks.
Preserved meats. -The total shipments of these for the last three years,
ending February 23, were : 1875, 62,897 cases ; 1876, 55,188 cases ; 1877,
77,043 cases.
NOTE BY THE VICE- CONSUL-GENERAL.-I extract from R. Goldsborough & Co.'s
Annual Wool Circular the following :
Superior clips of greasy have met with active_competition for America, and prices
ranging up to 14d. per pound were given during December and January for exception
ally good lots. This demand for the United States not only added to the value of the
choice clips, but also strengthened prices for the inferior to ordinary descriptions ; those
buyers for England and the Continent who could not compete with the Americans for
the best lots being thus led to operate to a greater extent in the lower classes. In all
7,847 bales were sold for direct shipment to America, consisting almost entirely of the
best unwashed lots offered .
More than half the wool grown in Australia is shipped from this port, and it must
be borne in mind that the shipments include nearly all the choice clips-the Victorian
wools as a rule taking a much higher position than those grown in the other colonies.
This arises from the more equable climate, the generally better pastures, and the enter
prise of our flockmasters in improving their sheep, and thus securing a more valuable
class of wool. A large proportion of the clips reach the market in beautiful order, and
the manner in which many of them are washed and classed seems as near perfection
as it is possible to attain. The superior class of wool thus obtainable here for disposal
has naturally attracted buyers from the great manufacturing centers of Europe and
America, and we notice that each season they are present in increasing numbers ; in
fact, this market has now become fully recognized as one of the leading wool depots
of the world. Already very large sales are made direct to the manufacturers, and
there is evidently an increasing disposition on their part to operate here rather than
in London, and thus secure a first selection of the special classes of wool best suited to
their requirements. When a manufacturer has gained a reputation for a certain class
of goods it becomes important to maintain it, and hence the necessity for securing the
required description of wool.
MINING.
Gold. --The quantity of gold raised in Victoria during 1876 was 963,760
oz., valued at $ 18,760,552.16 . The following will show a gradual fall
ing off in the production of this mineral for the last six years : 1871 ,
1,355,477 oz.; 1872 , 1,282,521 oz .; 1873, 1,241,205 oz.; 1874, 1,155,972
oz.; 1875, 1,095,987 oz.; 1876 , 963,760 oz.
It is estimated that of the gold raised in 1876, 63 per cent. of the whole
quantity was obtained from quartz reefs and 37 per cent. from alluvial .
deposits. The stone crushed in 1876 was 1,011,808 tons, thus yielding
an average of 10 dwt. and 13.48 gr. per ton. The value of gold raised
in 1876, per miner, was $437.87.
The following are the returns of the gold received at Melbourne
mint from 1872 to 1876 : 1872, 190,738 oz., = $3,722,468.58 ; 1873, 221,870
oz. , -$4,317,203.55 ; 1874, 335,318 oz . , = $ 6,565,404.88 ; 1875, 489,732
oz. , - $9,478,545.32 ; 1876, 543,198 oz . , = $ 10,460,449.29 . Total, 1,780,856
oz. , = $43,544,071.62.
It will thus be seen there has been a steady increase in the business
of the mint since 1872. The gold issued at the Melbourne mint in 1876
amounted to $ 34,165,574.71.
The quantity of gold received at Melbourne mint in 1876 was : From
Victoria, 427,879 oz.; from New South Wales, 202 oz.; from Queens
land, 190 oz .; from South Australia, 9,647 oz.; from Tasmania, 10,094
oz.; from New Zealand , 93,582 oz.; from Natal, 289 oz.; from unknown ,
1,316 oz.; total, 543.199 oz.
Miners' wages. - The rates of mining labor, per week, without rations ,
in 1876, were : General manager, $9.73 to $58.40 ; legal manager, $2.43
to $24.33 ; mining manager, $ 12.16 to $ 34.07 ; engineer, $ 12.16 to $ 29.20 ;
engine-driver, $ 9.73 to $ 17.03 ; pitman, $ 9.73 to $ 19.47 ; blacksmith,
$ 10.21 to $21.90 ; carpenter, $9.73 to $19.47 ; foreman of shift, $ 10.21 to
$17.03 ; miner, $ 7.30 to $ 14.60 ; surface-mau (laborer) , $6.08 to $14.60 ;
boy, $2.43 to $ 10.94 ; Chinese, $2.92 to $ 12.16 .
The value of metals and minerals other than gold raised in the year
1876 was $ 152,701 .
MANUFACTURES.
I append a summary of the manufactories, works, &c., for three peri
ods, as follows :
Year ending March 31.
1867 982 419 7,072 11, 330 $8, 505, 192

1872 1,740 701 9, 442 19, 468 18, 159, 155
1877 2,302 918 12, 771 31, 478 29, 324, 288
Increasing numbers at each successive period will be observed in all

the columns, the augmentation shown being, no doubt, almost entirely
due to the starting of fresh works and the extension of old ones. It is
possible, however, that in consequence of the greater care exercised of
late years in " returning " every establishment, an appearance of in
crease may have sometimes resulted without any actual increase having
occurred .
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES VICTORIA. 487
Protecting home industry.- The policy of the colony for the last ten years
has been to encourage manufactures by imposing a 20 per cent. (more or
less) ad valorem duty.
For the benefit of those interested and desirous of judging for them
selves, I annex tables of various works and manufactories for the two
last years, some showing an increase, others a decrease ; also tables sum
marizing parts or the whole.
Flour-mills, 1876 and 1877.

Number
mills
Mills employ Bushels of grain op

.of
ing erated upon.

Year ended March
31.
Steam- Water Wheat. Other.
power. power.
1876 . 157 145 12 2,848 476 704 5, 287, 596 271, 682 114, 727 596
1877... 152 138 13 2, 811 458 707 5,069, 850 309, 839 117, 473 3, 724
Increase 1 3 38, 157 2,746 3, 128
Decrease. 5 37 18 217,746
Breweries, 1876 and 1877.
Materials used.
Year ended March 31.

Sugar. Malt. Hops.
Pounds. Bushels . Pounds.

1876.. 103 9, 356, 144 600, 035 871, 051 882 617 332 12,666, 265
1877 102 10, 777, 453 628, 963 945, 529 902 633 356 14, 236, 359
Increase 1, 421, 309 28, 928 74, 478 20 16 24 1,570, 094
Decrease.
Number
Number
Brick-yards and potteries, 1876 and 1877.

employed
Amount
Number
bricks
hands
brick
horse
.power
yards
employed
pot
and
of
of
.of
of
Number of ma Brick-yards, &c., em

chines in use. ploying
made
teries
Year ended March 31. For tem- Formak

,
peringor ing Steam Horse- Manual

.
crushing bricksor power. power. labor.

clay. pottery.
1876 241 169 87 13 101 127 336 1,083 73, 853, 000
1877 241 164 111 16 97 128 336 1, 194 75, 081,000
Increase .. 24 3 1 111 1,228, 000
Decrease 4
Tanneries, 1876 and 1877.
Tanneries employing
Year ended
March 31. Steam- Horse- Manual
power. power. labor.
JAN
1876. 91 29 46 12 398 965 3, 059 316, 394 514, 832 $3, 006, 879
1877. 96 38 36 22 432 1,140 3, 201 323, 693 1,310, 229 3, 311, 960
Increase 5 9 10 34 175 143 7,299 795, 397 305, 081
Decrease.. 10
:
Approximate
Quantity
Woolen-mills, 1876 and 1877.

Number
manu
value
wool
wool
goods
of
of
Goods manufactured : Quan- Hands employed.
of
Steam-engines
facturod
used.
mills
tity of
used
.en
Year ended
March 31.
.
.
Horse Tweed,
No. cloth, flan- Blankets. Shawls. Males. Females.
power. nel, & c.
Pounds. Yards. No. No.

1876. 6 6 368 644, 714 2,973 1,776 357 254 $685, 880
1877. 8 10 471 1, 205, 595 719, 887 2,816 2, 941 428 282 721, 128
Increase 2 4 103 75, 173 1, 165 71 28 35, 248
Decrease 157
Manufactories, works, fc., 1876 and 1877.

manufac
Number
Amount
[Exclusive of flour-mills, breweries, brick-yards, potteries, tanneries, and woolen-mills.]
.power d
horse
employe
c.works
tories
Manufactories, &c., employ.

of
of
Manual
ing
,&
labor
.-power
Hors e
.
Water

Steam
Wind
.
.
.
11343
14
1876 .. 1, 643 707 16 104 815 8,612

1877 ... 1,703 718 95 873 8, 949
Increase. 60 11 3 ...... 58 337
Decrease 3 9
Number of hands Approximate total value of

employed.
Males. Females. Machine ry
and plant. Lands. Buildings.
1876 21, 058 4, 518 $9, 638, 799 $4, 289, 985 $7,532, 817
1877 ..... 22, 033 4,792 10, 227, 777 5,241, 425 6, 973, 038
Increase. 975 274 588,978 951, 440
Decrease .8 559, 779
1
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- VICTORIA. 489
Manufactories, works, &c., 1876 and 1877-Continued.

( Including flour-mills, breweries, brick-yards, potteries, tanneries, and woolen-mills, as well as other
manufactories and works. ]
1976 2,241 900 12, 311 29, 821 $27, 999, 364
1877 ......... 2, 302 918 12, 771 31, 478 29, 324, 288
Increase.. 61 18 460 1,657 1, 324, 924
Water reservoirs. There are 54 reservoirs for water in the colony , some
of them of sufficient magnitude to render them important. The stor
age capacity is 12,067,419,225 gallons , and of an actual or estimated cost
of $ 13,235,250 ; this sum, added to the value of lands, buildings , ma
chinery, &c. , used in connection with manufactures, for the year 1877,
amounts to the interesting sum of $ 52,559,538.
COMMERCE .
For statistics and facts bearing upon this subject, I have the honor to
direct your attention to tables 1 and 2. For shipping in general and
trade with the United States during 1876, see tables 3, 4, 5, and 6, here
with.
Vintage and wines. In the agricultural returns, the last season's yield
of wine was stated to be 481,588 gallons and 3,725 gallons of brandy.
Little, if any, can be added to last year's report on this topic. Vine-cul
ture and wine -making is an increasing industry of the colony, and much
care is taken in making it successful. There is a falling off in the vine
crop for the year under review, owing to the effects of oidium and other
diseases.
PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST.
These are comprised chiefly in three kinds of trees , named Eucalypti.

Anti-malarial trees.-Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum) is found in most
parts of the colony, and is used both for building purposes and fuel.
From a sanitary point of view, the value of this species of gum -trees, as
they are locally called , is very great, and as it has been proved beyond
question that its growth in low and malarious localities has absorbed
the febrile moistures there prevailing, forests have been planted in
such localities, in many parts of the world , with wonderful success. It
grows easily from seed.
The red-gum tree.- Eucalyptus rostrata (red gum) is even more than the
blue gum found all over the colony, and is extensively used for railway
sleepers, piles for wharves, bridges, &c. As foundations for buildings
and posts for fencing it is unexceptionable, not being liable to decay or
subject to dry-rot. When used under water, it resists the attacks of the
water-worm, Teredo navalis. Eucalyptus obliqua (stringy bark) is of less
commercial value, but used extensively for fencing and fuel.
Destruction ofthe forests.-Many large reserves have been proclaimed
from time to time as forest reserves, but unfortunately the exigencies of
various governments and the pressure of political supporters have tended

too frequently to ignore the object for which they were reserved. So
little is done in the way of conservation , that there is reason to fear,
before long, there will be a scarcity of good timber. The prevalence of
bush-fires, ravages of insects, and the wantou destruction by wood-cut
ters countenance such apprehensions. *
RAILWAYS.
On the 31st of December, 1876 , there were in operation, government

railways, 7024 miles, value $ 56,246,009 ; private railways, 17 miles , value
$4,216,156. There are in progress and approaching completion 2591
miles, and about 325 miles more are projected and will be in process of
construction in 1878. The estimated cost of these lines is $ 11,373,011 .
American railway-cars. - An interesting fact in connection with the
railways of the colony of Victoria is worth noting, namely, the intro
duction of the American railway- car for conveying passengers, of which
a couple are now running on the government line and generally preferred
to the ordinary English carriages. Bogie engines and trucks , after the
American pattern, have also been constructed and meet with general
approval, besides many other minor improvements from the same source.
FINANCE .
The revenue and expenditure of Victoria for the year 1875-'76, were
as follows :
REVENUE.
Heads of revenue. Receipts.
Customs $8,067, 625 30

Excise 162,721 16
Ports and harbors ... ………………….. ………………………… .. 107,569 12
Licenses (business) .. 52, 129 95
Duties on estates of deceased persons ………………………….......…………………. 238, 278 44
Duties on bank-notes.. 34,995 00
Land sales (including rents counting toward purchase-money) . ……………………….. 3,804, 381 51
counting toward purchase-money) . ………………………………………..
Rents of crown lands (not …………………………… 900, 769 68
Penalties under land act.. 258, 737 21
Railways.. ………………………………………… .......... 4,783, 930 09
Water-supply ………………………............. 452, 326 58
Public works (exclusive of railways and water-supply) …………….....
.. 29, 403 39
Post and telegraph …………………... 1, 018, 135 06
Fines, fees, and forfeitures (exclusive of land-act penalties) . 548,279 36
Rents ( ordinary) .............. 3,280 02
Reimbursements, recoups, & o....................... …………………………………………………………………………. 272, 976 58
Interest and exchange . ..... ...... ··· 234, 010 52
Miscellaneous receipts . 78, 822 70
Total..... 21,048, 371 67
* NOTE BY THE VICE-CONSUL-GENERAL.- For more extensive information on the sub

ject of forest and forest products of Australia, I would direct those specially interested
to the valuable and instructive publication by Ellwood Cooper, entitled "Forest Cul
ture and Eucalyptus Trees."
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES - VICTORIA. 491
EXPENDITURES.
Heads of expenditures. Amounts ex

pended.
Legislature.. $279, 925 95

Civil establishment 487, 282 65
Judicial and legal 830, 195 70
Public instruction, science, & c. 2,786, 922 89
Charitable institutions, medical, &c . 1,315, 502 55
Mining.. 185, 671 57
Police 972, 024 98
Jails and penal establishments 297, 104 69
Mint.. 97, 330 00
Crown lands and survey. 676, 784 16
Railways.. 2,383, 373 24
Water- supply 95, 441 78
Public works (exclusive of school-buildings, railways, & c) . 3,608, 295 62
Customs 274, 037 48
Harbors and lights .. 168, 882 15
Defenses ............ 283, 390 89
Post and telegraphs .. 1,469, 240 15
Retiring allowances, pensions, &c . 165, 952 52
Intere st .. 3,862, 054 40
Civil-list ..... ........ 346, 626 20
Aborigines . 29, 685 65
Placed to railway-loan liquidation-account . 1, 459, 950 00
Miscellaneous services 178, 065 24
Total.. 22, 253, 740 46
EDUCATION.
The present system of state education has been five years in opera
tion. The principles on which it is based are secular, compulsory, and
free, under the administration of a responsible minister of the Crown.
The prescribed school age is from six to fourteen, both inclusive, a large
proportion of children , however, between three and six years of age are
in attendance, to whom the compulsory provisions of the act do not
apply. The following figures show the number of children at school
age receiving education during 1876 : Being educated in state schools ,
152,147 ; in industrial and reformatory schools, 1,006 ; in private schools
and at home (estimated ) , 38,323 ; total, 191,476.
The total amount expended on public instruction during the same
year was $2,483,900 .
The total number of children at all ages receiving education in 1876
was 244,056.
PUBLIC SPIRIT.
The contributions for charitable purposes in this colony will compare

favorably with that of any country in the world . During the year 1876,
the private subscriptions of the colony to various charitable institutions
amounted to more than $ 250,000. A sum exceeding $ 100,000 has been
subscribed during the last month for the Indian famine relief fund.
SAMUEL P. LORD.
December
.31
876
Victoria
,1for
ending
year
the
commerce
of
colony
of
Statement
showing
.
IMPORTS
492
.
Articles .
Quantity .
Value .
Duty Whence
.
implements
..
Agricultural .pkgs
.. 440 979
,3$35 3 $,683
637 colonies
.
and
Australian
Great
Britain
,&
crystals
cAlkali
.ash
:Saustic
oda .cwt
... 2, 54
45 34
, 95
0125 10
62
,229 .
Britain
Great
slops
Apparel
and..... ..
.pkgs 78,90 26
, 28
61,479 279
8,9198 colonies
eylon
Great
.,CBritain
Australian
No
.. 0, 13
10 36
ammunit
.and
Arms ion cwt
.. 5,6281 71
,881
142 16
,861
96 South
.States
Greatew
Nnited
,UWales
Britain
..
lbs 174, 53
fuse
and owder
.,-pithofracteur
lBlasting coils 3175 , 68 92
,065
170 colonies
36 nited
.States
,Britain
AUGreat
52
7ustralian
86
.
lbs 1,832 99
..
bagging
and
sacks
Bags yds 1,500 66
,703
784 colonies
., ustralian
reat
ABritain
eylon
GCCalcutta
No. , 30
34,515
Beer galls
. 4753 , 00 38
, 03
4769 23
144,860 colonies
.,Australian
Britain
Great
Books
,printed ..
pkgs 9,514 41
, 62
8756 States
nd
.United
colonies
ustralian
a,Britain
AGreat
.........
shoes
Boots
.and ..
.pairs 4, 40
831 60
, 96
4973 46,251
133 States
.United
nd
Wales
,aSouth
N ew
Britain
Great
Brass
ware
............... ..
.pkgs 624 21
, 61
792 53
,5618 States
United
colonies nd
.,aAustralian
Britain
Great
tons 84
brooms
..and
ware
Brush lb
...s .. 17,561 57
, 45
1123 42 39
17,3 States
., nited
UBritain
Great
pk
.. gs 41,39
..
sashes N
..o 0,2633 61
, 10
796 15
,347
00 colonies
Australian
and
.States
United
and
oors
:materials
DBuilding pair.. 8
Candles .lbs
.. ,975
742 01
,378
138 34
,248
68 Great
,Nnd
,aBritain
Wales
South
-K
.Hong
ong
ew
.and
druggeting
Carpeting ..
.yds 8, 98
383 526688
, 41 41
426
, 68 Great
.
Britain
…………….... do
... 332 7, 57 989 19
, 96 colonies
Australian
.and
Britain
Great
Canvas
materials
carriage
nd
,aarts
cCarriages No. 234 17
, 99
5113 97
14,392 colonios ustralian
.,Britain
GStates
AUnited reat
pkgs
.. 3,249
100 52
, 26
899 01223
, 82 Wales
.South
,New
Britain
Great
w
Cement .cw
.. t ,759
porcelain
and
China
...
ware .pk
.. gs 1,266 78
789 , 96 36
,6879 colonies
hina
.,Custralian
ABritain
Great
Clo
....cks
.... .No
... , 31
215 65
, 82
760 84
,06 18 colonies
ustralian
nited
.States
,UBritain
AGreat
Coal .......... ..
tons 2, 31
226 615
, 03
1,350 Zealand
.,N
Wales ew
South
New
cwt 425
,&
nibs
c.and
nuts
chocolate
Cocoa ... 27
398, 77 31832
, 67 .
Britain
Great
.
lbs 1, 00
363
Coffee
.. .lbs
. ,328
1,403 15
,821
356 ,76046
53 atavia
SBCeylon
., ingapore
Confectionery .d
...o 8297, 22 04
67,865 23
,2920 Wales
.South
New
and
Britain
Great
..... tong 44 25 Indies
.East
nd
States
,anited
Cordage
..,hemp ,53298 13
1,813 UBritain
Great
cw
...t 1,929
,piece
.-gCotton
oods ..
yds 8722 , 40 65 33
13, 57 71 colonies
.States
nited
,Uustralian
ABritain
Great
Cutlery ................. ..
.. pkgs 1,071 39
, 46
0257 States
Greatnited
Ucolonies
., ustralian
ABritain
......... ............................
Drapery .d
.. o 1,733 39
, 06
5287 51
7, 98
21 .
Britain
Great
chemicals
and
Drugs ................. ..
do. 2,1157 82 301
347, 10
, 84
031 .colonies
, ritish
BStatesnited
UBritain
Great
Earthen
ware
. ……………..................... ...
do
... 7,779 05,615
328 89
131, 82 Wales
South
.New
and
Britain
Great
Fancy
goods
.. ........................... ..
.do 1,202 71
6195, 34 1835
7, 93 States
nited
.,Ueylon
CBritain
Great
palt
,sFish
..
fresh
and
hell
reserved ..
Spkgs 17,460 58
, 68
5543 ,519
80
82 Australian
Britain
,aGreat
.colonies
States
United
nd
,310
1,561
Fruit bushs
. 92,986 52
,578
714 51
, 25
5241 Do.
lb
.. s 81,660 44
Furniture ..pkgs
]
.. 11,499 43
, 81
8267 70
, 51
052 Do.
. late ws
-and
pwindo
Glass sup
. ft .. , 46
71,280 15
,037
158 .colonies
Australian
and
Britain
Great
.
bottles ..
pkgs 6, 52 14
,820
283 41
106,812 colonies
nd
States
Australian
nited
.,aUBritain
Great
and
ware
Glass No
... , 21
73,016
.....
Gloves
……………… ..
pairs , 82
4537 50
306,233 54
,179
30 .
Britain
Great
and
Ceylon
Gold
.. ..
.ounces 5138, 55 901, 69
2,695 colonies
other
.Australian
New
and
Zealand
,barley
pulse
and
.Grain ..
centals , 27
138 50
, 60
4176 61
1,2088 Great
.
colonies
Australian
and
Britain
maize ..do ,813
364 08
,586
587 39 4
87,46 .Austrlian
Fiji
and
colonies
malt ...... busb
.. s 184 ,019 50
, 04
7449 31
, 60
475 Great
.
Britain
oats
.. ..
centals , 49
0354 11
,006
674 26, 48
770 .and
Tasmania
Zealand
New
ri
...ce. ....
..do , 49
8151 550,587
78 08
,444
.85
wheat ............. ..do
....
| ,134
194 98
,912
426 47
,938
43 South
.
colonies
Australian
other
and
Australia
other
.all do
. 14,077 83
43,895 62
,2597 .
colonies
Australian
findings
Grindery
).(s.hoe
leathering
and ..
pkgs 2,351 24
,725
76 .
States
United
Great
and
Britain
Guano tons 898 89
2116, 89 Malden
Island
Pabellon
.de
and
Pica
... cwt 11
,684
98822 colonies
nd
Australian
eylon
.,CBritain
aGreat
w
Haberdashery
. ..
.pkgs 4,030
Hardware
ironmongery
.and .do
... 5,769 738,419 69 nd
nited
UCeylon
Britain
,aGreat
.States
nd
cabonnets
, aps
Hats ..... .No
., ,049
1,401 40
631,992 16
, 33
178 Indies
nd
.East
colonies
ustralian
,aBritain
AGreat
Hem tons 1,387 73
, 67
6195 .
Britain
Great
and
Indies
East
.... p ..
cwt 12
Hides
.. ..
.No 568, 70 53
, 92
0336 New
.
Zealand
New
and
Wales
South
Hops ..
.lbs 31,247
, 09 940233
, 14 90
, 63
167 colonies
other
aGreat
.,Britain
Tnd
asmania
Hosiery ..
.pkgs 2,712 80
, 57
1658 ,707
88
67 colonies
Australian
eylon
nd
CGreat
.,aBritain
..... , usical
mInstruments ..
.No , 77
719 87
, 26
2344 92
, 60
863 United
.
Britain
Great
and
States
surgical
nd
sInstruments
.,aocientific
ptical ..
pkgs 524 81
295 , 22 United
States
. eylon
nd
CGreat
,aBritain
Iron
..,arbod
castingsar
nd tous 7,898 03
, 76
1435 34
, 67
913 Australian
colonies
.States
nited
nd
UGreat
,aBritain
..
cwt 13
tons 9,512
,galvanized
Iron
... cwt
... 6 89
, 84
6762 10
, 78
542 colonies
and
Australian
.Britain
Great
..
pkgs 4
...plate
pIronheet
nd
,ashipe
ig
oop tons 620 , 38 27 28
,2107 60
, 86
823 Sweden
and
.Britain
Great
...
cwt 11
galvanized
and
wire
Iron
cordage
.. tons 48,56 83
, 20
6664 30,497
66 States
.
Britain
United
and
Great
cwt
... 11
Jewelry
.. .pkg
.. s 541 75
,391
210 39
,755
35 Britain
.and
Great
Ceylon
ipe
ig
cospLead
,&re
heet tons 5,180 03
,988
76 59
3,677 Australian
.
colonies
..
cwt 17
c.pfLeather
,&
.lain
atent
ancy cwt
... 816 05
,748
460 50
, 38
911 colonies
nd
States
Australian
nited
.,aUBritain
Great
..
pkgs 3,233
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- VICTORIA.
Leather
ware ..
.do 729 97 5
124,93 34
224, 45 States
nd
.United
eylon
,CBritain
aGreat
pLinen
, iece
..goods ..
yds ,46150 03 922669
, 68 colonies
Australian
.Britain
and
Great
Live
,horned
animals
cattle ..
.No 81 1, 44 13
, 00
92,995 .
colonies
Australian
..
horses ..
.do ,1623 55
, 73
6400 Do.
pigs
...... ...
.do 2,535 38
, 11
543 Do.
sheep ...
.do 1,086 15 467
,217 77 Do.
Machinery ...... ..
.pkgs ,26 57 70
,622
346 73
,556
54 States
.and
United
Britain
Great
Maizena ……………......... ..lbs
.. 6283 , 53 80
135 , 84 21
, 47
010 Do.
Matches
vestas
.and ........ gross
. 6,28933 97
271,154 07
,705
20 Colonies
Australian
.and
Britain
Great
,and
.Metals
of
manufactures .pkgs
.. 611 , 85 44
, 84
2353 ,374
70
45 States
.United
and
Britain
Great
Mill
. inery ...... .
do
... 236 17
, 27
079 60
7,728 .
Ceylon
and
Britain
Great
government
and
.Military
stores 567 31
, 54
737 Wales
South
.,New
Britain
Great
493
colony
commerce
showing
1of
,Statement
31
December
ending
year
the
for
Victoria
C876
.-ontinued
CIMPORTS
.-ontinued
494
Articles
. .
Quantity Value
. Duty
. Whence
.
Mustard ..
.pkgs 7,2$42 56 .,1694
$32 9 ,511
992 colonies
Australian
and
Great
.Britain
Nails
screws
and
. cwt
.. 040 , 33 ,55
284 ,444
96
30 United
Britain
,aGreat
.States
colonies
Australian
nd
, astor
cOils ..
galls , 06
0159 121,998
29 05
16,647 Australian
and
Indies
East
colonies
.
China ..
..do ,34833 37
43,730 94
,45 28 Hong
,New
.Kong
Wales
South
kerosene
... ..
do , 87
9729 87
284,530 35
,063
105 Australian
and
States
.United
colonies
linseed .
do 109
,344 62
80 ,274 05
,046
13 colonies
Australian
and
Britain
.Great
other
..
oils ..
do ,007
155 64
193
,032 90
,685
14 Do.
..
stores
Oilmen's ..
.pkgs 13 ,076 84,052
34 36
10,950 United
Britain
,aGreat
.States
Indies
East
nd
Opium lbs
... ,641
40 11
8508
, 46 ,843
8129 Australian
,aCeylon
.colonies
China
nd
Paints
. ..
cwt 023, 32 65
3181
, 21 210 28
, 57 Britain
.Great
..
.cwt ,75980
,&
phPaperags
aper
c.b-.angings .lbs
... 8 96
,961
935 24
7,463 Australian
and
Britain
.Great
colonies
pieces , 01
7879
ware
(silver
),pPlate
lated ..
pkgs 660 26
146,049 61
14,000 United
Britain
Australian
,aGreat
nd
.States
colonies
028 9,098,230
Printing
materials ..
pkgs 1,342 ,616
8534 Australian
and
Britain
.Great
colonies
Quicksilver .
.Ibs ,765
102 ,476
01
75 Great
Wales
South
,aNew
.Britain
Zealand
nd
harness
.and
Saddlery ..
.pkgs 248 ,474
39
36 62
,1660 Britain
Great
St
,Ucolonies
,anited
esnd
.Australian
Salt
. tons
... 6,917 815226
, 93 72
, 17
843 .
Australia
South
and
Britain
Great
cwt
... 8
Seeds pkgs
.. 5,090 68
,231
82 EAustralian
Britain
,aGreat
.Indies
colonies
ast
nd
- achines
mSewing ...
.do 213 , 97 05
, 56
6245 United
Britain
,aGreat
.States
colonies
Australian
nd
.Silks
containing
manufactures
and yards , 09
01,654 34
, 90
71,257 92
, 35
9119 .Great
Indies
East
and
Britain
pieces
. , 21
1138
kangaroo
sheep
,agSkins
..oat
nd .N
.. o 1556 , 28 36 , 22
0155 .
colonies
Australian
Slates
. ..
do 5, 50
2,309 129 ,015
78 95
, 32
811 Australian
United
Britain
,aGreat
nd
.States
colonies
Specie
. .value
. 32
668, 66 Do.
Spirits ..
galls 3,141 75 ,12456
44 70 ,1254211
68 Australian
colonies
Britain
Great
.and
Starch
. ....... ..
.lbs 1, 41
1,022 70
93,880 36 45
,108 Britain
nited
Australian
,aGreat
nd
Ucolonies
.States
Stationery ..
.pkgs ,7425 628342
, 78 0,2439
36 Britain
Great
,aUnited
Indies
nd
EStates
. ast
Steel { tons 607 66
, 97
597 .
Britain
Great
..
cwt 63
Sugar
.. ...
do 786
2, 67 33
,02554 94 44
, 58
0573 Archipelago
Eastern
East
Indies
Australian
Britain
,Gareat
nd
colonies
.
Tea .lbs
... 02
3,27 77 4,584
17,922 41
,221
378 Eastern
,aChina
.Archipelago
colonies
Australian
nd
.
Timber .ft
sup 20
4,601
30 63
6,1
,54751 77
64091 ,153
71
16 Britain
Norway
,SGreat
andweden
aUnited
nd
.States
Zealand
New
....
No
pkgs
.. 482
boxes ,743
27
foil heet
s..,wTin
are tons
.. 186 05
,880
294 81
,5638 Britain
Great
Australian
colonies
.and
cwt
.. 17
lbs 100
snuff
and
,cigars
Tobacco 12
1,371 54
,473
1,416 9558
94
UBritain
aStatesnited
,Great
Manila nd
,. 72
Tools
..
utensils
and ..
.pkgs 4,827 92
,728
280 States
.
Great
United
and
Britain
Watches
.. ... ..
No 14,322 ,561
228
37 22
,776
96 NWales
South
ew
.Britain
Great
,Ceylon
Wine ..
.galls , 25
1342 871 ,915
72 01
189
,247 colonies
Great
.Britain
Australian
and
Wooden
ware
.. .pkgs
.. ,826
15 217
,69
19 44
41,855 Great
.
States
United
and
Britain
Wool
.. .
lbs ,787
46,831 904
6,94
10 98 Australian
.
colonies
Woolen
goods
.. .
yards , 86
5610 36 60
,561
3,840 243
,775
72 Australian
.
colonies
and
Britain
Great
...
.No ,806
124
Miscella
. neous 39
,31497 37 26
1275
, 21
..
Total 71
,78
791403
376 02
31
30
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES - VICTORIA.
495.
Statement showing the commerce of the colony of Victoria, &c.—Continued.

EXPORTS.
Agricultural implements... ..packages.. 1,766 $64, 529 79

Stons.. 1, 339 203,093 65
Antimony, ore and regulus.. > cwt 6
Apparel and slops .packages.. 6,365 1, 001, 705 76
Blasting-powder, lithofracteur, &c. ..pounds.. 203, 911 64, 271 87
Bags, sacks, and wool-packs .... .number.. 646, 292 173, 408 00
Bark ...tons .. 9, 724 293, 868 47
Beer . .gallons .. 148, 976 160, 443 64
Biscuit .... .pounds .. 699, 762 86, 083 52
Bone-dust . .tons .. 2, 4281 80, 399 45
Books, printed .. ..packages.. 1, 704 207, 366 43
Boots and shoes . .pairs.. 288, 013 401, 466 79
Butter ..pounds.. 753, 680 404, 722 47
Candles.. .do .. 1,615 , 191 302, 506 51
number 570
Carriages, carts, and materials, & c packages .. 1,078 76, 637 64
Cheese, Victorian ... .pounds .. 366, 390 77, 172 96
Coffee do... 557, 566 150, 296 99
Confectionery ... .pounds .. 459, 252 80, 160 99
tons . 7
Copper, ore, sheet, and ware... cwt . 5 4, 710 77
packages.. 20
Cordage, hemp and wire . tons .. 272 69,386 56
{ Cit 8
Cotton piece-goods ..yards .. 1,034, 080 179, 836 64
Drapery . packages.. 606 22,551 36
Drugs and druggist ware .. .do ... 3, 239 103, 388 79
Earthen-ware .. do... 1,366 51, 190 72
Fancy goods do . 970 57, 458 77
Fish, preserved and shell. ... cwt .. 6,3641 122, 645 53
Flour (Victorian 95 per cent. , other 5 per cent.) . .cental .. 35, 561 108, 887 94
bushels.. 16, 078
w
Fruit (dried, bottled , and green) . pounds . 1, 212, 714 149, 080 36
Furniture ..packages.. 6, 492 163, 684 73
packages 1, 074
Glass and glass ware.. number . 283, 299 95, 680 26
superficial feet .. 106, 267
Gold (Victorian 96 per cent., other 4 per cent.) . Sounc es .. 525, 629
dwts .... 19 10, 237, 125 60
Grain ....... .cental.. 72, 648 155, 255 95
Guano tons .. 304 8,861.90
3 2 225, 698 54
Hardware and ironmongery .......... packages.. 8,984
Hats, caps, and bonnets . .number.. 105, 755 93, 305 41
Hay and straw 9, 735
{tons .. 13 275, 074 05
Hides .number.. 3,323 14, 580 03
Hops ..pounds.. 261, 646 88, 536 24
Horns and hoofs ........................aumber 339, 434 18, 166 65
Hosiery.. ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖·· ..packages..
……………………… . 646 99, 179 27
Instruments, musical ..... ..number.. 3,277 84, 774 43
optical and scientific, &c ……………………… packages.. 52 4, 939 50
tons.. 1, 103 83,713 53
Iron, bar, rod, and castings .. cwt 10
tons.. 1,835
Iron, galvanized .. cwt . 11 300, 540 44
packages.. 2,807
tons.. 2,524
Iron, hoop, pig, pipe, and plate cwt .. 18 142, 607 92
Iron, scrap and sheet tons .. 571
cwt .. 14 20, 672 89
Iron wires..... tons.. 3, 645
cwt 14 -317,850 58
Jewelry .packages .. 102 25,393 40
cwt 13,845
m
Leather, plain, cy, and cut.. packages.. 325 971, 314 47

Live animals, horned cattle .number.. 2, 133 152, 136 52
horses... .do .... 3, 666 392, 921 21
sheep (seaward) . ..do ... 10, 889 199, 463 24
Machinery.. ……………………….. .packages.. 6, 204 256, 995 00
Manure .. tons .. 377 19, 792 06
Manufactures of metals . ......... ... -packages.. 7,531 222, 316 32
Matches and vestas. ………………… .. gross .. 29,968 45, 224 39
Molasses and treacle .... cwt.. 749 3,323 82
Nails and screws ........ .do ... 9,302 68,797 71
Oils, castor.. .gallons.. • 132, 199 113, 530 58
Chinese and colza. .... .do.... 21, 312 20, 614 49
kerosene .do... 381, 901 159, 752 60
linseed .do.... 33, 393 30, 347 49
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES-VICTORIA. 497
Statement showing the commerce of the colony of Victoria, &c. —Continued .

EXPORTS-Continued.
Oils, other oils S gallons .. 81, 416 $59, 040 38

{ doz. pts.. 3,214
Oilmen's stores ..packages .. 5,724 58,203 34
Opium, prepared .. pounds.. 3,048 39,820 97
Paper, paper-hangings, and paper bags . pieces.. 22,521 76, 073 13
owt . 30, 219
Potatoes. ..tons.. 19, 104 317,500 19
Preserves, jams . ..pounds.. 276, 199 44,990 79
Provisions, preserved meats ..... do .. 6, 410, 395 210, 612 91
salted ----- .......... cwt.. 2, 3861 35, 963 44
Rags tons.. 205 20, 366 30
Saddlery and harness .packages.. 1, 513 72, 681 18
Sewing-machines. do ... 4,368 159, 154 02
Silks Syards 130, 691 127,317 37
pieces.. 16, 005
Skins .number.. 1, 695, 163 272,796 53
Soap ... cwt.. 6, 112 33, 827 04
Specie ..value .. 7,758,870 21
Spirits . ..gallons .. 328, 744 665, 459 81
Stationery .packages .. 2, 493 238, 614 23
Sugar .cwt .. 160, 863 1, 191, 280 27
Tallow. ...tons .. 5, 100 849, 238 32
Tanks (iron) ..number.. 1,517 27,758 52
Tea ... pounds.. 3,221,804 1, 222, 056 02
Timber pieces. 444, 154 176, 123 50
superficial feet.. 2,823, 557
tons.... 82
Tin, ore,foil, sheet, ware.. cwt .. 13 43, 525 98
packages .. 1,382
Tobacco, cigars and snuff. pounds.. 2,263, 470 1,035, 951 32
Wine, Victorian gallons.. 14, 249 22, 896 88
other .do.. 142, 082 310,876 89
Woodenware ........ .packages.. 3,921 75, 338 29
Wool, Victorian .pounds.. 77, 270, 033 23, 613, 878 55
product of other colonies . do.. 28, 994, 465 7,597, 900 99
Syards 693, 450
Woolens and woolen piece-goods .... pairs 16,531 479, 890 43
number.. 3, 358
Miscellaneous.. 1,839, 692 60
Total 69, 087, 203 99
Statement showing the navigation, by ports, at the ports of the colony of Victoria during the
year 1876.
ENTERED.
With cargoes. In ballast. Total.

Ports.
MARITIME PORTS.
Melbourne 1, 638 733, 306 10 4, 198 1, 648 737, 504
Geelong. 25, 229 75 25, 229
Portland 2, 913 2 549 9 3, 462
Port Fairy*. 175 4 1,093 7 1,268
Port Albert 541 541
1 315 5,083
B
Waunambool 4,768
‫ܗ‬
ទី
២
INLAND RIVER PORTS.

3448
Wahgunyah 611 520 1, 131

Echuca 138 22,920 41 3, 052 179 25, 972
‫ܗܘ‬
Swan Hill. 44 3, 420 46 3, 200 6, 620

Cowana.. .... 35 3, 172 1 80 3,252
Narung .
Total ..... 1,978 797, 055 108 13, 007 2,086 810,062
:|៖
* Changed to Belfast.
32 C R
Statement showing the navigation, byports, at theports ofthe colony ofVictoria, &c.—Continued.
CLEARED.
With cargoes. In ballast. Total.

Ports.
MARITIME PORTS.
BERK
Melbourne 1, 102 531, 933 561 222, 409 1, 663 754, 342
Geelong. 48 21,559 29 6, 614 77 28, 173
Portland 6 2,959 5 1,615 11 4,574
Port Fairy* 24 6,907 24 6, 907
• 600
Port Albert . 843 6 843
Waunambool 43 12, 075 8 493 51 12, 568
INLAND RIVER PORTS.
88888888 1,223 1 91 9 1,314
Wahgunyah
Echuca 178 26, 819 7 1,754 185 28, 573
Swan Hill. 48 3,693 42 2,922 90 6, 620
Cowana. 30 2,872 4 240 34 3,112
Narung
Total 1,487 610, 045 663 236, 931 2,150 847, 026
*Changed to Belfast.
Statement showing the navigation, by flag, at the ports of Victoria during the year 1876.
ENTERED. CLEARED.
Flag.
Number. Tonnage. Men. Number. Tonnage. Men.
Colonial. 1, 722 490, 339 26, 399 1,752 503, 726 27,000
British 277 269, 538 11, 421 312 293, 757 11, 509
United States 35 26, 419 522 35 27, 426 521
Other foreign 52 23,766 618 51 22, 117 570
Total 2,086 810, 062 38, 960 2, 150 847, 026 39, 600
DOMINION OF CANADA.
FORT ERIE, December, 1877. (Received December 28.)
A report upon the trade and commerce of Canada and the effect of reciprocity
thereon.
CANADIAN COMMERCE FOR FOURTEEN YEARS.
The accompanying tables, A, B, C, and D, compiled from official Cana

dian reports, present in a succinct form a review of the total commerce
of Canada during the fourteen years ending June 30, 1876. As this
period embraces the last four years during which the reciprocity treaty
of 1854 was in force, they incidentally show the effect on our trade rela
tions with Canada both of that treaty and of its abrogation . What
ever policy they may tend to advocate or conclusious to suggest, such
statistics, drawn from the best attainable sources, must furnish the most
reliable information upon a subject in respect to which such a contrariety
of opinion is entertained and expressed. It will be observed that the
United States and Great Britain engross about 90 per cent. of the aggre
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- CANADA. 499
gate commerce of Canada. In those years where this proportion appears

less, it will be found that certain amounts not fully reported , varying
from 1863 to 1872 from $ 1,000,000 to $ 15,000,000 yearly, are added in
gross to the imports or exports, or both, without being assigned to any
country of importation or exportation . Where, these amounts are dis
tributed, according to the probable facts, equally between the United
States and Great Britain , about the same proportion would be maintained
as in the four succeeding years . For the reason that so large a part of
this commerce is so nearly equally divided between the United States
and Great Britain , the trade of Canada with the United States has been
compared in these tables with her trade with Great Britain , as well as with
her aggregate trade. The first fact which becomes apparent, notwith
standing the often repeated and commonly accepted assertion to the con
trary, is that Canadian commerce has not been diverted into new channels.
As regards her exports more especially, their character rather than their
destination has been changed . A single illustration will perhaps suffi
ciently explain this point : In 1866, Canada exported of horses, cattle,
and swine $7,000,000, all except $ 240 to the United States ; in 1876, but
$ 1,000,000 ; in 1866, her exports of cheese amounted to $ 123,000 ; in
1876, to $4,000,000 , or one-twentieth part of her whole exports, princi
pally to Great Britain. In various similar instances it may be shown
that the only change of trade has been as between these two countries,
and that Canada has accommodated herself to new conditions, conse
quent upon the abrogation of the reciprocity treaty, rather than sought,
or at least successfully sought, new avenues of trade.
Trade of the United States and Great Britain . -From 1866 to 1876 our
trade with Canada has not increased as rapidly as that of Great Britain,
but it shows more satisfactory results. In 1866 the commerce of Canada
with the United States showed an excess of exports over imports of
$ 14,000,000, and with Great Britain an excess of imports over exports
of $ 16,000,000, while in 1876 her commerce with the United States
showed an excess of imports over exports of $ 16,000,000 , and with Great
Britain an excess of exports over imports of $ 2,000,000 . In other words ,
in 1866 , with a total trade with Canada of $ 55,000,000, the balance of
trade against us was $ 14,000,000, and in 1876, with a trade of $ 76,000,000,
the balance was $ 16,000,000 in our favor. During the same years, with
a trade with Canada of $ 42,000,000 and $ 83,000,000, the balance of trade
in the former year was $ 16,000,000 in favor of and in the latter $ 2,000,000
against Great Britain . The relations of the United States and Great
Britain toward Canada as importers and exporters have been materially
reversed.
Trade between Canada and the United States.-The same policy that
would dictate the admission free of duty from more distant countries of
products not indigenous to our own , but still demanded for our own cou
sumption, does not apply with equal force to Canada. She produces
only what we ourselves produce, both for consumption and for export.
Neither does she export in sufficient quantities to sensibly affect our
own markets. The remission of duties on her products would not lessen
their cost to the consumer in the United States, but simply to that ex
tent raise their value in Canada. For nearly all her exports to the United
States she receives imports of the same class from the United States.
In 1876 the Canadian exports to the United States of cattle amounted to
$ 404,381 , while her imports of cattle from the United States amounted to
$ 164,491 . Her exports of wheat and flour to the United States in 1876
amounted to $ 1,623,975 and $ 485,453, respectively, and her imports from
the United States of the same articles to $ 6,087,667 and $ 1,897,146, and
the same will hold true in respect to her other exports. This is owing
partly to temporary and local causes , and partly to a demand for certain
grades or qualities of the articles exported , whose place is supplied by
articles of the same class of a different grade or quality . Our commer
cial relations with Canada must be admitted to be somewhat anomalous ,
when the same articles become the subject of import and export, inter
changeably, between the two countries.
TRADE OF ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.
There is another feature of this subject perhaps worthy of note : In

1876, the Province of Quebec imported $ 11,650,526 from the United
States and $ 19,606,527 from Great Britain , and exported $2,961,281 to
the United States and $ 32,074,450 to Great Britain. The Province of
Ontario, during the same year, imported $ 25,746,472 from the United
States and $ 10,940,202 from Great Britain , and exported $ 19,426,444 to
the United States and $ 1,932,736 to Great Britain. In brief, out of
$62,000,000 of the trade of Ontario, $ 45,000,000 accrued to the United
States, while out of the $75,000,000 of the trade of Quebec but $14,000,000
accrued thereto . Making some allowance for merchandise imported into
Quebec and afterward brought into Ontario for consumption , and for the
products of Ontario taken to and exported from Quebec, still the differ
ence between the two provinces is very marked , and shows that the course
of Canadian trade is governed by other considerations than legislation or
treaties. Ontario is located near to the great centers of trade in the
United States, to which it has easy access by water and railroad . Que
bec is more remote and isolated from them, but having water communi
cation with Great Britain and other countries by way of the Saint
Lawrence. The vessels that carry her lumber and grain and other
products to Great Britain afford a cheap transportation for English
merchandise in return .
Exports for 1866 and 1876. - The following summary exhibits the ex
ports of Canada for the years 1866 and 1876 :
Products of the 1866. 1876.
Mines $422, 570 $3,787, 802

Fisheries 980, 311 5, 501, 221
Forests 13,846, 986 20, 337, 469
Animals and their produce ……………… 12, 682, 683 14,548, 253
Agricultural products 16, 651 , 074 26, 308, 689
Manufactures, including vessels. 2,606, 822 5,972, 913
Coin and bullion .. 2,397, 591 1, 240, 037
Miscellaneous 6,740, 343 3, 270, 051
Total 56, 328, 380 80, 966, 435
Canadian or foreign manufactures.- Under the head and amount of

manufactures for 1876 is embraced $2,189,270 for vessels sold to other
countries, and but five other articles of the produce of Canada, amount
ing to $ 100,000, viz : Extract of hemlock bark, $379,258 ; pig and scrap
iron , $ 196,928 ; sole and upper leather, $ 952,578 ; sewing machines,
$305,749 ; and sugar-boxes, $205,166. It appears by official reports
that the amount of Canadian exports of manufactured articles, exclusive
of vessels sold, more thau trebled during the five years preceding June
30, 1866, and has but little more than doubled during the ten succeed
ing years, when it constituted but 4 per cent. of the aggregate exports .
This, though of course not the measure, may be regarded as indicative
of the past progress and present state of Canadian manufactures ; and
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES -CANADA, 501
taking this in connection with the fact that in 1876 her total exports
of manufactures were but a little more than one-half of the value of the
woolen or of the cotton goods she imported , it may fairly be concluded
that Canada is now, and must for a long time to come be, largely
dependent on other countries for those manufactured articles needed
for her cousumption.
RECIPROCITY WITH THE UNITED STATES .
Effect on trade. The table marked D clearly proves that from 1863 to
1866 our exports to Canada constantly decreased , while our imports
from Canada increased , and that from 1873 to 1876 our exports to
Canada has constantly increased and our imports decreased , while with
Great Britain exactly opposite results followed . The fair inference then
is that the free admission of Canadian products into our markets
imposed, as it could impose, no corresponding acceptance of our own
into Canadian markets. This being the fact, what substantial benefit
resulted to us from reciprocity to compensate for the loss of revenue,
such as is now derived from duties imposed on Canadian exports to our
country? Canada, following the law governing all trade, sold in the
best and most accessible markets and bought where she could buy to
the best advantage. Securing the trade of Canada for those articles
needed for her consumption depends not so much on reciprocal trade
as on our ability to supply her as cheaply as , or more cheaply than , any
other country. How rapidly that ability has been developed may be
seen in the table A, in which are presented the contrasted amounts of
the importations into Canada from the United States and all other
countries of certain articles of merchandise, where a change of classifi
cation in official reports has not rendered such a comparisou impracti
cable.
The fact undoubtedly is that her manufactures are such as do not
involve any considerable outlay and hazard of capital , or are of an
exceptional character, as where the selling price of an article in the
United States, controlled by monopolies, is put unreasonably beyond
the cost of production. But leading manufactures, requiring large pecu .
niary investments and risks, and dependent for success on foreign
demand as well as home consumption, do not flourish here, or rather
are not attempted.
Effects of the renewal of reciprocity. —What would be the effect of a
renewal of reciprocity would be partly a matter of speculation and partly
a matter of deduction . The following are among the conclusions most
obviously suggested :
A loss of the revenue derived from the duties now imposed, An in
crease in the amount of Canadian exports to the United States, but not
large or immediate, because the productions of Canada have been gov
erned to a considerable extent, so far as practicable, during the past
ten years, with reference to other markets than our own ; and because
she will not be disposed to relinquish her own carrying trade by way of
the Saint Lawrence, or to yield to middle men in the United States the
intermediate profits now saved by exporting directly to Europe by way
of our own seaboard ports , over bonded railroad routes.
It would not increase the exportation of our own manufactures to
Canada, because the old treaty did not embrace them in the free list,
and no new treaty more liberal in this respect is probable, and because
of those manufactures, which it is for our interest to supply her, the ex
perience of the past few years teaches that under the present system
we can successfully compete with any other country. It would give the
Canadian an advantage over our Western producer by the differ
ence in the distance and cost of transportation, and to that extent
tend to divert foreign immigration from our Western States and Terri
tories to Canada , as being nearer the seaboard and leading American
markets. Many products, especially of her forests, now admitted free
in their crude state, would then be first manufactured in Canada, and
thereby her industries be increased and promoted to the prejudice of our
own.
A. C. PHILLIPS.
A.-Comparative statement showing the amounts of specified articles of merchandise imported

into Canada from the United States, Great Britain, and other countries during the years
ending June 30, 1866 and 1876, respectively.
From
Articles. Year. Total.
The United Great Brit All other
States. ain. countries.
Books 1866 $207, 512 $220, 908 $41,888 $470, 308

Do 1876 469, 334 332, 213 51,247 852, 794
Boots and shoes .. ... 1866 5,711 19, 565 6,957 32, 233
Do 1876 243, 141 37,849 1,761 282, 751
Brooms and brushes. 1866 1, 140 7,862 1, 494 10, 496
Do 1876 19, 924 7,847 1,237 29, 008
Cabinet ware and furniture. 1866 14, 891 6, 556 1, 302 22,749
Do 1876 251,969 14, 492 1, 127 267,588
Chandeliers and gas-fittings . 1866 2,456 4, 478 302 7,236
Do 1876 49, 208 11,974 165 61, 347
Coal and coke 1866 455, 890 419, 847 30, 963 906, 700
Do 1876 2,824, 975 494, 958 127 3, 320, 060
Engravings and prints . 1866 4,654 6, 964 3,263 16,831
Do 1876 46,500 9, 784 1,005 57,289
Gold, silver, and plated ware . 1866 11, 693 76, 722 4,437 92,852
Do 1876 123, 853 74, 390 1,084 199, 327
Gunpowder 1866 991 16, 403 159 17,553
Do 1876 43, 251 12, 756 56, 007
Hats and caps. 1866 107, 608 253, 534 8,493 369, 635
Do 1876 459, 654 378, 324 1, 411 839, 389
Hardware. 1866 507, 970 901, 795 33, 225 1,442,990
Do 1876 2,437, 600 1, 191, 501 36, 679 665, 780
India rubber, manufactures of 1866 11, 155 32, 429 391 43,975
Do 1876 151, 032 44,083 492 195, 607
Jewelry and watches . 1866 32, 759 179, 017 42,402 254, 178
Do 1876 159, 050 145, 560 80, 158 384, 768
Leather 1866 21, 685 63,075 165, 054 249, 814
Do 1876 180, 124 94, 202 88,506 362, 832
Locomotive-engines and railway-cars ... 1866 4, 737 16, 963 21, 700
Do 1876 67, 465 5, 256 72, 721
Musical instruments 1866 88,922 6, 007 8,759 103, 688
Do 1876 537, 160 27, 475 26, 032 590, 667
Paper 1866 21,936 48,526 987 71, 449
Do 1876 205, 616 127, 819 4,453 337,888
Sail cloth or canvas 1866 800 64, 109 3,681 68, 590
Do 1876 172,483 138, 704 1,207 312, 394
Sheep, calf, and goat skins, dressed . 1866 315 4, 113 323 4,751
Do 1876 43, 569 31, 166 41, 213 115, 948
Starch.. 1866 2,355 2,902 10 5, 267
Do 1876 62, 274 19, 584 62 81,920
Tubes 1866 8, 261 145, 361 153, 622
Doand piping, of metal .. 1876 179, 143 87,552 266, €95
Wood, manufactures of... 1856 62, 467 6, 736 4,763 73, 966
Do 1876 359,995 9, 201 4,974 374, 173
-
,B.
30
June
ending
years
fourteen
during
Canada
commerce
yearly
of
course
and
amount
the
showing
S876ummary
1.statement
United
States
. Great
.
Britain
Yea
. r
1863 0,78$96 25
7 4,6$36 43
5 2,6$341 7
90 4,9$593 64 ,1$2362 09
3 5,1$277 072 5,8$4131 32 ,05$234 74
2 ,74$1718 63 $,2588 75 ,8$2,713 54
1864 37 7, 24 65 ,6125
19 65 5616 , 20 02 223 ,816 82 410 ,526 72 211
,340 80 13
,5883 08 08,693 99 ,24780 28 4, 79
1,727 9,7151 60
1865 187 ,601 20 45 ,9401 78 735 ,861 79 44 ,4669 20 19,589
,055 21 ,8071
35 42 51
,1481 9825 23
, 12 14,726,008 8,62$68 23 8,6363 09
1866 ,6130
110 99 55 ,9194 53 41
,1971
76 853,302 19 20
,6424 92 930
,528 94 56 ,328 80 ,270
734 61 612,981
, 41 5314, 45 69 8016 , 12 89
1867 ,1530
107 35 7,807
45 56 49 ,2023 13 59 ,9048 87 20 ,2972 07 5, 60
234 09 , 43
1448 86 25 ,8583 00 ,504
14,962 65,310 , 93 219 ,098 05
1868 ,1553
129 94 849
,353 44 7957 , 05 92 3, 06
71,985 26,0352 15 ་ , 95
636 3 57,567 ,888 2, 34
527 92 0321, 10 29 2,119 40 , 85
615,334
1869 , 51
98127 76 , 36
4353 24 56,7294 62 67,1470
02 25 ,9475 77 ,464
735 70 60,748174 , 61
427,846 20,3498 24 86
,43268 246
,115
66
1870 08144, 11 93 57 8,71812 63,546
,358 6271, 03 37 24,728,166 ,495
538 33 73 ,4573 90 32,984,652 , 25
924,950 ,42886 56 13
,5608 44
1871 1161, 2100 059 ,929 98 73 ,341 94 86
,9447 82 29,022
,387 , 68
149 70 74.
,618
173 ,642
30,975 224
,173 24 2,9153 55 24 ,994 46
1872 7379
,190 48 , 25
571,872 89 ,0611 76 107,171609 5,686
35 39 63 ,7148 36 82
,663 39 236 ,932 39 9, 62
825 40 3593 , 53 37
,7285 96
1873 16
,5304
117 ,204
89,808 107
,626624 127
,514 94 647
,778 35 576
,768 22 69,9789 22 ,572
042 26 38 ,874843 ,16552 63 929
,72878
1874 0216 97
,756 90 ,3583 27 3108,080 , 19 127
,1469 04 54
,0272 83 63,076
,437 89 ,9351 28 , 11
3236 44 45,8082 03 ,7061
18 38 18 ,5055 72
1875 , 05
65197 36 , 03
8780 17 93100 , 79 69 6, 57
119 18 50
,805 20 60,0367 47 977
,879 86 ,983
29,911 40,9002 32 37
,82093 ,114
320 65
1876 175 ,653 99 ,97509 86 3483 , 20 74 2794 , 33 18 046,070
, 33 ,2734
40 60 80 ,4966 35 29,916
,876 , 40
0742 60 , 53
116 57 00
2,8$,005
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- CANADA.
503
C.-Comparative statement showing the annual percentage of the total commerce of Canada
accrued to the United States and Great Britain, respectively, during the fourteen years end
ing June 30, 1876.
Percentage oftotal Percentage of total Percentage of total

trade imports exports
Year.
With the With From the From To the
United Great United Great United To Great
States. Britain. States. Britain. States. Britain.
1863. 51.98 42.87 50.27 43.89 53.86 41.74

1864 . 50.64 43.97 43.65 49.74 62.65 34.05
1865. 52.12 41.05 43.90 47. 14 60, 76 34.66
1866. 50. 11 38. 11 37.96 53. 89 61.72 23.04
1867. 42.64 45.77 34.33 58.02 52.76 30.85
1868. 41.56 44.76 36.55 50.93 47.82 37.05
1869. 41.69 43.99 37.79 53, 06 46.04 33.89
1870 . 39.85 43.88 34.71 54. 17 44.83 33.91
1871. 37.23 45. 51 33.37 56.54 41.76 32.59
1872. 37.75 46.76 33.08 53. 62 43.84 31.29
1873. 41.32 49.36 37.43 53.73 46.85 43, 14
1874. 41.76 49.86 42.60 49.50 40.56 50.36
1875. 40.86 50.82 42.47 50. 44 38.40 51.39
1876 . 43.24 47.50 48.63 42.99 36.94 52. 78
105P
D.-Comparative statement showing the average percentage of the total commerce of Canada
accrued to the United States and Great Britain , respectively, during the four years ending
June 30, 1866, and the four years ending June 30, 1876.
United States. Great Britain.
Years .
Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports.
For the four years 1863, 1864, 1865, and 1866 . 43.70 59. 41 48.78 32,29
For the three years 1864, 1865, and 1866 41.24 61.47 50.61 28.78
For the two years 1865 and 1866 .. 40.65 61.31 50.83 28.04
For the year 1866 . 37.96 61.72 53.89 23. 41
For the four years 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876 . 42.38 40.87 49.58 49.26
For the three years 1874, 1875, and 1876 44.22 38.70 48.03 51.48
For the two years 1875 and 1876 ... 45. 19 37.66 47.15 52. 10
For the year 1876 ... 48.63 36.94 42.99 52.78
DOMINION OF CANADA.
1.-Statistical statement showing the balance-sheet, public accounts, excise, fisheries, and navi
gation ofthe Dominion of Canada for the years ended June 30, 1873, 1875, and 1876.*
DR.
1873. 1875. 1876.
Investments $9,316, 116 88 $ 11, 787, 302 39 $14, 648, 539 00

Public works . 59, 027, 242 51 74, 272, 253 76 81, 465, 187 71
Railway accounts 29, 352, 820 43 29, 352, 820 43 29, 352, 820 43
Province accounts.. 11, 537, 690 00 11, 521, 697 70 11, 974, 808 36
Miscellaneous accounts 2,827, 192 60 3,046, 387 39 1,852, 002 28
Consolidated fund 10, 305, 448 69 11, 220, 353 82 12,570, 555 73
Banking accounts .. 8,411, 587 42 10, 462, 586 13 9, 340, 774 35
Total.. 130, 778, 098 53 151, 663, 401 62 161, 204, 687 86
CR.
Public debt payable in London $76, 137, 715 94 $99, 961, 022 52 $112, 133, 529 18
Payable in Canada . 2,740, 816 05 2,437, 181 69 2,074, 974 47
Dominion stocks ... 16,793, 739 84 16,796, 038 10 17, 635, 669 45
Savings-banks .. 6, 119, 690 65 7, 171, 187 20 7,044, 118 09
Compensation to seigniors, & o.. 3,500, 593 57 825,477 88 466, 387 88
Total public dobt... 105, 292, 556 05 127, 190, 901 39 139, 354, 679 07
Trust funds ......... 6,686, 346 61 6,822, 523 78 6,881, 933 05
Province accounts.. 14, 477, 825 70 14,984, 382 27 14, 384, 864 21
Miscellaneous accounts.. 1,355, 016 64 514,841 87 404,961 40
Banking accounts .. 2,966, 353 53 2,150, 752 31 178, 245 13
Total....... 130, 778, 098 53 151, 663, 401 62 161, 204, 687 86
* Transmitted to the Department of State by Mr. Abbot, commercial agent at Goderich, Ontario.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES -CANADA. 505
2.- PUBLIC ACCOUNTS .
Provinces. Receipts. Expenditures.
ONTARIO.
1873 .. $2,962, 315 56 $2,940, 803 45
1875. …………………………………………………------ 5, 147, 669 82 5, 128, 740 53
1876 ... 3,251, 450 45 4, 422, 771 28
QUEBEC.
1873 . 1,999, 942 57 1,760, 659 97
1875 . 6,032, 234 45 3, 339, 256 24
1876 .. 2,340, 151 63 3,762, 517 38
NEW BRUNSWICK.
1873 . 568, 549 66 540, 486 33
1975. 608, 098 68 679, 814 17
1876. 634, 840 39 587, 329 55
NOVA SCOTIA.
1873 672, 551 97 681, 275 23
1875. 764, 367 59 764, 367 59
1876. No returns. No returns.
3.-EXCISE.
1873. 1875. 1876.

Description.
Amonut of Amount of Amount of
duty. duty. duty.
Tobacco manufactories $1,000, 449 90 $1,984, 733 00 $1,507, 436 00

Distilleries and breweries 3,514, 182 75 1, 015, 197 00 738,003 41
Borded manufactories . 65,865 15 38, 251 74 27, 612 91
Petroleum refineries .... 742, 056 00 252, 178 00 302, 340 00
4.- FISHERIES.
Provinces. 1873. 1875. 1876.
Nova Scotia $6,557, 086 51 $5,573, 851 58 $6,029, 049 94

New Brunswick 2, 285, 661 93 2, 427, 654 16 1,953,388 49
Quebec 1,391, 564 00 1,594, 259 15 2,097, 667 18
Ontario. 293, 090 00 453, 194 00 437, 229 70
Prince Edward 207,595 00 298, 927 40 494, 967 08
Total ..... 10,734, 997 44 10,347, 887 29 11, 012, 302 39
506 COMMERCIAL RELATIONS. ་
5.-CARRYING TRADE AND NAVIGATION.
1873. 1875. 1876.

Description.
Vessels arrived :
British.. 20, 076 3,776, 971 13,300 2,786, 061 13, 297 2,876, 987
Foreign .. 9, 973 2,250, 209 8, 657 1, 911, 602 9, 025 2,203, 836
Total 30, 049 6, 027, 180 22,957 4,707, 663 22, 322 5,080, 823
Vessels departed :
British.. 19, 285 3,672, 611 13, 100 3,021, 571 13, 244 2,838, 739
Foreign 8, 715 2,049, 206 7,755 1,808, 221 7,781 1,991,637
Total 28,000 5, 721, 817 20,855 4,829, 792 21, 025 4,830, 376
Vessels built :
Steam 45 8,048 42 5, 532 39 6,966
Sail 371 132, 322 447 182, 566 539 158, 075
Total 416 140, 370 489 188, 098 578 165, 041
Vessels registered :
Steam 60 13, 445 81 14, 122 10, 034
Sail 446 138, 781 551 189, 880 591 134,388
Total 506 152, 226 632 204, 002 651 114,422
Passed through canals :
Canadian vessels and steamers . 26, 905 2,952, 610 22,783 2,658, 661 20, 545 2,553, 448
American vessels and steamers 6, 624 981, 188 5,545 911, 544 6, 160 827,573
Total 33, 529 3,933, 798 28,328 3,570, 205 26, 705 3, 381, 021
AMHERSTBURG.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular agency at Amherstburg,
Ontario, to the United States during the last three quarters of year ending June 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
Articles. Total.
December March 31, June 30,
31, 1876. 1877. 1877.
Apples $2,899 00 $2,899 00

Beans.. 3, 213 93 $1,086 70 $3,746 50 8,047 13
Barley 5, 568 50 1, 135 00 6,703 50
Bark.. 347 13 271 08 618 21
Furs. 988 00 988 00
Hides 176 00 194 00 119 00 489 00
Horses 220 00 2,000 00 2,220 00
Household goods . 616 75 50 00 250 00 916 75
Hoops 1,435 50 300 00 1,735 50
Iron, scrap 251 79 251 79
Lumber 3,234 48 1,949 17 12, 296 93 17,480 38
Pease 620 89 620 80
Potatoes ………………….. 436 80 436 80
Stave bolts 612 50 500 00 1,112 50
Stone, block 139 00 139 00
Sheep 34 50 34 50
Ties, railroad 245 00 25, 460 40 25, 705 40
Turnips 145 00 145 00
Wood 255 00 150 00 405 00
Total 18,791 95 5,017 00 47, 139 31 70,948 26
C. W. BAXTER.
NOTE.-There is no record of exports to be found in this office dating back of the above-mentioned
quarters.
C. W. B.
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from British Columbia to the United States
during the four quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877 .
Quarter ending
December March 31 , June 30, September year.
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
J
Ale and porter.. $174 50 $533 00 $273 50 $376 00 $1,357 00
Coal. 105, 397 00 129, 897 00 100, 123 00 133, 196 00 468, 613 00
Codfish, salted . 4, 722 50 4,722 50
1 Clothing and dry goods. 4,270 40 4, 270 40
Cranberries 898 00 330 56 1,228 56
Furs and skins 41,698 80 950 00 26,704 47 65, 822 21 135, 175 48
Hides 4,689 25 4, 422 85 3,101 15 4,731 00 16, 944 25
Hops 2,060 00 2,060 00
Liquors and wines 1,733 50 207 00 463 50 385 12 2,789 12
Oil 1, 198 27 864 90 466 75 397 50 2,927 42
Salmon, canned and in barrels . 77,441 00 77, 441 00
Wool 1,093 80 63 96 5, 271 00 6, 428 76
Miscellaneous 1, 108 14 3,384 66 3, 143 77 6, 894 26 14, 530 83
- 164, 321 66 140, 759 41 134, 340 10 319, 567 15 738, 488 32
I Gold dust and bars 500, 795 00 139, 519 51 169, 098 77 433, 795 00 1,243, 208 28
Total.. 665, 116 66 280, 278 92 303, 438 87 753, 362 15 1,981, 696 60
Total for preceding year. 845, 297 61 361, 272 29 442, 139 02 533,059 17 2,181, 768 09
Increase . 220, 302 98
Decrease 180, 180 95 80, 993 37 138, 700 15 200, 071 49
ALLEN FRANCIS.
CHATHAM..
quarter
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular agency of Chatham to the
Fraction
United States from October 24, 1876, to June 30, 1877.

Quarter
endrter
June
March
ending
ing
cember
ing
end
of
De
Qua
.
.,1877
.,1877
31
30
31
Articles. Total.
1876
,
.
Animals of all kinds $5,396 50 $11, 645 25 $1,555 37 $18,597 12

Beans.... 23, 214 15 20, 648 88 9, 655 09 53, 518 12
Barley 14,742 90 1,237 20 15,980 10
Eggs 3,286 08 881 25 4,167 33
Hides and skins 2, 187 54 3,064 18 1,665 81 6,917 53
Hoops 2,454 80 2,095 50 6, 100 20 1", €50 50
Lumber.... 3,592 40 1,862 82 22, 339 05 27, 794 27
Malt.. 6,332 00 9, 118 00 12,715 50 28, 165 50
Manufactured goods 400 75 400 75
Personal effects 1,551 50 2,715 00 938 00 5, 204 50
Pease. 388 02 388 02
Poultry. 1,023 00 1, 023 00
Stave bolts 1,461 00 3,348 00 4,809 00
Seed , clover. 3, 170 64 3, 170 64
Ties, railroad 1,716 75 1,716 75
Wood 270 00 426 00 696 00
Miscellaneous 220 00 53 70 175 36 449 06
Total ...... 69, 303 26 51, 591 35 62, 753 58 183, 648 19
WILLIAM H. MCCUTCHEON.
S
CORNWALLIS, NOVA SCOTIA. *

Statement showing the commerce of Cornwallis during the year ending June 30, 1877.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Amount
Whence imported. Quantity. Value. of duty.
Goods paying specific duty.

Meats, salted . ..pounds.. United States.. 6,850 $523 $68 50
Oil, kerosene .gallons.. do 5, 279 1,307 654 11
Starch.. .pounds .. do 99 6 1 98
Tea, black. .do... United States and Great Britain .. 6, 140 1, 107 194 08
Lard .do United States.. 222 32 2 22
Боар do.. do 525 20 5 25
Brandy and whisky. .gallons.. Great Britain 335 301 276 00
Ram .do... Demerara 294 151 402 00
Gin...... ..do.... Holland..
Total. 3, 447 1,604 14
Goods paying specific and ad valorem.
Sugar. pounds.. Demerara.. 2,716 170 69 16
Goods paying 25 percent. ad valorem.
Sugar ..pounds.. Demerara.. 201, 740 4,985 1,246 25
Goodspaying17 percent. ad valorem .
Cabinet ware United States...... 2, 464 431 13
Cottons, bleached and unbleached,
yards United States and Great Britain .. 43, 065 10,950 1,916 18
Glass ware United States... 2,268 396 84
Hardware United States and Great Britain 5, 122 896 32
Boots and shoes.. United States.. 1,452 254 02
Hats and caps .do 37 6 47
Mowing-machines . .number.. do 33 1,215 212 60
Oil, fish and machine . gallons.. United States and Great Britain 2, 150 1, 052 184 08
Packages United States.. 250 43 59
Paints and colors Great Britain .. 895 156 60
Woolens, tweeds ..yards.. Great Britain and United States . 7,563 2,600 449 57
Stationery . ..do 663 116 02
Other articles .. 1, 333 233 33
Total .... 30, 301 5,296 75
Goods paying 10 per cent. ad valorem.
Leather, sole .... .pounds.. United States.. 954 221 22 10
Seeds ..do 641 64 10
Vegetables, onions, & c ...do ........... 121 12 10
Bran .cwt.. do 88 75 750
Cotton warp ..pounds.. Great Britain.. 30L 43 4.30
Total...... 1,101 110 10
Books. United States.. 560 28 00
Iron, bar. .cwt.. .do •3, 115 5,397 269 85
Ship materials :
Cordage, & c ..pounds.. Great Britain and United States.. 210 4,240 212 00
Canvas ... ..yards.. Great Britain 4, 527 1,650 82 50
Total 11, 847 592 30
Total amount dutiable goods. 51,851 8,918 70
Free goods.
Flour .barrels .. United States... 13, 916 72, 893
Manures ...cwt.. ...do 368 2,295
Salt .bushels .. ..do 125 46
Coal, anthracite ....tons .. do 153 563
Ships' anchors ....cwt.. Great Britain 617 3,080
Logwood .pounds.. British West Indies 1,476 73
Wood, unmanufactured . United States. 27
Ships' stores 132
Total free goods... 79, 109
Grand total ...... 130, 960 8,918 70
Transmitted by the United States consul at Windsor, Nova Scotia,

Statement showing the commerce of Cornwallis, &c.— Continued.

RECAPITULATION-IMPORTS BY COUNTRIES.
Countries. Value. Amount

of duty.
Great Britain $20, 481 $2,515 39

Holland . 39 124 80
France.. 1:4 139 20
Demerara and British West Indies . 5, 301 1,544 65
United States... 105, 025 4,594 66
Total. 130, 960 8,918 70
EXPORTS.
Articles. Whither exported. Quantity. Value.
Fire-wood ..cords.. United States 7.021 $17,000

Boards M feet Great Britain and British West Indies 830, 419 10, 679
Fish ..barrels .. United States 1,689 4,801
Potatoes .bushels We...do ..ies
st Ind . 300, 464
16, 465
161, 748
11, 430
Eggs..... dozens .. United States 1,940 276
Total. 205, 934
RECAPITULATION-EXPORTS BY COUNTRIES.
Countries. Value.
United States $183, 825

West Indies .. 18, 678
Great Britain . 3, 431
Total .. 205, 934
FORT ERIE .
C
Statement showing the commerce at Fort Erie for the year ending September 30, 1877.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Valueen- Am't of Whence.

Acid, sulphuric ... pounds.. 162, 127 $4,247 $840 65 United States.
Agricultural implements and machinery.. 1, 064 186 21 Do.
Axles 659 115 41 Do.
Boots and shoes 2, 895 506 81 Do.
Books and printed papers 4, 023 334 26 Do.
Cabinet ware and furniture . 1,579 276 51 Do.
Carriages.. 953 166 79 Do.
Cement 927 162 32 Do.
Cotton warp. 744 115 01 Do.
Cotton goods 22, 148 3,877 72 Do.
Coal and coke . .tons.. 68, 230 333, 936 Free. Do.
Corn . Indian .......bushels .. 4, 722 2,467 Free. Do.
Church -bells 608 Free. Do.
Earths, clay and sand. 340 Free. Do.
Fancy goods.. 2, 489 436 41 Do.
Flour barrels.. 639 3, 605 Free. Do.
Flaxseed. .bushels . 18, 302 31, 915 Free. Do.
Fishing-nets .. 1, 265 Free. Do.
Fruits, green 2, 774 277 40 Do.
Gunpowder. 1,012 177 15 Do.
Guns and other fire-arms 270 47 27 Do.
Glass ware 2,599 455 25 Do.
Hats and caps ........ 1,861 325 79 Do.
Horses 534 53 40 Do.
Hides, hoofs, and pelts .......... 4, 152 Free. Do.
India rubber, manufactures of. 380 66 57 Do.
Iron and steel, miscellaneous manufactures of. 14, 7822, 588 58 Do.
Statement showing the commerce at Fort Erie, &c.—Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued.
Articles. Value en Am't of

Quantity. tered . duties. Whence.
Iron ..... { Bar, rod, and wire $365 $18 25 United States.
Pig ..cwt.. 400 403 Free. Do.
Junk and oakum ... do.. 800 3,329 Free. Do.
Jewelry and watches 918 160 67 Do.
Locomotive-engines 7,700 1,317 50 Do.
Lumber 577 101 04 Do.
Leather, and imitations of. 2, 120 364 84 Do.
Lard ..pounds.. 3,216 308 32 16 Do.
Musical instruments 1,248 218 36 Do.
Meats, fresh and cured ..pounds .. 36, 884 3,238 368 84 Do.
Meal, Indian . .cwt .. 2, 160 2, 197 Free. Do.
Machinery 3, 191 523 02 Do.
Miscellaneous articles 7,389 940 35 Do.
Nails and spikes ... 3,093 541 57 Do.
Oil-cloths 544 95 28 Do.
Oysters 6, 438 Free. Do.
Oil, kerosene gallons.. 7,440 2,028 900 29 Do.
Patent medicines ……………. 3, 434 858 50 Do.
Packages 1, 563 273 70 Do.
Paints and colors . 837 146 58 Do.
Paper 1, 150 201 45 Do.
Paper-hangings 1, 430 250 45 Do.
Pewter and Britannia ware .. 1,223 214 09 Do.
Plated ware 283 49 56 Do.
Rags . -pounds.. 135, 801 5, 158 Free. Do.
Salt . bushels .. 1, 143 201 Free. Do.
Settlers' effects.. 12, 445 Free. Do.
Sugar ..pounds.. 67, 870 2,824 1,212 41 Do.
Seeds .. 1,656 165 60 Do.
Stoves and castings . 1,372 240 34 Do.
Stationery.. 344 60 24 Do.
Small wares . 2,712 476 09 Do.
Tea ..pounds.. 3,277 1,362 147 20 Do.
Trees, plants, and shrubs 10,000 1,000 00 Do.
Woolen goods 3, 708 649 26 Do.
Wood, manufactures of.. 5, 253 920 15 Do.
Total.... ·
546, 269 23, 487 30
EXPORTS .
Value, in
Articles. cluding
Quantity. costs Whither.
and
charges.
Ale, beer, and ider ..gallons .. 1,040 $192 United States.
Barley .bushels .. 491, 684 355, 159 Do.
Beans .do .. 5, 501 5,380 Do.
Beef ...... cwt.. 30 233 Do.
Bacon and hams . do .. 11, 736 109, 914 Do.
Bark, tan .cords .. 1, 620 5, 104 Do.
Butter.. -pounds .. 90, 269 17,414 Do.
Books 450 Do.
Cattle .number.. 2, 315 47, 102 Do.
Carriages .do 164 Do.
Cheese ..pounds..1, 366, 951 182, 355 Do.
Eggs.. .dozen .. 1, 051, 860 126, 585 Do.
Emigrants' effects .. 22, 605 Do.
Fruits, green .barrels.. 4, 138 7,373 Do.
Flour .do .... 11, 208 63, 618 Do.
Fire-wood .cords.. 422 885 Do.
Fish, fresh ...pounds .. 129, 200 3,894 Do.
Flax. cwt .. 5,282 60, 590 Do.
Furs, undressed .bales.. 11 7,097 Do.
Horses .number.. 679 69,979 Do.
Hides, skins, horns, and hoofs .. 67, 776 Do.
Hoop and other poles .number..2, 973, 703 10, 232 Do.
Hay. tons.. 19 149 Do.
Iron Scrap .do... 530 6, 670 Do.
Other, and hardware 2, 561 Do.
Junk and oakum ... cwt.. 173 345 Do.
Lumber feet.. 1, 169, 000 13, 540 Do.
Lard …………… ..... nds
.pou .. 19, 493 1,714 Do.
Leather 6,872 Do.
Masts, ship ...number.. 240 Do.
Statement showing the commerce at Fort Erie, &c.—Continued .

EXPORTS-Continued.
Value, in
Articles. cluding
Quantity. costs Whither.
and
charges.
Målt bushels.. 19,788 $16, 911 United States.
Musical instruments ………………….. 5, 079 Do.
Machinery 10, 399 Do.
Oats bushels.. 933 410 Do.
Oatmeal barrels.. 1, 537 6, 438 Do.
Oil-cake .... cwt.. 21, 300 36, 900 Do.
Poultry ………….. 4,708 Do.
Pease .bushels .. 95, 935 71, 605 Do.
Potatoes do... 21, 862 15,317 Do.
Rye.. do 1,600 1,008 Do.
Rags ................... pounds.. 40,000 800 Do.
Salt . .bushels.. 12, 926 2,768 Do.
Stone And sand .....tons.. 15,413 5,546 Do.
Wrought..... ...do.. 12 115 Do.
Staves ..number .. 210,000 861 Do.
Stave-bolts ...cords .. 79 238 Do.
Sheep... ..... ..number .. 62, 641 177, 108 Do.
Swine do... 154 376 Do.
Seeds 60, 701 Do.
Sewing-machines ..number .. 62 2,648 Do.
Soap.. 1,2 09 Do.
Tallow .pounds.. 71, 999 6, 495 Do.
Ties, railway ..number.. 20, 605 4, 121 Do.
Vinegar .gallons.. 2,000 424 Do.
Vegetables 1, 109 Do.
Wheat. bushels .. 79,850 82, 203 Do.
Wool.. .pounds .. 150, 233 32, 859 Do.
Whisky and other spirits . ..gallous.. 206 357 Do.
Miscellaneous articles.. 65, 231 Do.
Total ...... 1,810, 136
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Fort Erie (agen
cies included) to the United States during the year ending September 30, 1877.
Agricultural implements .. .number.. 23 $1,174 50

Ashes, leached .. tons .. 435 290 00
Barley. .bushels.. 328, 423 143, 756 77
Beans. .do... 8, 081 10,353 82
Brass, old ..pounds .. 3, 145 283 05
Bark, tan .cords .. 1,760 5,306 00
Cattle .number .. 1, 867 27, 922 34
Carriages. .do.... 6 245 00
Car-wheels . .do... 12 432 00
Clover-seed bushels.. 1, 113 8,923 47
Cheese ..pounds.. 17, 361 2,083 32
Eggs dozen .. 43, 459 5,825 05
Flour barrels.. 380 1,962 68
Fur-skins, undressed bales.. 11 7,000 00
Flax ..pounds .. 102, 711 12, 218 08
Fish, fresh .do.... 14, 486 230 58
Gypsum, crude . tons.. 250 412 50
Horses .number.. 171 18, 333 50
Hoops .ão... 8
3,81 , 570 11, 057 44
Hides, raw .pounds .. 7,993 605 05
Iron, scrap .tons.. 175 1,984 56
Lumber …………………………………………… …………………….. feet.. 1, 332, 739 14, 828 41
Potatoes.. bushels .. 10, 764 7, 174 80
Pease .do... 91, 774 66,449 32
Pease, split.. .barrels .. 3,700 13, 280 00
Patent medicines ..gross .. 88 1,074 94
Poultry, live . ...number.. 3,975 601 84
Personal effects 31, 730 63
Rye .bushels 8,008 5,400 65
Sheep …………………….. ..number.. 30, 605 88,815 03
Swine . .do.... 481 1,470 90
Skins, raw calf. ..do ... 706 458 00
Staves .do.. 331, 257 6, 254 59
Stave-bolts. ..cords.. 4, 979 12, 017 37
Stone ..do.. 203 681 75
Statement showing the value of declared exports from Fort Erie, &c.—Continued.
Ties, railroad .number.. 28, 752 $9,880 00

Timber, round .....feet.. 3,911, 616 24, 273 82
Timber, ship …………….. ……………………………… . do .. 2, 192 509 62
Tow ..pounds.. 217, 480 3,648 00
Wheat bushels.. 99, 433 110,822 16
Wood. ...cords .. 1, 319 2,801 25
Wool ..pounds.. 44,765 14, 145 15
Miscellaneous articles . 1,825 22
United States merchandise, returned . 2, 052 95
Total 680, 596 11
A. C. PHILLIPS.
GODERICH.
DECEMBER 21 , 1877. (Received December 28.)
A report upon the town of Goderich ; its situation, settlement, surround

ings, manufactures, and industries.
The harbor.- Goderich, the chief town of the county of Huron, is

situated on the eastern shore of Lake Huron , at the mouth of the small
river Maitland , which is not navigable for steamers or schooners. It
broadens at its mouth, forming by the aid of two piers, each about one
quarter of a mile in length, constructed by the Canadian Government,
a spacious harbor, affording a safe refuge to vessels in distress , or when
driven on a lee shore by the sudden and violent storms of wind , which
arise frequently on the lake and make its navigation dangerous.
No other harbor is found on the eastern shore of Lake Huron be
tween Goderich and Point Edward on the south, distant about 70 miles
from Goderich, where the waters of Lake Superior and Lake Huron
form the beautiful river Saint Clair, which runs into a small lake called
Lake Saint Clair, which communicates with Lake Erie by the river De
troit. The nearest harbor on the north is Kincardine, 30 miles distant.
It thus happens that the port of Goderich is a very important one to
vessels navigating Lake Huron , both for the security it affords to ves
sels overtaken by storm, and also for its convenience in receiving the
large quantities of wheat which is brought here in vessels from the
United States, and thence, after being here ground into flour, dis
tributed throughout the neighboring country, or sent abroad . A great
deal of lumber and other products are also brought here from the
United States by schooners or lines of steamers and then transported
to the United States or Great Britain, via Montreal or Portland, by the
Buffalo and Lake Huron Railroad, which connects with the Grand
Trunk Railroad at Stratford , 45 miles distant from Goderich . The rail
road runs along the wharf at Goderich, thus enabling vessels either to
receive or discharge their cargoes rapidly and conveniently. An eleva
tor receives the wheat and conveys it into a flour-mill, where it is
ground. The flour made here is highly esteemed in Canada. This mill
also grinds for the farmers who inhabit the surrounding fertile country
their wheat and barley.
The harbor is capable of being greatly increased in size whenever the
wants of commerce require it, by dredging the mouth of the Maitland.
Population. The town of Goderich has a population of about five
thousand ; is distant from Stratford about 45 miles ; Paris, 75 miles ;

Guelph, 85 miles ; Toronto, 133 miles ; from Sarnia, 68 miles ; Chatham ,
128 miles ; Detroit, 128 miles.
The surrounding country is very fertile and picturesque, and the town
is much frequented during the summer by visitors, both from other parts
of Canada and from the United States, more especially from Detroit,
to take advantage of the cool breezes which are continually blowing
from the lake. It is noted for the high winds which prevail here, and
which are very trying in the long, cold winters. The houses, therefore,
for the sake of comfort, are generally small but very neat in appearance,
with a comfortable home-like look about them ; most of them detached
and surrounded by considerable ground, generally planted with trees
and flowers. Stoves are in universal use, notwithstanding wood is only
$2.50 per cord, and its use in open fire-places, if the houses could be kept
warm, as they cannot be by them, would be very pleasant. The streets
are all very broad, from 80 to 100 feet wide, planted with trees, remind
ing one ofthe broad streets and avenues of Washington .
Harbor improvements.- The harbor, of which I have spoken above, has
been deepened and improved by the Government of Canada, at an ex
pense of about $ 100,000, and, eventually, as much more will be needed to
complete it, by extending the piers farther into the lake, and making it
more perfectly a harbor of refuge for distressed vessels.
Fisheries. The fisheries, prosecuted at various points along the coast,
have been productive of much wealth to the town. The boats employed
in this service number from thirty to fifty, and bring in a large quantity
daily. These fish are packed in ice in the summer and shipped to Buf
falo and Rochester for the American markets. The whitefish , especially
in the winter, when it is hard, is very delicious.
Goderich was first settled about fifty years ago, not long before
Chicago, with which it is often compared by the inhabitants, who speak
regretfully of the want of enterprise and capital here, which would have
enabled them, with its great natural advantages, to have built up a large
and flourishing city. Its progress and prosperity were for a long time
much retarded by reason of the land to the north of Goderich not hav
ing been brought into the market for sale and settlement until within
the last twenty or twenty- five years.
Fruit of excellent quality, especially apples, grapes, and plums, are
raised in great quantities, and are sold at cheap rates. This year
apples have been largely shipped to Great Britain via Montreal and
Portland . Until within the last three years the place was advancing
rapidly in commercial importance and population, but, owing to the
universal commercial depression, it has felt very severely the adverse
condition of commerce, trade, and manufactures . Its salt-works
have, with two exceptions, all been closed, not being able to compete
successfully with those in the United States, some of which can be
worked at less expense, and have the advantage of high protective
duties.
Steam navigation.-During the season when navigation is open , the
town has daily communication by steamboats with Sarnia aud Detroit,
and steamers leave at regular intervals for Kincardine, Chicago, and
ports on Lake Superior. There is also a good deal of business with
ports on the upper part of the lake. A great deal of travel and traffic
from Lake Superior and the western part of the United States passes
through this place. Goderich is the western terminus of the Buffalo
and Goderich Branch of the Grand Truuk Railroad.
33 C R
Twenty-five years ago.-Twenty-five years ago, Hon. Israel D. An

drews described the Canadian shore above Goderich as bold and rocky,
which it is, carrying a great depth of water to the base of an iron-bound
coast, with an interior country which may be generally described as
a desolate and barren wilderness. Such was the country when Mr.
Andrews made his report to the Secretary of State and the Secretary
of the Treasury. Nothing surprises an American traveler more now
than to find this part of the Dominion , which was then a wilderness,
filling up rapidly with industrious settlers , prosperous farmers in pos
session of large, well- tilled farms, with comfortable houses, stock of the
best breeds, and coming into town with their wheat and other produc
tions in wagons or sleighs drawn with rapid gait by large and hand
some borses.
Roads. -The roads, which were all laid out in a regular plan by the
government before settlement commenced, are straight, wide, and ad
mirably made ; those near the town are smooth , macadamized, planted
with trees, resembling the best English roads. Between Toledo and
Detroit, and likewise Detroit and Port Huron , there are large tracts of
country, some of it very barren , without inhabitants, or sparsely inhab
ited by settlers living in log houses, with all the external marks of pov
erty and unthriftiness.
Manufactures.-The manufacturing interests of Goderich are repre
sented by founderies, saw-mills, planing-machine mills, tauueries, brew
eries, and salt- works.
Water supply.- Unfortunately there is no drinkable water in Goderich.
The site of the town is on a strata of coarse gravel, through which the
surface water immediately sinks, and then rests upon a strata of clay, so
that wells can be dug and water found at a depth only 6 to 10 feet,
but such is its character that its use as drinking water induces typhoid
fever, which is prevalent and often fatal. Beer, of course, or some
stronger liquor, is a great deal used. Tea and milk are usually found
instead of water on all tables three times a day.
Water communication. - Goderich has excellent water communication
with a long chain of inland lakes, extending on both sides of the town,
and, having the best harbor on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, it
possesses every advantage for the shipment by steamboats and schooners
of the immense quantities of lumber sawed and squared annually,
taken from the almost illimitable forests bordering Lake Huron and the
upper lakes and in the interior of the country.
Goderich must eventually become large and prosperous, whenever
capital and well directed enterprise shall take possession of its great
advantages as a business place.
G. J. ABBOT.
LONDON.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular agency of London, Ontario,
to the United States during the four quarters of the year ending June 30 , 1877.
Quarter ending
December March 31, June 30, year.
September
30, 1876. 31, 1876. 1877. 1877.
Ale and porter $69 08 $425 88 $491 45 $700 85 $1,687 26

Apples …………....... 1, 194 85 1, 194 85
Barley …………… .. 34, 868 00 3, 126 48 7, 225 13 45, 219 61
Cattle ....……………………………………………… 163 75 268 00 1,848 00 25, 184 40 27, 464 15
Eggs 6,391 04 8,097 21 3,345 20 13, 033 45
Flax, flaxseed, and tow 11, 178 78 4, 181 85 4, 977 99 15, 094 02 35, 432 64
Horses 5,378 00 930 00 14, 827 00 4,295 00 25, 430 00
Household effects 6,528 00 5,722 00 3, 465 00 5, 801 00 21, 516 00
Iron, scrap 1,920 13 946 55 376 20 3,242 88
Malt 9, 512 20 1, 101 20 6, 221 53 16, 834 93
Miscellaneous 330 00 865 27 1, 525 30 841 00 3, 561 57
Pease, oats, &c ...... 17, 974 85 15,357 42 9, 483 50 4, 996 14 47, 811 91
Potatoes 525 65 1,656 75 2,182 40
Petroelum oil.. 31, 966 92 31, 966 92
Sheep and lambs 17, 365 91 21, 446 69 7,763 40 3, 397 97 49,973 97
Skins and hides 3,668 74 2,873 65 8, 311 74 13, 634 62 28, 488 75
Swine 170 00 219 62 389 62
Wheat 6, 315 02 6, 315 02
Wool... 12, 620 57 12, 620 57
Bonded goods through United
States 28, 393 33 4,638 00 33, 031 33
Total 93, 101 05 131,962 07 88,312 43 99, 022 28 412, 397 83
Decrease 10, 130 73 69, 865 41 21, 898 37 31, 239 06 133, 133 57
WILLIAM FREDERICK BLAKE.
MANITOBA.
WINNIPEG, November 6, 1877. ( Received November 19.)

COMMERCE WITH THE UNITED STATES.
The commerce of the United States with Manitoba and the extensive
districts of Northwest British America, between Lake Superior and
Hudson's Bay and the Rocky Mountains, has been diminished during the
year ending June 30, 1877, by the disappearance of the locust from this
province and the reduced importation of breadstuffs and provisions.
The imports from the United States during the last year ending June
30, 1877, were $808,322 against $ 940,187 for preceding year. For details
I refer to inclosures A and B, and append a statement of the commerce
of the United States with this consular district for the last six years :
Years. Imports. Exports.
1871-'72 . $323, 059 $55, 738

1872-73 441, 198 30, 327
1873-'74 781, 277 419, 505
1874-'75 780, 317 390, 482
1875-'76 940, 187 555, 329
1876-'77 808, 252 554, 233
INCREASE OF TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES .
The inclosed statement of importations exhibits the United States as

still in advance of Great Britain or the eastern provinces of Canada, a
great change of position since 1872, or even 1874, as will appear from the
following comparison :
Years. From Great From Uni- From Can

Britain. ted States. ada.
1871-'72 $652, 016 $323, 059 $412, 104

1872-'73 510, 199 441, 198 322, 064
1873-'74 1,024, 620 781, 277 605, 997
1874-'75 441, 107 780, 317 637, 774
1875-'76 776, 571 940, 187 582, 964
1876-'77 400, 888 802, 332 662, 489
Except for the commercial relations of the Hudson's Bay Company,

the direct trade with England would not be sustained at its present pro
portion. More than half the importations of the company from Great
Britain consist of fabrics of cotton and wool. The constant tendency of
other traders is to seek neighboring markets.
EXPORTS .
The table of exports presents no new feature as compared with former

years. The outward trade consists almost exclusively of undressed furs
and buffalo-robes. The former being free of duty are entered at Pembina
and apparently are exported to the United States , but their actual des
tination is mostly Montreal or London. Nine-tenths of the furs exported
are shipped by the Hudson's Bay Company. The prohibitory duty of 20
per cent. mostly excludes buffalo-robes from the United States market
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS .
The total commerce of this district for the year ending June 30 , 1877 ,
may be thus stated, omitting fractions of a dollar :
United States $808, 332 $554, 233 $1,362, 565

Great Britain 400, 888 35, 980 436, 868
Canada.. 662, 489 105, 757 788, 246
France 4, 991 4,991
Holland 66 66
Spain.... 400 400
Newfoundland 143 143
1,877, 309 695, 970 2,573, 279
NAVIGATION.
The principal agency of this commercial movement has been the steam
ers of the Red River Transportation Company-an American line. The
first arrival of this season was on the 23d April, and the last departure
on the 2d of November. In the interval, there were 94 trips, with 17,892
tons inward and 418 tons outward . There were also 197 arrivals of flat
boats, the lumber with which they were constructed, as well as their
cargoes, amounting to 3,582 tons, passing into consumption. Adding 500
tons for express and other wagon importation, the aggregate tonnage
for the season of 1877 was 21,294 tons. The total tonnage of 1876 was
25,297 tons, the difference being an unusual importation of steel rails for
the construction of the Canada Pacific Railway and its branch to the
international frontier at Pembina.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- CANADA, 517
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES.
When it is considered that four of the six years above represented

have been afflicted with the plague of locusts, and that the low price of
furs, incidental to the commercial crisis of 1873, has prevented any
dividends for two years to the stock holders of the Hudson's Bay Com
pany, and has been equally disastrous to other dealers in the great
staple of the country, the foregoing exhibit might excite surprise. Much
of this activity is due to expenditures by the Canadian Government. I
estimate that the disbursements since the transfer of the Hudson's Bay
Territory and the organization of the province of Manitoba in 1870, for
public buildings, for surveys of lands, for the location and grading of
the Canada Pacific Railway, for the construction of 800 miles of tele
graph, for the support of a volunteer force and the Northwest mounted
police , for the negotiation and execution of Indian treaties, and for the
civil service, have been at least $ 1,000,000 annually-Winnipeg being
the great point of distribution .
POPULATION AND SETTLEMENTS.
The population of Manitoba is 30,000, and there has been a consid

erable settlement in the Saskatchewan district westward .
A CHEERING OUTLOOK.
A period of increased prosperity may now be anticipated , as the locust

has not appeared since 1875. There is at present a surplus of grain for
export estimated at 500,000 bushels ; and a recent purchase of the Saint
Paul and Pacific Railroad by American and Canadian parties gives an
assurance of a railroad connection with the United States next year.
Steamers have been placed upon Lake Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan
River, its great tributary from the northwest, and by a series of Indian
treaties the whole country from Lake Superior to the Rocky Mountains,
and from the international boundary, on latitude 49° to latitude 54° , is
open to colonization . The Canadian press is a very zealous immigration
agency, and a recent visit of the governor- general, Lord Dufferin , bas
excited general attention to the country and its great natural resources.
JAMES W. TAYLOR.
Statement showing the commerce of Manitoba for the year ending June 30, 1877.
A.-IMPORTS.
Whence imported .
Articles. Quantity. Value. Duties.
Great United
Britain . States.
Goods paying specific duties.

Acid, sulphuric ..... .lbs.. 1, 191 $39 $39 $5 96
Ale, beer, and porter, in bottles . galls.. 594 498 $268 230 106 92
Butter.. .lbs .. 24, 773 3, 791 310 3, 481 990 92
Cigars .do.. 1,286 2,947 547 2, 400 900 55
e Cheese ........ ..do .. 3, 124 325 325 93 72
Statement showing the commerce of Manitoba, &c.—Continued.

Whence imported.
Great United
Britain, States.
Goods paying specific duties-Continued.

Coffee :
Green .lbs.. 32, 300 $6, 304 $413 $5, 891 $616 00
Roasted or ground. .do.. 2,970 712 25 687 89 10
Fish, salted or smoked .do .. 12 1 1 12
Hops.. ....do.. 1, 193 256 256 59 65
Lard ..do .. 75, 498 8,846 74 8,772 754 98
Meats, fresh, salted, or smoked .. do.. 954, 820 83, 852 117 83, 735 9, 548 20
Malt . do. 2,595 91 91 64 88
Oil, coal and kerosene . galls.. 6, 426 1,827 1,827 1,073 62
Rice .. lbs.. 8, 755 360 67 293 87 55
Soap, common .. ..do .. 113, 006 6, 327 2, 059 4, 268 1, 130 06
Starch ..do .. 7,954 660 17 643 159 08
Spirits:
Brandy galls.. 3, 426 *4, 061 1,353 4, 111 80
Cologne, not in flasks .do... 2 7 7 3 60
Cologne, in flasks .do... 96 17 17 4 80
Cordials ..do ... 58 237 85 152 104 40
Gin ... .do... 373 1291 205 447 60
Rum .do... 78 41 41 93 60
Whisky. .do.. 950 428 5 423 1, 140 00
Tallow .lbs.. 1, 143 120 82 38 11 43
Tea:
Green and Japan ..lbs .. 17,352 5, 326 134 5, 192 955 84
Black .do.. 282, 365 70, 297 55, 845 14, 452 11, 841 85
Vinegar …………………..... .galls .. 2, 161 541 123 418 259 32
Wines :
Not sparkling, in wood ..galls .. 488 $1,041 511 18 351 36
In bottles. .do... 73 $320 298 3 110 25
Sparkling . ..do ... 85 ||559 157 255 00
Total paying specific duties **200, 122 62, 737 133, 658 35, 402 16
Goodspaying specific and ad valorem duties.

Ale, beer, and porter :
In casks .galls.. 95 73 73 13 01
In bottles do... 143 136 104 32 25 58
Cigars and cigarettes . .lbs .. 390 1, 125 489 636 420 05
Sugar:
Above No. 13 ... lbs .. 615,556 40, 239 5, 118 35, 121 16, 214 98
No. 9, not above No. 13 do.. 2, 928 116 116 50 96
Cane juice, sirups, & c .. .-..do.. 95, 907 3, 811 3, 811 1,552 26
Sugar candy and confectionery . .do.. 19, 382 3, 163 1, 390 1,767 984 93
Tobacco, manufactured, and snuff... .do.. 45, 699 13, 783 824 12,959 13, 147 90
Total paying specific and ad valorem
duties 62, 446 7,931 54, 515 32, 409 67

Cologne water, in casks. ..No .. 534 138 138 34 58
Mace and nutmegs . .lbs.. 12 12 2 10 2.97
Molasses .do.. 316 13 13 3 17
Patent medicines . 1,272 870 402 317 96
Perfumery, not elsewhere specified. 1, 196 707 489 299 03
Perfumed and fancy soaps.. ..lbs .. 1, 143 271 232 39 67 65
Playing cards .. .packs .. 276 58 36 22 14 21
Spices, ground . lbs.. 867 334 33 301 84 03
Total 25 per cent. ad valorem 3, 294 2, 031 1,263 823 60
≡

Agricultural implements 8,803 17 8,786 1,540 21
Axles .. ..cwt.. 41 306 9 207 53 44
Bagatelle boards, & c 2,495 2,495 436 60
Baking powders . 2, 668 2, 663 466 77
Bath bricks .. .No.. 192 10 6 1 68
Biscuit .lbs 4, 551 292 292 50 47
Bicarbonate of soda 26 26 4.53
France, $2,708. France $27 ; Holland, $59. Newfoundland, $128 ; Spain, $384. §France, $19.
|| France, $402. ** Total other countries , $3,727.
Statement showing the commerce of Manitoba , &c.—Continued.

Whence imported.
Great United
Britain. States .
Goodspaying 17 per cent. ad valorem ― Con'd .

Black-lead.. $52 $14 $38 $9 16
Blacking 84 2 82 14 73
Bricks for building .M .. 1 14 14 2 52
Brooms and brushes ……………………………… ..doz .. 527 1,067 101 966 186 74
Cabinet ware or furniture 9, 009 9, 009 1, 576 58
Candles :
Tallow ..lbs .. 18,870 2,544 12 2,532 445 45
Wax ..do .. 93 19 9 10 3 38
Carpets, other than woolen .yds .. 2,885 616 325 291 107 65
Carriages.. .No.. 582 21, 636 21, 636 3, 786 27
Cement ..bbla.. 21 62 62 11 02
Chandeliers, &c .. 601 601 105 15
China ware 21 21 3 62
Crockery and earthen ware. 2,851 385 2,466 498 84
Churns ..No .. 769 610 610 106 83
Cider .galls .. 226 50 50 8 71
Clocks . ......... ......... .No.. 82 239 43 196 41 98
Cocoa and chocolate .lbs .. 1,335 294 245 49 51 65
Cordage, ropes, not elsewhere specified ..do .. 28, 109 3, 163 677 2,486 553 78
Corks 127 127 22 20
Cordage, twines, not elsewhere specified.lbs.. 813 165 32 133 29 05
Cottons :
Bleached and unbleached ..yds .. 89, 292 7,512 3,976 3,536 1,314 40
Printed, &c ..do.. 334, 445 28, 565 22, 622 5,943 4,999 09
Ginghams and plaids.. do.. 1, 638 156 96 60 27 35
Jeans, denims, and drillings .. .do.. 12, 878 1, 462 449 1, 013 255 97
Clothing 24, 566 19, 293 5, 273 4,299 12
All other. 16, 805 6, 514 10, 291 2, 941 03
Thread, on spools .... 82 55 27 14 27
Cultivators .. .No.. 23 136 136 13 63
Fruits :
Dried
Currants ..lbs.. 7,090 404 139 265 70 76
Dates ... .do.. 268 17 17 3 04
Figs ...do .. 2,731 224 205 19 39 30
Prunes.. ..do.. 3, 439 223 2 221 38 87
Fruits:
Dried
Raisins ..lbs .. 9,926 799 436 363 139 95
Other .do.. 102, 092 6, 784 6,784 1, 187 12
Fruits and nuts:
Almonds, shelled . .lbs .. 40 12 12 2 14
Almonds, not shelled.. .do .. 50 10 10 1 81
Filberts and walnuts ..do .. 320 42 42 7 28
Other ..do..) 1,574 145 145 25 17
Drugs, not elsewhere specified . 402 221 181 70 38
Engravings and prints . 98 21 17 23
Essences, &c., not containing spirits 574 116 458 100 47
Fancy goods :
FOR
Beads, &c 833 747 145 81

Boxes, &c 621 583 108 76
Combs 803 792 140 46
Feathers 771 771 134 74
Gold and silver cloth 23 23 4 02
Millinery.. 636 636 111 44
Thread lace, &c 724 696 28 126 56
All other 1, 159 1,076 83 202 87
ឌ
ន
ក
"
Felt:
For roofing.... 13 13 2 22
Other ..... ....... 3 2 1 66
Fish :
Lobsters, &c., preserved .......... cans.. 768 178 44 134 31 20
Preserved in oil ......... 300 111 189 52 37
Fire-works ........... 121 121 21 21
Gelatine....... ...... 22 22 3 82
Ginger ale ........ ..doz.. 2 4 4 64
Glue ........ ............ .lbs.. 872 128 128 22 41
Grease, axle .lbs .. 5, 262 283 283 49 49
Grindstones , &c 302 302 52 86
Gam, obewing, &c 34 34 6 01
Gunpowder ........ ..lbs .. 10, 300 1,804 997 807 315 75
Mica . ……………………………… ..... do .. 19, 815 4, 073 4,073 712 78
Gans, &c.. .No.. 1,696 18,320 17, 616 704 3,206 24
Statement showing the commerce of Manitoba, &c.— Continued.

A.- IMPORTS-Continued.
Whence imported .
Great United
Britain. States.
Goods paying 17 per cent. ad valorem― Con'd.

Glass :
Plate .feet.. 2 $1 $0 21
Window, stained do.. 151 62 62 10 84
Plain ..do ... 56, 271 3, 188 $120 3,068 557 86
Ware 5, 228 184 5, 044 915 14
Hats :
Felt, &c... 4,779 2,750 2, 029 836 04
Straw, &c 391 277 114 68 35
Caps and bonnets 1, 565 1, 249 316 273 70
Hosiery 2, 937 2,573 364 513 96
Ink, all except printing 27 20 7 4 76
Jewelry . 929 613 316 162 69
Lamp-black ……………. .lbs .. 28 2 2 40
Lumber. M feet.. 4,582 48,375 48,375 8,465 77
Leather -------- ..lbs.. 275 91 91 15 86
Lime.. ...... .bbls.. 4 8 8 1 23
Lime-juice ..... galls.. 78 54 54 9 53
Linen yds.. 33, 301 4,540 3,706 834 794 45
Macaroni and Vermicelli lbs .. 425 50 50 8 73
Maps, charts, &c .. 13 10 2 29
లు
Manufactures :
Rubber
Boots and shoes .prs .. 91 122 25 97 21 26
Belting.. 130 130 22 69
Clothing 923 827 96 161 54
Hose and tubing ……………... 87 87 15 21
All other 499 273 226 87 32
Brass ....... *1, 490 392 977 260 86
Copper ...... 6, 256 5,521 735 1,094 98
Fur 124 61 63 21 62
Gold and silver. 849 752 97 148 41
Grass, & c .. 137 137 23 83
Hair 177 41 136 30 93
Iron and steel
Axes 644 644 112 86
Cutlery 5,375 5, 144 231 940 62
Edge-tools .... 1,871 957 914 327 59
Files and rasps 1,330 1, 267 63 232 81
Hoes 1, 449 14 1,435 253 67
Locks 595 161 434 104 32
Screws 129 7 122 22 74
Scythes and snaths .. 474 189 285 83 13
Spades 361 55 306 63 01
Spikes and nails. 9, 329 390 8, 939 1,632 88
Stoves.. 7,895 163 7, 732 1,381 95
Surgical instruments 30 30 5 17
All other £3,053 5, 458 17, 595 4,034 80
Lead 7,049 3, 707 3,342 1,233 66
Leather or imitation 2,483 1, 413 1,070 434 51
Boots and shoes 4,514 317 4, 197 789 84
Harness and saddlery 4, 514 432 4,082 790 34
Marble 230 33 197 40 32
Pewter, &o .. ……………………………… 738 528 210 129 19
Slate 66 66 11 69
Stone, not elsewhere specified . 383 5 378 67 03
Metal, not elsewhere specified . 559 132 427 97 77
Wood
Hubs. 492 492 66 08
Handles 210 210 36 68
Other 22, 424 758 21, 666 3,924 59
Mineral waters . 47 47 8 18
Mowing, reaping, and thrashing machines,
number 173 14, 123 14, 123 2, 471 51
28
22
Musical instruments, not elsewhere specified . 541 455 86 94 57

=
2
*
Music, sheet. 35 7 6 11
Mustard .lbs .. 793 177 49 31 31
Machinery 3,210 82 3, 128 561 73
Machine-twist, & c . 23 4 03
Ochers, ground and calcined . ..... 19 19 3 25
Oil-cloths...
Oils: 562 202 360 98 55
Cod-liver galls.. 3 9 5 4 1 57
Fish, other. .do . 10 11 1 89
* France, $121 .
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES-CANADA. 521
Statement showing the commerce of Manitoba, &c. — Continued.

A.-IMPORTS-Continued .
Whence imported .
Great United
Britain. States.
Goods paying 17 per cent. ad valorem- Cont'd .

Oils:
Castor galls .. 26 $101 $94 $7 $17 69
Linseed .do... 647 441 439 77 42
Olive and salad. .do... 14 26 23 3 4 46
Vegetable, not elsewhere specified..do... 58 21 9 12 3.70
Volatile and essential ..do.. 3 16 16 2.67
All kinds, not elsewhere specified..do... 342 247 247 43 30
Opium... ..lbs.. 1 7 7 1 24
Organs, melodeons, & c .. .No.. 3 416 416 72 88
Packages do.. 3,578 *3,372 444 2, 483 590 63
Paints and colors.. 2,727 454 2,273 477 25
Paintings, &c ... 272 272 47 55
Paper :
Printing.. 15 15 2 67
Writing. 586 110 476 102 51
Wrapping. 1, 111 29 1, 082 194 36.
All other 2, 044 2, 044 357 73
Hangings ........ 739 2 737 129 33
Parasols and umbrellas . 478 440 38 83 58
Pease, split .bush.. 90 174 18 156 30 48
Photograph materials 126 126 21 98
Plaster of Paris ........ ..cwt .. 71 86 86 15 06
Plows No .. 1,003 15, 771 44 15, 727 2, 760 12
Pianos ... .do. 8 2, 079 251 1,828 363 74
Pickles and sauces ..... 918 224 694 160 49
Preserved meats †9, 089 1,065 7,569 1,590 38
Printed bills 305 29 276 53 62
Sausage-casings ...... 117 117 20 40
Shawls .No.. 9, 925 10, 564 10, 225 339 1,848 68
Silks and velvets .... ..yds .. 86, 118 8,927 8, 849 78 1, 562 29
Soap, Castile.. …………….. ..lbs.. 334 43 12 31 7 60
Spices, unground . .do.. 719 114 82 32 19 87
Sponges . 19 13 6 3 29
Stationery, not elsewhere specified 1,744 874 870 305 52
Small wares .. 8, 955 7,729 1,226 1,567 21
Sirups, lemon, & c ........ 25 15 10 4 31
Thread :
Linen, not elsewhere specified lbs.. 3, 543 1,842 1,766 76 322 47
Other .do .. 163 1, 015 992 23 177 48
Tobacco-pipes . 1,907 1,607 300 333 67
Toys 214 116 98 37 27
Turpentine . ..galls .. 385 197 2 195 34 48
Varnish, other than bright or black .do. 85 148 4 144 25 92
Velveteens .yds .. 259 123 123 21 51
Watches, and parts of .No.. 18 437 87 350 76 65
Wax, bees' ..lbs .. 26 9 9 1 60
Woolens: •
Blankets . .No... 23, 939 34, 193 33, 948 245 5,893 95
Carpets . ........yds .. 8, 697 4,987 4, 468 521 872 74
Flannel ..do .. 48, 322 11, 495 11, 138 357 2, 011 89
Tweeds …………………...do .. 6, 703 2, 698 2, 635 63 472 11
Clothing. .... 61, 168 57, 917 3,251 10, 704 51
Worsted.. .lbs.. 671 510 456 54 89 33
Other.. 49, 063 48, 625 438 8, 585 96
Unenumerated 2,259 143 2, 116 395 51
Total paying 17 per cent. ad valorem $619, 925 294, 756 324, 148 108, 491 78
Animals:
Horned cattle ...... .No.. 5, 040 121, 642 121, 642 12, 164 28
Horses .. .do.. 222 16, 661 16, 661 1, 666 10
Sheep .do.. 972 2, 948 2,048 204 75
Swine.. ..do .. 347 2,715 2,715 271 45
Other.... 80 80 8 00
Bran.. .......... owt.. 474 294 294 29 35
Cotton thread on spools.. 606 589 17 60 70
Fruits, green :
Apples and pears .. .bbls.. 772 1,885 1, 885 188 61
Grapes .lbs .. 930 78 78 780
Lemon s and oranges .bxs.. 265 1,614 1, 614 161 33
Peaches .do.. 19 25 25 2 55
Pine-apples . 20 20 2 01
All other . ....... 509 509 50 82
Leather, sole and upper....... .lbs.. *81 34 34 3 42
* France, $407 ; Newfoundland , $15; Holland, 87 ; Spain, $16. France, $455.
Total other countries , $1,021.
Statement showing the commerce of Manitoba, &c.—Continued.

Whence imported.
Great United
Britain. States.
Goods paying 10 per cent. ad valorem- Cont'd.

Linen machine-thread $6 $6 $0 59
Machine-twist... 150 150 15 01
Seeds, other than cereals 694 $301 393 69 44
Trees, &c ... 220 220 22 05
Vegetables :
Potatoes .. .bush.. 860 240 240 24 07
Other . 93 93 9 25
Total paying 10 per cent. ad valorem 149, 614 924 148, 690 14,961 58
Books, printed .... 1,033 552 481 51 65
Iron :
Bar, rod.. .cwt .. 1, 484 3,828 197 3, 631 191 41
Hoop and sheet do... 384 1,683 107 1,576 84 17
Boiler-plate .do ... 10 35 35 1 74
Bolts and spikes, galvanized . .do.. 12 96 96 4.80
Canada plates .. ..do ... 9 97 97 4 84
2002 200
Tinned plates ..do... 6 47 6 41 2 35

Galvanized .. .do... 16 16 82
Nail-rods .do... 30 89 89 4 45
Wire... .do... 21 128 14 114 6 45
Ship materials :
Cordage... .cwt.. 42 505 121 384 25 25
Sail-cloth .yds .. 40 6 6 30
Varnish, black. ..lbs.. 48 11 11 56
All other ..... 123 22 101 6 12
Туре ...cwt.. 3 131 131 6 52
Total paying 5 per cent. ad valorem ... 7,828 1, 210 6, 618 391 44
58.588
Total dutiable goods.... 1,043, 229 369,589 668, 892 192, 480 23
20LETEK
FREE GOODS.
FREE
NTOR
Drugs, dye-stuffs, & c. :

825028-008
Acids.. ..lbs.. 293 101 22 .......

FR
-WE
2-
Alum . .... do .. 4 12
A
~
Barks, &o . .do.. 67 15 ............

Bichromate of potash ..do.. 10 2
Bleaching-powders and borax. ... do..
Brimstone and sulphur.... .do.. ...........
Indigo ..do .. 73 2 .........
Lead, white (dry).. .do.. 1
Lead, sugar of.. .do.. 10 ............
Metallic oxides not calcined . ... cwt.. 15 ............
Niter and saltpeter .. do.. 1 ..........
Sal amoniac .lbs ..
Sal soda. .do ..
Umber, raw ..... ......... do .. 70 ............
Vitriol, blue ... cwt.. 11 11 65
802.3AF
Whiting ...do .. 55 3
Manufactures and products of:
Biscuit and bread .. ..cwt.. 57 171 171
2-32
Bolting-cloth ..... 252 252

Cotton candlewick .lbs.. 144 36 16
Cotton waste . do..
a5
Church-bells and communion-plate 118 73 .......

Clothing, donations for charity *20, 479 19, 457 170 ...........
Fire-brick .M . ft.. 9 ........
Fishing-hooks, &c.. 6, 029 5, 952
Junk and oakum ......... cwt.. 18 120 14 106 ............
Lumber of mahogany M. ft.. 1 82
Printers' implements
Press . 614 614
Electrotype-blocks 30
Ink 3 .........
Wire-cloth …………….. 46
Ships' materials ..... cwt.. 10 85
Metals :
Brass, sheet.. .o wt. . 12
Copper, bar-rod ..do.. 3 .........
= France, $852.
Statement showing the commerce of Manitoba, &c.-Continued .

Whence imported .
Artioles. Quantity. Value. Duties.
Great United
Britain. States.
FREE GOODS-Continued.
Metals:
Iron, pig. cwt . 524 $660 $660
Lead, sheet.. .do.. 41 284 284
Steel, bar, & c do.. 15 177 177
Tin, bar, &c.. ..do .. 1 28 28
Wire, brass and copper .do.. 4 89 $72 17
Zinc, sheets, &c .. .do.. 14 139 139
Natural products :
Bulbs 4 4
Coal, anthracite . ...tons .. 885 5, 161 36 5, 125
Earths, clay, and sand ............. cwt .. 200 59 59
Eggs.. ........... doz.. 3, 681 385 5 380
Fabrilla ... cwt.. 54 20 20
Fire-wood . ...cords .. 2,989 8, 465 8,465
Fish
Cod, salted .cwt.. 1,017 229 229
Mackerel, pickled .. ...bbls.. 22 167 167
Halibut, pickled. ..do .. 1 6 6
Herring, pickled ..do .. 14 32 32
Herring, smoked do.. 495 17 17
Oysters, fresh.. ..cans .. 10, 924 3, 177 3, 177
Lobsters, preserved .. do.. 1, 422 226 226
Salmon, canned. ..lbs .. 2, 400 400 400
Salmon, pickled …………... ...bbls.. 4 47 47
All other. .... do .. 15 82 82
Flax, hemp, and tow............... cwt.. 47 75 75
Grain
Oats ..bush.. 7,755 2,797 2, 797
Pease and beans .do.. 373 661 661
Indian corn ..........do.. 37 88 88
Wheat .. ..do.. 3,748 2, 946 2, 946
Other .... ...do .. 43 51 50
Flour
Wheat .bbls.. 9, 922 41, 620 1,360 40, 260
Rye... do.. 1 8 8
Indian meal ..do .. 219 543 543
Oatmeal ……….. .......... do .. 388 2,526 387 2, 139
Meal, all other .do.. 119 428 428
Hair, curled ..............lbs .. 2, 533 484 484
Marble, unwrought.. ....... 162 162
Moss ... cwt.. 24 214 214
Rosin ......... ....bbls.. 3 19 19
Salt ...bush 641 557 5 552
Tar and pitch . ...bbls .. 48 277 171 106 ………….
Wood, unmanufactured 42, 420 116 42, 304
Wool. lbs.. 75 22
AL 22
Special exemptions :
Public use... 880 817 63
United States consul 6 6
Settlers' effects... 26, 347 2, 513 23, 824
Total free goods *171, 591 31, 299 139, 440
Total dutiable and free .. 1, 214, 820 400, 888 808, 332
* Other countries : Total free goods, $852 ; total dutiable and free, $5, 600.
RECAPITULATION.
Whence imported. Value. Duties.
Great Britain $400, 888 $68, 218 64

United States 808, 332 120, 670 08
France 4,991 3,254 11
Spain ............ ………….............. 400 123 78
Holland 66 147 63
Newfoundland 143 65 99
Total.... 1, 214, 820 192, 480 23
Statement showing the commerce of Manitoba, &c.— Continued.

B.-EXPORTS.
Whither exported.
Description. Value.
United Great
States. Britain. Canada.
Animals $447 OC $447 00

Buffalo-robes... 73, 192 32 614 12 $72, 578 20
Emigrants' effects 11, 467 85 260 00 11, 207 85
Flour 2, 018 40 2,018 40
Furs, undressed …………………………………………………. 587, 593 33 542, 327 38 $35, 644 75 9, 621 20
Gold . …………. 336 00 336 00
Grain …………….................... 48 30 48 30 -------
Hides . 2,283 23 2,283 23
Machinery. …………………...... 569 70 569 70
Merchandise, general ……………………………………………. 16,329 22 6,234 64 10, 094 58
Paintings . 250 00 250 00
Seeds …………….... ………………………………………………. 250 24 250 24
Spirits.... 250 85 250 85
Wheat . ………... …………………………………………………………… . 835 75 835 75
Wool …………… 99 50 …………………. ... ………………………. 99 50
Total 695, 971 69 554, 233 07 35, 980 75 105, 757 87
.
MONTREAL
Montreal
,1877
30
June
ending
year
.for
Statement
of
commerce
the
showing
IMPORTS
-
.A.
Articles
. .
Quantity Valu
en e Amount
of Whence
imported
.
tere
. d duties
.
Ale
,iabneer
.porter
casks
nd ..
.galls ,404 1$,543 68
$425 Great
,United
.Britain
States
porter
Alebottles
,iabneer
nd ………….. ..
.do 0,6298 6,32 72 9,568
17 Britain
States
G nited
ermany
.,UGreat
Agricultural
implements 910 159
29 ,UStates
Britain
.Great
nited
Arrowroot ..... ..lbs ,1313 330 57
76 .Great
Britain
, orned
hAnimals ……………... .No
.. 72 9,201 10
290 Great
,United
.Britain
States
, orses
hAnimals………….. .... ..
.do 7 1,501 10
150 United
States
.
.,s wine
Animals .do
.. 1,222 , 48
322 , 34
280 Do.
Animals
.,for
stock
of
improvement .do
.. 44 2,869 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
,other
Animals 1,861 186
10 United
Britain
Great
,G
.States
ermany
Acids
. ----- .
lbs 54,468 ,81132 Free United
Britain
FGreat
rance
ermany
G.,States
Alum ..
.do , 34
4865 , 43
513 Free Great
Britain
G
., ermany
Aniline
dyeing
,fsaltsor
purposes .do
.. ,183
87 ,03725 Free United
Britain
FGreat
States
.,Grance
ermany
Antimony ..
.do ,869
49 1,797 Free Great
United
,FBritain
.States
rance
Ashes
,pot …………… . bbls
.. 143 6,332 Free United
.
States
Anchors .cwt
.. 349 667 Free Great
.
Britain
Annatto
.,liquid
solid
or 1,029 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
Articles
for
use
the
ggovernor
eneral
.-of 250 Free Do.
Articles
the
for
of
use
gforeign
eneral
-consuls 397 Free Great
Britain
.
Articles
for
army
and
navy
. 27
,396 Free Do.
Alcohol ..
.galls 6 19 270 Newfoun
. dland
Axles
,eall
kinds
locomotives
for
xcept ..
cwt 99 793 81
138 United
States
.
Anatomical
preparations 24 Free France
.
Argols
. .lbs
.. 7, 73
14 969 Free FGreat
.States
Urance
,Britain
nited
Articles
Dominion
the
of
use
public
for 2,304 Free States
UGreat
.Britain
, nited
Articles
..-w,earehouse
x .... .pkgs
.. 0,641 2,375 Free West
G Indies
panish
ermany
.,SStates
nited
UGreat
Britain
Articles
.,unenumerated 3, 01
76 17
3, 54
13 SStates
.,G
Great rance
ermany
FBritain
Uwitzerland
nited
Butter .lbs 363 72 52
14 .
States
United
Brandy .galls
.. 4,6211 110,984 60
,893
74 States
rance
Great
.,FBritain
United
boards
.and
billiard
Bagatelle 980 51
171 States
.United
bricks
.Bath No
.. 1, 82
35 552 61
96 States
., nited
UBritain
Great
.
bread
and
Biscuit ...lbs 4, 36
23 3,330 51
479 ewfoundland
.States
nited
NUGreat
,Britain
Bicarbonate .
soda ,92676 4,720 Great
,United
.Britain
States
Black
lead
. 3,135 75
233 Do.
Blacking 14,386 90
2,517 United
Britain
,FGreat
.States
rance
.
brushes
and
Brooms .doz
. 7,829 4, 59
14 530
52 Do.
printed
c.aBooks
,&
periodicals
nd 125,547 35
,7677 Utaly
Britain
FGreat
States
.,SBIGwitz
nited
rance
elgium
ermany
.
erland
Busts
,acasts
statues
nd ..
.No 6 557 Free States
.,United
Britain
Great
dye
.-sas erries
cuBarks
,&sed
btuffs .
.lbs 839,786 39
,466 Free rance
Great
U.Fnited
,Britain
States
Bichroma
potash
of
.. te .
do 4, 22
69 6,380 Free .
Britain
Great
525
Statement
,1877
30
June
ending
year
for
Montreal
of
commerce
the
showing
C
.-ontinued
Iontinued
A.
C.-MPORTS
526
Articles
. .
Quantity Value
en Amount
of Whence
imported
.tered duties
. .
-powders
..Bleaching .lbs
.. ,411
1,354 ,3$1Free
758 Great
,United
.Britain
States
Blue
-black
...
blue
Chinese
and .
do 2,113 325 Free Golland
States
ermany
H.,United
Borax
.. ····· .do
.. 81
,196 7,802 Free Sta
Uat
Britain
, es .nited
Brimstone
and
.sulphur .do
.. 656
,484 12,726 Free ,France
Britain
.Great
Bri
gatis m h .do
.. 2,983 363 Free States
Great
.Britain
,United
-cBol
lottin
h g 2,287 Free United
Britain
,FGreat
.States rance
tBookbinders
' ools
implements
and 579 Free UBritain
nited
rance
BFStates
elgium
.,Great
rBrass
iheet
,abarod
ncrap
nd
s..strips ..
cwt 171 4, 61 Free Great.Britain
States
,United
Bristles
. ..
.lbs ,7245 8,232 Free United
Britain
,FGreat
.States
rance
Broom
.-corn .do
. ,436
533 015, 48 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
Bulbs 1,631 Free Uolland
Britain
,HGreat
.States
nited
.......
Barley ..
.bush , 50
370 45 ,390 Free ,United
Britain
.Great
States
Bran ..
cwt 6 4 0$.40 United
States
.
Baking
-powder 106 55
18 Do.
bBank
- ills 16 Free Do.
Cotton
-wool ..
.lbs 6, 85 4
1,68 5, 67
165 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
.-wick
candle
Cotton .do
. 0, 38
16 3,604 Free United
States
.
Cotton
waste
flax
and .do
.. 5,34004 715 , 81 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
bChurch
ells
communion
.-pand
late 4, 54 Free States
Britain
Great
,U.Fnited
rance
Clothing
donations
and
charitable
for
purposes 75 Free United
States
.
Cocoa
.-paste .lbs
. ,773
19 3,997 Free .
Britain
Great
pCollar
-cloth
aper 24,654 Free .
States
United
Chain
-h,ocables
one
..
inch
alf
ver cwt
.. 2,947 612 , 85 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
uCaoutchouc
, nmanufactured .lbs , 70
1380 ,780
181 Free UBritain
G nited
,Great
ermany
.States
lor ranges
emons
cfoCitrons
.,&
candying ,71 18 Free Britain
I.Great
, taly
Coal
,anthracite tons
.. 101
,328 , 65
7398 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
Coal
b........
, ituminous .do
.. 255
, 06 ,441
166 Free Do.
Coal
,aother
..
coke
nd ...do 7,084 27,056 Free .Great
Britain
Coin
bullion
and 9, 92
233 Free United
States
..
.pkgs 323 .
ground
Coffee
, oasted
ror lbs 132 24 396 States
Great
.Britain
,United
-juice
Cane
... .do
.. , 02
8615 180, 80 8,368
81 Do.
for
shafts
and
Cranks
steamboats cwt
.. 75 422 Free .United
States
sheathing
rCopper nd
.,aspigs
biods
nheets
ars do
.. 12,80 ,024
43 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
and
shell
,b. eans
Cocoa ..
.lbs 4,178 179 Free Great
.
Britain
Cheese
-vats
.. ..
No 4 323 53
56 United
.
States
iolored
thread
cCotton nnfinished
,n6pNuhanks
un ly
o.
ot
twenty
der
yards ..
.lbs ,46669 46,985 50
4,698 .Britain
Great
Cotton
thread
spools
,on ,43511 10
3,541 States
Great
.Britain
,United
Customs
seals …………………………………
land 20 Free .United
States
bark …………….........
corkwood
and
Corkwood ........ 214 Free
. United
SStates
., pain
Churns ..
No 19 116 31
20 United
States
.
Castile
soap .lbs
.. 742
, 34 2,479 433
85 France
.
.................
.
cigarottes
and
Cigars .do
.. ,583
48 9, 29
120 36
50
,788 FStates
Britain
,Great
nited
USGrance
witzerland
panish
ermany
…………………… .. Indies
ewfoundland
N,West
Cheese ..
do ,168
20 3,938 04
605 States
Britain
nited
rance
elgium
Uwitzerland
.,SBFGreat
,roasted
Chicory
..
ground
and ..
.do , 51
286 0,494 04
3,450 Britain
G,UGreat
States
ermany
. nited
Coffe
g, reene ..
..do , 86
4382 779, 17 8,369
72 United
Britain
FGreat
.,HStates
olland
rance
Cordials…………….... ..
galls ,01 29 1,333 ,853
140 Britain
rance
ermany
G.,HBGreat
Folland
elgium
furniture
or
ware
Cabinet
.. 46,906 52
,5824 States
United
Britain
.,FGreat
rance
tCandles
wax
c.of
,&.apers ...... .
.lbs , 44
5122 18,967 40
3,319 BGUBritain
nited
FStates
rance
ermany
elgium
.,Great
woolen
e, xcept
Carpets ..
yds 44
0,115 ,246
22 10
3,893 States
Britain
,United
.Great
.
Carriages ……………………….. .
.No 190 ,91006 1,90869 Do.
,marine
Cement
..
hydraulic
or .
.bbls ,193
39 , 71
652 62 ,2917 Do.
harness
and
Coach
..
furniture.... 2,493 21
752 Do.
Chandeliers
fand
- ittings
gas 14,962 2,618
71 Britain
UGreat
nited
,F.States
rance
China
ware
.. 11 4, 90 2,010
92 States
Britain
Great
,U. nited
earthen
ware
Crockery
and ,98979 19
715 , 47 GGreat
UBritain
States
rance
olland
ermany
.,HFnited
Cider .
galls ,18 81 1,307 79
228 Great
.Britain
States
,United
.
Clocks No
.. 4,568 0,1405 07
2,451 UBritain
FG Great
nited
rance
ermany
.,States
Cocoa
chocolate
and ..
.lbs 7, 53
26 ,0662 1,060 96 Britain
States
nited
.,FUGreat
rance
twine
.and
,rope
Cordage do
.. 92,582 ,62125 25
3,895 Do.
Corks 320 , 32 52
3,556 Great
UBritain
nited
rance
SFStates
., pain
unbleached
Cottons
.and
,bleached ..
yds 4,3525 55 390 ,306 ,405
72
68 UGreat
Britain
,States
. nited
polored
c.Cottons
,&rinted ..
do ,8117
13 93 , 68
61,093 67
191,395 Gueat
nited
FUBritain
G rance
ermany
.,States
ginghams
Cottons
,c.& ..
.do ,347
163 214 , 38 68
2,491 Great
UBritain
States
., nited
Cottons
.,ajeans
denims
nd ..do
.. , 89
3628 053 , 54 90
,3984 Do.
cCottons
, lothing
wearing
or
apparel
.. 9,6597 93
, 49
511 Great
UBritain
FStates
rance
ermany
.,Gnited
Cottons
,all
other 2831, 93 60
4144 , 80 Do.
,and
thereof
parts
.Cultivators .No
.. 1 12 638 United
States
.
-netting
.Cotton
shoes
rubber
for ..
.yds 6, 62
93 18 9, 21 10
,8192 , nited
Britain
UStates
.Great
Cotton
thread
spools
,on
.... 1107 , 93 31
,21319 Do.
Cotton
warp
,&
c. ..
.lbs 327 73 370 United
States
.
Cream
tartar
of
crystals
.in ……………………… . ..
..do 280
,286 0,5807 Free nited
FUBritain
,Great
rance
.States
,in
thread
Cotton
hanks .do
.. 268
2, 30 6,131 95 Free .
Britain
Great
fruits
Dried
currants
and ..
..do ,903
1,387 3,5344 46
,2935 Britain
nited
GSStates
witzerland
reece
pain
.,UGreat
dates
Dried .do
.. 108
,513 3,027 77
529 Britain
States
nited
.,UGreat
Dried
figs do
.. ,304
172 5,1054 00
1,849 Great
UBritain
nited
reece
TSGStates
urkey
, pain
Europe
.in
Dried
prunes
plums
.and .d
.. o 214
,886 1,707 80
1,418 Great
Britain
.,France
raisins
.Dried ..
.. do ,8315 60 8, 18
165 86
29,018 Great
UBritain
nited
pain
TSGStates
, reece
.inurkey
Asia
nuts
and
fruits
not
almonds
nd
.,aDried
shelled .d
.. o 147
,341 8,1135 23
,0271 Great
UBritain
nited
rance
SFStates
., pain
and
filberts
Dried
walnuts .d
.. o 87,229 2,412 12
737 Britain
States
.,FUGreatnited
rance
,other
nuts
Dried ... .
.lbs ,948
139 7, 86 70
1,537 Britain
States
nited
.,FUGreat
rance
Drugs 8,874
109 82
, 29
219 Great
UBritian
States
G rance
ermany
.,Fnited
oil
.in
,not
Drawings .No
Britain
.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- CANADA,
stones
precious
and
Diamonds 2,680 Free ,United
Britain
.Great
States
other
,all
fruits
Dried .lbs
.. ,371
43 1,572 13
275 United
States
.
belting
Duck
hose
and
for ......... 715 Free Do.
Engravings
prints
and
. 5,917 86
1,035 Great
UBritain
nited
FStates
rance
.I, taly
Essences
.inextracts
contained
,nand
spiritsot 6,282 45
469 ,United
Britain
.Great
States
Earthsnd
a,csand
lays cwt
.. 019, 35 7,348 Free G Great
UBritain
FStates
rance
ermany
., nited
Eggs ..... doz
.. ,7299 522 Free Britain
, nited
UStates
.Great
…………….. ...
Emery .lbs
. 5, 02
22 675 Free United
States
.
Felt
roofin
for g ......... .......... ,128 43
197 ,United
Britain
.Great
States
oFelt
elsewh
,not
specif ere
. ther ied ,4609 1,7921 UBritain
FG Great
nited
rance
ermany
.,States
.Fire
-works ............ 6,301 630
22 United
States
.
Fire
-extinguishers ..
No 33 659 114
33 Do.
527
C
.- ontinued
,1877
30
June
ending
year
commerce
for
Montreal
of
Statement
the
showing
A.
CIontinued
.-MPORTS
528
.
Quantity Value
on Amount
of Whence
imported
.
.
Articles tered
. duties
.
-brick
Fire .M
.. 786 6,1$71 1 Free
.. ,United
Britain
.Great
States
,&
nFishingets
eines
c.ls-h.ines
ooks 8,1444 Free Do.
and
utensils
implements
Farming 156 Fr
...ee Great
.
Britain
.
fiber
Mexican
or
Fabrilla ..
.cwt 592 5,281 Fr
. ee ,United
Britain
.Great
States
Fire
c- lay.... ----- .do
.. 13
,758 3,277 Free United
Britain
,NGreat
.States
ewfoundland
Flax
,uahndressed
tow nd
emp ..
do , 37
932 , 88
8120 Free States
,United
Britain
.Great
ndressed
.tails
nd
uaFurs
,skins ,131
122 Free United
Britain
Great
G
.,NStates
ewfoundland
ermany
...
Flour
,of
wheat ..
bbls 237,653 1,793 38 Free United
States
.
,preserved
Fruits
brandy
in ..
-galls 13 20 $2403 France
.
boots
Felt
hats
shoes
,afor
nd... ..
-yds , 99
151 43
,118 4,311
80 UGreat
Britain
,States
. nited
Fancy
goods ,379
487 86
85,260 Utaly
Britain
FGreat
States
,PAIGustria
nited
rance
ales
ermany
S.,Btinewitzerland
elgium
smoked
Fish
,salted
or ...lbs 15,970 4,198 70
159 , nited
Britain
UStates
.Great
Fish
,ahc.fresh
ling
od
addock
nd ..
..do ,193 68 ,723
28 Free
. .
States
United
cod
,dahFish
ling
salted
ry
nd
addock ..
cwt 8,593 4,2501 Free Do.
cod
,sahFish
ling
addock
nd
moked .lbs
.. 9, 63
149 5,661 Free Do.
mickled
.,pFish
ackerel bbls
.. 84 162 Free Do.
hickled
,pFish
erring ..
..do 181 846 Free
.. Do.
Fish
.,sherring
moked lbs
.. 2,6031 1,919 Free Do.
Fish
,foysters
shell
in resh ..
bbls 1,819 0,1367 Free Do.
Fish
,foysters
cans
in
resh ..
.cans ,400 349 Fr
...ee Do.
. helled
in
,bulk
ysters
soFish ......... ..
galls ,713
27 24,162 Free Do.
preserved
, obsters
Fish
lin
cans .cans
.. 818, 84 0,314 Free
. Do.
.,fresh
almon
sFish ..
.lbs 70 10 Free Do.
Fish
,salmonmoked ..
.do 10
,456 527 Free
. Do.
Fish
,csalmon anned ......... ……………………. ..
..do 7,248 767 Fr
...ee Do.
Fish
,fall
other
...resh 1,088 Free Do.
Fish
,c-oil
..od ..
galls 2,963 5,795 Free Do.
do
.. , 68 38,588 Free Do.
Fish
,o-oil
ther 9103
Fish
-oil ..........
fish
of
products
and .do
.. 1, 89
167 Fre
. e Newfoundland
.
oreserved
,pFish
oil
in
ther 6, 22
23 03
4,134 Britain
nited
,Great
U.FStates
rance
sFish
.-ling
hialted
,wacod
ncluding
addock
et
nd ..cwt 4 14 Free United
States
.
cod
i.ling ncluding
addock
nd
,pahFish
ickled bbls
.. 3 14 Free Do.
Fish
,fmresh
ackerel .lbs
.. 250 10 .
Free Do.
fFish
,hresh
erring ..... ...... ..
..do , 78
8182 2,996 Free
.. Do.
,fobsters
lFishresh ………….. ..
bbls 25 103 Free
. Do.
other
, ll
apFish ……………....
ickled ............................ do .. 2 9 Free Do.
-bait
.,cFish
other
or
lams .d
.. o…………
……… 1 10 Free Do.
reen
pncluding
ears
io,Fruits
glapples
ranges
rapes
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CA.
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530
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Britain
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Great
in
.oil
,chromos
Paintings ..
No
... 634
13 7,564 95
1,008 .
States
United
printing
for
Paper 412 , 96 2,361
98 Great
United
,FBritain
.States
rance
wPaper
., riting ……………. , 85
083 51
15
,540 Great
United
FBritain
.,BStates
rance
elgium
wPaper
, rapping ,11481 489
,281 . nited
UGreat
,States
Britain
other
,all ………....
Paper 645 , 16 69
7,983 Great
United
FBritain
States
.,BGrance
elgium
ermany
.....
Paper
-hangings 539 , 46 6,920
95 . nited
UGreat
,States
Britain
umbrellas
and ......
Parasols ,107
130 90
, 68
722 United
Britain
FGreat
States
.,Grance
ermany
.
materials
Photographic 1,667 291
76 Great
United
,FBritain
.States
rance
Plows
... .No
.. 96 0,1593 2,641
37 .Great
,United
Britain
States
of
Paris
Plaster ..cwt
. 41 32 561 .
States
United
thereof
and
Plows
parts .... 340 50
59 .
Britain
Great
Rice ..lb
.. s ,469
3,095 ,07739 69
30,954 States
., nited
Britain
UGreat
Rum ... gal
.. ls 2,1473 7,965 11720
, 28 West Indies
ritish
rance
.,BStates
nited
FUGreat
Britain
and
platform
Railroad
.cars
,passenger .No
.. 22 , 10
330 35
7,304 States
.
United
Rags .lbs
. , 74
6807 23 8, 67 Free Great
.
Britain
Railroad
ilates
,abars
frogs
steel
-pand
fish
ron
nd .cwt
.. , 40
6417 , 08
6756 Free . nited
UGreat
,States
Britain
uRattan
'..se
makers
chair
for 3,179 Free .
States
United
Rennet 7,110 Free .
Britain
Great
Resin
.. bbls
.. 6,772 22
2, 32 Free .
States
United
state
natural
,inedicinal
mRoots .lbs
. 22,357 3,282 Free Great
United
,FBritain
.States
rance
chairs
steel
or
- ron
iwrought
Railroad ..cwt
.. 42 50 Free .
Britain
Great
Soap
,common
.. ..
.lbs 313 , 33 881 133
33 Do.
Starch ..
..do , 73
3196 ,444
13 46
3,927 Great
,United
.Britain
States
, nenumerated
uSpirits …………………… . ..
.galls 3,255 4,362 4,190
80 Great
United
Britain
,G
.States
ermany
………... ………………..
confectionery
candy
Sugar
and........ ..
.lbs , 99
5126 0,2155 ,529
674 Indies
West rance
ritish
nited
.,BStates
Britain
FUGreat
Sugar
,over
......
13
No. .
..do 2023, 86 14 1, 75 1
1,27 547
61
,926 Indies
West nited
ritish
.States
,BBritain
UGreat
13
9, o.
aNSugar nd ..
..do , 76
91,387 4, 04
63 2679
,260 Indies
.West
British
and
, panish
Britain
SGreat
No.
9.,u.nder
Sugar ……………………….... ..do
.. ,460
407 1,1708 20
6,314 Do.
Satinets
. ..
yds 9,258 877 48
153 Uni
Sta ted
. tes
-casings
Sausage 905 40
158 Do.
Shawls ..
.No 27,988 3,5637 18
9,859 United
Britain
Great
,G
.States
ermany
.- achines
mSewing ..do
.. 8,198 439, 88 09
7,698 Do.
coin
Silver 86 15
05 United
States
.
velvets
nd
,aatins
sSilks ..
.yds , 99
1598 9, 55
553 ,942
96
78 Great
U.Switzerland
FBritain
States
,Gnited
rance
ermany
embroidery
cotton
nd
.,awoolen
Silk 7,348 97
1,285 States
,United
Great
.Britain
,85203 525 Great
,France
.Britain
· BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- CANADA .
, astile
CSoap .
.lbs 3,001 21
, nground
uSpices ..
..do ,800
387 40
,434 30
7,076 Indies
East
.,States
reece
BGreat
GBritain
Uritish
nited
Sponges 8,560 1,025
59 ,France
States
.United
Stationery 1, 20
106 531
18 , 73 FStates
Britain
,Great
nited
U.Grance
ermany
locomotives
ther
than
,- ngines
oeSteam ..
.No 3 883 53
154 United
States
.
Small
wares 657,749 115,120
57 Great
Utaly
FBritain
States
,PAIGustria
nited
rance
ales
ermany
tine
.
cereals
than
, ther
oSeeds 1,37 33 30
3,713 Great
United
,FBritain
.States
rance
canvas
or
cShips
-:s'mailloth
aterials ..
.yds 2,5973 9,1043 15
547 Great
,United
.Britain
States
otheraterials
mShips
'.:all …………………… . 1,082 10
54 Do.
Sal
.
ammoniac ..
..lbs 4,094 442 e
Fre........ Britain
.
Great
eSettlers
' ffects
....... ..... 359
, 06 Free Britain
Great
,.Gnited
FUStates
rance
ermany
ash
soda
and
Salsoda .................. ,328
8,074
.lbs
.. 92 5, 86 Free Great
.
Britain
533
C877
.—
1theontinued
30
June
ending
year
commerce
,of
for
Montreal
Statement
showing
A.
Iontinued
C-
.-MPORTS
534
.
Articles .
Quantity Value
en
C Amount
of Whence
imported
.
.tered duties
.
Soda
.,anciter
of
silicate
austic
nd .
.lbs 5, 05 0
5,58 3,8$562 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
Gnerman
.,iSilver
sheets do
.. 484 323 Free United
States
.
Spelter
pigs
inlocks
nd
.,absheets cwt
.. 480 2,594 Free ,United
Britain
.Great
States
,in
Steel
..
rods
or
bars ..
..do , 60
227 129
,055 Free Do.
Steel
plates
.. ..
..do 2,835 615 , 03 Free .Great
Britain
Salt
.. bush
. , 32
3337 ,45661 Free Do.
uStone
.., nwrought .tons
.. 7,661 1,2818 Free United
States
.
gSpices
, round ..lbs
.. 74 39 79$5 ,United
Britain
.Great
States
mineralogy
and
botany
of
Specimens
. 3, 29 Free Do.
received
oSilk
as
, raw
from
cocoon
rthe
............ 516 , 26 Free United
States
.
alcohol
.
Spirits
of ..
galls 10 11 00
12 Britain
.Great
Spirits
brandy
..of ..
..galls , 40
716 ,93039 02000
, 88 United
Britain
,FGreat
.States
rance
Spirits
flasks
in
not
spirits
perfumed
and
water ..
.,Cologne..do 432 7,103 41
778 Do.
.Spirits
flasks
in
spirits
perfumed
and
water
,Cologne ..No .. 3,056 864 152
80 Do.
,cordials
Spirits ..
.galls 117 359 210
60 Great
,United
.Britain
States
Spirits
,gin ..
.do ,738
32 16,776 80
239
, 85 Great
,Holland
.Britain
Spirit
r
, um s
.... ..
do 5,027 2,690 10
,0632 Indies
.West
ewfoundland
NGreat
,BStates
Uritish
Britain
nited
Spirit
,whisky s ....... ..
..do 4,832 4,976 00
5,799 ,UStates
Britain
.Great
nited
Straw
plaits 1,656 Free United
States
.
,wrought
Steel
..
cast
or .cwt
.. 2,750 217 , 56 Free . nited
UBritain
Great
,States
aterials
cmShips
:' ables
of
or
.hemp
grass .cwt
.. 29 332 60
16 Great
.
Britain
Ships
rudders
and
.:k'materials
nees do
.. 475 1,343 15
67 Do.
Ships
and
gear
pumps
m':pump aterials 237 85
11 Great
,United
.Britain
States
,gand
Tea
Japan
reen ....lbs 19,295 86 765,576 70
128,759 Britain
nited
CGreat
apan
hina
JU.,States
b,. lack
Tea ..... do
.. , 11
2533 , 01
9138 17,313
29 Do.
msnuff
.,aTobacco
anufactured
nd .lbs
. ,382
40 17
,510 12 ,284
40 West
Indies
Great
.,SStates
Uwitzerland
FBritain
nited
panish
rance
Thread
specified
ninen
elsewhere
ot
,l.. ..
do , 29
669 132 , 77 12
5,631 Great
.
Britain
,aother
.Thread
ll ..
do 131, 85 51
,3207 . nited
UGreat
,States
Britain
24,277
pTobacco
- ipes 627 , 70 45
4,842 Uustria
Britain
FGreat
States
.,AGnited
rance
ermany
,spirits
Turpentine
of ..
.galls ,567
160 442, 15 70
737 United
States
.
Toys
... …………………….. 13
,278 94
323 States
Britain
Great
,U.G
Fnited
rance
ermany
shrubs
,alants
pTrees
nd ......... ……………………….. 3,908 390
80 Great
,United
.Britain
States
Туре ..
.cwt 200 2,655 85
312 States
.United
bars
ilocks
pigs
,abTin nnd ..do
.. 2,426 541 , 59 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
brass
of
piping
and
,daTubes
iron
.....
copper
nd
rawn .owt
.. 19,535 ,771
84 Fre........
e...... Do.
or
,iType
-mnetal
..blocks
pigs ..
..do 23 230 Free .Great
Britain
and
pitc
Tar h bbls
.. 6,781 310 , 57 Free States
.United
than
Turpentine
,ospirits
....
of
ther .............. ..
.galls 3,515 282 Free Do.
Tallow
. ..lbs
.. 730 62 730 Do.
achine
mThread
,linen .......... ..
.do ,441
19 416
, 38 2,876
70 .
Britain
Great
otton
,oThread
n
c.spools ………….......…….. 11,281 20
1,974 Great
,United
.Britain
States
machine
Twist
twist
and
silk 4,930 862
80 Do.
piping
and
cropper
brass
of
oTubes
,d
iron
rawn ..
.cwt 7,484 331, 44 39
5,485 Do.
Ultramarine ..
.lbs 37,907 Free
,4332 Great
United
Britain
G
.,HStates
olland
ermany
Umber
,raw ......... do
.. 4,145 42 Free Britain
.
Great
acid
aceti
and c
Vinegar ............ .g
.. alls 1,37 78 11 6318
,01,461 Great
France
Britain
.,Germany
black
or
bright
than
, ther
oVarnish
.............. ...do ,0567 10 6943
,21,792 States
., nited
UBritain
Great
Velveteens ......... y..ds 4, 79
27 , 45
011 89
1,933 .
Britain
Great
, otatoes
pVegetables .. bush 470 372 20
37 .
States
United
,other
Vegetables 3,398 80
339 Great
Uritish
,BBritain
.States
Indies
West
nited
.., lue
bVitriol ......... ..
.owt…………… 2,777 ,010
10 Free Britain
.
Great
………… United
.
wood
of
Veneering …………..... ..
.feet , 03
036 1,589 Free ..... States
.
ivory
of
Veneering ..do
.. 7,362 359 Free Do.
value
in
.....
wood
Wines
,innot
cents
40
over ..
galls 8, 63
150 , 89
956 40
,311
54 FStates
Britain
,Great
rance
nited
pain
ortugal
ermany
UIPSGtaly
Switzerland
.,Greece
.. n
except
sparkling
Wines
ill
,other
awood ..
..do , 63
456 71,312 32
, 54
640 ,Nortugal
ewfound
PGreat
ISGFtaly
Britain
pain
rance
ermany
Aland
., ustria
bottles
except
sparkling
n
Wines
,iother
all doz
.. 8,505 318 , 07 38
8,710 United
Britain
FGreat
States
.,HSGolland
pain
rance
ermany
sWines
, parkling ..do
.. ,9425 5,4828 50
,780
14 United
Britain
FGreat
States
.,HBGrance
olland
elgium
ermany
thereof
parts
and
Watches .No
.. 7,830 58,425 51
, 24
210 Great
Uwitzerland
,SBritain
.States
nited
nd
other
,'baraffine
apWaxees ..
lbs ,33549 3,654 05
,112 .
States
United
Woolen
.
blankets ............ .No
.. , 76
343 ,221
77 90
, 13
513 States
nited
.,UBritain
Great
carpet
Woolesn yds
.. , 43
9524 254
,411 40
,432
44 Do.
.. ……………..
flannels
Woolen yds
.. 9, 17
826 152 ,001 61
,600
26 Do.
or
clothing
Woolen
..
apparel
wearing , 76
4133 06
23,359 States
Britain
Great
Fnited
,U.AGrance
ermany
ustria
...
tweeds
Woolen ..
yds , 94
5367 6,270 76 59
47,368 Great
.States
,United
Britain
wWoolen
, orsted
yarn
and ..
.lbs 37,990 ,82441 26
4,347 Do.
shoes
rWoolen
.netting
- ubber
India
for ...... .
yds 8,4908 0,.176 2 60
1,207 Do.
,aother
Woolens
...
ll 40,220 58 72
,513
423 Uwitzerland
Britian
FGreat
States
.,SBGnited
rance
elgium
ermany
whitening
or
Whiting ..
.cwt ,614
25 4, 14
10 Free Britain
.
Great
Weaving
webbing
elastic
for
silk
train
or 8,333 Free .
States
United
Wire
-cloth
of
brass
copper
or feet
.. 10,002 7,294 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
riggin
Wire g ..
.cwt 408 3,235 Free Great
.
Britain
bWire
or, rass
.copper ..... ..do
.. 204 3,541 Free Britain
nited
UGGreat
ermany
,.States
Wheat ……………………........ ..
bush , 60
3-786 0,793 71 Free Great
,United
.Britain
States
uWood
., nmanufactured 244 Free Do.
Wool .lbs
.. ,441
990 9176
, 86 Free Ufrica
Britain
,AGreat
.States
nited
Whisky
. galls
.. 10,343 811, 65 20
, 12
412 Great
."
Britain
,white
Zinc
dry
and ............ ..
.cwt 1,611 1,911 Free ,UStates
Britain
.Great
nited
Zinc
bilocks
,asheets
pigs
nnd ..
.do .1,1545 , 96
081 Free Great
BBritain
., elgium
Total 9964
79
,23,867
327 83
535
750.
Statement
,1877
30
June
ending
year
for
Montreal
of
commerce
the
showing
C
.-ontinued
B.
EXPORTS
.-
536
Value
.,includ
.
Articles and
costs
iQuantity
. ng Whither
exported
.
charges
.
Apples ..
..bbls 130 $120 United
States
.
eer
porter
b,aAle
nd ....galls , 37
913 ,31188 NStates
ewfoundland
Kingdom
nited
,U.United
nenumerated
Articles
u,other .............. 88
,091 States
UNewfoundland
nited
nited
.,AKingdom
ustralia
Ashes
pearl
and
,pot……….. .....…………............. bbls
. 0,1465 420
,722 Kingdom
United
States
.,United
Ammonia …………….... .do
. 349 7,436 United
.Kingdom
Brandy .
.galls 7,565 712, 52 Do.
Bacon
and
hams
....... .cwt 41,482 ,905
421 Kingdom
ewfoundland
NPeter's
.,SUnited
t.
Beef …………….. ..do
. 14
7, 32 ,036
102 , ewfoundland
Kingdom
N.United
Butte r .lbs
. 10
48, 38 77 , 04
12,401 Kingdom
NPeter's ewfoundland
.,SUnited
t.
Bran …………….. ..cwt
. 76,89 6, 59 Kingdom
ewfoundland
nited
NStates
.,UUnited
Barley ....... .
bush ,333
407 , 45
5262 Kingdom
ewfoundland
.,NUnited
Books .......... 0,812 ,United
Kingdom
.United
States
Biscuits ........ ..
..cwt 23 236 , ewfoundland
Kingdom
N.United
Boots
shoes
and ..... .pairs , 38
852 3,7381 Kingdom
ustralia
States
nited
A.,UUnited
Bea
...... ns bush
.. 8,125 1,956 United
Kingdom
.
Bones
.... .. .cwt
.. 2,1728 615 , 95 United
UKingdom
States
., nited
Bitt
... ers
…………… … .casks
. 359 United
Kingdom
.
Broo
.. ....... ..
..doz 46 295 Newfoun
. dland
……………
. …ms ........ United
Buttons ..
cases 6 3,000 Kingdom
.
Bottles .crates
.. 17 200 Do.
Balsam
,fir bbls
.. 1 274 United
States
.
Balsam
.,Canada ..
galls 275 535 Do.
Bone
-dust .
.lbs , 31
939 299 Do.
Bras
s, craps .do
.. , 63
353 4,711 Do.
Codf
,sdalted
ry ish ..
.cwt 89 444 Ne
. wfoundland
Cheese ..lbs , 64
2128 48 2,7864 72 United
ewfoundland
UNKingdom
States
., nited
.
Candles .
.do ,71 50 399 United
Kingdom
.,Newfoundland
Carriages
. ..
.No 18 2,448 United
UAKingdom ustralia
nited
NStates ewfoundland
.,Kingdom
Clothing..... 16
8, 50 ewfoundland
UNUnited
nited
AStates
., ustralia
I,. ndian
Corn bush
.. 2, 38
4,037 2,055
6, 35 NUnited
ewfoundland
.,Kingdom
Cordage
. 12
,885 UNewfoundland
, nited
.States
Cottons ,8290 United
Kingdom
States
U., nited
Confectionery .
.lbs 0,671 1,636 Newfoundland
.
Carpets 400 United
Kingdom
.
Cattle
... ..no 3,599 ,275
440 Do.
Cigarettes ......... lbs
. 137 312 United
States
.
Cigars ....... ..d
.. o 636 2,444 Do.
Clay
pipes .b
. oxes 1,200 1,955
Canada
plates
.. ...................... ..
.do 22 90
,hoofs
Cattle
horns
and ..
..lbs , 97
9169 1,758
Cattle
..,tails sa
. cks 138 764
Cattle
for
breeding
. ....... No
.. 5 7,525
Cattle
.,hair .lbs
. 483 96 Do.
..
Calf
,sg- alted
kins
reen ..
..do , 47
240 0,873 Do.
Church
regalia 7,141 Do.
Champagne ……………........ cases
. 882 4, 05 Do.
Casks
e
., mpty No
.. 721 289 Do.
Currants .
.lbs 2,2766 1, 50 Do.
Drugs.... 2,086 .United
United
NStates
,Kingdom
ewfoundland
gDry
- oods .
cases 74 6,1866 United
States
.
Dye
-stuffs ………... ………. do
.. 4 720 Do.
Eggs ..
doz , 10
9147 26
7, 82 States
Nnited
Kingdom
ewfoundland
.,UUnited
obark
Extract , 26
524 United
Kingdom
.
Earthen
ware
.. ..
..hhds 12 600 Newfoundland
.
web
cotton
.Elastic pkgs
.. 1 ,157 United
States
.
uFurs
, ndressed bales
. 74 202,659 ,Newfoundland
Kingdom
.United
Furs
,dressed ..
do 117 60 ,532 Do.
Flour ... bbls
.. ,407
193 ,101
1,054 S,United
Kingdom
ewfoundland
NStates
Ut.nited
Peter's
,salmon
.Fish ………………….. - .tierces
.. 1,364 ,269
13 ,United
Kingdom
.United
States
Fancy
goods 1,000 United
Kingdom
.
Fruit
g, reen………...
.... .bbls ,463
52 1139
, 23 United
States
.
Furs
r, aw ……………. ..
.lbs ,2515 0,415 Do.
wFurs
, aste .do
.. 6,403 435 Do.
,manufactud
.Furs .cases
.. 1 150 Do.
Fish
,salt
.. ..bbls 4,076 9, 51
10 Do.
Flax .lbs
.. 2,297 229 Do.
oFeathers
., strich do
.. 2 162 Do.
Fish
, resh
f.. .
do , 59
875 7,337 Do.
Grease ..
..do 3,792 440 Unite
Kingd
. dom
Glass
. 573 Do.
Galena .
casks 150 ,8100 Do.
Gum ..... . ……….. ....
……
➖➖➖➖➖➖ 275 Newfoundland
.
Grain
b- ags 212 Demerara
.
Gin ..
..galls 684 445 United
States
.
.Glass
,stained .boxes
. 7 135 Do.
Glue
...
,stock .lbs
.. 10
0, 00 481 Do.
Granile .cases
.. 37 2,130 Do.
Gin……………………… ..
do 190 590 Do.
Glue .lbs
.. 3, 79 236 Do.
......
Horses No
.. 0,273 , 13
3215 NUnited
Kingdom
ewfoundland
,States
.United
Horses
for
breeding
purposes ...do 27 7,386 United
States
. ·
Hides
and
skins
. ....lbs , 37
3515 , 93
646 ,UStates
Kingdom
.United
nited
Hay
tons
. 774 11 ,236 Do.
Hops .lbs
. 26
,731 2,008 NUnited
Kingdom
ewfoundland
,States
.United
Har
.. dware 22,054 Kingdom
ewfoundland
ustralia
nited
ANStates
.,UUnited
Household
furniture 58,983 , ewfoundland
Kingdom
N.United
Horns
hoofs
and
. 125 United
Kingdom
.
Hosiery ..cases 1 346 Do.
'hair
Hogs
..... .bbls 120 , 00
029 Do.
Hats cases
. 2 1,216 Do.
Horse
.-hair ………………………….. .lbs
.. 444 79 , nited
Kingdom
UStates
.United
hHair
, uman ..
..do 242 2,126 United
States
.
India
goods
r-. ubber 700 United
.Kingdom
Indian
bark
.-work $258 United
Kingdom
.
Iron
,pig .
tons 799 14,525 Do.
537
C
.—
130
June
of ontinued
877
ending
,year
thefor
Montreal
commerce
showing
Statement
CE
B.
.-ontinued
XPORTS
538
,includ
Value
.
Articles and
costs
i. ng
Quantity Whither
exported
.
charges
.
Iron
s, crap .lbs
.. 462,788 4,008 States
.United
cIron
, astings .do
.. 7,976 526 Do.
Jewe
s' weep lers
ings .bbls 42 955 States
., nited
UKingdom
United
Junk .lb
. s ,220
157 4, 71 United
States
.
Lobsters .do 24,000 2,376 United
Kingdom
. ·
Lumber ... .fee
.. t 6,138
63 08 , 92
01,638 States
., nited
UNKingdom
United ewfoundland
La
...rd
.. .lbs
. 4, 03
3,577 426 1, 03 ., ewfoundland
NKingdom
United
Leather 0242 , 06 States
nited
ewfoundland
UNUnited
.,Kingdom
Liquors .
.galls 10,349 15 1, 26 .United
States
Lime 9, 49
38 United
Kingdom
.
Lacrosses 350 Do.
Leather
.,belting .feet
.. 129 257 States
.United
sLeather
, crap
.. .
.lbs 1,546 199 Do.
.,unenumerated
Liquors .
.galls 4,4866 6,2916 Do.
u,. nenumerated
Liquors .cases
.. 900 8, 83 Do
Linseed .lbs
.. 2,2205 396 Do.
,preserved
Meats
.. ..
..do , 04
7506 , 50
061 States
United
.Kingdom
,United
Meal bbls
.. 380 1,085 .Newfoundland
Malt
. .bush
.. 3,634 2,882 States
.Newfoundland
,United
.Maple
-sugar ....... ....lbs 12
9,37 223 United
Kingdom
.
Machinery 071 States
nited
.,Uustralia
AKingdom
United
Musical
instruments 5, 60 ,Australia
.Kingdom
United
Medicine ,4347 States
, nited
.UNewfoundland
Models 162 Statesnited
ustralia
.,Kingdom
UAUnited
Mineral
.-water .bbls
. 409 1,665 .
States
United
Miscellaneous 8, 79
130 Do.
shoe
i, ron
Nails .
.boxes 860 2,648 Do.
,mineral
Oil
.. ..
..galls , 96
2436 , 13
2106 United
Kingdom
.
Ore
,c. opper .............. ..tons
.. 217 3, 70
26 Do.
Oats ......... .................. 18
..99
12,7..bush , 71
5861 United
Newfoundland
.,DKingdom
emerara
Oatmeal
.. .bbls
.. ,497
16 ,17962 ., ewfoundland
NKingdom
United
-cakes....
Oil ...................... .cwt
.. 0,402 4, 32
12 United
Kingdom
.
.Oil ............ ..
galls 1,092 704 States
.,United
Kingdom
United
lcOil od
-, iver
.……………… ..do
.... 3,132 604 .
States
United
Oil
o, live ........... ..do
.... 254 339 Do.
Oil ......
range
o…,.. …………… ...
..do 40 183 Do.
Old
rope
......
.…………… ..
.lbs , 62
6132 9,474 Do.
Onions .................. ..
.bush ,6514 3,231 Do.
Pork ...... ..
.cwt 7,2734 ,870
170 Statesnited
Peter's
t.
ewfoundland
.,USKingdom
NUnited
……………
Pease
....... ..... ..... ....... ..
..bush ,163
996 8884
, 35 emerara
ewfoundland
Nustralia
Kingdom
.,ADUnited
Potatoes ........ 90
7,308 ,129
163 Newfoundland
.,United
States
Plated
ware
Paper …………. 116 Newfoundland
.
Poultry .... ……………... ........... 9,311 UNewfoundland
,Kingdom
. nited
Pictur
. ....... .... ............................... 235 United
,Newfoundland
.Kingdom
Prunella
...
……………… ……………
es ………
.
………………………………………………………………………… …………………… .. 100 Newfoundland
.
Paints
.. yds
.. 27,588 3,983 United
States
.
………………………………………………………………… .. ....... ..pkgs
. 39 704 Newfoundland
.
Pianos
.. .N
&
Painting
oil
..,in s …………… .. . o 3 900 United
States
.
............. .d
.. o 74 939 Do.
Paper
stock .l
.. bs ,654
72 409 Do.
Pipe
.-clay .... ……………………...... .t
. ons 45 336 Do.
Photographs........ 2,669 Do.
Rags ............ ............. United
Rub
goods ber ............... ............. 2,993 .Kingdom
.... ................ ..cases
.. 2 469 .United
States
Salt ..... ..
..bush 343 1, 11 Newfoundland
.,Australia
Slat e ..... …………………… ................ .tors
.. 265 6,396 United
Kingdom
Sewing
-machines ...............
.. .
........ ..
.No 4,374 475, 02 Nnited
Kingdom
.,UUnited
States
ewfoundland
Soap
.. ---- ..
..lbs 50,594 0,368 , ewfoundland
Kingdom
N.United
Starch ……………. ………………………… ..
.do 3,000 270 United
Kingdom
Steel .................... .
…………… ........... 3,340 Do.
Stone
,wrought 374 UNewfoundland
States
., nited
Sirup
. ...... 502 Newfoundland
.
nSpecimens
, atural
history ..... 250 United
……………................. .Kingdom
ware
Smalls
... .cases
.. 2 603 Kingdom
ewfoundland
N.,United
Seed 2,078 United
Kingdom
.
Shee
-s. kinsp ……………… .
doz 1,525 13
7, 02 United
Sleighs …………………………..................... States
.
..
.No 8 890 Do.
Stra
.
hats w ………………….. ..
.doz ,3171 684 Do.
Steel
rails
. ............. tons
.. 8,263 6148, 01 Do.
Steel
s,.crap ..
..lbs ,707
243 2,908 Do.
Sugar
.. .....· ..
..do , 72
4755 37,629 Do.
lambs
and
Sheep ………………… ........ ..
..No 9,234 618 , 56 Do.
Stationery
. ----- ......... ..
.pkgs 118 Do.
Silk .cases 197 Do.
Swine
breeding
for............. ……………………… .No
.. 45 Do.
......
122
Spent
char…………….. ..
..lbs 2,16110 112 , 02 Do.
Tallow ......... ..
..do , 80
0236 ,159
15 United
Kingdom
Peter's
.,St.
Tongu
.....
…………
. es .kegs
.. 829 5,810 Unite
Kingd
. dom
Tobacco ………........ ..
..lbs 7475, 11 5,7837 United
NKingdom
ewfoundland
Peter's
.,S, t.
Tin
.ware 200 United
Kingdom
.
Trees
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- CANADA,
Tweed ...... ……………........ 100 Do.

......... ..
.yds 764 403 United
States
.
Tea ..
lbs 37,778 7,612 Do.
Vegetables 1,399 Newfoundland
.
Vinega...... r .......... ...... ...... 597 United
Varnish ..... .Kingdom
Velv .............. 625 Do.
. ets ..
.yds 1,398 832 Do.
Wool
.. ……………............... ..l
.. bs 92,591 25 ,384 Do.
Wh
...ea
……… . t ........................... ,7929580 8, 73
3,474 Do.
Whi …… ............. ..bush
.... sky ................. ..
.ga lls 702 918 United
States
.
Wine
..... ..
.do , 08
224 29
4, 76 Do.
Woo
wareden
....
……… ... ,679
32 , ewfoundland
Kingdom
N.United
Wool
. ens …………….......... .... ,610
25 Kingdom
ewfoundland
States
nited
N.,UUnited
539
C
.—30ontinued
877
,1ending
June
year
the
for
Montreal
of
commerce
showing
Statement
B.
CEontinued
.-XPORTS
540
, nclud
iValue
.
Articles and
costs
. ng
iQuantity Whither
exported
.
charges
.
Wooden
pipes
... cases
.. 1 $184 .
Newfoundland
Wines ..do
.. 247 2,953 United
States
.
Wax
..... .do
.. 43 196 Do.
RECAPITULATION
.
Total 00
,26$310
35
Total
preceding
year
.for 00
,4115
22 55
.
Decrease 00
224
,1,480
States
.consulate
certified
-gat
United
the
,aseneral
invoices
per
Total
to
exports 89
,391
1,573
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS
C.30
June
.ending
877
year
for
Montreal
of
port
,1showing
Sat
-
navigation
the
tatement
.Entered Cleared
.
Steamers
. Sailing
.-vessels Total
. .
Steamers .- essels
vSailing .
Total
Fl
. ag to
or
From
No. Tons
. No. Tons
. No. Tons
. No. Tons
. No.
.
Tons No. Tons
.
British
. United
Kingdom 130 7, 62
196 73 , 35
745 203 4, 97 140
242 , 97
2209 113 ,46461 253 ,758
273
United
.
States ........ ..do 4 7,131 4 7,131 6 2,452 6 2,452
Italian .do 3 1,390 1,390 4 142 1,242
Austrian
. ...... .do 7,1 06 1,706 4 2,236 4 236
Swe
... dis
………… ……… h do 309 309 4 6,1 10 1,610
German do 1,349 1,349 5 1,252 5 152
Norwegi
. an do 18 8,180 18 18,80 29 , 61
712 29 12
,761
133130
130
French .do 1 234 1 234
British France .......... 10 3,463 10 3,463
Do .. ...............
Spain 893 3 893
Do Belgium
. 2 1,770 6,246 5 4,416
.French do 234 1 234
Italian .do 400 400
Ge
...rm ...an do · 655 655
Nor
. wegian .do 444 444
British Holland …………………….. 343 343
Nor……………wegian .do .......... 746 746
German ....... ...... Germany
. 988 988
.British Portugal....... 181 181
Do .... British
West
Indies
.. 248 248 3 381 3 381
Dr
Swedish do 305 305

British Africa
. 280 280
Do. Newfoundland 11 5,577 666 16 ,2643 15 7,210 58 1,795 73 14,405
Do. Labrador.... 2 612 14 1,568 16 1,280 3 269 3 269
Do. gulf
Dominion
ports
... 76 , 08 82
440 17,899 158 OBLIQLIIRLL008 3,5807 65 1, 73
34 24 1,247 89 5,3620
French .
..do 181 1 181
.Norwegi ..do 2,934 7 2,934
Swedish …………….an .do ........ 1 298 1 298
British
.. .
Montevideo 8 2,406 8 2,406
United
States
. ..do 1 593 593
German
. .
..do 1 339 339
Norwegian
. ..do 2 702 702
Swedish do 1 333 333
British
.. Pierre
St.
Miquelon
and 3 243 3 243
Fre
....
………… …… ..do 1 191 1 191
. nch
Britis Australia
. 1 324 1 324
. h
Total 221 , 29
1245 247 , 72
795 468 , 01
9340 80
6250
,220 272 , 71
9104 492 , 51
6355
DAR
.A. T M
WILLIA
541
NEW BRUNSWICK.
SAINT JOHN, December 6, 1877. (Received December 15. )

Report upon the trade and navigation of the several ports of New Brunswick
for the year ending June 30, 1877.
I have the honor to transmit herewith statements of the trade and

navigation at the ports of Saint John, Saint Stephen, Saint Andrews,
Saint George, Fredericton, and Miramichi, being the maritime ports with
in the province of New Brunswick at which consular offices of the United
States are established . The statements are made up for the year ending
June 30, 1877.
These statements show a very satisfactory state of commerce between

this province and the United States. One-half of the entire imports of
New Brunswick come from the United States . The value of the exports
to the United States is about one-third of the imports therefrom . One
article of import from the United States which is increasing steadily is
corn -meal, being for the year stated 77,981 barrels. This trade , with
anything like fair treatment, will continue to increase. Most all of this
article imported is for purposes of stock- feed , but latterly much larger
quantities have been consumed as breadstuff than heretofore.
THE BURNING OF SAINT JOHN.
The burning of this city in June last has occasioned a heavy importa
tion of building material from the United States , the chief article being
bricks, which amounted in four months to 30,000,000. The government
at Ottawa, with a liberal spirit and to encourage the rebuilding the city
as fast as possible, ordered the admission of bricks free of duty. This
enabled the citizens to get their bricks cheap and rapidly, and the result
is that fully one-half of the burned city is rebuilt, or well under way to
ward completion .
There were two thousand dwellings and stores burned on the 20th of
June. At the present date there have been built, or are now in course
of construction and will be occupied this winter, one thousand buildings,
of which one-half are brick . The business part of the new Saiut Johu
will be a great improvement on the old, being almost entirely of brick,
with some stone ; no wooden structures were allowed. The enterprise
and push of the people in the rebuilding of their burned city compares
favorably with the spirit of our own people in the rebuilding of Chicago
and Boston after the destructive fires in those cities.
D. B. WARNER.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES -CANADA. · 543
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick, by ports (Fredericton, Miramichi, Saint
Andrews, Saint George, Saint John, and Saint Stephen ) , for the year ending June 30,
1877.
IMPORTS.

FREDERICTON.
Kerosene oil galls.. 8, 672 $2,437 $1, 117 72 United States.
Tea . .lbs.. 42, 435 9, 043 1,394 53 Do.
Do... ……… . ..... ... do .. 31, 343 8,753 1,576 69 Great Britain .
Sugar ....... ..do.. 51, 245 3, 698 1,436 95 United States.
Cottons ........... ..yds .. 220, 474 16, 913 2, 960 17 Do.
Do .do .. 67, 399 6, 133 1,073 35 Great Britain.
Boots and shoes.. 6, 631 1, 160 53 United States.
Woolens ………. 4,030 705 42 Do.
Do.. 21, 970 3,840 86 Great Britain.
Furniture...…………………………… 6, 139 1,074 47 United States.
Meats... .lbs .. 231, 308 18, 502 2, 313 00 Do.
Other articles 67, 511 10, 274 36 Do.
Do.. 52,274 10, 198 14 Great Britain.
Do. 1,049 183 57 Belgium.
Do.. 21, 997 Free .. ... United States and Great
Britain.
Total imports at Fredericton. 247,057 39,309 76
MIRAMICHI.
Ale, beer, &c., in casks .galls .. 470 256 58 36 United Kingdom .
bottles ..... .do .. 584 429 92 36 Do.
Agricultural implements.. 10 1 75 United States.
Brandy.. .galls .. 2,328 3,052 2,793 60 United Kingdom .
Blacking. 7 1 23 United States.
Bicarbonate of soda 17 2 98 United Kingdom .
Bricks for building M .. 70 643 112 53 Do.
Books . 659 32.95 United States.
Do. 163 8 15 United Kingdom.
Coffee. ..lbs .. 132 46 3.96 Do.
Confectionery .do .. 50 6 2 00 United States.
Cabinet ware 2,703 473 08 Do.
Candles ... ..lbs .. 754 167 29 25 Do.
Do. .do .. 125 19 3 33 United Kingdom .
Cement, ground.. bbls.. 4 11 1 93 Do.
Crockery and earthen ware 1,176 205 85 Do.
Do. 55 9 63 United States.
Cream of tartar 11 1 93 United Kingdom .
Clocks 146 25 55 United States.
Chalk.. 6 1 05 United Kingdom .
Cordage twines .lbs.. 183 233 40 79 Do.
Corks 33 5 78 Do.
Cottons ........... 19, 268 3,672 26 Do.
Do. 6, 995 1, 424 20 United States.
Cotton clothing 101 17 68 Do.
Do 1,025 179 39 United Kingdom.
Cotton thread, on hanks.. 4 40 Do.
spools.. 147 14 70 Do.
Dried fruit. lbs 2,219 161 28 18 United States.
Drugs .. 204 35 71 United Kingdom.
Engravings and prints.. 10 1 75 United States.
Electro-chain belts . 23 4 03 Do.
Fancy goods 10, 096 1,780 89 United Kingdom.
Felt for roofing .......... 135 23 63 United States.
Fruit, green.. 45 4 50 Do.
Gunpowder ............ .lbs.. 2, 475 403 70 54 United Kingdom.
Glass ware.... …… . 2,268 397 10 United States.
Do. …………………….. …………….. 98 17 16 United Kingdom .
Glass windows. ...... 180 31 50 Do.
Gin ..galls.. 1,836 955 2,203 20 Do.
Hats . .......... 102 17 85 Do.
Do ....... ...... 454 79 48 United States.
Hops ......... ......... lbs .. 30 3 1 50 Do.
Hosiery …………………………………........... 13 2 28 Do.
Do .. ……………………….... 589 103 08 United Kingdom .
Hardware ............................. 5, 192 908 73 Do.
Do ………………… ..... ....... 2,858 500 23 United States.
Iron... ………………………… ............. cwt.. 1,169 3, 335 168 75 United Kingdom.
Jewelry.................. 80 14 00 United States.
Lard ......... ...... lbs .. 439 48 4 39 Do.
Linens ......... 4, 134 723 50 United Kingdom.
Linen thread 9 90 Do.
Machinery. ……………………………………….. 3,259 570 34 United States,
Machinery for mills. 802 70 20 Do.
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick, by ports, &c.—Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued.

Quantity. tered. duties. Whence imported.
MIRAMICHI-Continued.
Meats, salted, &c .... .lbs.. 250, 503 $18, 193 $2,505 03 United States.
Molasses .galls.. 186, 989 4, 170 1,042 50 Spanish West Indies.
Manufactures of India rubber. 67 11 73 United Kingdom.
Do 1,973 345 31 United States.
Manufactures of India rubber, clothing 21 3 68 Do.
brass 5 89 Do.
plated ware 151 26 43 Do.
Do 7 1 23 United Kingdom.
iron and steel . 926 161 09 Do.
leather, boots . 299 53 33 Do.
Do 1, 107 193 77 United States.
leather, harness 60 10 50 D ..
wood 142 24 87 Do
Oil, kerosene ..galls .. 3,836 1,074 395 43 Do.
product of petroleum .do.. 117 87 8 43 Do.
crude petroleum .. ..do .. 2,432 1, 153 192 31 Do.
rectified, & c do.. 4, 636 4, 681 829 26 Do.
Do do.. 286 232 40 62 United Kingdom.
linseed do.. 959 519 90 83 Do.
Oil-cloth 132 23 11 United States.
Do ... 64 11 21 United Kingdom.
Patent medicines 110 27 50 United States.
Perfumery 227 56 75 United Kingdom.
Perfumed and fancy soaps . .lbs . 42 8 2 00 Do.
Packages 200 33 81 United States.
Do.. 4 70 United Kingdom .
Do. 5 88 Newfoundland.
Paints and colors 1, 410 246 24 United Kingdom.
Paper... 76 13 30 Do.
Paper-hangings . 168 29 40 Do.
Parasols and umbrellas 209 36 59 Do.
Pickles and sauces . 39 6 83 Do.
Rice .lbs .. 2, 912 88 29 12 Do.
Rum galls .. 1, 118 487 1,581 60 British West Indies.
Sails, ready made 206 36 05 United States.
Soap .lbs.. 336 18 3 36 United Kingdom.
Castile ...... 29 5 08 Do.
Starch .lbs.. 756 100 15 12 Do.
Steam fire-engine .No.. 1 1, 820 318 50 United States.
Spices, ground ..lba .. 153 53 13 25 United Kingdom.
Shawls ........ .No.. 68 152 26 62 Do..
Do .do.. 26 36 6 30 United States.
Silks, satins, &c 1,231 215 44 United Kingdom .
Stationery 988 172 90 Do.
Do 25 4 38 United States.
Small wares.. 1,486 260 14 Do.
Do 14, 720 2,663 62 United Kingdom.
Seeds, other than cereals 113 11 30 United States.
Sugar candy ..lbs.. 24 5 1 49 Do.
Sugar .do.. 5, 624 356 147 24 United Kingdom.
Do do.. 2,999 237 89 24 United States.
Do .do .. 26, 390 1,067 530 65 Spanish West Indies.
Ship material 1,257 62 85 United Kingdom .
Tea, black .lbs.. 71,766 17, 215 2, 631 32 United Kingdom..
Thread 768 88 21 Do.
Toys .. 3 53 United States.
Turpentine, spirits of ...galls .. 45 19 3 33 Do.
Type 17 85 Do.
Unenumerated articles . 2,744 480 54 United Kingdom.
Watches, and parts of. 38 6 65 Do.
Whisky . .galls.. 1,926 1,588 2,311 20 United Kingdom.
Wines …………….. .do.. 258 422 201 06 Do.
Woolens .... 36, 000 6,300 29 Do.
Woolen clothing 136 23 81 Do.
Do. 8, 113 1, 419 84 United Kingdom.
Vegetables . 16 1 60 United States.
Total dutiable 175,069 43,486 62
Free goods.. 23, 999 United Kingdom.
Do ....... 5, 190 United States.
Do.. 316 Newfoundland .
Grand total for Miramichi 204, 574 43, 486 62

IMPORTS-Continued.

Whence imported.
គិត
z6668
ទង្គិច
SAINT ANDREWS.
ចង្អៀត
ទាំង
ន
គឺ
Animals, cattle .No..
ន្ត
$10 $1 00 United States.
ឥត
ន
៩
Q
ន
ត
ន្ម
horses .do... 2 38 3 80 Do.
ខ្លះ
គទ
១
គ្គ
្គី
ដ្ឋ
គ
”
ន
គ្ន
“
Acid lbs.. 100 15 Free Do.
Ashes, soda .pkgs .. 1 5 Free Do.
Ale and beer .galls.. 1, 164 574 270 16 Great Britain.
Do do . 91 58 12 41 United States.
Bran.. .lbs.. 6,100 5 60 Do.
Books .pkgs .. 3 42 2 10 Do.
Butter .lbs.. 56 2 24 Do.
Brandy galls.. 100 288 1,789 20 Great Britain.
Bread .Ibs.. 2,529 141 24 69 United States.
Bricks ...No .. 5, 000 20 3 50 Do.
Cotton waste.. ..lbs.. 2, 825 173 Free Do.
Chain cables .. ... do ... 600 Free Do.
Copper, in pigs . .do... 600 142 Free Do.
Coal ..tons .. 677 2,818 Free Do.
Corn ..bush.. 5, 408 3,040 Free Do.
Clay ………………….. .bbls .. 8 5 Free Do.
Coffee lbs .. 406 91 8 00 Do.
Cheese ..do ... 15 2 45 Do.
Confectionery ...do.. 170 33 9 75 Do.
Cabinet ware pkgs .. 96 298 52 15 Do.
Cement. .do. 1 2 35 Do.
Clocks.. ..do.. 1 2 35 Do.
Crockery .do... 1 5 08 Do.
Cider galls.. 45 1 05 Do.
Candles.. ...lbs .. 116 3 50 Do.
Cordage . ... do ... 340 52 9 10 Do.
Corks . .pkgs.. 1 17 2.98 Great Britain.
Cottons ……………. do. . 3 290 50 75 Do.
Do do. 19 567 99 24 United States.
Do ................ u a .yds .. 19, 839 1, 202 210 37 Do.
Drugs . ....... pkgs .. 11 48 8 41 Do.
Engravings . .do... 1 88 Do.
Essences ... do. 1 4 70 Do.
Fruit, green .do... 467 68 20 Do.
dried ... ..do... 21 193 33 79 Do.
Fancy goods. .do.. 2 27 4 73 Do.
Flowers .do... 3 251 43 93 Great Britain.
Fire-brick .No.. 150 Free ...... United States.
Fishing-hooks .pkgs .. 4 39 Free Do.
Fish, herring ..bbls .. 199 641 Free Do.
codfish .lbs.. 8,000 238 Free Do.
herring, smoked ...... .do... 5,250 61 Free Do.
Flour, wheat and rye .bbls .. 2,273 14,359 Free Do.
other kinds .. .do.. 363 976 Free Do.
Gypsum..... ..ton s .. 60 335 Free Do.
Grindstones .pkgs .. 2 35 Do.
Glass, stained ..feet.. 9 29 5 08 Great Britain .
Glass ware .pkgs .. 26 248 43 43 United States.
Gin ..galls .. 11, 212 4, 021 3,970 80 Great Britain.
Grapes..………… ........... .lbs .. 430 39 3.90 United States.
Hats . .pkgs .. 1 57 9 98 Great Britain.
Hats and caps do.. 18 255 44 63 United States.
Hosiery .do.. 5 176 30 81 Do.
Harness .do... 10 95 16 63 Do.
Ink. …………… .... do ... 1 23 4 03 Great Britain.
Iron, bars and rods . .lbs.. 11,000 217 10 85 United States.
hoes and rakes ………………… ...pkgs .. 8 17 2 98 Do.
axes .... do. 1 10 1 75 Do.
stoves and castings .. ... do ... 250 930 162 81 Do.
tinned plates ..lbs.. 20,000 960 48 00 Do.
hoop and sheet. ..do ... 1,400 54 2 70 Do.
boiler-plate . ..do ... 400 17 85 Do.
Jewelry ……………. ..pkgs .. 3 44 7 70 Do.
Lard .lbs.. 3, 312 364 33 12 Do.
Linen ............. yds.. 1, 131 277 48 48 Great Britain.
Lime ....... ...bbls.. 2 2 35 United States.
Leather. ..pkgs .. 1 70 Do.
sole and upper ...... ....lba .. 120 75 7 50 Do.
Lemons and oranges .pkgs .. 37 127 12 70 Do.
Meats .do... 5 11 1 93 Do.
Do.. ......... .lbs.. 36,595 3,301 296 95 Do.
Molasses …………………….. ..galls.. 10 5 Do.
Do ................ In bond.. 31 75 British West Indies.
· 25
Do .galls .. 20 50 Spanish West Indies.

Medicines, patent . .pkgs .. 1 1 25 United States.
35 CR
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick by ports, &c.—Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued .
Articles . Value en- Amount of

SAINT ANDREWS-Continued.
Manures .lbs.. 5,000 United States.
ប្អូន
$19 Free
គន្ធ
ន”
Machinery for mills . 1 Do.
ន
”
គ
.pkgs .. $8 00
៩
គ
ទឌូ
ដ
ន
“
”ី
BACNIvCernas
Macaroni .lbs.. 25 4 70 Do.
Marble. .pkgs .. 1 36 6.30 Do.
Mineral-water ..do 1 1 18 Do.
Nuts ... lbs .. 230 20 3 50 Do.
Oils, coal .galls .. 2,558 592 277 48 Do.
crude .. do.. 2, 100 634 126 01 Do.
rectified .do ... 204 71 12 43 Great Britain .
cod .do .. 440 225 Free United States.
whale .do... 108 27 Free Do.
olive .do.. 3 52 Do.
Oil-cloth ..pkgs .. 5 87 Do.
Organs do ... 5 400 56 28 Do.
Paints and colors do.. 65 11 38 Great Britain.
Do .. .do.. 22 3 85 United States.
Paintings do... 3 53 Do.
Photograph materials .do... 60 10 51 Do.
Paper do... 3 62 10 86 Do.
Paper-hangings do.. 4 97 16 98 Great Britain.
Packages. No.. 183 192 34 43 United States.
Do. In bond... 2 23 France.
Do ... In bond.. 3 35 Spain.
Do.. .No .. 904 1,328 201 48 Great Britain.
Parasols and umbrellas .pkes.. 1 215 37 62 Do.
Pianos No.. 2 409 71 58 United States.
Peaches . .pkgs .. 10 25 2 50 Do.
Plants .. .lo.. 1 8 80 Do.
Potash do ... 3 14 Free Do.
Pease and beans. .bush .. 48 83 Free Do.
Rubber goods ..pkgs .. 5 75 13 13 Do.
Resin.. .bbls.. 9 32 Free Do.
Rum .galls.. 31 77 349 20 Great Britain .
Soap .lbs .. 1,214 93 12 14 United States.
Sugar do .. 10, 068 648 246 99 Do.
Do .do... 200 9 107 00 Spanish West Indies.
Seeds .pkgs.. 36 153 15 30 United States.
Stationery do... 7 123 21 53 Do.
Ship cordage . .lbs .. 9,000 458 22 35 Do.
canvas yds .. 5,847 1,341 56 40 Do.
other materials ..pkgs .. 6 48 2.40 Do.
Soda, nitrate .lbs .. 20,000 76 Free Do.
Steel, in bars .. do ... 500 24 Free Do.
Salt . .bush 58 54 Free Do.
Ship-stores.. 171 Free Do.
Straw goods ..pkgs .. 1 25 4 38 Great Britain .
Do.. .do .. 5 73 12 78 United States.
Tin, in bars .lbs.. 2,200 236 Free Do.
Tubes and piping. ..do ... 3,700 118 Free Do.
Tar and pitch .. bbls.. 14 36 Free Do.
Thread, linen .lbs.. 304 144 25 20 Great Britain.
Turpentine , spirits . galls .. 73 27 4 73 United States.
Tea.. .lbs.. 2,047 449 212 01 Great Britain .
Do .do.. 3, 475 944 117 98 United States.
Tallow do.. 669 60 6 69 Do.
Unenumerated articles 141 24 67 Great Britain.
Do .pkgs .. 6 90 15 76 United States.
Varnish. .galls .. 38 47 7 61 Do.
Vegetables pkgs .. 74 143 14 30 Do.
Wooden ware .do .. 74 137 23 99 Do.
Whisky.. ..galls.. 1,354 1,060 618 00 Great Britain.
Wine .. do... 240 280 107 28 Do.
Do... In bond.. 52 20 France.
Do.. In bond. 133 9 Spain.
Woolens, flannels .. .yds.. 917 101 17 68 United States.
tweeds .do.. 4,276 1, 116 195 31 Great Britain.
clothing. .pkgs.. 7 922 161 36 Do.
other .do... 8 1,423 249 02 Do.
other ... do... 9 228 39 91 United States.
Worsted and yarn ... ..lbs .. 318 385 67 38 Great Britain.
Total imports at Saint Andrews . 55, 589 11,390 59
28238¤¤¤¤ˆETAFORA
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick, by ports, &c.— Continued .
IMPORTS -Continued.
Articles . Value en Amount of

SAINT GEORGE.
Apples .bbls .. 67 $119 $11 90 United States.
Bran ....…………. ..cwt.. 12 11 1 10 Do.
Brandy ....... .galls.. 178 231 213 60 Ex warohouse.
Beans . bush.. 24 55 Free... United States.
Cement .... ...bbls .. 5 7 1 23 Do.
Confectionery.. .lbs.. 100 20 6 00 Do.
Cabinet ware 56 9 80 Do.
Carriage .. 1 43 7 53 Do.
Cottons, cloth .yds .. 2,978 39 55 Do.
prints .do... 1,953 125 21 87 Do.
Wool ..lbs .. 200 Free Do.
bush.. 1, 965 Free
8888888
Corn 3, 660 Do.
meal. .bbls.. 10 30 Free Do.
Cordage . ..... cwt.. 10 117 5 85 Do.
Drags 5 Do.
Emery .lbs .. 2,750 117 Free Do.
Effects of settlers . 958 Free Do.
Flour ....... bbls.. 459 2,860 Free Do.
Furniture.... 20 3 50 Do.
Felt ..rolls .. 3 98 17 15 Do.
Fruits, dried ..lbs .. 1, 328 98 16 80 Do.
Grease .do... 585 43 Free Do.
Gin .galls .. 373 163 447 60 Ex warehouse .
Glass ware. 376 65 80 United States.
Hats and caps 53 9 27 Do.
Iron and steel, steel axles .cases .. 4 9 45 Do.
Iron ware ..do.. 12 66 11 55 Do.
machinery ……………. ..do ... 5 200 35 00 Do.
bar, steel. ..cwt. 14 Free Do.
pig .... ..do ... 63 189 Free Do.
shovels and spades.. ..packs.. 4 5 60 Do.
Kerosene oil ...galls .. 730 195 131 40 Do.
Leather, boots and shoes .pairs.. 156 291 50 93 Do.
Lumber sup. ft.. 542 4 72 Do.
Lard .. ---- ..lbs .. 3, 117 333 31 17
Meats, salted ..do ... 35, 212 3, 011 352 12
Medicines, patent.. .case .. 1 4 1 00
Machine, sewing . 1 10 1 82
Petroleum, crude . galls .. 120 45 7 88
Powder, putty . bbls.. 2 20 3 50
Paper-hangings . 77 13 43
Pickles 7 1 28
Packages ..... 101 17 67
Safe 1 41 13
Sugar . ...lbs .. 240 19 7 15
Tea, green. .do... 59 27 81
black .do.. 3, 194 964 159 70
Unenumerated articles... 24 4 21
Woolen manufactures ...case.. 1 10 1 75
clothing.. ..do ... 1 121 21-18
Wood manufactures, handles ... cases .. 3 6 1 05
all others ...do... 5 5 88
Total imports at Saint George ... 13, 916 1,796 86
From United States 13, 522 1, 135 66
From United Kingdom 394 661 20
Total 13, 916 1,796 86
SAINT JOHN.
Butter .lbs.. 10,528 1,517 421 12 United States.
Cheese …………… .do ... 1,937 349 58 11 Great Britain .
Do .do... 884 110 26 52 United States.
Cigars . ......... .do.. 4, 171 7,630 3,075 30 Great Britain.
Do .......... .do .. 3, 039 6, 962 2,215 65 United States.
Coffee, green ..do... 50, 005 9, 287 1,000 10 Great Britain.
Do ... do... 48, 852 9, 521 977 04 United States.
Do .do... 112 17 2 24 British West Indies .
Hops . ........ .do... 499 238 24 95 Great Britain .
Do ......... .do... 4, 133 917 206 65 United States.
Lard ........... ..do... 166, 859 17, 289 1, 668 59 Do.
Meats .do... 1,697, 384 124, 379 16, 973 84 Do.
Oils, coal and kerosene .galls .. 144, 110 41, 295 19, 151 23 Do.
Starch …………………………....lbs.. 102, 001 6, 650 2, 010 02 Great Britain.
Do ................. ..do ... 11, 177 664 223 54 United States.
Brandy.. …………………………………….......... galls .. 2,999 4, 443 3,598 80 Great Britain.
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick, by ports, &c.— Continued.

IMPORTS-Continued.

Quantity. tered. • duties. Whence imported.
SAINT JOHN-Continued.
Brandy.. ..galls .. 2, 958 $5, 448 $3,549 60 United States.
Do do.. 20, 480 39, 403 24,576 00 France.
Rice lbs.. 435, 208 11, 290 4,352 08 Great Britain.
Gin .galls.. 48, 617 21, 746 58,340 40 Do.
Do .do... 204 120 244 80 United States.
Do .do... 22, 678 9, 708 27, 213 60 Holland.
Rum .do... 2,463 2, 120 2,955 60 Great Britain.
Whisky do... 38, 544 31, 074 46,252 80 Do.
Do ..do... 1,054 670 1,264 80 United States.
Tea, black ... .lbs .. 893, 775 203, 792 35,714 85 Great Britain.
Do ..do... 303, 876 79, 028 10, 841 64 United States.
Wines (by the gallon). ..galls .. 10, 725 12, 909 6,878 60 Great Britain.
Wines (by the dozen) .......... doz.. 627 5, 506 1,591 25 Do.
Do ..do... 193 2,490 538 50 United States.
Ale and porter, in casks. ...... galls.. 41, 724 17, 010 4,660 74 Great Britain.
nited States.
Do do... 8,750 2, 782 995 62
Ale and porter, in bottles. ..do ... 16, 454 10, 720 2,838 59 Great Britain.
Do .do.. 1,839 1, 193 303 39 United States.
Sugar, above 13 ...... lbs.. 2,370, 846 138, 448 58,320 46 Great Britain.
Do ..do... 1,771, 138 120, 979 47, 956 13 United States.
Do .do... 168, 426 8, 237 3,743 51 British West Indies.
Confectionery do 5, 204 847 263 79 Great Britain.
Do do... 29, 619 4,531 1, 428 94 United States.
Tobacco and snuff. .do.. 6, 735 1,755 1,903 13 Do.
Mace and nutmeg . .do... 7,750 4, 054 1,013 50 Great Britain.
Molasses ..galls.. 51,298 14, 849 3, 712 25 United States.
Do do... 169, 198 46, 228 11, 557 00 British West Indies.
Do .do... 67, 239 16, 322 4,080 50 Spanish West Indies.
Spices, ground .lbs .. 20, 442 2,610 652 50 Great Britain.
Biscuit . .do... 1,400 194 33 94 Do.
Do ………………….. .do... 7,267 675 118 18 United States.
Furniture …………………. 962 168 38 Great Britain.
Do.... 35, 699 €, 248 17 United States.
Carpets, not wool.. ..yds .. 38, 084 6, 095 1,066 63 Great Britain.
Do do.. 9, 124 1, 956 342 32 United States.
Carriages No.. 1 158 27 65 Great Britain.
Do .......... do... 25 1,782 311 89 United States.
Cement .. bbls 586 1, 394 243 96 Great Britain.
Do. ....do ... 2, 021 2,251 393 98 United States.
China and earthen ware 33, 216 5,813 00 Great Britain.
Do... 2, 186 32 63 United States.
Clocks . .No .. 10 141 24 67 Great Britain.
Do do. 546 1,999 349 88 United States.
Cotton thread, on spools.. 7,941 1,389 68 Great Britain.
Cotton goods... 167, 874 29, 377 95 Do.
Do. 226, 224 39,589 20 United States.
Dried fruits and nuts 11, 769 2,059 58 Great Britain.
Do.. -48, 071 8, 412 43 United States.
Drugs 12, 572 2,200 10 Great Britain.
Do... 6,559 1, 147 83 United States.
Fancy goods . 130, 389 22, 818 08 Great Britain.
Do. 9, 266 1, 621 55 United States.
Gunpowder.. ..lbs .. 13, 275 1, 197 209 49 Great Britain.
Do ..do.. 21, 429 2, 831 495 44 United States.
Glass and glass ware.. 15, 909 2,784 08 Great Britain.
Do.. 23, 017 4,027 98 United States.
Do. 21,976 3,845 80 Holland.
Hats, all kinds 21, 028 3,679 90 Great Britain.
Do... 43, 290 7,575 75 United States.
Hosiery 24, 403 4, 270 53 Great Britain.
Do.. ...... 5, 089 890 62 United States.
Livens yds.. 562, 346 75, 594 13, 228 95 Great Britain.
Do .do. 6,807 930 162 75 United States.
Manufactures of India rubber 5, 371 939 95 Great Britain.
Do.. 24, 540 4,295 12 United States.
Manufactures of fur 8,497 1, 486 98 Great Britain.
Do... 3,214 562 47 United States.
Manufactures of gold and silver 5, 606 981 10 Great Britain.
Do. 8, 629 1,510 19 United States.
Stoves and castings . 12, 077 2, 113 50 Great Britain.
Do... 27, 753 4,857 70 United States.
Hardware, all other 69, 435 12, 151 13 Great Britain.
Do.. 146, 882 25, 704 35 United States.
Manufactures of leather 57,956 10, 142 39 Great Britain.
Do 13, 435 2,351 48 United States.
Boots and shoes .. ......... 109 19 07 Great Britain.
Do.. 24, 476 4, 283 69 United States.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES - CANADA. 549
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick, by ports, &c.—Continued .

IMPORTS-Continued.

Manufactures of wood .... $667 $116 73 Great Britain.
Do.. 12, 369 2, 165 30 United States.
Musical instruments . 2,416 422 84 Great Britain.
Do.. 42, 055 7,359 63 United States.
Machinery . 22, 356 3,912 54 Do.
Oils, all kinds ..galls .. 54, 215 27, 608 4,831 40 Great Britain.
Do do.. 10, 248 6, 601 1,155 18 United States.
Paints and colors 20, 109 3,519 08 Great Britain.
Do.. 2,767 484 37 United States.
Manufactures of paper. 16, 644 2,912 70 Great Britain.
Do. 24, 814 4,342 45 United States.
Parasols and umbrellas 13, 210 2,311 75 Great Britain.
Silks, satins, and velvets .. ..yds .. 90, 121 72, 212 12, 637 10 Do.
Do .do. 1, 831 1,363 229 98 United States.
Stationery ............ 17, 401 3,045 18 Great Britain.
Do.. 16, 297 2,852 46 United States.
Small wares. 102, 452 17,929 10 Great Britain.
Do .. 15, 469 2,701 41 United States.
Woolens,all kinds. 551,317 96, 480 40 Great Britain.
Do .... 48, 020 8, 414 00 United States.
Horses.. 11 978 97 80 Do.
Green fruits and vegetables .. 664 66 40 Great Britain.
Printed books, &c . 20, 558 1,027 90 Great Britain.
Iron, all kinds. tons.. 3,377 132, 582 6, 629 10 Great Britain.
Do ..do ... 464 23, 865 1, 193 25 United States.
Do ..do 98 3,886 191 30 Holland.
Cordage for ships ...cwt.. 3, 650 38, 710 1,935 50 Great Britain.
Do .do... 1,255 11, 093 554 65 United States.
Canvas for ships.. ...yds .. 54, 747 16, 817 840 85 Great Britain.
Do ..do.. 215, 788 47, 722 2,386 10 United States.
Miscellaneous 135, 615 21, 014 50 Great Britain.
Do.... 151, 158 24, 212 63 United States.
Do.. 4,089 734 68 Holland.
Do.. 3,792 858 30 France.
Do.... 210 48 75 British West Indies.
Total dutiable.... 4, 104, 220 903, 901 37
FREE GOODS.
Cotton wool. .lbs.. 846, 774 87,835 Free United States.
Fishing gear.. 16, 925 Free Great Britain.
Do 7, 154 Free United States.
Oakum... ... cwt.. 7,718 33, 955 Free Great Britain.
Do ..do ... '666 4,557 Free United States.
Anchors and chains . ..do .. 14, 025 48, 417 Free Great Britain.
Do ……………….do ….. 610 2,388 Free . United States.
Wire rigging. .do... 5, 764 29, 771 Free Great Britain.
Pig-iron tous.. 1,352 40,514 Free Do.
Yellow metal . ....cwt .. 2, 660 46,783 Free Do.
Do .do.. 330 5, 147 Free United States.
Lumber... 61, 965 Free Do.
Broom-corn 8,315 Froe Do.
Coal .. tons.. 5,791 18, 248 Free Great Britain.
Do ..do .. 22, 328 91, 213 Free United States.
Fish, all kinds. 14, 216 Free Do.
oil ......... -galls.. 3,778 1,692 Free Do.
Hemp ............ ...cwt.. 41 377 Free Great Britain.
Do ..do... 5, 583 32, 158 Free United States.
Indian corn ....... .bush.. 8,572 5, 254 Free Do.
Flour, ofwheat . ......... .bbls.. 49,963 315, 617 Do.
Indian meal .do.. 77, 981 238, 726 Do.
Hides, &o..…………………… ..... 25, 945 Free Do.
Resin.... .bbls .. 671 3,060 Free Do.
Salt. bush.. 380, 166 50, 322 Free Great Britain.
Do ……………………………… ...do ... 1, 143 821 Free United States.
Tar and pitch ... ..bbls.. 2,861 7, 269 Free Do.
Wood, unmanufactured .. 1,072 Free Great Britain.
Do. 23, 639 Free United States.
Animals for stock 10, 195 Free Do.
Articles for the Dominion Government 6, 339 Free Do.
Settlers ' effects ..... 839 Free Great Britain.
Do .. ........ 17,482 Free United States.
Fish, herrings.. ...... .bbls.. 708 4,000 Free Newfoundland.
Miscellaneous ………...... 137, 302 Free Great Britain.
Do....... ……………………………………… 112, 040 Free United States.
Total for Saint John........ 5, 615, 807 903, 901 36
1

IMPORTS-Continued.

Quantity. tered . duties. Whence imported.
SAINT STEPHEN.
Acid, sulphuric . .lbs.. 1,760 $30 $8 80 United States.
Ale and beer, in bottles galls.. 7 5 1 25 Do.
Agricultural implements .. .pkgs.. 225 704 133 20 Do.
Animals No.. 26 1,436 143 60 Do.
Bicarbonate soda . .lbs .. 22, 800 638 136 68 Great Britain .
Billiard table .No.. 1 90 15 75 United States .
Brooms and brushes .. .doz .. 96 201 13 19 Do.
Biscuit and baking powder. .lbs.. 12, 524 808 161 43 Do.
Coal .tons.. 1,790 5, 630 Do:
Cigars
Cheese.... ..lbs .. 299 824 212 90 Do.
do.. 1,294 168 38 82 Do.
Coffee .do.. 346 103 9 17 Do.
Confectionery .do ... 760 135 46 35 Do.
Cabinet ware .pkgs .. 580 2, 430 425 31 Do.
Candles . .lbs .. 160 17 2 97 Do.
Carriage No.. 29 1, 601 280 20 Do.
Cement . s .bbls .. 92 117 20 46 Do.
Cider galls .. 905 124 21 71 Do.
Clocks and jewelry. .pkgs .. 10 582 101 86 Do.
Cocoa and chocolate . .lbs .. 124 33 5 78 Do.
Cordage .do... 21, 055 2, 198 277 62 Do.
Do .cwt.. 303 1, 831 93 85 Great Britain.
Crocker . .pkgs .. 33 467 81 74 United States.
Doy do... 30 1,876 328 31 Great Britain.
Cottons and canvas .do ... 15 4, 248 555 88 Do.
Do do.. 125 9, 944 1,623 23 United States.
Dried fruit .. .lbs.. 36, 900 2, 092 366 18 Do.
Do do... 886 74 12 95 Great Britain.
Dye-stuffs .. pkgs .. 6 294 Do.
Frait, vegetables, and seeds . .do... 1,050 5, 437 543 70 United States.
Fancy goods and glass ware do.. 20 2,000 350 03 Do.
Do do ... 12 5, 466 956 45 Great Britain.
Do ..do .. 1 157 27 48 France.
Flour and meal bbls.. 4, 963 21, 973 United States.
32 2,682 469 45
Hats, hosiery, and leathergoods..pkga..
Hosiery ..do ... 8 1,402 . 245 36 GreatDo,Britain .
Hardware ..do ... 15 1,692 296 10 Do.
Hardware, stoves, and castiugs...do... 425 3,711 649 43 United States.
Grain .bush.. 13, 186 8,308 Do.
Iron and tin. .cwt .. · 1, 333 3, 034 151 20 Do.
Linen goods .pkgs .. 12 2,007 351 23 Great Britain.
Lard . .lbs.. 13, 288 1,465 132 88 United States.
Lime ... bbls .. 903 681 129 24 Do.
Molasses .galls .. 24, 920 5,874 1,468 50 Do.
Do do 95, 394 23, 168 2,816 50 West Indies.
Meats, salted. .lbs .. 121, 680 11, 327 1,216 0 United States.
Machinery ..pkgs.. 5 322 56 35 Do.
Musical instruments . 924 161 70 Do.
Oils, oil-cloth, and paints.. .pkgs . 20 875 153 16 Do.
Paints and oils . do. 10 1,850 323 76 Great Britain.
Pickles and sauces do.. 12 390 68 25 Do.
Pickled and canned goods .do.. 245 1,446 256 89 United States.
Patent medicines .... do.. 4 60 15 00 Do.
Perfumery do 1 33 8 25 Do.
Packages of spirits No.. 250 612 125 20 Great Britain.
Oil, kerosene . galls.. 7, 764 1,706 821 11 United States.
Rice .lbs .. 11, 200 336 112 00 Do.
Do ..do ... 8,960 242 89 60 Great Britain.
Rubber goods. .pkgs .. 4 357 62 50 United States.
Starch ..lbs .. 3, 472 217 69 44 Great Britain.
Do.. lbs.. 260 19 5 20 United States.
Soap, common . ..do... 9,947 567 99 47 Do.
Sirup ..do 156 7 2 72 Do.
Spices, ground ………………… do .. 519 321 80 25 Do.
Do do... 1,270 282 60 65 Great Britain.
Silks and shawls. .pkgs.. 6 3, 300 577 50 Do.
Steel ..cwt.. 127 549 Do.
Small wares . .pkgs .. 5 2, 429 425 43 Do.
Do ......... .do 20 1, C85 190 87 United States.
Sugar. ..lbs.. 312, 294 21, 683 8,543 69 Do.
Do ..... .do... 57,005 3,078 1,339 35 Great Britain .
Ship-materials .pkgs .. 10 3, 435 64 50 Do.
Salt bush.. 16,975 1, 764 Do.
Spirits, brandy. galls.. 52 190 1, 638 60 France.
gin... do... 815 400 868 80 Great Britain.
gin.. .do.. 2,333 1, 190 3,646 20 Holland.
whisky .do .. 518 618 644 40 Great Britain.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- NEW BRUNSWICK . 551

IMPORTS-Continued.

1
SAINT STEPHEN-Continued.
Tea .lbs.. 27, 974 5, 353 709 90 Great Britain.
Do ..do... 11, 006 2, 513 386 31 United States.
Tallow ..do .. 200 16 2 00 Do.
Tobacco .do... 42 24 13 50 Do.
Vinegar. galls.. 90 22 9 00 Do.
Wine in wood .do... 8 4 2 88 Do.
Woolens .pkgs .. 115 9, 196 1,609 33 Do.
Do .do. 75 14, 781 2,586 70 Great Britain.
Do ..do ... 3 2,660 459 20 France.
Wood ware. do ... 565 2, 090 365 84 United States.
Lumber .M.. 73 503 88 03 Do.
Sundries . 4,600
Total for Saint Stephen...... 231, 183 41,670 87
RECAPITULATION.
Ports of Value en Amount of

tered. duties.
Fredericton.. $247,057 $39,309 76

Miramichi 204, 574 43, 486 62
Saint Andrews 55, 589 11,390 59
Saint George.. ..... 13, 916 1,796 86
Saint John 5, 615, 807 903, 901 37
Saint Stephen's .. 231, 183 41, 670 87
Total imports for New Brunswick 6,368, 126 1,041, 556 07
EXPORTS.
Value, includ.
charges.
FREDERICTON.
Shingles... .M .. 2, 951 , 750 $5,909 United States.
Empty barrels (oil) No.. 249 123 Do.
Fire-wood . .cords .. 275 275 Do.
Ice tons .. 550 400 Do.
Laths .M .. 2,332, 700 1,593 Do.
Railroad -sleepers pieces.. 32, 921 4,803 Do.
Hemlock bark. ...cords .. 1, 461 6, 131 Do.
Glue-stock . barrels .. 17 250 Do.
Potatoes .....bushels .. 42, 937 22, 235 Do.
Turnips. ... do ... 250 50 Do.
Calf skins . .hides.. 9 12 Do.
Eggs ..dozen .. 200 22 Do.
Hay . ..tons .. 6 34 Do.
Planks and boards .. ............ M.. 1, 156, 975 8, 275 Do.
Do .do... 287, 668 3, 131 Barbados.
Total for Fredericton..... 53, 233
1
IRAMICHI .
MIRA
Extract of hemlock bark . barrels .. 3,941 50, 892 United Kingdom.
Fish, pickled ... ...do 1, 457 *4, 880 United States.
Lobsters, canned .pounds.. 176, 552 19, 443 United Kingdom.
Lumber :
Battens pieces.. 15,985 3,146 United Kingdom .
Deals. .superficial feet.. 74, 646, 000 975, 313 Do.
Do .do... 110,000 888 Newfoundland.
Do .do... 6,899, 750 62, 594 France.
Do .do.. 299, 750 2, 706 Spain.
Do .... do.. 261, 250 2, 630 Africa.

EXPORTS-Continued.
Value, includ
Articles. Quantity. ingcosts and Whither exported.
charges.
Lumber-Continued :
Deal ends superficial feet.. 8,068, 500 $32, 927 United Kingdom.
Do .do ... 258, 500 1, 458 France.
Do do... 16,500 80 Spain.
Do ..do ... 8, 250 60 Africa.
Laths, palings, & c ....... .M .. 4,339 21, 935 United Kingdom.
Do do... 366 366 United States.
Planks, boards, &c .. .M. ft.. 1, 664 13, 387 United Kingdom,
Do do... 30 522 St. Pierre .
Do .do... 40 490 Africa
Scantling.. ..do .. 5, 543 43, 267 United Kingdom.
Timber, square :
Birch 11,774 United Kingdom.
White pine . 15,974 Do.
Other kinds 331 Do.
Salmon ..pounds.. 7,392 1, 142 Do.
Total for Miramichi 1,266, 205
SAINT ANDREWS.
Brandy gallons. 47 105 United States.
គយ
ទង
Bark ………………… .. ..cords .. 219 Do.

ម៖
ធ៏
Butter. ..pounds.. 360 73 Do.

Cattle . .number.. 12 Do.
Eggs . .dozen .. 940 115 Do.
Fish :
Herring, smoked . ..pounds.. 4,000 45 British West Indies.
Do .do.. 1,000 11 United States.
Lobsters, canned ....... do... 39, 200 4, 200 Great Britain.
Furniture United States.
Fire-wood . cords.. 60 Do.
Gin . .... .gallons.. 7 Do.
Hides.. 1,066 Do.
Iron, pig and scrap.. .tons.. 13 155 Do.
Junk and oakum . .pounds .. 6, 600 80 Do.
Lumber:
Boards, planks, and scantling .feet.. 295,000 3,033 United States.
Do ..do ... 136,000 1,800 British West Indies.
Deals .do... 205, 920 2,048 Great Britain.
Laths M.. 205 185 United States.
Oars .. number.. 38 20 British West Indies.
Packages 12 14 United States.
Potatoes ..bushels .. 1,455 683 Do.
Poultry.. .pounds.. 360 36 Do.
Sleepers ..pieces.. 63, 868 10, 681 Do.
Vegetables 2, 949 Do.
Wine .. 28 32 Do.
Total (products of New Brunswick) 27, 8:29
PRODUCE AND MANUFACTURE OF THE UNITED STATES.
Clapboards . 30 United States.
Horse 1 200 Do.
Butter. 5, 200 1,088 Do.
Hay 48 810 Do.
Hides . 747 Do.
Potatoes ......... 3,933 1,507 Do.
Sleepers 7,700 1,230 Do.
Unenumerated articles ... ...... 1,879 Do.
Total produce of the United States .... 7,491
Grand total for Saint Andrews.. 35, 320
SAINT GEORGE.
Deals.. .M.. 101, 928 33, 134 United Kingdomu.
Deal ends do... 3,538 882 Do.
Laths and palings... ..do ... 25 115 Do.
Planks and boards do... 30 166 Do.
Do ...... do... 1, 191 8,305 United States.
Fire-wood ........ oords.. 162 638 Do.
Other woods . ………...………. .do... 1,600 Do.
Laths .M .. 1,535 1, 021 Do.
Tan-bark.. ..... .cords.. 50 200 Do.
Scantling .... ......... ..M .. 110 770 Do.
Sleepers 19,900 3,966 Do.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- NEW BRUNSWICK. 553

EXPORTS-Continued.
Value, includ
Articles. Quantity. ingcosts and Whither exported .
charges .
SAINT GEORGE—Continued.
Polished red granite.. .cases.. 36 $5, 263 United States.
Do ..do ... 4,320 Do.
Wrought stone.. ....... tons .. 46 600 Do.
Rough stone .. 460 Do.
Frozen herring ...barrels .. 500 500 Do.
Potatoes. bushels.. 350 350 Do.
Lime .barrels .. 375 375 Do.
Planks and boards.. .M .. 195 1, 915 Barbados.
Do .do... 156 1, 560 Jamaica.
Total for Saint George ....... 66, 140
SAINT JOHN.
Manganese. tons.. 40 1, 195 Great Britain.
Do ..do... 521 9, 168 United States.
Codfish, dry.. cwt .. 96 391 Do.
Mackerel, pickled . barrels.. 5,028 45, 793 Do.
Herring, pickled .. .do .. 181 663 British West Indies,
Do ... do... 785 2,127 Great Britain.
Do .do .. 6,788 27, 629 United States.
Herring, smoked . pounds... 255, 200 18, 743 Great Britain.
Do ..do .. 107, 478 6, 724 United States.
Do .do ... 15,500 426 British West Indies.
Lobsters, preserved. do... 95, 750 9,897 Great Britain.
Do .do ... 2,750 278 United States.
Salmon, fresh do... 989, 590 95, 910 Do.
smoked .do... 26, 622 3, 201 Do.
Smelt and bass... 50, 162 Do.
Other fish . « 608 Great Britain.
Do. 7,187 United States
Do.. 15 Spanish West Indies.
Do.... 60 British West Indies.
Deals ..superficial feet.. 184, 463, 000 1, 667, 658 Great Britain.
Do .do... 6, 830,000 66, 328 United States.
Do .do... 16, 256, 000 149, 652 France.
Do .do... 4,086, 000 38, 749 Holland.
Do .... .do... 1,296, 000 12, 369 Spain.
Do ... .do... 1,360, 000 13, 017 Portugal.
Do .do... 864, 000 7,736 Africa.
Laths, palings, and pickets .. .number.. 1, 535, 000 7,729 Great Britain.
Do .do... 105, 994, 000 94, 603 United States.
Boards, plank, and scantling ...superficial feet.. 7,795,000 57, 256 Great Britain .
* Do .do... 20, 511, 000 178, 826 United States.
. Do do... 1,083, 000 14,576 British West Indies.
Do do ... 351, 000 4, 641 Demerara.
Do ………………………… ..... .do... 4,813, 000 65, 311
642 Spanish West Indies.
Do .do... 3,000 Newfoundland.
Do do... 546,000 13, 958 South America.
Do ............... do... 473,000 7,043 Canary Islands.
Do do ... 1,006,000 9,988 Holland.
Sngar-box shooks .number.. 306, 332 162, 807 Spanish West Indies.
Timber, birch tons.. 14, 710 92, 576 Great Britain.
Do do.. 69 414 Portugal.
Timber, pine ..... .do... 930 11, 327 Great Britain.
Horses .number.. 68 9, 170 United States.
Horned cattle .do... 3 60 Do.
Poultry.. ……………. 1,945 Do.
Butter.. ..pounds.. 1, 915 403 Do.
Eggs . ………………………..... dozen.. 258, 710 31, 806 Do.
Hides.. 5,999 Do.
Wool.. ..... ……….. ………. pounds.. 3,960 1, 393 Do.
Green fruits .................. 712 Great Britain.
Do... 51 United States.
Do. 180 British West Indies.
Flour, wheat........ ..... ........... .barrels 228 1,506 United States.
Hay. ……………………………. tons.. 76 1,054 British West Indies.
Potatoes ... ……………... …………………… .. bushels.. 136 100 Great Britain.
Do .... ..do .. 85, 467 61, 370 United States.
Do …………..…………………………………………………………… . ..do ... · 966 760 British West Indies.
Do ... ………………………….. .do ... 704 463 Spanish West Indies.
Do .do .. 2,858 2,827 Demerara.
Extract hemlock bark …………………………………. .barrels.. 2,400 36,000 Great Britain.
Do .do... 40 302 United States.
Iron, pig, &o.. ………………………………..........tons.. 364 6,300 Great Britain.
Nails …………………………………………………. 823 South America,
Junk, &o....……………………………………………………………………………..... cwt.. 4,545 10, 592 United States.
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick, by ports, &c.— Continued.

EXPORTS-Continued.
Value, includ
charges.
Machinery. $5, 225 Newfoundland.
Ships sold. .tons .. 3, 209 98,010 Great Britain.
Do do... 496 15,000 Norway.
Do .do.. 348 14,000 Spain.
Do .do... 1, 859 14, 700 Holland.
Ice.. do... 830 685 United States.
Brandy gallons .. 3, 035 6, 224 Do.
Castings and hardware 22, 469 Do.
Molasses ..gallons .. 29, 496 9,586 Do.
Whisky.. do . 1,341 2, 155 Do.
Miscellaneous 14,975 Great Britain.
Do... 88,057 United States.
Do... 4,478 Newfoundland.
Do.. 1,347 British West Indies.
Do 1,400 Holland.
Do.. 1,237 South America.
Do. 612 Spanish West Indies.
Do. 355 Canary Islands.
Do... 366 Portugal.
Total for Saint John ....……… 3, 432, 110
SAINT STEPHEN.
Animals, horses and horned cattle....... number.. 35 2, 565 United States.
Butter .pounds .. 660 145 Do.
Bark for tanning ... ..cords .. 500 2,500 Do.
Molasses .gallons.. 28, 005 6, 751 Do.
Potatoes bushels.. 8, 990 3,529 Do.
Pelts. ..number.. 600 150 Do.
Packages . ..do.. 21 19 Do.
Salt, rock .bushels.. 822 100 Do.
Spirits, .gallons.. 232 216 Do.
Stone brandy and gin . ....tons.. 75 100 Do.
Pig and scrap iron. .do... 16 160 Do.
Tea …………..... pounds .. 582 105 Do.
Wire rope do... 4,985 250 Do.
Wood goods :
Shingles M .. 319 954 United States.
Laths and pickets . .do... 2, 137 2,237 Do..
Sawed lumber. .do... 820 6, 445 Do.
Railroad ties... .number.. 148, 750 27, 530 Do.
Cedar posts .do... 2,300 364 Do.
Knees and futtocks . ..do 4,705 4,815 Do.
Lumber ..M.. 100 1,000 British West Indies.
Deals standard.. 934 14, 413 Great Britain.
Deal ends ..do.. 34 363 Do.
Pickets M .. 14 83 Do.
Timber. ..tons.. 320 1,280 Do.
Total for Saint Stephen. 76, 074
RECAPITULATION.
Ports of Amount.
Fredericton $53,233
Miramichi . 1,266, 205
Saint Andrews .... ......... 35,320
Saint George . 66, 140
Saint John 3,432, 110
Saint Stephen ... 76, 074
Total exports for New Brunswick ... 4,929, 082
Imports and exports of Saint John with all countries.
Great Britain $2,754, 152 $2,025, 243

United States 2,703, 757 *39, 973
France 43, 195 149, 652
Holland. 39,659 64, 237
Spain 26, 369
Portugal 13, 797
Africa ......... 7,736
British West Indies. 54, 722 19, 066
Spanish West Indies . 16, 322 229, 539
Demerara 7,468
South America .. 16, 018
Newfoundland 4,000 10, 014
Norway 15,000
Canary Islands . 7, 398
Total .. 5,615, 807 3, 432, 110
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick (ports of Fredericton, Miramichi, Saint
Andrews, Saint George, Saint John, and Saint Stephen) with the United States for the year
ending June 30, 1877.
Imports. Exports.
Articles.
FREDERICTON.
Kerosene oil .galls.. 8, 672 $2,437
Tea lbs.. 42, 435 9, 043
Sugar . ..do .. 51, 245 3, 698
Cotton .yds .. 220,474 16, 913
Boots and shoes . 6, 631
Woolens . 4, 030
Furniture. 6, 139
Meats .lbs.. 231, 308 18, 502
Other articles . 67,511
Other articles from United States and Great Britain, free 21, 997
Shingles . M.. 2,951,750 $5,909
Empty barrels (oil) No.. 249 123
Fire-wood .cords.. 275 275
Ice ... ..tons.. 550 400
- Laths . ... M .. 2,332, 700 1,593
Railroad-sleepers .pieces .. 32, 921 4,803
Hemlock bark for tanning purposes. .cords .. 1,461 6, 131
Glue-stock . ..bbls .. 17 250
Potatoes ..bush... 42, 937 22, 235
Turnips ....... .do... 250 50
Calf-skins . .No.. 9 12
Eggs ............... .doz.. 200 22 ·
Hay ..tons .. 6 34
Planks and boards. …………… M feet.. 1, 156, 975 8, 275
Total for Fredericton 156, 901 50, 102
MIRAMICHI.
Agricultural implements. 10
Backing.. 7
Bulbs 5
Books 659
Barks for dyeing.. 1
Coffee... lbs.. 66 23
Clocks 146
Cabinet ware 2,703
Candles. .lbs. 754 167
Crockery 55
Cottons 2, 395
Cotton clothing . 101
Cotton wool. ..lbs .. 1,502 163
Coal, anthracite .tons.. 213 826
Corn-meal .......... bbls .. 857 2, 134
Dried fruit.. ...... .lbs.. 2, 169 161
Electric-chain belts .. 23
Engravings and prints.... 10
Fancy goods 9, 132
Fruit, green 45
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick with the United States, &c.—Continued.
Imports. Exports.
Articles.
་
Felt for roofing $135
Fishing nets and twines 826
Fish, oysters in cans . .lbs .. 48 4
pickled .bbls.. 1,457 $4,880
Grain, beans .bush.. 60 95
Glass ware. 2,263
Hops .-.-. .........lbs .. 30 3
Hats. 454
Hardware ………… 2, 858
Hosiery.. 13
Jewelry 80
Lard .lbs.. 439 48
Lumber, walnut 4
Laths ... .M.. 366 366
Meats, fresh, salted, &c. .....· lbs.. 250, 503 18, 193
Manufactures of brass 5
plated ware 151
iron and steel . 1, 107
leather, harness .. 60
Machinery 3,259
for mills, &c .. 802
Oil, coal and kerosene.. ..galls.. 3, 953 1, 161
crude petroleum .. ..do .. 2, 532 1, 153
rectified or prepared ..do .. 942 934
lard ..do .. 3, 684 3,747
Oil-cloth 132
Philosophical instruments 11
Patent medicines . 110
Printers' ink 4
Packages . 200
Rubber goods ..... 1,994
Sugar... .lbs .. 2,999 237
Sugar, candy, and confectionery .lbs.. 74 11
Sails, ready-made 206
Steam fire-engine …….. 1 1,820
Small wares.... 1,486
Shawls . .No.. 26 36
Settlers' effects 795
Seeds, other than cereals.. 113
Steel plates . 211
Stationery .. 25
Ships' material 30
Tar and pitch .. .bbls.. 38 115
Type 17
Toys... 3
Turpentine, spirits of.. .galls .. 45 19
Vegetables.. 16
Woolens 1,073
Woolen clothing 2, 186
Wood, manufactures of . 142
Watches.. 38
Total for Miramichi . 67, 156 5,246
SAINT ANDREWS.
ក្នុងរោគ គ
Animals .No.. 4 48 1 12
Acid ..lbs .. 100 15
Ashes, soda .pkgs .. 5
Ale and beer ………………… . .galls.. 91 58
Bran . .lbs .. 6, 100 56
Books . .pkgs .. 3 42
Butter ..lbs .. 56 13 360 73
Brandy. galls.. 47 105
Bread .lba.. 2,529 141
Brick .... ..... .No.. 5,000 20
Bark .cords.. 63 219
ន្មគ
Cotton waste .......…………………………………. lbs.. 2, 825 173

Chain cables . ..do .. 600 33
Copper in pigs . ………..………………………………. ..do .. 600 142
Coal ………………………….. .tons.. 677 2,818
Corn .bush.. 5,403 3,040
“៩ °
............
Clay ...... …………… ............... ..bbls .. 8 5
Coffee …………………. ..lbs .. 406 91
Cheese …………… ...... ……………………………....... do.. 15 2
Confectionery ................. .do.. 170 33
Cement ……...………………. .pkgs .. 2
***
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick with the United States, fc.-Continued .
Imports. Exports.
Articles.
Amount. Value. Amount. Valuo.
SAINT ANDREWS-Continued.
Clocks ..pkgs .. 1 $2
Crockery ................. do... 1 29
Cider. ------ ………………….. ..galls .. 45 6
Candles .lbs .. 116 20
Cordage ........ ..do ... 9, 340 510
Cottons .......... .pkgs .. 19 1,769
Do ........... .yards.. 19, 839
Drugs.... ......... ……………...pkgs .. 11 48
Engravings. ..... .do.. 1 5
Essences ……………...... .......................... do.. 1 4
Eggs ……………...... .doz.. 940 $115
Fruit. .pkgs .. 488 875
Fancy goods .. …………….. ..do 2 27
Fire-brick. No.. 150 8
៨៥
。្មី ៨
មមិន
Fishing-hooks .. pkgs .. 4 39
:មឧៈ៩
ថជៈ
(
Fish Ibs.. 13, 250 940 11
Do .bbls.. 199
Flour.. ..do .. 2,636 15, 335
Fire-wood .cords .. 23 60
Gypsum .tons.. 60 335
Grindstones .. ..pkgs .. 4 2
Glass ware... ..do... 26 248
Grap .. ..lbs .. 430 39
Hatses and caps. .pkgs .. 18 255
Hosiery . .do.. 5 176
Harness ………………… .do... 95
Gin ........ .galls.. 16
Hides ... 1,066
Iron.. lbs.. 32, 200 1,248 26, 000 155
Iron (stoves, castings, &c.) . ...pkgs .. 259 957
Jewelry ..... ... do 44
Junk and oakum . .lbs.. 6, 600 80
Lard.. ......... .do ... 3, 312 364
Lime .bbls.. 2 2
Leather .pkgs .. 1 79
Do .lbs.. 120
Lemons and oranges .pkgs.. 37 127
Lumber (boards, planks, and scantling) . ..... feet .. 295, 000 3, 033
Laths.. M .. 205 185
Meats. . ......pkgs .. 5 3, 312
Do .. ..... .lbs.. 36, 595
Molasses 10
ཐཱནྡྷུཏཊྛ ཧྨ།
.galls..
Medicines, patent .pkgs .. 1
Manures .lus .. 5,000
Machinery for mills. ... .pkgs .. 1
8K.KŠERSHỀ
Macaroni ........... .lbs.. 25

Marble.. ..pkgs .. 1
Mineral-water ......... .do... 1
Nuts ……………...... .lbs .. 230
„ -885
Oils, coal .galls .. 2,558

other ..... do.. 2, 652
Oil-cloth · · · · · · · · · · · .. .pkgs ..
Organs ........... do.. 5 400
Paints and paintings.
8
................. .pkgs ..
Photograph material .do...
Paper . ....... ... do ... 3
820-38
Packages ...... .No.. 192 12 14

Pianos ...................... .......... do... 409
Peaches . ………….................. .pkgs .. 10
Plants . ......... …………………... ..do... 1
Potash ..... ...... ..pkgs ..
Pease and beans.. .......... bush.. 48 83
Potatoes .. …………………........... ..do .. 1, 455 683
Poultry . ........ .lbs.. 360 36
Rubber goods . .pkgs .. 5 75
Resin.. ………………………………………….. ..bbls.. 9 32
Soap lbs .. 1,214 93
Sugar ........... ..do... 10, 068 648
Seeds ......... …………………………………............ pkgs.. 36 153
Stationery.. ..... ...... .do.. 7 123
Ship-canvas ....... yards.. 5,847 1,341
Ship materials .pkgs .. 6 48
Soda, nitrate.. ......... lbs.. 20,000 76
Steel ………………................. do... 500 24
Salt. ......... ..bush.. 58 54
Ship stores .. ..... .......... 171
Straw goods 73
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick with the United States, &c.—Continued .
Imports. Exports.
Articles.
SAINT ANDREWS- Continued.

Tin,in bars ..lbs .. 2, 200 $236
Tubes and piping .... .lbs.. 3,700 118
Sleepers .pieces.. 63, 868 $10, 681
Tar and pitch.. .bbls .. 14 36
Turpentine, spirits .. .galls .. 73 27
Ten .lbs.. 3, 475 944
Tallow .do .. 669 60
Unenumerated articles .pkgs .. 6 90 .........
Varnish .galls.. 38 47
Vegetables... 143 2,949
Wooden ware .pkgs .. 170 435 200
Wine .... .galls .. 28 32
Woolens ........... .pkgs .. 9 228
Do ..yards.. 917 101
Total for Saint Andrews ..……… . 41, 953 19, 716
SAINT GEORGE.
Apples .bbls.. 67 119
Bran . ..cwt.. 12 11
Plank, boards, and others woods M .. 2,836 10, 096
Flour, meal, and cement.. ..bbls.. 474 2,897
Fire-wood, tan-bark. 2,498
Cottons and prints ..yds.. 4,931 451
Sleepers, cedar -pieces.. 19, 900 3,966
Red granite, polished 9, 533
Cotton, wool, and emery.. .lbs .. 2,950 139
Iron ware, machinery, and steel .. cases .. 21 320
Rough and wrought stone 1,060
Bar and pig iron. ..cwt.. 641 216
Frozen herring ……………………….. bbls... 500 500
Potatoes .bush. 350 350
Lime.. .bbls .. 375 375
Corn and beans .bash .. 3, 684 2, 020
Confectionery and dried fruits lbs.. 1, 428 116
Carriages . 99 ........
Effects of settlers 978
Glass ware and hats 429
Drugs 5
Meats, salted, lard and grease . ...lbs .. 38,914 3,387
Kerosene oil .galls.. 730 195
Shovels and spades .pkgs .. 4 32
Boots and shoes.. pairs.. 156 291
Unenumerated articles and lumber... ..feet.. 542 51
Teas, black and green, and wool clothing .. 1, 122
Total for Saint George 12, 878 28,368
SAINT JOHN.
Butter .lbs.. 10, 528 1,517 1,915 403
Cheese .do... 824 110
Cigars.. .do... 3,039 6, 962 .....
Coffee, green. ...do... 48, 852 9, 521
Hops ..do... 4, 133 917
Meats ..do ... 1,697, 384 124, 379
Oils, coal and kerosene ...... .galls.. 144, 110 41,295
Starch ………………….. .lbs .. 11, 177 664
Brandy ..galls.. 2, 958 5,448 3,035 6, 224
Gin.. ..... ......... ..do ... 204 120
Whisky ..do... 1, 054 670 1,341 2, 155
Tea, black. ............................. ..lbs.. 303, 876 *79, 028
Wines.. ....... ..doz .. 193 2,490
Ale and beer, in casks . .galls .. 8,750 2,782
Ale and beer, in bottles ..................... do. 1, 839 1, 193
Sugar ... .lbs.. 1,771 , 138 120, 979 ....
Confectionery ..do... 29, 619 4,531
Tobacco and snuff .do . 6,735 1,755
Molasses . .galls .. 51,298 14,849 29,496 9,586
Biscuit ..................... .lbs.. 7,267 675
Furniture.. 35, 699
Carpets, not woolen.. …………………………….. .yds.. 9, 124 1, 956
Carriages ............ No .. 25 1, 782
Cement ..bbls .. 2, 021 2,251
China ware ……………..... 2, 186
Clocks . .No.. 546 1,999
Cottons .................... 226, 224
Dried fruits and nuts ........ 48,071
1
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick with the United States , &c. — Continued .
Imports. Exports.
Articles.
Amount. Value. A mount. Value.
SAINT JOHN- Continued.

Drugs .. $6,559
Fancy goods 9, 266
Gunpowder ..lbs .. 21, 429 2, 831
Glass and glass ware 23, 017
Bats and caps, all kinds .. 43, 290
Hosiery 5,089
Linens 930
Manufactures of India rubber.... 24, 540
Manufactures of fur . 3, 214
Manufactures of gold and silver 8,269
1 Castings 27,753
Hardware . 146, 882 $22, 469
Manufactures of leather 13, 435
Boots and shoes.. 24, 476
Manufactures of wood 12, 369
Musical instruments . 42, 055
Machinery.. 22, 356
Oils, not kerosene .......... galls.. 10, 248 6, 601
Paints and colors 2,767
Manufactures of paper 24, 814
Silks and velvets ..yds .. 1,831 1,363
Stationery ..... 16, 297
Small wares ......... …………… . 15, 469
Woolens 48, 080
Horses 11 978 68 9, 170
Grain, fruits, and vegetables 66, 644 61, 421
Printed books, &c... 29, 846
Iron, all kinds ..tons.. 464 23,865
Cordage for ships ..cwt.. 1,255 11, 093
Canvas for ships.. ..yds .. 215, 788 47, 722
Cotton wool .. ..lbs .. 846, 774 87,835
Fishing-gear 7, 154
Junk and oakum.. .cwt.. 666 4,557 4,545 10, 592
Anchors and chains . ...... do.. 640 2,388
Yellow metal ..do ... 330 5, 147
Lumber, boards and planks 61, 965 178,826
deals.. 66, 328
Broom.corn .............. 8,315
Coal .tons.. 22, 328 91, 213
Fish, all kinds ...... 14, 216 237, 275
Fish-oil... galls.. 3,778 1,692
Hemp cwt.. 5, 583 32, 158
Indian corn ......... …………… . ........ ....... bush.. 8,572 5, 254
Flour, wheat .bbls.. 49, 963 315, 617 228 1,506
Indian meal .do .. 77,981 238, 726
Hides 25, 945 5, 999
Resin .bbls .. 671 3, 060
Salt.. .bush .. 1,143 821
Tar and pitch.. ..bbls.. 2,861 7, 269
Wood, unmanufactured 23, 639
Animals for stock.. 10, 195
Articles for Dominion Government. 6, 339
Settlers' effects . 17,482
Manganese. 521 9, 168
Laths, palings, and pickets . No 105, 994, 000 94, 603
Horned cattle .. …………………………. .do.. 3 60
Poultry 1, 945
Eggs .doz .. 258, 710 31, 06
Wool ...... lbs.. 3,960 1,393
Extract hemlock bark .bbls. 40 302
Lard... …………….. ..lbs.. 166, 859 17, 289
Ice .... ..tons.. 830 685
Miscellaneous.. ....... 263, 198 88,057
Total for Saint John 2,703, 757 839, 973
SAINT STEPHEN.
Acid, sulphuric. ..lbs.. 1,760 30
Ale and beer, in bottles ………………..........
... galls.. ↑ 5
Cigars ........... ..lbs.. 299 824
Cheese.. ................. ......... .do 1,294 168
Coffee . ... .do... 346 103
Lard.. …………………………………….......…………………. .do ... 13, 289 1, 465
Meats, salted ………………………………………………………………………………..do... 121, 680 11, 327
Oil, kerosene... …………….................. ..galls.. 7, 764 1,706
Rice.. …………………………………………………………….... .lbs.. 11, 200 336
Soap, common ............ ..do... 9, 947 567
Statement showing the commerce of New Brunswick with the United States, &c.—Continued.
Imports. Exports .
Articles.
SAINT STEPHEN-Continued.
Starch. ..lbs ... 260 $19
Tallow ………...... ..do ... 200 16
Tea.. ....... .... .do... 11,006 2, 513 582 $105
Vinegar. .... .......... galls .. 90 22
Wine, in wood. ……………......... .do ... 8 4
Sugar... ...lbs .. 312, 294 21, 683
Confectionery. ..do .. 760 135
Tobacco ..do .. 42 24
Sirup ......... galls.. 156 7
Molasses . ……………. .do.. 24, 920 5, 874 28, 005 6, 751
Patent medicines.. .pkgs.. 60
Perfumery. .do... 1 33
Spices, ground lbs.. 519 321
Agricultural implements .. .pkgs .. 225 704
Biscuit and baking powders ....... lbs.. 12, 524 808
Billiard-tabie.. ..No.. 1 90
Brooms and brushes .............. ..doz .. 96 201
Cabinet ware.. .pkgs .. 580 2, 430
Candles ..lbs .. 160 17
Carriages .No.. 29 1,601
Cement bbls.. 92 117
Crockery .pkgs .. 33 467
Cider galls.. 905 124
Clocks and jewelry . .pkgs .. 10 582
Cocoa and chocolate.. .lbs.. 124 33
Cordage . ...do ... 21, 055 2, 198
Cotton and canvas ....... .pkgs .. 125 9, 944
Dried fruit.. .lbs.. 36, 900 2,092
Fancy goods and glass-ware.. .pkgs .. 20 000
Hats, hosiery, and leather goods do... 32 2,682
Lumber... ... M .. 73 503 880 6, 445
Lime .bbls .. 903 681
Rubber goods ..pkgs .. 4 357
Stoves, castings, and hardware. ..do ... 425 3,711
Iron and tin.. ..cwt.. 1,333 3,084
Wood ware pkgs .. 565 090
Machinery. ... do.. 5 322
Oils, oil-cloth, and paint …………….... ..do .. 20 875
Musical instruments ..No.. 8 924
Pickled and canned goods.. .pkgs .. 245 1,446
Small wares ..do ... 20 1,085 .
Woolens .... do ... 115 9, 196
Animals, horses and horned cattle. .No .. 26 1, 436 35 2,565
Fruit, vegetables, and seeds ..pkgs .. 1,050 5,437
Coal ..tons.. 1,790 5, 630
Flour and meal bbls.. 4, 963 21, 973
Grain .. ..... .......... bush.. 13, 186 8,308 ........ .........
Sundries 4, 600
Railroad-ties .. ..No .. 148,750 27, 530
Cedar posts. ..... ...do... 2,300 364
Laths and pickets ...do ... 2,137 2,237
Spirits, brandy and gin. ..galls.. 232 216
Bark for tanning cords.. 500 2,500
Potatoes .bush.. 8,990 3,529
Packages -- ....... 24 19
Pelts.. ...No.. 600 150
Rock salt.. ............... ..bush .. 822 100
Wire rope. .......…………………….. ..lbs .. 4,985 250
Stone .tons.. 75 100
Butter ...lbs .. 660 145
Shingles .. ..M .. 318 954
Knees and futtocks ........................ ...No.. 4, 705 4, 15
Pig and scrap iron... .tons.. 16 160
Total for Saint Stephen 144, 990 58,935
RECAPITULATION.
Port of Fredericton... 156, 901 50, 102
Miramichi 67, 156 5,246
Saint Andrews ... 41, 953 19, 716
Saint George 12, 878 22, 368
Saint John 2,703, 757 839, 973
Saint Stephen 144, 990 58,935
Total trade of New Brunswick with the United States.. 3, 127 635 1,002, 340
Trade with all nations 6,368, 126 4,929, 082
Stephen
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iramichi
nd
FStatement
SMshowing
( redericton
Brunswick
New
of
ports
at
navigation
the
.130
, 877
June
ending
.
ENTERED CLEARED
.
Steamers
. Sailing
.-vessels Total
. Steamers
. Sailing
.-vessels .
Total
Flag
. to
or
From
36 C R
No. .
Tons No. NTons
. o. No.
Tous
. No. Tons
.
.
FREDERICTON ·
Canadian Brunswick
Scotia
Nova
and
Ports
New
in 36 2,935 36 2,935
United
States
....... United
States 1 112 112 1 190 1 190
Canadian .
..do ……………………………… 37 3,065 37 0,365 61 3,512 61 3,512
Total
Fredericton
for 74 1,612 74 1,612 62 5, 02 62 5,502
28185
MIRAMICHI
. 113 361
British United
Kingdom
. 96 8, 23
50 , 63
Do. Newfoundland 6 1, 84 1 176
Do France
..... 7 3,886 4 872
Do. States
United 12 3,103 3 274
Do. Portugal 1 183
Do. Holland 229
Do. Germany 2 1,374
COTRIIR
Do
.. Russia
... 1 681
Do
.. Africa
. 2 413
126 6,5963 123 0,6398
United
States
.. United
.Kingdom 5,265 5 1,307
Do
........ France 393
Do
.. Russia 1,049
311
5 4,007 5 1,307
French France 1 433 1 4, 33
1 433 1 433
Swedish
and
Norwegian United
Kingdom
. 85 , 14
239 113 2,5329
Do. Sweden
and
Norway 22 ,
111 21
Do
.. France 5 2,245 18 8,393
6
..Do Germany
. 1,363
Do
.. Holland 5 6,230
Do. Spain 1 420 1 349
124 58,793 132 9,6171
German United
.Kingdom 10 4, 31 14 1,603
Do
.. France 3 1, 90
13 6,521 14 1,603
Austrian United
Kingdom
. 616 4 2,792
..Do France 1,705
13
4 2.321 4 2,792
Russian United
.Kingdom 9 3,520 9 3520 9 3,521 9 3,521
.
seaward
Total 282 1,136 58 282 , 58
1136 288 8,14225 288 8, 25
142
561
-
C
.,&
c—ontinued
Brunswick
New
of
ports
the
at
navigation
the
showing
Statement
562
.
ENTERED CLEARED
.
Fla
. g to
or
From Steamers
. .- essels
vSailing Total
. Steamers
. .- essels
vSailing .
Total
No. .
Tons No. Tons
. No. .
Tons No.
.'Tons No. Tons
. No. Tous
.
.
Continued
MIRAMICHI
.vessels
Coasting
British 78 1,3213 237 9,1044 315 0, 57
43 64 ,993
25 175 0, 0
3:9 239 9,3496
for
Miramichi
total
Grand 78 1,3213 519 , 02
1147 597 , 15
2179 64 9, 93
25 463 8, 28
151 527 ,821
177
.
ANDREWS
BAINT 43 26 2,448 26
British ..
, ass
MBoston 2,487 43 2,487 4,248
.
States
United .
..do 4 607 4 607 64 1 64
British ......... Barbados
,West
Indies 148 1 148
United
States
...... Baltimore
,Md
.. 266 2 266
112
British Calais
..,Me 21 3,276 21 2,376 21 3,276 21 3,276
United
States
. ......... .
do 186 32
5, 50 7 252 193 8,3202 186 , 50 1
532 14 187 ,564
32
British , o.
MEastport 21 3,276 881 42 1,457 21 2,376 13 674 34 3,950
.
States
United .
do 185 3, 75 5
32 136 190 5,32 11 185 , 75 2
332 29
187 4,3204
British Gardiner
.,Me 37 1 37
241
.
States
United ,England
Liverpool 1 372 1 372
..
Do M
Machias
, e 2 266 266
British New
.
York 589 589
.
States
United .d
...o. 126 126
..
Do ..... ., as
MNe wbsuryport 168 163
British .,M
Poertland 280 280 4 379 4 379
United
States
. .do 168 168
British ,Me
Pembroke 131 131
Do....... ......... H.
Portsmouth
,N. 280 280
United
States Red
,Me
.Beach 42 42 .....
.
31123
262131123
Do. M
, e
Rockport 11 54 1 54
..Do , o.
MDennysville 42 1 42
Andrews
Saint
for
Total 413 71,477 102 2,850 515 , 27
779 413 4,7177 53 4,490 466 ,967
75
.
GEORGE
SAINT
Canadian United
States 41 3, 31 30 3,299
Do
.. ........ France 7,189
Do
.. Britain
Great 1,800 7 4,511
122
45 6,920
..Do British
.
Indies
West 1 167
38 8,877
.
States
United United
States 13 1,834 13 1,834
Do .
do
...... ...........
.. ……………………………………..
... …………. 11 1,300
Do............... Britain
Great 1 208
Do. British
West
Indies 1 230
13 7,198
Total
for
Saint
George
. 58 7,854 58 7,854 51 10,675 51 6,1075
.
STEPHEN
SAINT
Dominion
and
British
.. Coastwise 70 8,1273 105 1,696 175 0, 69
19 68 0,1288 94 1,427 162 , 15
216
Dominion
. Britain
Great 1 330 1 330 3 1,268 3 2,168
Do.…………………………… .. United
States ……………… 31 3,639 31 ,6339 45 4,508 45 5,408
88888
United
States
.. .do .....………… . .... 23
23 ,4339 ,4339 20 4,343 20 4,343
Do
... West
British
Indies 1 154 1 154
Dominion
.. ...... ...
Indies
West
Spanish 2 282 2 282
Do
....... Indies
West
British 1 89 1 89
Total
|
Saint
for
.Stephen 70 8,1273 163 , 40
014 233 9,2613 68 0, 88
12 163 3,1435 231 4,2623
RECAPITULATION
.
Fredericton
of
..Port 74 1,612 74 6,112 62 5, 02 62 5, 02
Miramichi 78 , 13
132 519 ,102
147 597 2, 15
179 64 , 93
525 463 ,828
151 527 , 21
8177
Saint
Andrews 413 4,7177 102 ,2850 515 779, 27 413 4, 77
71 53 4, 90 466 ,967
75
Saint
George 58 8,754 58 ,7854 51 ,6.175 0 51 , 75
610
Saint
Stephen's
. 70 , 73
812 163 0, 40
14 233 , 13
926 68 , 88
012 163 ,31435 231 , 23
426
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES - CANADA .
563
OTTAWA.
Statement showing the value of the declared exports from the consular agency at Ottawa to
the United States during the year ending June 30, 1877.
Articles. Value.
Animals , live.. $225 00

Furs, skins, and hides.. 7,425 45
Household effects 3,309 00
Lumber, shingles, laths, &c ………… ... 1, 130, 291 85
Miscellaneous 35, 837 39
Product of the mine....... 4,327, 74
Timber, logs, &c . 17, 170 90
Total. 1, 198, 587 33
Tota! for preceding year 1, 113, 195 19
Increase . 85,392 14
JAMES D. RAYMOND.
PORT SARNIA.
AUGUST 29 , 1877. (Received September 3.)
The accompanying table will show a decided falling off in Canadian
exports as compared with last year. From this port the decrease is
$282,395.96 ; from the agencies at Stratford and London, $ 683,982.60
and $ 133,133.57 , respectively ; making a grand total of $ 1,109,512.13 from
the district. This sum would be increased somewhat if it were possible
for me to give the statement of exports from the agencies of Windsor,
Chatham, Wallaceburg, and Amherstburg for the year previous to the
date on which these agencies were placed under my jurisdiction . The
record of former transactions at the agencies just named are so imper
fect as to render it impossible for the present officers to make compari
sons with the returns of former years, and I have been obliged to con
tent myself with receiving simply a statement of exports for the fraction
of the year during which these agencies have been under the jurisdic
tion of this office.
Through the courtesy of Her Majesty's collector of customs at this
port, I am enabled to furnish the following figures relating to exports
aud imports as shown from the books of his office. The value of exports
from Port Sarnia to the United States for the year ending June 30, 1877,
was $ 1,173,943 ; imports for the same period $ 858,678 ; showing an
excess of exports over imports of $ 215,265. The principal articles im
ported from the United States for Canadian consumption are hogs, corn ,
and cotton ; the United States receiving in return barley, pease, and
cattle.
Barley continues to be the principal article of export, the climate and
soil of Western Ontario being well adapted to its growth. There is
much complaint among farmers this year in regard to the color of the
grain, which is said to be dark ; there is no complaint of a want of
plumpness ; on the contrary, much dampness has rendered the kernels
well formed, and the dark or coffee- colored appearance of the grain is
doubtless a result of the same cause. A bright amber color adds much
to the value of barley, as beer manufactured from dark-colored malt is
considered inferior in quality and does not find so ready a sale. Beer
invariably partakes of the color of the malt from which it is manufac
tured.
The acreage of barley is not as large as last year, but the yield per
acre is excellent, and an average crop is anticipated . Dealers do not
look forward to high prices. It is thought the great temperance move
ment, which is making such rapid strides in the West, will interfere
somewhat with the interests of the brewers, and consequently with the
price of barley. In 1875 5,400,000 bushels of barley were exported from
Canada to the United States, for which the Canadian producers received
the sum of $ 4,914,000 ; in 1876 barley had fallen off in price from 81
cents to 40 cents per bushel .
SAM'L D. PACE .
Statement showing the value of declared exports from Port Sarnia to the United States
during the four quarters of the year ending June 30, 1877.
Quarter ending
year.
Sept. 30, 1876. Dec. 31, 1876. Mar. 31, 1877. June 30, 1877.
Animals of all kinds $5, 655 00 $18,261 00 $13, 227 00 $13, 523 00 $50,666 00
Bran 168 00 168 00 80 50 416 50
Buggy. 125 00 125 00
Ceiling 312 00 312 00
Cast-iron wheels 390 00 390 00
Chain 290 00 290 00
Church-bell 400 00 400 00
Cord-wood 1,575 00 225 00 1,800 00
Car-fixtures 148 64 5, 203 00 559 52 5,911 16
Eggs 1, 528 80 160 00 1,688 80
Fars ...... 171 00 171 00
Flax 2,880 00 2,500 00 5,380 00
Grain of all kinds 9,489 25 80,319 00 22, 739 00 9,878 00 122, 425 25
Guns 1,200 00 1,200 00
Hides 2, 035 00 894 00 891 58 3,820 58
Hay 256 00 256 00
Lumber and timber 1, 101 50 231 00 130 00 1,462 50
Machinery 850 00 160 00 1, 010 00
Oatmeal . 520 00 1, 100 00 1, 620 00
Personal effects 13, 646 00 18, 261 00 22, 538 00 13, 020 00 67, 465 00
Petroleum-tar 1,089 00 584 90 1, 673 90
Silver-ore 200 00 19, 442 00 19, 642 00
Tow 1,950 00 390 00 515 00 529 26 3, 384 26
Thrashing- machine.. 111 00 111 00
Type . 725 00 725 00
Tan-bark.. 405 00 585 00 990 00
Wool . 23, 514 56 23, 514 56
Total.. 60, 659 75 147,511 00 66, 013 00 42, 666 76 316, 850 51
Total for preceding year……… 137,506 46 257, 929 04 50, 396 06 153, 414 91 599, 246 47
Increase. 15, 616 94
Decrease 76, 846 71 110, 418 04 110,748 15 282, 395 96
PRESCOTT .
Statement showing the imports, exports, and navigation of the consular district of Prescott
(including agencies) for the year ending June 30, 1877.
1.-IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
Ports. Exports. Imports. Duties.
Brockville.. $342, 198 32 $647,559 00 $43, 216 81

Cornwall 43, 786 38 258, 231 00 7, 119 00
Dundee 37, 038 00 21, 113 00 1, 777 00
Elgin. 1,434 00 34, 662 00 296 03
Morrisburgh 159, 647 71 54, 357 00 3, 629 00
Ottawa. 1, 198, 587 33 1, 101, 034 00 208, 030 00
Prescott.. 279, 151 57 314,587 00 11, 619 27
Total. 2,061, 843 312, 431 , 543 00 275, 687 11
Statement showing the imports, exports , and navigation, &c. —Continued .

2.-NAVIGATION.
ENTERED.
Ports. British. United States. Total.
Brockville 101❘ 22, 474 757 122, 639 858 145, 113
Cornwall 1 205 36 3, 534 37 3,739
Dundee... 34 13,293 242 10, 801 276 24, 094
Elgin
Morrisburgh . 37 3, 116 16 554 53 3,670
Ottawa 210 20, 250 604 49, 360 814 69, 610
Prescott .. 71 16, 266 224 44, 516 295 60, 782
Total.. 454 75, 604 1,879 231, 404 2, 333 307, 008
CLEARED.
Ports. British. United States. Total.
Brockville 65 8, 613 757 122, 639 222 131,252

-23
Cornwall 1 205 36 3,534 37 3,739

Dundee .... 34 13, 293 242 10, 801 276 24, 094
Elgin
Morrisburgh 37 3, 116 16 554 53 3,670
Ottawa 210 20, 250 592 48, 560 802 68, 810
Prescott 12 1, 487 205 42, 710 217 44, 197
Total 359 46,964 1, 848 228, 798 2,207 275, 762
3.-DECLARED EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.*
Articles. Value in United

States gold.
Animals, live $139, 120 22

Butter, eggs, &c 138, 195 56
Furs, skins, and hides ………….......…………………………… ..... 58,911 70
Grain 31,955 06
Household effects 14,561 55
Lumber, shingles, laths, &c . ……………………………………………………………… 1,332, 334 27
Meat and poultry... ....... ..... 6, 874 04
Miscellaneous ……………….......... ......... 67, 873 98
Products of the mine. ... 11, 492 64
Timber, logs, &c... ..... ....... ..... 37, 783 37
Wool.. 28, 266 58
Total.. 1,867, 368 97
Total during preceding year .. 1,928, 588 66
Decrease 61, 219 69
CLIFFORD S. SIMS.
* This statement includes the agencies of Brockville, $342, 198.32 ; Cornwall, $13,786.38 ; Dundee, ;
Elgin, — ; Morrisburgh, $159,647.71 ; and Ottawa, $ 1,198,587.33. For details of exports from these
agencies, see reports from the same under their respective headings.-B. Stat.
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-The amount of the invoices authenticated at the five offices in this consular
district was $1.867,368.97 and the amount of exports being $2,061,843 31 , there were shipments amount
ting to $194,474.34 unaccompanied by invoices which had received consular verification.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND .
Statement showing the value of the declared exports from the consular district of Prince Ed
ward Island to the United States during thefour quarters of the year ending September 30,
1877.
Quarter ending
December 31, March 31 , June 30, September30, year.
1876. 1877. 1877. 1877.
Animals, horses.. $170 00 $1,283 00 $3,064 00 $4,517 00

sheep 1, 485 00 1,485 00
Butter 6 00 6 00
Eggs 7,922 49 13, 101 15 12, 297 30 33, 320 94
Fish, alewives 18 00 18 00
Cod 3, 640 00 180 00 164 00 3,984 00
Hake 864 00 864 00
Halibut 50 00 50 00
Herring . 2, 301 00 774 00 144 00 3,219 00
Mackerel. 23,396 75 774 00 152, 443 23 176, 013 98
Oil 1,774 00 90 00 1,864 00
Salmon.. 280 00 280 00
Sounds 7,110 41 129 00 7,239 41
Spawn 90 00 90 00
Furs 183 00 183 00
Hair 53 30 37 28 91 70 182 28
Junk, old.. 30 00 30 00 10 00 70 00
Molasses 509 60 804 00 1,313 00
Miscellaneous . 73 12 8 00 20 00 101 12
Oats . 12 00 15 89 27 89
Potatoes 168, 223 88 2,695 00 211, 869 41 5, 506 50 388, 294 79
Skins, calf. 103 28 162 70 265 98
Turnips .. 256 85 256 85
Wool. 5, 661 78 5, 661 78
Total . 217, 422 08 3, 204 00 227, 653 43 181, 028 51 629,308 02
Total for preceding year 217, 710 00
Increase. 411, 593 02
DAVID M. MUNN.
QUEBEC.
DECEMBER 17 , 1877. (Received December 22. )
Report upon the trade and commerce of the province and ofthe city of Que
bec for the year ending June 30 , 1877 .
EXPLANATORY REMARKS.
I have delayed my annual report of the statistics of this port until the
yearly statement of the lumber trade should be published , a tabular ex
hibit of which is herewith given. These reports are made up to the com
plete close of navigation at the beginning of winter, after all dealings in
lumber are suspended , which is early in December. This gives the whole
business of one year together, instead of dividing it, as must necessarily
be done by closing the year on the 30th of June, at which time the year's
business has scarcely begun. Indeed , there is no report of the lumber
trade made up to the end of the fiscal year ; so that we must either take
that of the previous year or wait till December. The same remark will
apply to the state of navigation , except that a report of navigation is
made up at the custom- house to the 30th of June. The board of trade,
however, publishes a report of the arrival and departure of shipping for
the season of navigation , an abstract of which is also given herewith.
EXPORTS OF LUMBER AND POTATOES TO THE UNITED STATES.
Within the past year there has been but little change in the state of
business in this part of the Dominion ; at least, such improvement as
is manifest has occurred since the close of the fiscal year, on the 30th
of June. At this port the shipments of lumber have been steady, but
without any excitement or speculation , and prices have declined to meet
the condition of the foreign markets. Within the last few months there
has been a considerable increase in the shipment of lumber, principally
of the cheaper kinds , to the United States, by way of the canals , the re
sult probably of the recent decline in prices.
The failure of the potato crop of 1876 in the New England States
and on the south side of the Saint Lawrence and the lakes, was the occa
sion of an exceptional trade in the export of potatoes from the province
of Quebec, where the crop was abundant, to various parts of the North
ern States, to the advantage of all concerned . The " declarations " at
the principal consulates of the province embraced invoices showing an
exportation of 782,732 bushels of potatoes, at an average price of about
52 cents. Besides this , a considerable quantity must have been exported
at points distant from consular offices which were never certified . A
fair estimate, I suppose, would place the quantity exported from the
proyince at about 1,000,000 of bushels. This is an exceptional trade,
which may not occur again for many years. With reciprocity of trade,
or a free admission of potatoes , it is quite probable that the traffic would
be an important one to the manufacturing towns of New England.
LITHOGRAPHIC STONE AND MICA.
A discovery has recently been made in this vicinity of a large deposit

of the peculiar kind of limestone used in lithographic printing. Samples
of this stone have been placed in the hands of lithographic printers in
New York, Boston , and Chicago, for experiments, with a fair assurance
that it will be found to answer the purposes of that art. Should this
stone prove to be suitable , it will be a valuable discovery for the province,
while it will materially reduce the cost of an indispensable article in this
department of printing. This stone has been found in such geological
relations to the prevailing rock of this country as to indicate that it
may exist in the corresponding formations in the adjacent parts of Ver.
mont and Maine. In a locality near to that of the lithographic stone a
bed of mica has been discovered that is now worked with success, and
is extensively used by the stove manufacturers of this region . It is said
to resist the action of heat better than the usual varieties . It is, how
ever, tinted to a shade that may be called cla ret color, though otherwise
quite transparent. This color is no objection to it for stove-windows, as
the claret tint harmonizes with the glow of the fire.
FIR-BALSAM.
The article of fir- balsam has been shipped in increased quantities dur
ing the last three or four months, and the price has materially decreased
of late. It now rules at about $ 1.40 cents a gallon , though lots have
been bought as low as $1 , which is a decline almost of one -half on last
year's prices .
FRENCH CUSTOMS AND EMIGRATION.
In the greater part of the province the old French customs as to the
entail of estates prevail, and it almost invariably happens that the home
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES-CANADA. 569
stead is divided among the heirs ; and , further, in addition to the un

profitable diminution of the farms, the evil is aggravated by running the
lines from front to rear, so that when this operation is repeated often, as
it commonly is, the farms are a series of strips a few rods in width and
of undue length, on which a roadway and division -fence make serious
inroads, leaving the habitants a landless, poor, but contented people,
who look only to the supplying of a few wants, which require but small
sales of their produce. With this state of things there is a wonderful
feeling of content, which nothing but the absolute pressure of numbers
can disturb. Yet necessity has compelled much emigration , which , in
stead of being turned to the unoccupied lands in the province, seems to
have been mostly directed to the United States, whither young men
have gone for temporary improvement of their condition , with the ulti
mate purpose of returning. Gradually families have fallen into the cur
rent of this emigration , until a very considerable part of the population
of New England is made up of natives of the province of Quebec.
AMERICAN GOODS IN QUEBEC.
Under the present tariff of import duties levied by the Dominion,

which imposes the same rates upon English and American manu
factures, our producers of several kinds of goods find here a very
favorable market for their wares. In many articles we get a decided
preference over the English. This is especially the case with certain
grades of cutlery, clocks , many kinds of hardware, glassware, silver
and plated ware, the last mentioned being almost without competition
in this market, as is also the case with heavy and bleached cottons.
The cheaper grades of sheetings and shirtings have almost monopolized
the market, which would be the case with prints did not the English
dealers meet this competition with large reductions. In medium grades
of woolens the Canadian manufacturers have been very successful in
the production of superior goods, with which they hold their own market.
GOLD DISCOVERIES.
At different times within a few years there has been more or less done
in mining for gold with moderate success. Recently, however, some
experienced miners have been prospecting on the Chaudiere River and
its branches with quite encouraging results . They have found many of
the conditions of rock and drift to resemble those of California and
Australia, with the addition here of a very heavy deposit of soil and
débris of the forest. An experienced explorer informs me that he has
found such indications of gold as would well warrant further search ;
which, however, is rendered difficult by the surface deposit of soil , that
is everywhere deep and moist and set with a heavy growth of under
brush. Still, there is no great excitement attending the search , or even
the finding of such gold as has been discovered ; and the miner I speak
of, who is driving a search over several hundred acres, tells me that he
finds it more difficult to stimulate the necessary interest among the
habitants than to repress excitement. His success so far has induced
him to prepare for extended researches next summer.
HARBOR IMPROVEMENT.
For many years past this port has suffered serious inconvenience from
the presence of several nests of lost anchors and chains in the roadway
of the harbor, which had been accumulating till they became a terror
to the masters of vessels, for au anchor once caught in one of these nests
was irrecoverably lost, with all the cable under water . The harbor
commissioners have recently built a powerful lifting-barge, with which
they have been at work these two past summers, and have removed a
number of the most formidable of these nests, and pretty well cleared
the harbor of this impediment. During the two summers they have
recovered 161 large anchors and 4,700 fathoms of chain - cable. This
has relieved the harbor of a serious and dangerous obstruction , for
though there is an abundant depth of water, a vessel anchored at low
tide, with a limited supply of chain , was liable to be drawn with her
bows unsafely low on the rise of a full tide, which here varies over 20
feet. Very few and only small obstructions of this kind remain ,
An extensive improvement of the harbor is now in progress, which
consists of an inclosure of a large portion of the mouth of the Saint
Charles River with an embankment, so as to form an increased extent
of dockage, along which the track of the North Shore Railway is to be
laid. A commencement has been made upon this work, which is now
suspended for the winter, and the foundations are laid out and dredged
ready for operations on the opening of the spring. In connection with
this a graving-dock is in process of erection. Both these improvements
are the work of the Dominion Government.
RAILROADS.
The North Shore Railway, as it has been called, and which has been
in various states of progress for some twenty years, has been taken in
hand by the provincial government of Quebec, and pushed forward
till it is now completed as far as Three Rivers, between which place and
this city trains are now running. It will be completed to Montreal in a
few months, after which, being joined to another road, it will form a
complete line, under the name of the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and
Occidental Railway, to the capital of the Dominion and westward as
far as it may be continued.
W. C. HOWELLS.
Statement showing the commerce at Quebec during the year ending June 30, 1877.
83228៩៩៩៩៩
IMPORTS.
Articles. Rate. Quantity. Value. Whence imported.
Paying specific duties.

Ale .galls .. $0 02 3,042 $1,540 Great Britain.
Chicory .lbs .. 2,240 150 Do.
Cigars .. ..do .. 2, 362 5,583 United States.
Do ..do .. 1,365 3, 515 Other countries.
Cheese .do.. 4,529 735 Great Britain.
Coffee ..do.. 85, 930 18, 173 United States.
Do... do.. 4,914 2,830 Great Britain.
ម
Do ..do .. 28,830 6, 140 Holland .

Hops .do .. 11, 638 5,426 Great Britain, Germany.
Lard ..do .. 01 411,847 41, 241 United States.
Fresh meats. ..do .. 924, 201 64, 411 Do.
Petroleum, crude and refined, Do.
gallons . 07 2, 130 832
Rice ... lbs .. 01 1, 177, 337 13, 289 Great Britain.
Soap, common ..do 01 1, 332 97 Do.
Do .do.. 01 150 24 United States.
Starch.. ..do .. 02 3,044 145 Do.
Do do... 02 1,400 122 Great Britain.
Statement showing the commerce at Quebec during the year ending June 30, 1877 —Continued.
IMPORTS-Continued.
Paying specific duties-Cont'd.

Brandy ..... galls .. $1 20 16, 289 $21, 421 Great Britain, France.
Cologne-water .do.. 1 80 492 2,268 Great Britain, United States.
Cordials ....do.. 1 80 102 208 Great Britain, France.
Gin ... .do .. 1 20 41, 150 17, 710 Holland.
Rum do.. 1 20 1,785 1,086 West Indies.
Tea, green ………………… …………. .lbs.. 06 150, 163 28, 421 Great Britain.
Do .do.. 06 182, 279 46,610 United States.
Tea, black ..do .. 05 312, 535 74, 098 Great Britain.
Do .do.. 05 32, 424 8,086 United States.
Vinegar.. galls .. 12 17, 600 2,689 Belgium, Germany, & c.
Wines (over 20% alcohol) .. do.. 36 67, 671 28, 225 Great Britain, France, &c.
In wood .do. 72 7,552 12, 512 Do.
Sparkling -. ----.. doz. bots.. 1 50 659 5, 472 Do.
Total 413, 055
Paying specific and ad valorem
duties.
Ale, bottled .galls.. 6 cts. and 10 % 1,230 5, 016 Great Britain.
Sugars.. .lbs .. 1 ct. and 25% 2, 993, 428 128, 095 Great Britain, &c.
Tobacco .do.. 25 cts. and 12% 535 326 United States and Spain.
Total 133, 437
Paying 25 per cent.
Molasses ... lbs .. 474,463 6, 990 United States.
Do .do .. 1,722, 567 43, 557 British West Indies.
Mace and nutmegs .do.. 622 298 East Indies.
P ent medicines 924 Great Britain, United States.
Perfumery ... 664 Great Britain, United States,
& c.
Fancy soaps 500 264 France, Great Britain.
Playing-cards ………………..packs .. 33, 424 2, 025 Great Britain, Belgium.
Spices . .lbs.. 300 134 Great Britain.
Total 54, 856
Paying 17 per cent.
Arrowroot . .lbs.. 672 68 Great Britain.
Baking powders do.. 1, 440 United States.
Bath bricks . .No.. 10, 480 187 Great Britain .
Bicarbonate of soda. 1, 142 Do.
Black-lead 382 Do.
Blacking.. 936 United States.
Brooms 714 United States, Great Britain.
Cabinet ware .. 1,781 Do.
Candles,tapers, &c. , ofwax . lbs .. 42, 144 7, 852 Belgium, Great Britain.
Carpets ... ..yds.. 5, 628 1,504 Great Britain.
Do ... .do .. 4,342 1, 115 United States.
Chandeliers . .. 1,601 Great Britain.
Do.. 2,243 United States.
Crockery and china ware. 36, 473 Great Britain.
Clocks 688 Great Britain, Germany.
Do ... 1,585 United States.
Cocoa.. lbs .. 3,412 1, 044 Great Britain .
Cottons, plain .yds .. 399, 778 44, 559 Do.
Do .do .. 1, 004, 710 60, 457 United States.
Printed ..... .do.. 1,214, 854 64, 880 Do.
Do .... ..do .. 733, 107 46, 813 Great Britain.
Cotton jeans .. ...... ..do .. 48, 053 3,992 . Do.
Do .......………… . .do.. 111, 911 10, 108 United States.
Ginghams .do.. 35, 734 2,588 Great Britain.
Do .. ..... ..do.. 1, 634 134 United States.
Clothing, &o 104, 791 Great Britain.
Do. 23, 858 United States.
Thread, &c. 547 Great Britain.
Corks... 3, 486 Portugal.
Cordage and twine........ lbs .. 7,523 1, 511 Great Britain, United States.
Dried fruits.. ..do .. 325,388 17, 266 Great Britain, Spain, United
States, &c.
Nuts do.. 48,373 3,601 Great Britain, Spain, France,
&c.
Drugs 2, 399 Do.
Essences .. 908 United States.
Statement showing the commerce at Quebec during the year ending June 30, 1877— Continued
IMPORTS-Continued.
Paying 17 per cent. - Cont'd.

Engravings $1,916 United States.
Millinery and fancy goods 94, 676 United States, Great Britain.
Fish, in oil.. 1,323 France, Great Britain.
Fire-engines, steam ... No.. 13, 360 United States.
Guns .do .. 86 882 United States, Great Britain.
Window-glass . .feet .. 771, 130 21, 706 Belgium, United States.
Blasting powder lbs .. 1,000 380 United States.
Glass ware………. 11, 389 Do.
Do.. 10, 904 Other countries.
Hats and caps. 16, 653 Great Britain.
Do.. 9,418 United States.
Hosiery. 8, 292 Great Britain, United States.
Lumber M feet.. 13, 630 468, 304 United States.
Lamp-black. .lbs.. 6,848 423 Do.
Linen .yds .. 184, 981 24, 212 Great Britain, United States.
Leather .lbs.. 10, 779 5,427 Do.
Locomotives .No.: 4 17, 537 United States.
Maps 1,536 United States, Great Britain.
Manufactures, rubber. 8,301 Do.
Brass and copper 2,599 Do.
Fur.. 10, 150 Do.
Plated ware.. 4, 524 United States.
Do .. 1,411 Great Britain.
Jewelry . 9, 806 Great Britain, United States.
Iron and steel 125, 493 Do.
Boots, shoes, harness, &c... 6, 343 Do.
Wood... 4,854 Do.
Musical instruments 3,406 Do.
Mowing-machines ....... .No.. 6 678 United States.
Machinery . 5, 148 United States, Great Britain.
Oil-cloths 6,885 Great Britain.
Do .. 5, 944 United States.
Oils , various 19, 013 Great Britain, & c.
Packages 21, 930 Different countries.
Paints 23, 232 Great Britain.
Paper .. 8, 129 Great Britain, United States.
Paper-hangings . 8, 256 Great Britain.
Do... 2,437 United States.
Parasols, & c 3, 108 Great Britain.
Photograph materials 1,225 United States.
Piano fortes 7,095 Great Britain, United States.
Sundry articles 6, 776 Various countries.
Shawls 4, 643 Great Britain.
Silks ..yds .. 62, 793 37, 818 Great Britain, United States.
Small wares 107, 686 Various countries.
Stationery 9, 169 Great Britain, &c.
Spices (unground) 5,340 Various countries.
Unenumerated . 29, 331 Do.
Woollens-blankets. No .. 5, 191 6, 815 Great Britain, United States.
Carpets .yds.. 59, 042 26, 079 Do.
Flannels .do.. 116, 017 23, 152 Do.
Tweeds ... ..do .. 106, 433 53, 644 Great Britain.
Clothing, & c. 210, 259 Great Britain, United States.
Total 1, 976, 670
Paying 10 per cent. ad valorem.
Animals 10, 667 United States.
Cotton batting . 10,956 United States, Great Britain.
Fruits 4,820 Do.
Leather, sole and upper...lbs.. 1,397 831 Great Britain.
Do. ..do .. 28, 248 4,597 United States.
Mill machinery 10, 149 United States, Great Britain.
Trees, seeds, and plants . 6, 299 Do.
Total 48, 319
Paying 5 per cent. ad valorem.
Books (printed) . 22, 886 GreatBritain, France, United
States.
Iron 170, 934 Great Britain, United States.
Ships' materials 33, 623 United States.
Sail-cloth . yds .. 72, 242 17,970 Great Britain.
Do ...... ……………. do.. 232, 538 24, 133
Total ....... 269, 546
1 BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- CANADA. 573
Statement showing the commerce at Quebec during the year ending June 30, 1877 — Continued.
IMPORTS-Continued.
Articles. Rate . Quantity. Value. Whence imported .
Free articles.
For arts and science.. $3, 458 Various countries.
Drugs and dyes ... 9, 910 Great Britain, other coun .
tries.
Manufactures and products. 29, 230 Various countries.
Ship materials. 11, 829 Do.
Iron, &c .. 56, 792 Great Britain, United States.
Iron and steel rails 456, 693 Do.
Broom-corn 6, 281 United States.
Wheat and flour 162, 299 Do.
Corn and meal 35, 084 Do.
Flax (undressed) 74, 523 Do.
Coal 309, 891 Great Britain, United States .
Other natural products 555, 758 Various countries.
Leaf-tobacco. 45, 226 United States.
Animals for improvement of 70, 574 Various countries.
stock.
Immigrants' effects .. 106, 045 Do.
Sundries.. 8,765 Do.
Total 1,942, 358
RÉSUMÉ .
Total paying specific duties $413, 055
Total paying specific and advalorem duties.. 133, 437
Total paying 25 per cent.. 54, 856
Total paying 17 per cent .. 1, 976, 670
Total paying 10 per cent.... 48, 319
Total paying 5 per cent... 269, 546
Total free goods.. 1, 942, 358
Grand total.. 4,833, 241
EXPORTS.
Products of the mine :

Petroleum (refined) . .galls .. 676 $191 Labrador, Newfoundland.
Copper ore tons.. 36 5, 100 Great Britain, Ireland.
Slate...... .do .. 30 480 Do.
Total 5,771
The fisheries:
Codfish (dry, salted) .. .cwt.. 402 1, 405 Great Britain, Ireland.
Lobsters (preserved) . .Ibs .. 316, 138 22, 869 Do.
Salmon (canned) . .do.. 63, 619 9, 479 Do.
‫ܣ‬
Mackerel (pickled) ..... bbls.. 9 36 Do.

Other fish (pickled) .. ..do.. 46 260 Do.
Total 34, 049
The forest :
Fire-wood .cords.. 45 114 Great Britain, Ireland.
Handspikes . ..pieces.. 5, 324 3, 213 Do.
Knees and futtocks.. .do.. 310 445 Do.
Lath-wood. cords.. 1,249 1,675 Do.
Hickory, basswood, & c M feet.. 1, 322 32, 840 Great Britain, France, & c.
Pot and pearl ashes... bbls... 254 7, 052 Do.
Deals and leal ends .stand. hund .. 78, 422 3, 640, 342 Great Britain, Ireland.
Laths, palings, and pickets 6, 671 Do.
Planks, boards, joists, & c M feet.. 13, 161 254, 244 Do.
Staves and headings.. M. 3,879 533, 107 Do.
Other wood ... 11, 002 Do.
Oars ... ………………... .prs.. 559 846 Great Britain, Spain.
Shingles M .. 250 440 Newfoundland.
Railway ties and sleepers...…………………...pieces .. 3, 568 27, 156 Great Britain.
Masts and spars 11, 177 Do.
Square timber, pine, spruce, elm, oak, maple,
birch, &c ...tons.. 502, 223 6, 800, 832 Do.
Total 11, 331, 156
Statement showing the commerce at Quebec during the year ending June 30, 1877—Continued .
EXPORTS-Continued.
Animal products :
Animals .No.. 44 $5,450 Great Britain.
Bacon, hams, and othermeat. 12, 294 Do.
Batter ..lbs .. 431, 007 122, 560 Do.
Cheese …………………………… . ..do.. 838, 249 92,597 Do.
Furs . 12,741 Do.
Other articles. 3,302 Great Britain, other coun.
tries.
Total 248,944
Agricultural products : .bu..
Barley, rye, beans, pease.. 4, 197 4, 021 Great Britain.
Oats .do.. 30 19 Do.
Indian corn ..do .. 29, 909 30, 525 Do.
Wheat .do.. 207 122 Do.
Flourofwheat and rye .bbls.. 7,287 30, 385 Do.
Indian cornmeal and oatmeal . ..do .. 299 990 Do.
Potatoes ..bus .. 105, 200 40, 162 United States.
Other articles . 3,745 Great Britain.
Total 109, 969
Manufactures :
Biscuits 11, 137 Newfoundland.
Iron and hardware. 7,517
Leather.. 16, 835 Great Britain.
Liquors of all kinds .. 162 Newfoundland.
Tobacco, snuff, and cigars . 3,679 Do.
Wood.. 10, 333 Do.
Woolens and cottons ... 500 Do.
Other articles ... 10, 134 Great Britain, other coun.
tries.
Ships sold tons.. 13, 911 624, 920 Do.
Miscellaneous 10, 620
Total ...... 695, 837
All other articles 482, 362
RÉSUMÉ.
Product of the mine $5,771
Product of the fisheries . 34,049
Product of the forest .. .......... 11, 331, 156
Animal products ............ …………………………. ..... 248, 944
Agricultural products 109, 969
Manufactures …………….. ...... 695, 835
All other articles 482, 362
Grand total.... 12,908, 086
SEA NAVIGATION.
Statement exhibiting the number of vessels, with their tonnage, which arrived at and departed
from the port of Quebec during the year ending June 30, 1877.
Entered. Cleared.
Number Number
Whence. of vessels. Tonnage. Whither. of vessels. Tonnage .
United Kingdom .. 783 725, 596 United Kingdom.. 973 837, 498
Newfoundland ... 1 1, 052 Newfoundland 51 5, 698
St. Pierre, Miquelon 1, 060 St. Pierre, Miquelon.. 3 283
United States .. 583 West Indies .. 1 99
British West Indies . 877 France 8 4, 255
France.. 33 24, 621 Spain. 1 560
Spain 18 15, 191 Portugal .... 10 2, 776
Portugal. 6 2, 191 Belgium 3,878
Belgium 16 11, 803 Holland 1, 616
331
QTII22
Holland . .10 6,373 Gibraltar ..
Germany 18 14, 256 South America . 4 5, 746
Norway and Sweden. 49 34, 133 Peru 1 584
220820041
Gibraltar 1 567 Isle of Man 1 219
Italy 11 7,843 Greenland.. 588
Africa, Mexico, and Brazil . 4 2, 445 Australia. 1,867
From sea-fisheries 13 1,260
Total 1, 066 865, 998
Total 983 855, 101
BY FLAG. BY FLAG.
British. 655 645, 600 British . 725 647, 151
United States.. 5 3, 715 United States 5, 209
French 7 2, 534 French . 831
Norwegian and Swedish 279 184, 811 Norwegian and Swedish. 192, 048
German 27 11, 602 German 10, 140
Portuguese 302 Portuguese and Austrian. 1,442
Russian.. 2 795 Russian 2,026
Belgian 1 792 Belgian 1,641
Danish. …………………………………… 4 3, 786 Danish 5, 051
Italian . 2 1, 164 Italian 459
Total 983 855, 101 Total 1,066 865, 998
RECAPITULATION.
British British
Steamers 108 173, 043 Steamers 90 149, 387
Sailing-vessels 547 472, 557 Sailing-vessels .. 635 497, 764
Total British 655 645, 600 Total British 725 647, 151
Foreign Foreign
Steamers 1 445 Steamers 1 445
Sailing-vessels . 327 209, 056 Sailing-vessels .. 340 218, 402
Total foreign 328 209, 501 Total foreign. 341 218, 847
British and foreign. 983 855, 101 British and foreign 1,066 865, 998
Statement showing the arrivals and tonnage at the port of Quebec for the years, ending Decem
ber 1, 1872, to 1877.
Description. 1872. 1873. 1874.

Sailing-vessels from sea...…….. 1, 004 712, 484 905 630, 691 1, 017 726, 407
Ocean steamships .. 150 188, 366 153 196, 903 159 216, 406
Total 1, 154 900, 850 1,058 837,594 1,176 942, 813
Description. 1875. 1876. 1877.

Sailing-vessels from sea.. 786 543, 182 977 709, 126 958 763, 423
Ocean steamships.... 117 171, 649 139 205, 632 160 214, 379
Total 903 714, 831 1, 116 914, 758 1, 118 977, 802
INLAND NAVIGATION.
Statement showing the description, number, and tonnage of Canadian and United States ves
sels trading on the rivers and lakes between Canada and the United States (exclusive of
ferriage) which arrived at and departed from the port of Quebec during the year ending
June 30, 1877.
ARRIVED.
Description of vessels. Canadian. United States. Total.
Vessels. Tonnage. Vessels. Tonnage. Vessels. Tonnage.
Steamers :
Screw 6 1,741 6 1,741
Paddle .
Total steamers .. 6 1,741 6 1,741
Sailing vessels:
12
Barks . 1 323 323
Barkentines 2 648 648
‫יט‬
Brigs .
Brigantines . 1 233 1 233
00:12
Schooners 5 1,263 13 3, 144 18 4,407
Sloops
Barges and canal-boats 8 1,048 7 677 15 1,725
Total sailing-vessels 13 2,311 24 5,025 37 7,336
Grand total ... 19 4, 052 24 5,025 43 9,077
DEPARTED.
Description of vessels. Canadian. United States. Total.
Vessels. Tonnage. Vessels. Tonnage. Vessels. Tonnage.
Steamers :
Screw .....
Paddle .
Total steamers..
Sailing-vessels :
Barks.
Barkentines .... ...... 4 867 4 867
Brigs ..
Brigantines .... 2 308 2 308
Schooners ………………… 1 347 5 1,297 6 1,644
Sloops
Barges and canal-boats 6 659 2 172 8 834
Total sailing-vessels 7 1,006 13 2,644 20 3,653
Grand total. 7 1,006 13 2, 644 20 3, 653
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Quebec to the
United States during the year ending September 30, 1877.

•
Balsam of fir $3,914 99 Leather.... $756 47
Bones and horns 2, 665 73 Match splints and boxes . 18, 605 43
Butter 176 80 Maple-sugar 500 00
Fresh salmon . 19,500 00 Old metal and junk .. 12,348 35
Furs, undressed 6, 624 51 Potatoes (105,196 bushels) . 41, 161 15
Herrings, Labrador 3, 146 00 Sundries .. 6,844 21
Horses.. 471 00
Lithographic stone . 2, 000 00 Total ..... 146, 133 39
Lumber.. 27,418 75
LUMBER
THE
TRADE
QUEBEC
.OF
statement
Comparative
eof
supply
lumber
for
,a xport
hand
on
stock
nd
December
ending
years
1877876
periods
w1the
averages
ith
and
five
ten
yea
. rs
Avera
sup ge 5
of
Average Total
stock
hand
on
De Averages
'
years
10
of
Supply
for
year
the 5
for
ply Export
during
year
the 'ex
years stock
.
port 1
cember .
.
years
37 CR
Description
.
1876
. .
1877 .
1877
to
1873 1876
. 1877
. .
1877
to
1873 1876
. 1877
. 1868
1872.
to
1877
1873
.
TIMBER
.
Oak
. ..
feet ,729
2,595 ,555
3,927 7,6394 22 , 20
53,243 , 00
23,632 40
4,1320 ,14287 13 0, 35 8
2,14 ,088
1,349 ,364
2,630
Elin .do
... ,837
426 ,475
1,089 3, 85
1,273 , 60
3947 13
2,0100 ,864
962 18, 57 04 , 15
51,049 1,009,651 , 02
51,238
Ash……………
......... .. ..
.do ,957
392 , 45
8253 , 57
2446 ,480
341 , 40
0300 , 88
0300 ,433
661 , 70
7533 ,516
225 ,922
563
Bir
. ch ..
do ,389
522 ,628
192 522,260 8,466 00 ,320
507 ,024
540 , 34
9275 , 25
882 ,65415 ,396
211
Tamarac do
. 5,303 24 ,47629 , 29
3192 9,260 6,240 1,228 , 88
0191 , 39
5132 7, 62
125 , 96
3168
Whi
pin
: ete
Square .do
.. 15
,3960
94 5814 94
, 49 ,249
11,579 , 97
814 00 ,0167
12 12 72
,0804
13 54
, 70
7110 , 38
6111 30
Waney ..
.do ,373
3,249 , 29
73,629 , 20
72,863 6813 00
, 83 ,994
512 12 , 17
32,502 , 22
72,633 ,778
3,305
Red 8, 97
1,859
pine do
... 67,109 52 89
31, 98 7,0294 06 3, 60
1,831 60
3,9161 6, 16
1,542 06,214 80 6,114 26 , 60
81,711 9, 60
2,428
STAVES
Standard . mille
.. 958 1,098 ,41 33 1,320 1,239 3,124 3,197 2,132 906 1,545
Puucheon .do
.. 565 1,307 1,264 2,322 0,214 2,239 4,317
Barrel....... .do
... 1,917 7,259 0,281
21 48 8 59
DEALS
.
Pine ..
.standard 78
3,0673 54
8,2581 1,7502 00 4,653274 29
,3541 ,745
5,082 86,41422 2,47497 8, 89 5
1,96 , 88
83,786
Spruce ..do
.. , 41
22,574 , 69
23,826 33
06,214 , 50
6046 2, 37
2,978 77
15,293 9, 10
1,870 23
8,178 73
1,513 27
3,103
LATH
W
.- OOD
..
hemlock..cords
and
pine
Red 1,281 1,698 925 1,444 1,727 5,102 460 489 1,605 456
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES - CANADA.
577
Statement showing the number and tonnage of sailing-vessels cleared at the port of Quebec
for sea (lumber laden) in 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, and 1877, from the opening to close of
navigation.
Year. Vessels. Tons .
1873. 719 529, 112

1874. 854 636, 672
1875 . 642 487,789
1876 . 786 624,110
1877. 796 670, 627
SAINT JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND .
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Saint John's,
Newfoundland ( including the agency at Harbor Grace), for the year ending September 30,
1877.
Value, ex
Articles. Quantity. clusive of
charges.
From Saint John's :

Codfish .. .quintals.. 7,952 $43, 362 94
Cod-oil ..... ..tuns .. 104 15, 248 22
Cod-liver oil .gallons..17,836 26, 307 55
Seal-oil .tuns.. 81 11, 224 60
Salmon .tierces..1,440 19, 325 45
Do.. barrels .. 4353 3,566 36
Trout . tierces and barrels.. 403 2,551 10
Herring .barrels..1,361 5,833 20
Mackerel . …………….do …….. 2 12.00
Halibut do.... 3 12.00
Caplin ..... do .... 10 30 00
Whalebone pounds .. 245 367 50
Ox-hides 2, 187 7,799 99
Calf-skins . 212 193 00
Potatoes .. barrels .. 2,650 5,336 00
Berries (partridge) . do.... 35 143 75
Old junk and canvas.. ........ .tons.. 128 4,731 00
Iron and metal.. pounds.. 105, 056 381 80
Copper, composition and brass .do.. 3,374 279 00
Old lead ..do ... 2,09 7 66 00
zinc ..do .... 163 4 85
Wine, port... ..... quarter casks .. 12 816 00
Do dozen.. 23 201 00
Wine, sherry.. quarter casks.. 3 220 00
Do ..dozen.. 63 00
-25
Wine, Sicilian .quarter casks.. 92 00

Brandy .cases .. 59 00
Total from Saint John's. 148,227 31
From Harbor Grace... 19, 650 00
Grand total 167, 877 31
THOMAS N. MOLLOY.
NOTE BY THE CONSUL.-During the above year there were seventy-four certified invoices at this con.
sulate, and the exports were divided as follows:
To New York..... $78, 427 30
Boston. ........ 58, 591 71
New Bedford 11, 208 30
Total from Saint John's.. 148, 227 31
From Harbor Grace.... 19, 650 00
Grand total .. 167, 877 31
SAINT JOHN'S, QUEBEC.

Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Saint John's,
Quebec, to the United States during the four quarters of the year ending September 30 , 1877.
Quarter ending—
Articles. Total for
the year.
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Horses $2,059 50 $25, 605 50 $25, 285 00 $7,913 00 $60, 863 CO

Lumber 6, 542 52 767 50 7,916 71 7,082 70 22, 309 43
Hay 3, 120 00 9, 224 41 22, 240 23 12, 212 93 46,797 57
Eggs 6,961 80 3,385 00 7, 183 83 17,530 63
Barley 34, 889 57 8,330 50 43,220 07
Poultry 3, 782 85 3,782 85
Potatoes ..... 2,213 61 17, 253 93 10,327 50 29, 795 04
Butter 447 00 447 00
Household goods 625 00 495 00 150 00 1,270 00
Beans and pease. 1,293 40 208 32 1, 174 05 2, 675 72
Oats.. 1,648 00 345 00 2,493 00
Cattle 913 50 295 50 1, 209 00
Buckwheat .. 444 00 444 00
Sheep .. 1, 104 00 1, 104 00
Pine timber . 10, 152 00 10, 152 00
Miscellaneous 820 25 734 16 3, 145 65 2,096 00 6, 796 06
Total 62,755 50 55, 151 32 74, 143 09 58,539 46 250, 889 37
Increase . 16, 688 85 25, 497 71 16, 025 16
Decrease 14,590 34 11,571 06
ROBERT J. SAXE.
STRATFORD.
GODERICH, September 27 , 1877. (Received November 2. )
STRATFORD AS A MANUFACTURING CENTER.
The town of Stratford is the most important in the county of Perth ,
Ontario. It is situated on the river Avon , in the center of a very fer
tile and thickly settled country, and has become an important market
for grain and produce of all kinds . It possesses also good water-power,
operating extensive mills. The manufactures are attracting attention.
Among the principal are establishments for the production of agricul
tural implements, mill-machinery , iron castings, steam -engines , woolens,
boots and shoes, as well as severel flouring-mills, distilleries, and brew
eries. A prominent feature is the Grand Trunk Railway engine repair
shops , employing two hundred men , which are likely to be increased by
the removal here of the car- shops now at Brantford .
AS A RAILROAD CENTER.
Stratford is a great railway center, if not the leading railroad point

in Canada. From it access may be had to the following places : By the
main line of the Grand Trunk eastward to Toronto, Montreal, and the
Atlantic seaboard ; westward on the same line to London, by a branch
to Saint Mary's, and to Sarnia and Detroit, continuing on the main line.
The Buffalo and Lake Huron branch of the Grand Trunk crosses the
main line at Stratford , giving an entry northward to Goderich and
southeast to Buffalo. By the Port Dover and Lake Huron, connec
tion is given with Lake Erie, and by the extension now in progress
and projected, accession will be obtained to the northward as far as
Listowel, and, when finished , to the Georgian Bay at Owen Sound.
GUSTAVUS GOWARD.
II.
STRATFORD, November 10, 1877. (Received November 22. )

NEWSPAPERS , SCHOOLS , AND CHURCHES.
Stratford is 38 miles from London, 45 miles from Goderich, 61 miles
from Hamilton , 80 miles from Sarnia, 115 miles from Buffalo , 143 miles
from Detroit, and 88 miles from Toronto. Thet own is lighted by gas, and
the business streets are lined with many fine blocks, with numerous
beautiful residences scattered here and there through the town .
Stratford supports four ably- managed weekly newspapers , viz, The
Stratford Herald , The Stratford Beacon , The Stratford Times, and the
Canadian Colonist, the latter a German paper, largely patronized by the
German residents of the surrounding country.
The school facilities and privileges of Stratford are very excellent
The school buildings are, the central school , grammar school , and five
ward schools, thoroughly efficient and liberally patronized . There is,
besides, a Roman Catholic school, which is well sustained . There are
ten church edifices in Stratford.
MANUFACTURES .
The principal manufactures are one agricultural implement manufac
tory, the annual sales of which amount to $200,000 ; the Grand Trunk
Railway shops, which employ five hundred men, and a thrashing -ma
chine manufactory. There are also stave and heading, brick, leather,
woolen, marble, pottery, sash and blind manufactories, a foundery, car
riage- works, flouring and flax mills.
The principal exports from this agency to the United States are cat
tle, horses , sheep and lambs, wheat, barley, pease and split pease, oat
meal, and oil-cake, flax and tow, wool, and preserved meats. The ag
gregate value of certified exports from this office to the United States
for the year ending the 30th September, 1875, was $ 1,057,284.59 ; for
the year 1876 , $ 1,273,191.70 ; and for the year 1877 was $ 611,178.96.
The falling off during the past year was due to the very great business
depression, the exceedingly poor crops in all this part of Canada, the
wretched state of the live stock market in the United States , and also
to the diversion of both live stock and grain to the markets of both Eng
land and Scotland direct, via Montreal and New York. The prospects
for the coming year, however, seem as good as for either 1875 or 1876.
An accurate idea of the business of this agency may be obtained from
the annexed tables of both imports and exports to and from Stratford
for the years ending September 30, 1876 and 1877 .
SURROUNDING TOWNS.
Towns tributary to Stratford and doing their consular business here,
having a population of from 1,000 to 7,000, are : west, on the Grand
Trunk Railway, Saint Mary's, Granton, Lucan, Ailsa Craig, Park Hill ,
Forest, Widder, and Thorndale ; on the east, Shakespeare, Hamburg,
Petersburgh, Breslau, and Berlin ; on the north, on the Buffalo and
Lake Huron Railway, Sebringville, Mitchell, Carronbrook, Seaforth, and
Clinton ; on the south, Tavistock, Bright, and Drumbo ; on the Port
Dover and Lake Huron Railway are Woodstock and Listowel.
ALMON A. THOMPSON.
Statement showing the value of the imports at Stratford during the year ending June 30, 1877.
Articles. Value. Duty.
Goods paying a specific duty. $14, 217 00

Goods paying ad valorem duty. 27, 973 00 $12, 617 72
Goods paying 25 per cent. duty . 477 00 119 25
Goods paying 17 per cent. duty. 118, 613 00 20, 758 91
Goods paying 10 per cent. duty. 4,868 00 486 80
Goods paying 5 per cent. duty.. 13,842 00 692 10
Datiable goods, value…………. 179,990 00 34, 674 78
Free goods.. 79, 196 00
Total 259, 186 00
Total for preceding year . 237,547 00 31,049 00
Increase 21, 639 00 3, 625 78
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the vice-commercial agency of Stratford
to the United States during the four quarters of the year ending September 30, 1877 .
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Apples $400 00 $400 00

Barloy 48, 350 00 $40, 970 00 $45, 869 00 135, 189 00
Cattle 842 00 7,600 31 5,074 50 $13,756 00 27, 272 81
Effects ............ 2, 378 10 2,861 00 987 00 6, 226 10
Eggs 37, 905 90 2, 551 00 27, 979 00 18, 503 75 86, 939 65
Flax and tow.. 13, 613 32 38, 924 54 30,288 58 11, 845 23 94, 671 67
Hides ..........……………. 1, 129 90 591 00 1, 914 22 3, 170 88 6, 806 00
Horses ………….... 1,980 50 11, 341 50 4, 192 00 8,942 50 26, 456 50
Lumber 144 00 360 50 165 00 669 50
Oil-cake 22, 200 00 5,250 00 5,600 00 8, 540 00 41, 590 00
Merchandise 117 40 117 40
Pease 17, 560 00 3, 549 95 2, 080 00 1,200 00 24, 389 95
Pease, split. 7,865 00 2, 950 00 3,875 00 1, 050 00 15,740 00
Salt 5,307 20 5,307 20
Sheep and lambs 54, 375 32 6, 035 65 1,571 75 76,400 16 138, 382 88
Wheat 2,520 00 2,520 00
Wool. 5,767 10 5,787 10
Sundries 92 80 92 80
Total 214, 144 04 122, 624 95 129, 791 55 151, 978 02 618, 358 56
Total for preceding year.. 397, 442 75 381, 701 81 301, 285 62 183, 761 52 1 , 273, 191 70
Increase
Decrease 183, 298 71 259, 276 86 171, 494 07 31, 783 50 654, 833 14
WALLACEBURG.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular agency of Wallaceburg to
the United States during the four quarters of the year ending June 30 , 1877.
Quarter ending—
Articles. Total for
September December March 31, June 30, the year.
30, 1876. 31, 1876. 1877. 1877.
Bolts $876 53 $1,027 00 $288 50 $2, 192 03

Cordwood ...... 16,867 12 15,302 50 8, 232 50 40, 402 12
Grain 13 73 13 73
Horses and cattle . 347 50 69 12 416 62
Hay 75 00 75 00
Household effects .. 152 50 301 00 253 50
Hoops . .......... 937 05 937 05
Logs ...... 711 72 687 50 4, 419 50 5,818 72
Lumber 7,239 90 1,997 57 6,354 62 15, 592 09
Last-wood 9 00 135 50 144 50
Railroad-ties 1,176 55 3, 830 30 5, 006 85
Miscellaneous 57 50 57 50
Total.. 28, 389 10 19,395 19 23, 125 42 70, 909 71
L. H. JOHNSON.
.*
CANAL
WELLAND
character
of
Statement
destination
mount
nd
transported
merchandise
and
canal
said
collected
revenue
amount
ending
,during
year
a877
1on
30
.June
582
to
Canadian
From Canadian
From
States
United
to States
United
From
Canadian
ports
. United
States
ports
. United
States
ports
. to
ports
.Canadian Tons
.
Articles
. .
Total of
Amount
.tolls
Up
. Down
. Up
. Down
. .
Up Down
. .
Up Down
. Up
. Down
.
Barley
. ..tons 1,247 309 15
,620 201 543 3,773 8,1667 5,426 2,2293 462
$,396
Bricks
. ..do
.. 71 160 10 93 116 81 369 450 50
75
nd
..sand
, ime
alClay ..
do 30 1,031 6 41 30 ,0178 ,108 134
61
.
Coal do
... 661 4 5 , 33
1169 8,204 ,819
11 3140
, 59 ,618
181 , 67
11:13 , 85
7324 62
,957
27
Cor
...... n. ..
do 226 70,878 , 29
198 , 33
2169 ,233
169 33
,846
60
Fish .
do 23 4 8 496 14 527 18 545 50108
Flour
. .
do 40 7,944 7,472 412 40 14,928 9,1468 94
,41 01
other
Iron
.all
,aprig
ailway
nd do
. 852 371 58 7,909 364 493 8, 19 2,128 010 , 47 15 1,877
Iron
ore ..do
.. 4,060 ,236
18 2, 96
22 , 96
222 80
,114
Marble do
.. 8,133 8,133 8,133 733
20
Nails .
do 144 66 180 165 210 345 555 40
215
Oats ..
do 1,302 340 4,1124 0,1366 0,1366 98
,5295
Oil
.,in
barrels .
.do 19 12 6 1,074 3 37 1,077 1, 14 25
415
Pota
.... toes do
... 338 251 56 1 645 1 646 74.99
Por
. k do
... 542 45 587 587 117
40
Rye ..
do 34 568 929 34 1,497 ,5131 300
25
Salt do
.. 152 631 25 3,2278 2 22,555 633 23 ,188 83
,6429
Stone
... do
... 2,065 ,072
14 323 876 69 67,56 2,364 7,2197 ,02561 55
,7266
Spirits
.. do
.. 53 203 19 223 148 95 295 446 741 10
281
Wheat do
... 7,679 3,253 1 ,39289 ,276
74 7,680 0,175 18 6, 98
182 16
, 99
634
eBarrels
, mpty 326 6 44 535 16 905 22 927 33
179
Fire
-wood
.. 1,080 ,004
61 0,180 61,004 , 84
062 89 ,1317
,sawed
Lumber 1,971 ,873
11 15 732 5,5913 7,1941 ,1986 , 59
891 0,101 45 16,355
91
s, awed
Logs 95 35,21 599 617 712 ,9520 6, 32 25
295
Staves
headings
and ,2101 726 1,072 7,964 10,963 9,1063 15,0276
Shingles 99 79 90 99 169 268 127
39
Timber
s, quare 110
, 72 1,230 , 61
911 , 75
265 42
Ties
300 300 88,638 88,938 , 67
213
.,railway 1, 17 1, 17 1, 17 02
177
wood
other
.All 271 234 20 246 30 254 547 801 26
156
merchand
All
other ise 6,108 2,393 514 801 3,995 1,489 159 370 2,676 0,553 3,1129 75
2,843
paying
freight
Total
tolls 0,2687 8, 47
129 2, 64
21 4,889 6, 97
225 , 72
1249 12,595 431,298 ,643
285 ,206
815 ,849
1,100 77
,367
191
..
goods
Free 128, 18 4,753 0,809 , 80
525 ,52580
Grand
total
freight 9,3805 , 47
8129 026
, 17 4,889 7, 06
233 , 72
1249 5,1295 2, 98
431 23
2,311 , 06
2815 1, 29
26
on
tolls
.Total
vessels 33
, 28
326
Total
tolls
on
passengers 406
73
amages
receipts
,aFines
nd
d.other 30
676
revenue
xclusive
,Total
hydraulic
rents
e.of ,779
13
218
A.
by
State
of
Department
the
to ransmitted
*Tonsul
,cat
Phillips
.C.
Erie
Fort
tonnage
number
showing
1Statement
30
June
ending
year
fiscal
during
Canal
Welland
through
passed
vessels
of
nationality
,a
tolls
the
877
nd
.
thereon
collected
Canadia
From
United n
States
United
to
Canadian
From to
States
United States
United
to Tons
.
Canadian
ports
. Canadian
ports
.to
.
ports ports
. Total
. Amount
Vessels
. of
.
tolls
Up
. Down
. Up
. Down
. Up
. .
Down .
Up Down
. .
Up Down
.
Total number.
:
vessels
Canadian
Steam
......
…… ..
.tons 639 , 55
655 ,92750 , 32
913 ,211
39 69,587 ,161
67 ,744
136 041
$3,14
Sail ..
do. 2,297 7,117 87 0, 37
74 1, 71
122 2,498 193 251 1,589 , 77
2167 ,340
245 , 63
8245 , 03
2491 71
,8908
.Total
Cauadian 2,936 , 42
4173 ,987
101 , 03
1136 2,498 193 251 1,589 ,488
206 27
9,314 21
0,313 ,951
627 12
8, 23
vessels
States
:United
Steam
...... .tons
.. 454 304 327 12 537 , 19
976 76,480 421 1,398 , 56
677 , 42
778 , 98
3156 77
3,889
Sail .do
..1,541 61, 22 649 3, 48
27 62,18 , 34
318.1 5,11341 8,320 98,378 1, 24
217 , 86
1215 ,310
432 44
6,915
......
States
United
Total 1,995 1,926 976 , 60
327 3,155 53
,
,253 190
261 ,021
190 2,441 , 76
799 , 80
7294 , 28
9293 , 08
7588 21
, 05
513
total
Grand ,9431 68
9,363
102
175 , 63
4163 7,453 246
4261
,190 72 9,430 , 64
2306 , 07
7609 3326
,3612928
606 59
52
16
preceding
years
for
.the
30
June
ending
year
fiscal
,a
four
877
nd
Comparative
1statement
Canal
Welland
on
traffic
of
Description
. 1873
. .
1874 1875
. .
1876 .
1877
Farm
..
stock ..
.tons 63 89 52 52 95
Forest
..... ...
do 3, 76
310 ,661
305 ,471
204 ,233
212 , 05
6271
Manufactures
. ..
do 3, 23
56 37
,888 5,2996 , 20
816 , 54
715
Merchandise ..
do ,287
419 , 10
9533 , 59
5366 5,41144 , 34
6404
products
Agricultural ..
do , 80
5544 , 02
2626 7, 40
515 ,549
456 , 61
7408
..
Total 29
36,130 ,750
1,503 18
41, 16 ,198
1,097 1,80049
Passengers ..
number 7,629 9,6 19 6,553 5,735 2,1393
Vessels
kinds
all
of number
. 2,605 4,695 4,878 5,413 9,431
kinds
.of
all
vessels
Tonnage .tons
.. ,388
1,397 ,113
1,372 20
10, 77 , 04
81,077 1,216,659
vessels
of
tonnage
.Total
property
and ,017
2,728 8, 63
3,075 4, 38 3
2,29 02
01,275 5,320817
583
WINDSOR, NOVA SCOTIA.

Statement showing the commerce of Windsor, Nova Scotia, during the year ending June 30, 1877
IMPORTS.
Duty. Countries
Articles. Quantity. Value. whence im.
Amount Rate. ported.
received.
Goods paying specific duty.
Hops . .lbs.. 60 $3 $3.00 5 cents per pound . United States
Lard .do.. 5,647 628 56 47 1 cent per pound . Do.
Meats, salted do.. 7,000 530 70 00 .do Do.
Oil, kerosene ....
..Imp. galls.. 8, 357 2, 034 1,385 32 18 cents up to February Do.
last, 7 cents per gallon
afterward.
Soap, common ..lbs .. 50 4 50 1 cent per pound . Do. 1
Starch do .. 1,120 72 22 40 2 cents per pound .. Great Britain.
Brandy. .Imp. galls.. 100 366 119 90 $1.20 per gallon France.
Tea, black. .lbs.. 66 11 3 30 5 cents per pound . United States.
Vinegar..........
...Imp. galls .. 58 40 6 96 12 cents per gallon.. Great Britain.
Total specific duty ....
. 4,338 1, 667 85
Goods paying specific and ad
valorem duty.
Sugar ..lbs .. 15, 012 836 359 12 25 per cent. and 1 cent Foreign West
per pound. Indies.
Sugar candy .do.. 1,410 230 71 60 .do United States.
Total specific and ad 1,066 430 72
valorem duty.
Goods paying 25 per cent. ad
valorem duty.
Molasses .cwt.. 48, 040 1,278 319 50 25 per cent.. Foreign West
Indies.
Total 25 per cent. ad 1,278 319 50
valorem duty.
Goodspaying 17 per cent. ad
valorem duty.
Manufactures of iron and 7,715 1,350 17 173 per cent . United States.
steel, hardware, &c.
Do .. 3,663 641 07 .do Great Britain.
Machinery, not elsewhere 1,290 225 75 United States.
specified .
Wood, manufactures of 1,434 250 95 Do.
Do 57 9 98 17 per cent. Great Britain.
Paints and colors . 2, 196 384 30 Do.
Small wares . 10 1 75 Do.
Packages.. 375 66 65 Do.
Do 100 17 49 17 per cent . Great Britain.
Do 45 7 88 France.
Cottons ...... 793 138 80 United States
Glass ware . 1,218 213 16 Do.
Do 41 7 17 Great Britain.
Twines. ... ...lbs.. 860 160 28 00 17 per cent.. Do.
Do. do .. 1,087 214 37 45 United States.
Brooms and brushes ...doz.. 40 129 22 57 Do.
Do 50 198 34 64 Great Britain.
Varnish, other than black, 35 90 15,75 Do.
&c. , galls.
Do 74 217 37 98 17 per cent. United States.
Glass, window.. .feet.. 20, 250 918 160 65 Great Britain.
Carriages .No . 2 552 96 60 United States.
Clothing 415 72 62 Great Britain.
China ware, & c.. 214 37 44 Do.
Do 162 28 34 17 per cent.. United States.
Oils, other than petroleum, 742 296 51 80 Do.
galls.
Do 1,675 979 171 33 Great Britain.
Brass, manufactures of.. 232 40 59 ..... Do.
Dried fruits and nuts ... lbs.. 5, 672 310 54 26 United States.
Candles, all kinds.. .do . 216 50 8 76 17 per cent .. Do.
Cabinet ware or furniture. 161 28 19 Do.
Turpentine, spirits of. galls.. 616 189 33 08 Do.
Pickles and sauces .. 202 35 35 Great Britain.
Preserved meats 174 30 46 United States.
Paper, all kinds 407 71 25 17 per cent. Do.
Stationery 378 66 14 Do.
Clocks .No.. 34 170 29 75 Do.
Wax, bees' ..lbs .. 237 79 13 82 Do.
Grease, axle . ..do.. 1, 060 70 10 24 17 per cent Do.
Cement 41 7 18 Do.
Statement showing the commerce of Windsor, Nova Scotia, &c.- Continued .

IMPORTS -Continued.
Duty. Countries
Articles. Quantity. Value. whence im
Amount Rate. ported.
received.
228832
valorem duty-Continued.
Musical instruments ...No.. 3 $315 $55 12 United States.
India rubber, manufactures 5 78 Do.
53
of.
8
Drugs. 4 55 Do.
Lead, manufactures of 12 60 17 per cent.. Great Britain.
Millinery 9 81 United States.
Hats and caps ... 5 60 Do.
Guns, &c... No.. 13 44 7 70 Great Britain.
Gold and silver, manufac 171 29 93 17 per cent .. Do.
tures of.
Unenumerated articles .... 67 13 48 Do.
Do 529 92 57 United States .
Total 17 per cent. ad 27, 574 4, 825 65
valorem duty.
valorem duty.
Bran cwt.. 40 26 2 60 10 per cent.. United States.
Fruits, green. 78 7 80 ... do Do.
Seeds, other than cereals 68 6 80 ...... do Great Britain.
Trees, plants, &c... 27 2 70 do United States.
Total 10 per cent. ad 199 19 90
valorem duty.
valorem duty.
Sail-cloth or canvas ....yds.. 11, 702 2,852 142 60 5 per cent . Great Britain.
Do ..do .. 29, 446 6, 615 330 75 ..do United States.
Cordage ------... cwt.. 253 1,994 99 70 ...... do ... Great Britain.
Do ..do .. 175 1, 373 68 65 do United States.
Ships' pumps . 912 45 60 ..do Great Britain.
Other ships' materials . 563 28 40 ... do Do.
Books, & c 387 19 35 do United States.
Iron .cwt.. 4, 023 5,955 297 75 do Great Britain.
Do. ..do.. 5,023 7,247 362 35 .do United States.
Iron, galvanized ...... do .. 4 19 95 ..do Great Britain.
Bolts and spikes, galvanized, 82 366 18 30 do Do.
cwt.
Do 31 145 7 25 do United States.
Varnish, black ...galls.. 46 12 60 .do Do.
Total 5 per cent. ad 28, 445 1, 422 25
valorem duty.
Total duitable goods .. 62, 900 8, 685 87
FREE GOODS.
Anchors 2, 439 Great Britain.
Chain cables over inch 9, 219 Do.
Wire rigging . 4, 147 Do.
Manures 3,298 United States.
Yellow metal . 1, 929 Great Britain.
Oakum ... 999 Do.
Flour, ofwheat 22, 091 United States .
Meal, all kinds 14, 347 Do.
Wood, unmanufactured 2, 719 Do.
Steel 843 Great Britain.
Lumber, walnut.. 327 United States.
Meats, ship's use .. 113 Do.
Sheet-lead 285 Great Britain.
Pig-iron .. 3, 460 Do.
Pitch and tar.. 193 United States.
Settlers' effects..... 408 Great Britain.
Coals, hard ..... 2, 033 United States.
Salt 820 Great Britain.
Rattan, chair-makers' 669 United States.
Other articles 386 Do.
Do ...... 229 Great Britain.
Total free goods .... 70, 954
Total duitable goods 62, 900 8, 685 87
Grand total .. 133, 854 8,685 87
Statement showing the commerce of Windsor, Nova Scotia, &c.—Continued.

RECAPITULATION.
Value. Amount
received.
Goods paying specific duty .. $4,338 $1,667 85

Goods paying specific and ad valorem duty 1,066 430 72
Goods paying 25 per cent. ad valorem duty 1,273 319 50
Goods paying 17 per cent. ad valorem duty.. 27,574 4,825 65
Goods paying 10 per cent. ad valorem duty. 199 19 90
Goods paying 5 per cent. ad valorem duty 28, 445 1,422 25
Free goods.. 70, 954
Total dutiable goods ...... 133, 854 8, 685 87
RECAPITULATION BY COUNTRIES.
Value. Amount
received.
Total goods, dutiable and free, from

Great Britain . $42, 950 $2,327 59
United States. 88, 432 5,555 46
France.... 416 128 65
Foreign West Indies . 2,056 674 17
Grand total... 133, 854 8,695 87
EXPORTS.
Articles. Quantity. Value. Whither exported .
The mine.
Gypsum, crude . ..tons .. 94, 195 $87, 243 United States.
Manganese . .do... 46 1,550 Do.
Total. 88,793
The forest.
Scantling and battens . .pieces.. 2, 223 453 Great Britain.
Do. .do .. 100 8 British West Indies.
Do .do.. 1,500 150 Newfoundland.
Deals and deal ends standard hundred .. 436 9, 570 Great Britain.
Do. ..do ... 116 2, 325 France.
Do ..do .... 13 202 Newfoundland.
Planks and boards .M feet.. 125 750 Do.
Do. ...do .. 230 2, 129 British West Indies.
Spars …………... pieces.. 100 250 Great Britain.
Do. do... 25 12 British West Indies.
Fire-wood.. ..cords .. 118 241 United States.
Shingles M.. 111 194 Newfoundland.
Knees and futtocks pieces .. 692 623 United States.
Laths M .. 170 170 Do.
Other woods . 2,840 Do.
Do 370 Great Britain.
Do .. 65 France.
Total. 20, 352
Animals and their products.
Wool.. pounds.. 198 60 Newfoundland.
Agricultural products.
Vegletables (potatoes) ....... 6, 199 United States.
Manufactures.
Machinery 550 Great Britain.
Wood ...... 488 Newfoundland.
Ships sold to other countries . tons .. 2,544 74, 373 Great Britain.
Do. ......... ..do ... 399 10, 000 Norway.
Do ..... .do... 146 5,000 Venezuela.
Total... 90, 411
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- FALKLAND ISLANDS. 587
RECAPITULATION.
The mine $88, 793
The forest . 20, 352
Animals, & c 60
Agricultural products .. 6, 199
Manufactures.. 90, 411
Grand total 205, 815
RECAPITULATION BY COUNTRIES.
United States 98,866
Great Britain 85,566
Newfoundland 1, 844
France.. 2, 390
British West Indies . 2, 149
Norway . 10,000
Venezuela 5,000
Grand total 205, 815
Statement showing the value of declared exports from Windsor, Nova Scotia, to the United
States during the four quarters of the year ending September 30 , 1877 .
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
December March 31 , June 30, September the year.
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Lump plaster. $12,980 59 $36, 473 98 $23, 876 30 $78, 330 87

Potatoes 3, 145 00 $1,348 75 1,934 50 6, 428 25
Manganese 662 56 580 41 1,001 76 1, 081 04 3,325 77
Laths 170 00 170 00
Empty barrels 55 60 55 60
Total. 16, 788 15 1, 929 16 39, 635 84 29,957 34 88, 310 49
Total for preceding year 16, 982 58 17, 236 05 33, 932 58 68, 151 21
Increase. 1,929 16 • 22, 399 79 20, 159 28
Decrease 194 43 3,975 24
D. K. HOBART.
YARMOUTH .*
Declared imports and exports, by countries, to and from Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, for the year
ending August 31, 1877 .
Great Britain . $123, 285 $11, 797

United States.. 401, 343 149, 751
British West Indies 117, 913 165, 265
French West Indies 22, 787 121, 718
Spanish West Indies .. 4,590
Newfoundland .. 1,807
Total 669, 918 450,338
* Transmitted to the Department of State by the United States consul at Windsor, Nova Scotia.
FALKLAND ISLANDS.
PORT STANLEY, August 2, 1877. (Received October 8.)

In conformity with consular instructions, I herewith forward the an
nual commercial report of this consulate for the year ending 31st De
cember, 1876, viz :
ARRIVALS OF VESSELS .
The total number of vessels of all nations visiting the ports of the
colony during the above period was 40 , viz , 37 with cargoes and 3 in
ballast ; total tonnage, 21,732 ; also 3 steamers of war-2 British and 1

French.
Three United States vessels , laden with seal- skins, called at this port
during the year ; one from Cape Horn, bound for Stonington , with a
cargo valued at $56,000 , and two from South Georgia, bound for New
London, with cargoes valued at $ 111,000.
IMPORTS, EXPORTS, AND POPULATION.
The total amount of imports , mostly from England , consisting chiefly

of wearing apparel and articles of food , was $ 131,677 during the whole
year.
The total amount of exports during the year, mostly to England, which
consisted chiefly of wool, hides, sheep-skins, penguin-oil, tallow, and
whale-oil, was $ 873,172.
The whole population of the Falkland Islands , according to the latest
official return , is 1,117 souls , viz, 733 males and 384 females , chiefly
employed as shepherds and in connection with merchant-ships.
G. GERARD .
GIBRALTAR.
OCTOBER 6, 1877. (Received October 26. )
Proposed customs restrictions for Gibraltar , and the effects thereof.
Since my last annual report the civil and commercial population of

Gibraltar has been plunged into a state of the greatest excitement
and consternation , consequent upon the determination of the British
Government to adopt such custom-house measures and restrictions in
this port as would prevent what it considers the illicit trade in tobacco
from Gibraltar with its knowledge and tacit consent.
The reasons assigned by the British minister for colonial Affairs in
justification of the extraordinary and exceptional measures to be ap
plied to Gibraltar are, that the illicit trade in tobacco has tended to
increase the irritation of the Spanish people at the occupation by Great
Britain of what they consider part of their own territories ; causing, as
it is said, at the same time, serious injury to the Spanish revenue, not
withstanding the notoriety of the fact that the Government of Spain is
to a great extent responsible for the development of the contraband
trade, which is carried on solely by her own people, aided and encour
aged by her own authorities and officials of the districts in the vicinity
of Gibraltar. Such legislation as that essayed by Lord Caernarvon with
respect to Gibraltar, for the express purpose of protecting the revenues
of a foreign and neighboring state, to the prejudice of its own local
interests and those of its own subjects, is somewhat novel and worthy
of record .
As was natural to suppose, the civil and commercial population of
Gibraltar, who are dependent upon the export trade which is con
ducted from this port, so far as they are concerned , in a perfectly legiti
mate manner, lost no time in remonstrating with the British Govern
ment as to the fatal consequences which must ensue from the applica.
tion of such a principle as that of upholding the monopoly of a foreign
government without regard to local interests ; protesting, at the same
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES - GIBRALTAR . 589
time, against the imposition of any conditions or restrictions whatever

upon any branch of trade for the mere purpose of protecting the rev
enues and monopoly of a foreign government-a practice totally at
variance with the principles of free trade, and with the policy and leg
islation of Great Britain in commercial matters .
The remonstrance in question contained an energetic protest against
the discontinuance of Gibraltar as a free port, a privilege which it has
enjoyed since the 7th of February, 1705 , in conformity with an order in
council of Queen Anne. A deputation composed of some of the
leading merchants of Gibraltar, with the representatives of several
of the chambers of commerce and shipping interests of Great Britain,
accompanied by several members of Parliament, had interviews with
the British minister for the colonies, who, yielding to the pressure thus
brought to bear upon him, has postponed the carrying out for the cur
rent year the proposed custom-house scheme for this port, deferring any
further action until such time as he shall have fully consulted the gov
ernment as to its final decision in the premises.
In the mean time the commercial community of Gibraltar, laboring
under great uncertainty and apprehension as to the future, limit their
operations, while others abstain altogether from entering into any kind
of investments in which the local interests of this port are in any way
connected, so that a great decline is already perceptible in almost every
branch of trade, especially in the importation and traffic in tobacco , not
only from the United States, but also from British India , Germany, and
Austria.
NAVIGATION.
Three thousand and eighteen mercantile steamers and 1,000 sailing

vessels of all nations have entered this port during the past year, besides
the usual number of coasting lateen crafts ; showing a considerable
increase on the arrivals of the previous year. Of these, 2,298 steamers
and 449 sailing- vessels were under the British flag, and only 90 sailing.
vessels under our own flag. Sixty-five of the British steamers were
bound direct to the United States from Mediterranean ports above,
loaded with valuable cargoes, and which touched at this port for the
purpose of replenishing their stock of fuel. Seventy-one sailing- vessels
called at this port " for orders," with cargoes of petroleum loaded at
ports in the United States , 12 being under our own flag, 30 under the
Italian, 15 under the British, 3 Austrian, 2 German , 5 Norwegian, 2
Spanish, 1 Swede, and 1 Danish. Most of these vessels proceeded with
their original cargoes to Italian ports.
M
COAL, PETROLEUM, AND FLORIDA WATER.
The coal trade continues as active as ever, but increased competition

in it keeps down prices, which renders the business less remunerative.
The importations in petroleum direct from the United States reach
63,243 cases. The authorities of Gibraltar are limiting the facilities with
regard to the storing on shore of this article, on military grounds ; the
result has been that provisional hulks have been moored out of the way
of the shipping of the port, in which supplies are kept on hand for sale
to meet all retail demands.
Three thousand two hundred and seventy-five boxes of Florida water
have been landed at this port, coming direct from New York. This kind
of perfumery continues to sell freely in this market.
TOBACCO AND TOBACCO SMUGGLING .
The threatened proposed scheme to establish a custom-house at this

port, already referred to, with the object of doing away with the smug.
gling trade of tobacco from here into Spain , had caused some months
past a very marked decrease in the importations of tobacco from the
United States ; but since the project is now postponed till the opening
of the British Parliament, the tobacco trade has lately somewhat revived,
though importers show much caution in their operations, as they do not
wish to be caught with extensive stocks of the weed on their hands in
the event of the custom -house scheme being finally carried out.
A quantity of Kentucky tobacco in hogsheads and cases of seed-leaf
have recently arrived direct from New York, and 1,319 boxes of manu
factured tobacco, 1,088 cases of tobacco cuttings, and 154 cases of tobacco
scraps have been landed at this port during the past year.
MOORISH SOLDIERS.
The only incident worthy of notice in the military history of this gar
rison since my last report has been the arrival here last year of a small
detachment of Moorish recruits sent to this fortress by the Emperor of
Morocco to undergo a course of training, with the view of introducing
European discipline in the ranks of the Moorish army. The number
does not exceed one hundred men ; they are encamped on the north
front in tents, and to all appearances present excellent material for good
so diers, with great aptitude for acquiring the knowledge requisite for
the military profession.
HORATIO J. SPRAGUE.
Statement
showing
navigation
30 the
port
at
Gibraltar
of
for
ending
year
.,1September
877
.
ENTERED CLEARED
.
Fl
. ag From
to
or Steamers
. -vessels
.Sailing .
Total Steamers
. Sailing
.-vessels Total
.
No. Ton
. s No. Tons
. No. .
Tons No. Ton
. s No. Tons
. No. Tons
.
Argentine
.. Mostly
ports
from
Europe
in
..
Austrian do
... 1
Belgian 1 1 30
do
... 49 49
British do
... 2,298 2,747 2,291 442
Danish do 5 7,233
Dutch .do 5 26
33 33 31
French .do 183 203 181 19
Greek .do 200
German 5 5 24
.do 15 15 30
Italian do 35 130 165 34 124
Jerusalem do 1
Norwegi
. an do 28 83 28 51
Portugue se do
189088800-8
. 43 38
Russian do 3 13 3
Swedish .do 18 10
Spanish do 40 18 19
345 375 342 28
States
United United
States
UNJAG - UUKUUN
33
FBRAR
8 - HHJ - FABERPAH
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES
Sicily 18
Italy
. 9
Spain 8
Peru
. 49
145
Austria
. 90 , 86. 90 087
44
, 51.86 87
Turkey
Greece
.
Algiers
..France
06352 IL
.
Total 0,318 1,000 0,418 0,305 961 3,966
GIBRALTAR .
591
GUIANA
.
592
DEMERARA
.
31
.,1876
ending
December
for
year
the
Demerara
at
showing
commerce
Statement
IMPORTS
.
.
Quantity Valu
en e of
Amount .'
Whence
.
Articles .tered duties
.
Asphalt tons
.. 140 80
5$94 Free West
.
Indies
Bacon
. .
lbs 11
6, 39 16
3,024 $27832 States
United
.Kingdom
,United
pBeef
,. ickled .bbls
.. 7,456 ,88641
130 00
22,368 States
Indies
,fcolonies
ther
nited
United
UoKingdom
Woreign
est
states
.
, ried
.dBeef lbs
:. 3,290 521
40 80
47 , oreign
States
fstates
.United
.
Bread ..
..do ,556
1,777 68
99,948 78
8,887 foreign
States
United
W
oKingdom
,UIndies
colonies
ther
nited
est
states
.
Bricks No
.. 57
1,381 60
, 83
645 947
15 ooreign
Kingdom
,fUnited
.colonies
states
ther
Butter ..lbs
. , 97
7492 16, 56
7104 94
9,55 ,fcolonies
States
oreign
nited
oUnited
UIndies
Wther
Kingdom
est
states
.
Buckets
pails
and doz
. 1,894 60
,0317 50
473 United
States
.
Candles
,tallow .lbs
. ,350
74 12
, 32
110 50
743 states
United
.States
ooreign
UKingdom
,fcolonies
ther
nited
,composition
Candles ..
.do ,178
211 14
,716
31 90
, 58
510 United
Wnited
,UKingdom
.Indies
States
est
Cheese .do
.. ,313
328 42
,546
36 26
5,666 fUnited
Woreign
oKingdom
UIndies
,colonies
States
ther
nited
est
states
.
Coffee .do 5,8412 52
, 10
012 68
1,267 Woreign
Kingdom
UUnited
,fIndies
.States
states
nited
est
Chocolate
.. .
do 486 172
72 44
19 Kingdom
oreign
.,fUnited
states
Coal hbds
. ,499
18 50
122
,731 76
,439 , est
Kingdom
WIndies
.United
Coal .tons
.. 88,724 16
380,014 64
, 30
931 , ther
Kingdom
,fUnited
oreign
ostates
.colonies
Confectionery
. .lbs
.. 33,509 18
8,831 47
1,925 Kingdom
United
,W oreign
est
fstates
.Indies
Cocoa ..
.do 473,947 44
, 81
178 120
,709 , oreign
Indies
fstates
.West
.cwt 1,530 94
,911
45 40
,1530 Woreign
Kingdom
UUnited
,fIndies
.States
states
nited
est
Cordage
.. ..
Corn
and
.pulse .bush ,550
220 ,319
180
18 60
0, 27
11 Woreign
Kingdom
oUnited
UIndies
,fcolonies
States
ther
nited
est
state
. s
Corn
meal
oat
and .
lbs , 26
61,518 84
,630
20 56
3,796 Wther
Kingdom
oUnited
,UIndies
.colonies
States
nited
est
Cigars 7,1268 20 80
,512
33 68
,207
21 Indies
,W
Kingdom
United
est
.United
States
fCotton
, oreign .
bales 59 00
2,780 139
00 Foreign
states
.
Cattle
.. …………… .. ..
.head ,41 82 60
,771
47 Free fWest
Indies
,states
. oreign
- rooms
b.Corn ..
.doz 7,268 96
4,889 60
553 Indies
UWest
, nited
.States
d, ried
Fish ..
lbs 97
,681 ,718
380
32 07
436 oIndies
W
Kingdom
,United
est
Uther
fcolonies
States
oreign
nited
states
.
, almon
sFish bbls
.. 6001 00
3,860 50
1,201 colonies
Indies
West
,oStates
nited
.Uther
, ackerel
mFish ..
...
do 3,576 86
,842
12 00
3,576 States
Indies
,UWest
colonies
ther
nited
ostates
.foreign
sorts
, ther
oFish ..
..do 3,215 80
, 23
113 75
803 Kingdom
United
Indies
fStates est
nited
.,UWoreign
states
, moked
..sFish .
.lbs , 48
083 80
4,966 415
24 States
Kingdom
oUnited
,UIndies
,Wther
nited
est
.colonies
Flour bbls
.. ,1346
9340 651579 93
,365
75 Kingdom
est
oUnited
Indies
ther
,fUcolonies
States
Woreign
nited
states
.
I
Fish
g- lue .lbs
.. 689 00
508 40
25 .
states
Foreign
Groun
feed
. .....d do
.. 717
, 60 810
,8655 60
1,809 fStates
W nited
Ucolonies
ther
,ooreign
est
Indies
Kingdom
United
Gun .
states
.... powder .
.do 6,1661 72
,1400 30
333 Indies
., est
W
Kingdom
United
Gauge.…… .do
.. 9,651 80
2,049 08
556 colonies
ther
.,oIndies
W est
Kingdom
United
Ham.s.. ....... .do 0, 50
473 92
, 80
568 00
9,461 oreign
States
nited
colonies
ther
Indies
,fUoWest
Kingdom
United
..
states
.
Hay ,503
1,381
..
..do 00
, 62
828 50
1,381 Do.
Horses
. 303 08
,566
35 00
121 states
fIndies
.States
United nited
,UKingdom
Woreign
est
w, ood
Hoops 56
, 48
751 33
865 states
fIndies
.colonies
ther
United
,oKingdom
Woreign
est
i,. ron
Hoops owt
.. 10,959 58
, 76
533 90
095 ,fstates
Kingdom
.United
oreign
15191
.Lime
,building .
hhds 5,304 ,516
12
23 Free W
Indies
Kingdom
., est
United
, uilding
b.Lime .bbls
.. 31,336 ,603
22
11 Free Indies
.
West
tLime
, emper ..
.puncheons 5,835 04
51,470 .
Free Indies
W
., est
Kingdom
United
Lard .lbs ,256
666 ,283
110
92 56
,662 States
UIndies
est
.,Wnited
Kingdom
United
Lumber ..
..ft ,349
512 15 60
918,638 13
246 States
nited
,colonies
ther
Woreign
Indies
est
fUoUnited
states
.
Malt
wood
in .hhds
. 3,298 22
47,536 90
164 United
,West
.Kingdom
Indies
bottles
in
Malt doz
. 66,757 72
, 81
8128 68
016
, 21 oreign
nited
,fStates
ther
Ucolonies
est
oIndies
W
Kingdom
United
states
. States
Matches ..
gross 7,19 60 ,847
20
21 00
9,880 Indies
est
.,UWnited
Kingdom
United
Muskets
and
guns 825 84
4,999 00
1,650 . ther
oUnited
,colonies
Kingdom
Machinery ..
.pkgs ,22141 38
, 48
3479 Free States
oreign
nited
,fcolonies
Wther
Indies
est
UoUnited
Kingdom
states
.
Manur
.. e .
tons 8,928 72, 62
2645 Fre
.. e Indies
United
.Kingdom
,West
Molasses
f, oreign casks
.. 385 00 ,2678 Fre
. e .
states
Foreign
Mules
.. No
.. 298 3300
,5 06 00
,4190 states
fWest
.States
Uoreign
,Indies
nited
...
stores
Military ..
.cases 74 00
3,305 Free United
Kingdom
.
Oni ons
...... .lbs
.. , 51
45,386 80 4
17,87 893
74 states
Other
.States
Uoreign
,fcolonies
nited
....
Opium .
do ,8323
16 00 8
93,70 75
633
, 64 ,foreign
Kingdom
.United
states
Oats ..
bush 87,571 22
337
, 86 56
4,378 fcolonies
nited
UIndies
oWoreign
ther
est
United
,States
Kingdom
states
.
Oils , 051
3343
..
galls 90
4195
, 82 85
51,495 Do.
.
Paints 13
1,4..86.
1.cwt 26
, 14
524 59
361 States
nited
.colonies
,Uother
United
Kingdom
Pepper
. .
.lbs ,195
31 2,68152 95
311 colonies
Kingdom
.,other
United
Percu
c- aps ssion ,700
778 498
82 48
311 United
Woreign
,fKingdom
.Indies
states
est
Perfumery ..
galls ,1431 72
, 65
614 28
733 United
,United
.Kingdom
States
and
Pitch
resin .
bbls 4,194 10
6,367 00
747 states
UStates
oreign
nited
. ther
,fcolonies
oUnited
Kingdom
.
Pistols 68
102 00
28 Indies
.,W est
Kingdom
United
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- GUIANA.
.Pork .bbls
. 14,740 24
,033
131 44
50
,221 nited
States
ther
.colonies
,Indies
UoWest
Potatoes .
bush ,14
41 06
,98268 4,14048 states
.States
oreign
,fcolonies
ther
nited
oUnited
UKingdom
Rice
...... Ibs
.. 607376
, 00 00
951,564 Free colonies
.,oW ther
Indies est
Kingdom
United
Sa
.Q..... .
.do ,85904 14
2,536 08
1,196 states
.colonies
ther
oreign
oUnited
,fKingdom
,white
Shingles
pine 80
3,191 75
97 .colonies
oIndies
, ther
West
..
Shooks 12
116,778 56
5,728 ,fUoWoreign
States
nited
colonies
ther
Indies
est
Kingdom
United
.
states states
oreign
colonies
ther
Indies
.,foW est
Salt .bush
.. ,21032 60
8,076 Free Kingdom
United
Shot .lbs
.. , 18
143 66
2,971 862
36 .foreign
states
United
W
,Kingdom
Indies
est
Slates 00
1,075 41
00 United
Kingdom
.
Snuff
. .
.lbs ,8330 24
3,811 00
1,915 Do.
Soap
.. .
do 7856 82
, 44 84
9, 96
55 284
,47213 W oreign
fcolonies
States
nited
,UIndies
ther
est
United
oKingdom
states
.
593
C.-
31ontinued
876
1December
ending
year
the
,for
Demerara
at
commerce
showing
Statement
.-ontinued
CIMPORTS
594
Value
en of
Amount .
Whence
.
Articles .
Quantity tere
. d duties
.
124
,2$45 8 00
1$,361 States
nited
colonies
.,Uther
oIndies
West
, ed
r.oak
Staves 48
45,000 04
226 Do.
hite
w,oak
Staves . 76
2,399 88
1,514 Do.
..r, efined
Sugar lbs , 72
837 states
., oreign
fIndies
West
.
hhds 710 00
5, 85
52 00
1,5120 statesoreign
fStates
nited
..
, oreign
fSugar ....... ..
.bbls 956 50
2,946 453
25 colonies
ther
.,UoKingdom
United
Tar , 04
8117 04
,5986 308
,256 .states
fcolonies
ther
,ooreign
Kingdom
United
Tea ..
..lbs .states
oreign
,Kingdom
fUnited
Tobacco
-pipes ..
gross 9,5633 24
9,823 50 ,5963 oreign
,States
nited
fUcolonies
ther
oIndies
..
.lbs 1,8710 00 ,0918 12600
, 33 ,W est
Kingdom
United
, anufactured
mTobacco states
.
.d 7598, 83 782 88
, 80 60
,756
119 states
., oreign
fStates
nited
UIndies
West
, eaf
lTobacco .. o 32 fStates
nited
colonies
ther
oIndies
W est
,U, oreign
Kingdom
United
..
.do 16,915 34
2,373 338
...
Tongues .
states
..
galls 1,522 64
3,273 96
4,491 States
.,United
Kingdom
United
Turpentine ..
.lbs 1,062 68
334 24
21 Indies
., est
W
Kingdom
United
Tapioca
.. ......... 60
1,777 00
,0499 Statesnited
Ucolonies
., ther
oKingdom
United
.
Varnish ..
.galls ,0249 states
., oreign
fcolonies
ther
oKingdom
..
do , 29
736 70639, 39 60
329, 83 United
wood
.,in
Wine .do 8,991 12
, 90
330 16
8,991 states
W., oreign
fIndies
Kingdom
United est
bottles
., n
iWine .. colonies
W ther
oIndies
est
.,Kingdom
Brandy ..
..do 8,4872 72
, 63
2108 44
977 United states
., oreign
fStates
... ..
.do ,34314 416860
, 84 28
866 W nited
UIndies
est
Kingdom
United
Gin
.. .. 1,783 92
,9604 00
,5366 states
,Indies
.United est
Woreign
fKingdom
Liqueurs .do .states
, oreign
fKingdom
United
Whisky ..
.do 1,818 90
3,048 00
6,336
., oreign
fRum ..
.puncheons 252 21200
, 11 50 ,400
00 .
states
Foreign
25
1,061
,61497
7,491,096
Total
.
EXPORTS
.
.Value
Quantity .
Whither
Articles
.
..
casks 45 00
1$,800 United
Kingdom
.
Annatto ..
do 9 00
700 Do.
Balata bbls
. 434 80
,506
10 states
oreign
colonies
.,fther
oIndies
West
, ickled .....
p.Beef ......................... 94
5,889 Do.
Bread .do
.. 9, 07
134
....... ................. 2,2000 28
689 .
states
Foreign
Bricks ................ ..... 00
1,372 .Indies
West
and
states
Foreign
Butter
..... .........
……………………… ……… ......... ..lbs 5,1589
. ............................... .doz
. 40 00
86 .
states
Foreign
Brooms
.. ............. ............. ....... .d 33 95
00 Do.
Buckets
..and
pails .. o Do.
Coal
. ........ ..... ........ hh
.. ds 91 00
105
……….......... to
. ns 15 00
300 .Indies
West
.
Coal
“ចិត្ត ឧឌ គឺ ១
Cattle .head
.. 23 states
|Foreign
00
.1,000
Cocoa …………….... ..
.lbs 6, 00
361 635 00
, 40 Indies
.,West
Kingdom
United
pulse
and
.Corn bush
.. 11
,3741 00
913
, 91 West
,foreign
.Indies
states
meal
.
and
oat
Corn .
lbs 76
,521 00
4,991 ooreign
Indies
,fWest
.colonies
states
ther
Cocoa
n- uts ,506
1,259 76
, 92
223 Kingdom
statesest
colonies
oUnited
ther
oreign
W.,fIndies
, allow
tCandles ..lbs
. 4,339 40
641 ,foreign
Indies
.West
states
composition ..
..do 24,01 583
00 .
states
Foreign
Cigars
.. 4, 00
150 60
,7179 oWest
Indies
fther
oreign
,states
.colonies
Cheese ……………………….. .......... .
lbs 39,21 1,288
00 Indies
fWest
, oreign
.states
Cotton
.,foreign .
.bales 224 10,70052 United
Kingdom
.
Cassareep...... ----- 21 544 West
,other
.Indies
colonies
Coffee ..lbs
. 17,397 00
3,36 Kingdom
United
ther
est
Woreign
,Indies
fostates
.colonies
Charcoal ..
..bbls , 66
232 58
20,327 Indies
ther
fcolonies
oreign
states
.,oWest
Confectionery .lbs
. 209 50
00 colonies
,fOther
oreign
.states
.
Cordage ..
owt
... 15 00
300 .
Indies
West
.Fire
-wood .
.cords 8051 60
5,693 colonies
,other
Indies
.West
Flour ..
..bbls ,516
13 591 48
, 44 Indies
ther
,West
oreign
fostates
.colonies
,. ried
dFisb .qtls 9,217 00 6, 03
14 Do.
salmon .
bbls 18 174
00 Foreign
.
states
......
mackerel ..
..do 90 00
749 .Ďo
other
sorts
.. ..do
.. 242 00
1,289 Indies
, oreign
fstates
.West
smoked .lbs
.. 7,610 217
00 Do.
Gangue ... ..
.do 300 4400 .West
Indies
feed
.
Ground ..
do 11 800 Foreign
.
states
Hams ..l
.. bs , 70
018 00
2,211 , oreign
Indies
fstates
.West
w, ood
Hoops .bdls 26,000 60
556 Foreign
states
.
iron ..
..do 202 96
252 .
Ďo
Hides 2,697 76
5,401 Kingdom
United
ther
nited
ooreign
,colonies
fUstates
.States
Isinglass
...... bb 18 60
897 United
Kingdom
.
Lard lbs
.. 995
, 20 00
12,932 ,fstates
Indies
.West
oreign
Lumber ..
.ft ,512
214 9,42833 Indies
colonies
ther
oreign
.,foWest
states
Lime
,temper .
.puncheons 50 00
523 Indies
fstates
.,Westoreign
building .hhds
.. 27 00
217 Do.
bottles
Malt
,in ..
..doz 1,830 4,90272 Do.
Matches
.. gross
.. 170 00
271 Do.
Molasses
,colonial ..
puncheon s 314 , 21 343
6,0080 Kingdom
States est
oUnited
ther
Wcolonies
nited
,Ustates
oreign
.fIndies
foreign ..
casks 98 00
1,960 United
States
.
Manure ..
tuns
... 5 00
550 .Foreign
states
Machinery ..
.pkgs 66 00
486 Indies
states
oreign
.,fWest
Oils galls
.. 6,776 80
3,930 Do.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- GUIANA.
.
Oats .
bush 292 391
00 Do.
Onions .lbs
. , 25
9202 00
6,871 Do.
Opium ..
do 530 00
3,820 Do.
Pork .
bbls 550 00
12 ,265 Do.
Potatoes bush
.. 2,008 88
366 Do.
.Paints .cwt
.. 1
1.
8. 00
48 .states
Foreign
..... resin and
Pitch .
bbls 81 294
80 West
,foreign
.Indies
states
Mules 4 459
60 states
.
Foreign
Perfumery ..
galls 27 89
135 West
,foreign
.Indies
states
.
Rice ………… .. ..
.lbs 1,2820 92 211 24
,529 ooreign
Indies
,West
ther
fstates
.colonies
,fRum
oreign ............. ..
..punche ons 206 60
,865
11 United
Kingdom
.
.
colonial ,03613 98
6, 75
1,872 Kingdom
ther
ocolonies
Statesnited
,Ustates
.fUnited
oreign
595
,1876
31
December
ending
year
for
Demerara
at
commerce
the
showing
Statement
C
.—ontinued
CEXPORTS
.-ontinued
596
.
Articles .
Quantity Value
. .
Whither
Shooks
.. ..
bdls 3,202 2$00,680 .
states
Foreign
.Soap .lbs
. ,73716 00
,1271 Kingdom
oUnited
Indies
colonies
ther
est
Woreign
.,fstates
, allaba
wShingles ..
bdls 3,1502 50 14
, 64
916 Indies
states
.,West
Foreign
whit
pine
.. e ......... 177,000 04
461 states
,foreign
Indies
.West
, efined
rSugar lb
.. s 413, 00 00
1,074 Foreign
.
states
colon
....
…………
. ....ial ..
.. do ,9193 22 ,11 ,176
523
25 States
Kingdom
nited
colonies
,oW
Indies
ther
est
Uoreign
.fUnited
states
ign
fore......... ....... .
do 6381 00
, 10
835 Kingdom
,United
States
nited
Uoreign
.fstates
Salt
.. bb
. ls 978 24
1,265 Indies
states
, oreign
.fWest
Timber ……………………. ..
.ft 4644, 35 50,330
115 colonies
W
Kingdom
,oUnited
Indies
ther
est
.foreign
states
Tea ……………………….. .lbs
.. 152 12
102 .
states
Foreign
.., eaf
lTobacco ..do 5,800 00
1,880 Do.
manufactured
. ..
.do 1,266 227
80 States
Indies
West
nited
,Ustates
.foreign
.
pipes gros
. s 28 00
33 Foreign
.
states
Tongues
.. .... .
lbs 322 122
00 , oreign
Indies
fstates
.West
Tar .
.bbls
..........................
¶¶¶ 59 00
260 Do.
Turpentine galls
. 201 20
211 Do.
Brandy ……………………….. .......... .
do 602 00
1,660 Indies
nited
states
,fWest
States
U. oreign
Gin……………….……………………… ... ........ ……………… ..
.do 346 80
510 Do.
........
Liqueurs ...... do
. 180 00
880 , oreign
Indies
fstates
.West
Wine
,in
wood .
do 1,270 00
1,410 Do.
.
bottles ..
do 46 86
00 Do.
Sago
.. .
.lbs 150 800 Foreign
.states
Slates 10,045 00
1,510 Do.
Total
. 87
, 05
4714 64
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES -BRITISH GUIANA. 597
Statement showing the value of declared exports from British Guiana to the United States
during the four quarters of the year ending December 31, 1876.
Quarter ending
March 31. June 30. year.
September30. December 31.
Sugar $167, 516 98 $245, 158 84 $415, 016 67 $929, 093 41 $ 1,756, 785 90
Molasses 33, 064 59 17,367 36 21,087 06 40, 113, 46 111, 632 47
Hides 144 86 144 86
Sheep-skins 11 54 335 67 347 21
Rum ………………… 758 00 758 00
Brandy 188 94 188 94
Old copper ----- …….. 728 50 210 00 968 50
Pea-nuts 3,789 25 3,789 25
Empty carboys.... 67 00 229 29 296 29
Birds' skins …………………………….. 304 50 304.50
Tonga beans 244 50 244 50
Nutmegs and mace ...... 185 09 185 00
Gin 63 38 63 38
Opium 699 89 699 87
Total. 200, 737 97 269, 127 56 436, 636 40 969, 906 74 1,876, 408 67
Total for preceding year. 458, 997 23 370,952 33 236, 474 98 327, 572 45 1,393, 996 99
Increase 200, 161 42 631, 334 29 482, 411 68
Decrease ....... 258,259 24 101, 824 77
Statement showing the navigation at the port of Demerara for the year ending December 31 ,
1877.
ENTERED. CLEARED.
Flag. Steamers. Sailing. Total. Steamers. Sailing. Total.

vessels. vessels.
"
No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons.
228
NG
727
British 629 150, 752 670 187, 090 44 36, 338 639 169, 076
WHEO
41 37, 328
62
595 132, 738

United States 31 31, 483 131 34, 483 126 34, 696 126 34, 696
BAL
Dutch 2, 818 59 2,818 ... 61 2, 544 2, 544

Danish. 771 6 771 5 771 771
French 25 9, 957 3, 601 37 13, 558 25 8, 821 18 4,'827 13, 648
German. 5, 175 18 5, 175 22 6,542 6,542
Swedishand Nor
:
wegian 2, 761 7 2,761 9 3, 445 3, 445

Russian 240 2 840 2 840 840
Portuguese 2, 997 17 2,997 14 2,490 2,490
Austrian 1 609 1 609 1 606 606
Spanish 5 38 5 38 3 92 92
Total 66 46, 295 887 204, 845 953 251, 140 69 45, 159 855 189, 591 92 234, 750
Statement showing the number of immigrants into the colony of British Guiana during the
year ending December 31 , 1876.
Infants.
Whence. Men. Women. Boys. Girls. Total. Adults.
Male. Female.
Calcutta .. 1,768 763 21 15 197 168 2,932 2, 549

Madeira ..... 23 16 5 4 3 1 52 43
Barbadoes 303 126 34 35 16 28 542 463
Total 2, 094 905 60 54 216 197 3, 526 3, 056
PH. FIGYELMESY.
HONDURAS.
BELIZE, September 15 , 1877. (Received October 29. )
Report upon the trade of British Honduras with the United States.
DECLINE IN THE TRADE.
In forwarding the statistics of the commerce of this port for the past
year, I have to note a reduction in the volume of trade between the
United States and Belize, below that of 1875, of $ 77,000 in imports and
$75,000 in exports. The causes are, no doubt, the general stagnation
which prevailed almost everywhere, particularly in the United States ; the
disturbed state of the republics of Honduras and Guatemala , whose citi
zens-those residing near the Caribbean coast-in peaceful times deal
rather largely with Belize, and the depressed condition of the sugar
growing interest, all of which have seemed to cause the inhabitants of
the colony to tend more toward retrenchment and economy.
The whole imports were $ 60,000 below 1875. The exports, however,
show an increase of about $20,000 during the same period . The export
of sugar shows a slight falling off. Mahogany shows a reduction of
about $ 50,000, while the export of logwood was nearly doubled , showing
an increase of $ 121,000.
AMERICAN COTTON GOODS.
American cottons are commencing to attract attention here, and I am

satisfied the current year will show a handsome traffic in these goods.
For some time past customers from outside of the colony, notably from
the Mosquito coast, who bring to Belize rubber, hides , &c. , which they
exchange here for dry goods, provisions , liquors, &c. , have shown a most
decided preference for American cotton goods, and now they will take
none other when the American can be had.
AMERICAN COTTONS POORLY PACKED.
I have to note that there is much complaint in regard to the manner

in which our cottons are packed , both as to cases and bales , the goods
often being more or less damaged. All English cottons, bleached , brown,
and printed goods, excepting the more delicate and fragile fabrics , are
put up in bales , and so securely are they packed that the expense is
quite a heavy charge on the goods. It does not appear to me that such
a cost is necessary, particularly as regards the more ordinary fabrics ;
but still I am of opinion that Americau manufacturers might make a
great improvement in baling their goods, and at a small expense.
Bales of even ordinary cottons should have, I think, first a covering
of stout paper, then gummed paper over that, and a good quality of
bagging over all. The laborer who uses a hook in handling bales of
manufactured cottons deserves to be severely punished . Several times
I have had my attention called to the entirely unnecessary damage
caused by this barbarous practice. "Use no hooks," printed on the
bales, does not appear to be a sufficient protection .
Covis
s
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES-HONDURAS . 599
BREADSTUFFS AND AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

British Honduras depends entirely upon the United States for its
breadstuffs and provisions, and such agricultural implements as are used
here are mostly imported from the United States. As the colony be
comes developed , the trade between the two countries must naturally
increase.
A. C. PRINDLE .
Statement showing the commerce of British Honduras (port of Belize) for the year ending
December 31 , 1876.
IMPORTS.

Articles on which there is a spe

cific dutyin addition to 1 per
cent. import duty and 1 per
cent. loan-tax.
Cattle . head.. 617 $6, 170 00 Republic of Honduras.
Do ..do ... 294 2, 940 00 Guatemala.
Do .do ... 309 3, 090 00 $2,504 00 Mexico.
Do .do. 32 320 00 Nicaragua.
Cigars 18 26 United States.
Do ........... 457 85 Republic of Honduras.
Do 97 00 Guatemala.
Do .... 394 80 623 72 Mexico.
Do .... 661 25 Jamaica, West Indies.
Do ......... 76 00 St. Thomas, West Indies.
Cocoa..... ………………………… ..pounds.. 9, 222 1,152 75 United Kingdom.
Do ……………………… .do... 4, 480 560 00 323 41 United States.
1, 606 200 75 Mexico.
Do ...... ...do ... 863 107 87 Jamaica, West Indies.
Coffee .do... 1,427 178 37 United Kingdom.
Do ....do... 4,507 563 37 Republic of Honduras.
Do .do... 21, 741 2,717 62 Guatemala.
Do .... ..do .. 7,393 924 12 935 58 Mexico.
Do ........... .do... 6,713 839 12 Nicaragua.
Do .do... 998 624 75 Jamaica, West Indies.
Horses , mules , and asses.head .. 195 6, 825 00 Republic of Honduras.
Do .do.. 30 1,050 00 726 00 Guatemala.
Do .do... 17 595 00 Mexico.
Lumber .......... .feet.. 542, 695 18,994 32 United States.
Do .do... 46, 255 1,618 92 1,828 58 Republic of Honduras.
Do ... do.. 1,000 35 00 Nicaragua.
Malt liquors... gallons.. 7,914 7,914 00 United Kingdom.
Do.. do.. 623 623 50 2, 135 83 United States.
Do do.. 6 6 00 Republic of Honduras.
Spirits and cordials . .do... 12, 5701 28, 283 06 United Kingdom .
Do.. do.. 118 265 50 United States.
Do. .do.. 274 411 00 18, 873 97 France.
Do .do... 2 3.00 St. Thomas, West Indies.
Sugar...... pounds.. 3, 144 393 00 1,147 70 United Kingdom.
Do ... .do... 35, 113 4,389 12 United States.
Tea ... do.. 3, 651 2,281 87 980 50 United Kingdom.
Do ....... .do... 271 169 37 United States.
Tobacco ..do... 54, 204 10, 162 87 Do.
Do ...... ..do ... 1, 027 192 56 1, 656 93 Mexico.
Do ....... .do... 2 31 Jamaica, West Indies.
Wines ........... .gallons .. 2,221 5,552 50 United Kingdom .
Do. .do... 4 10 00 3, 444 22 United States.
Do ....... ..do... 320 800 00 Republic of Honduras,
Do.. ..do ... 1, 589 1, 191 75 France.
453,974 43 United Kingdom.
222, 738 04 United States.
Articles on which there is an 3,094 84 Republic of Honduras.
16 37 Guatemala
ad valorem duty of 10 per 22,500 76 70, 418 79 Mexico.
cent., comprising all unrated 5 81 Nicaragua.
merchandise. 223 25 France.
402 75 Jamaica, West Indies.
198 00 Guadeloupe, West Indies.
1 per cent. loan-tax, calculated
on total imports ... 8,170 16
1 per cent. import duty, calcu.
lated on total imports .. 8,170 16
Total 817, 015 78 121, 939 55
Statement showing the commerce of British Honduras (port of Belize), &c.—Continued.

EXPORTS .
Value,includ
Articles. Quantity. ing costsand Whither exported.
charges.
Sugar ..tons.. 1,781 $133, 527 19 United Kingdom.
Do ... do ... 1891 14, 189 33 United States.
Do. ...do ... 41 3,083 20 Republic of Honduras.
Do. .do... 03 33 15 Guatemala.
Do. .do... 61 468 61 Nicaragua
Do do.. 0% 7 36 Mexico.
Mahogany ..feet.. 1, 821, 307 104, 345 71 United Kingdom.
Logwood ....tons .. 12, 107 211, 871 19 Do.
Do .. .do... 1,855 32, 454 62 United States.
Do.. .do... 285 4,978 75 Republic of Honduras.
Do .do... 63 1, 111 69 Guatemala.
Do .. .do ... 40 700 00 New Granada.
Rum gallons .. 850 425 00 United Kingdom.
Do.. .do... 3,753 1,876 50 Republic of Honduras.
Do .. ...do ... 322 161 00 Guatemala.
Do .. .do... 1,268 633 75 Nicaragua.
Cocoa-nuts . .number.. 249, 005 3, 112 56 United Kingdom .
Do .. ..do... 80, 500 1,006 25 United States.
Do ... do 52, 175 652 19 Republic of Honduras.
Cedar .feet.. 18, 923 985 57 United Kingdom.
Rosewood ………………….. ..tons.. 19 293 25 Do.
Fustio ....... .do... 71 1, 062 75 Do.
Do.. ... .do... 473 712 50 United States.
Do .. do... 48 75 Republic of Honduras.
Zirconite ---------- do... 90 00 United Kingdom .
Lignum vitæ …………………. .do... 51 00 Do.
Brazilet .do.. 3 36 00 Do.
India to
rubber...... ..pounds.. 370 154 16 Do.
Sarsaparilla .......... do.. 2, 034 381 38 Do.
Turtles .... head.. 629 3, 145 00 Do.
178, 256 73 Do.
47, 913 46 United States.
160, 289 20 Republic of Honduras.
Articles (produce and manufactures) in 37,083 15 Guatemala.
transit through British Honduras. 32, 127 63 Mexico.
24, 532 63 Nicaragua.
30, 300 00 New Granada.
Total 1,032, 101 21
RECAPITULATION.
Value of exports proper $521, 598 41
Goods passing through.. 510, 502 80
Total .... 1,032, 101 21
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- HONDURAS. 601
Statement showing the trade between British Honduras (port of Belize) and the United States
during the year 1876.
IMPORTS.
Articles. Amount. Value.
Articles on which there is a specific duty in addition to 1 per cent. import duty
and i per cent. loan-tax.
Cigars . 3, 652 $18 26
Cocoa .. ......... 4, 480 560 00
Lumber. …………………………… . 542, 695 18,994 32
Malt liquors 623 623 50
Spirits and cordials.. .... ........ 118 265 50
Sugar.. 35, 113 4,389 12
Tea.. ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖……………………………………………---- 271 169 37
Tobacco ………………………. 54, 202 10, 162 87
Wines 4 10 00
Articles subject to an ad valorem rate of duty of 12 per cent., comprising
flour, beef, pork, and provisions generally, cotton goods, machinery, wooden
ware, notions, &c. , the items not given in Blue Book 222, 738 04
Total .. 257, 930 98
EXPORTS.
Articles. Value.
Cochineal $647 50
Cocoa-nut oil .. 1,234 73
Deer-skins ……………………… . 1, 134 81
Fustio 712 62
India rubber ……………………….. 20, 116 12
Logwood.. ………………………….... 40, 121 67
Ox-hides 9, 385 30
Sarsaparilla . .......... 10, 103 42
Sugar 16, 150 06
Miscellaneous . 1,752 26
Total.. 101, 358 49
31
year
Belize876
December
ending
,fB.the
Honduras
ritish
or
navigation
1at of
port
Statement
showing
602
.
ENTERED .
CLEARED
Fla
. g to
or
From .
Steamers -vessels
.Sailing Tota
. l .
Steamers Sailing
.-vessels Total
.
No. Tons
. No. Tons
. No.
Tons
N. o. .
Tons No.
Tons
. No. Tons
.
States
United .
States
United 11 1,4413 11 4,113 1, 86 1, 86
Guatemala
.... 7 80 80 80 80
Utilla
.. ...... ..... 2 35 35 35 35
Ruatan 1 35 1 35 197 197
Honduras
Republic 2 61 61 1 35 35
77241
of ....
7724prod
Mexico 1 19 1 19
British United
Kingdom
.. 12 6,509 12 6,509 17 3,681 17 ,3681
United
States
. 21 2,731 21 7,231 9 1,577 9 1,577
Hondura
of
Republics 81 7,285 81 .,2785 107 002 107 0,402
..Guatemala 60 1,497 60 4,197 64 1,710 64 1,710
Mexic
....
………………
. Nicar o
……………… …… 3 21 3 21 5 62 5 62
. agua 9 281 9 281 9 256 9 256
Colum
. bia 1 168 168 1 168 1 168
Indies
., est
W
Jamaica 12 0,876 12 0,876 12 0,876 12 0,876
.Thomas
St. 1,129 5 1, 29
French
. .?............ 1 124 1 124 124 1 124
German .... 8 4,283 8 2,483 7,120 1,720
..
…………… …… ..... 887 887
Dani
.. sh 6 6,130 6 6,130 4
Norw
. egian 10 1,454 10 1,454 12 4,898 12 4,898
Swed
. ish .... 706 2 706 706 2 706
ish 13 51 13 51 17 67 17 67
Span........
Dutch ...... 1,280 32 1,280 33 1,320 33 1,320
...........
HYRIRIRODILOGORA
Mexican 26 478 26 478 17 423 17 423

6422737
Honduras
.of
Republic 33 3 33 3 34 3 34
23283
-Hungarian
Austro 1 400 1 400
HOTRZEBE ~
.
Total 12 0,876 317 8,2603 329 8,3479 12 0,876 329 2,2668 341 34,344
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES-INDIA. 603
INDIA.
BOMBAY.
NOVEMBER 12, 1877. (Received December 14. )
Report upon the trade and commerce of Bombay for the year 1875–76 .
By way of introduction to the inclosed reports, submitting the follow

ing import, export, and navigation reports, I may say specially as re
gards trade between Bombay and the United States, that there has been
scarcely any export trade for over two years past. Linseed and wool
are our principal articles of export suited to the American market,
both of which have ceased to be exported to America.
In 1875 our shipments of linseed footed up to 1,584,877 cwt.; in 1876,
2,677,458 cwt.; out of which only 80,431 cwt. was shipped to the United
States.
The shipments of wool in 1876 were 64,422 bales, but none went to
the United States.
Linseed is freely shipped from here to the United Kingdom and the
Continent ; wool goes mostly to England. Linseed grown in our West
ern States appears to be driving East India linseed , which evidently
cannot bear an import duty of 20 cents per bushel, from the American
market.
The imports from the United States have increased , as far as kerosene
oil is concerned .
VALUE OF GENERAL TRADE .
Pursuant to consular regulations , I herewith transmit tables of im

ports and navigation of this presidency for the year 1875-'76, or for the
twelve months from April 1, 1875, to March 31 , 1876, and exports from
January 1 to June 30, 1877.
The value of the whole external trade of the port of Bombay for the
year 1875-76 amounted , exclusive of stores and treasure on account of
government, to 467,770,594 rupees* , showing a decrease of 3,850,108
rupees against the value of the trade of the preceding year, which
amounted to 471,620,702 rupees. These values are exclusive of the
import trade between Bombay and other British ports within the presi
dency. The aggregates shown are divided in the following manner :
Increase or
Names of divisions. Year 1874-'75. Year 1875-'76 decrease
in 1875-'76.
Rupees. Rupees. Rupees.

Foreign external ports.... 401, 769, 557 395, 112, 963 6,656, 594
Ports in other presidencies 49, 126, 297 53, 237, 3084, 111, 011
Foreign Indian ports 20, 724, 848 19, 420, 323 1,304, 525
Total.. 471, 620, 702 467, 770, 594 3, 850, 108
Showing a large decrease compared with the value of the trade of the
previous year. In that year the proportion of foreign external and for
eign Indian trade and the trade with ports in other presidencies to the
Rupee 43.6 cents.
total value was 85.19, 4.39, and 10.42 per cent. , respectively, and in
1875-76, 84.47, 4.15, and 11.38 per cent.
IMPORTS FROM PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES .
The total value of merchandise and treasure imported from each prin
cipal country, in the years 1874-75 and 1875-76, respectively, was as
follows :
Countries. 1874-'75. 1875-'76. Increase in Decrease in

1875-'76. 1875-'76.
Rupees. Rupees. Rup'es. Rupees.

United Kingdom. 115, 302, 913 115, 617, 707 314, 794
Austria . 888, 800 1,093, 259 204, 459
France.. 775, 163 2, 181, 264 1, 406, 101
Italy. 949, 836 3, 031, 752 2,081, 916
Malta 5,260 1,752 3, 508
Turkey in Europe 34, 245 60, 574 26, 329
Other countries in England . 1, 402 213, 484 212, 082
Eastern coast of Africa 1, 274, 787 2, 528, 797 1, 254, 010
Egypt 95, 150 1,052, 601 957, 451 ......
Mauritius .. 4,498, 358 7,452, 731 2, 954, 373 .........
Other countries in Africa ..... ………….. 46, 413 46, 413
United States 664, 574 581, 938 82, 636
Turkey in Asia, Arabia, and Persia .. 11, 920, 982 11,699, 390 221, 592
Aden 1,352, 365 1,854, 858 502, 493
Ceylon . 712, 848 366, 952 345, 896
China . 21, 897, 689 20,809, 552 1,088, 137
Meckran and Sonmeanee 131, 443 170, 293 38, 850
Straits Settlements 1,358, 812 1,683, 998 325, 186
Other countries in Asia . 88,031 88, 031
Australia 188, 183 179, 613 8,570
Total 162, 052, 810 170, 714, 959 10,412, 488 1,750, 339
Net increase .. 8, 662, 149
Among all the foreign countries the United Kingdom stands first.
The increase was principally attributable to large imports of cotton,
piece-goods, machinery, and mill- works, metals, and woolen goods.
Decrease occurred in cotton twist and yarn, railway plant and rolling.
stock, and treasure.
The increases and decreases under each principal head are shown
below.
Articles. Total value Total value Increase in

in 1874-'75. in 1875-'76. 1875-'76.
Increases : Rupees. Rupees. Rupees.

Cotton piece-goods... 42, 169, 139 44, 941, 176 2, 772, 037
Machinery and mill-works.. 5, 105, 349 7,398, 102 2,292, 753
Metals 7, 979, 660 12,716, 912 4,737, 252
Woolen goods ........ 1,995, 802 2,842, 497 846, 695
Decrease in
Decreases : 1875-'76.
Cotton twist and yarn . 7,348, 548 5,864, 941 1,483, 607
Railway plant and rolling-stock …………. 580, 952 258, 752 322, 200
Treasure ...... 29, 395, 394 18, 956, 615 10, 438, 779
TRADE WITH THE SEVERAL COUNTRIES.
Austria.-The increase of 204,459 rupees is principally due to large

importations of silver during the year under report.
France shows a large increase of upward of 14 lacs of rupees, which
is in the importation of liquors, chiefly brandy.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- INDIA. 605
Italy.-Large imports of silver and cotton piece - goods account for the
increase. During the past four years the imports of treasure were
nil, while during the year under report silver amounting to upward of
11 lacs of rupees was imported .
Turkey in Europe. The increased importation of cotton piece-goods
and silk raw accounts for the increase.
Other countries in Europe.- The increase of 212,082 rupees is chiefly
made up by the imports of wine from Portugal, woolen piece-goods
from Germany, cotton twist from Holland , coal, and silk, raw, from Rus
sia, and wines and woolen piece- goods from Spain. There were no im
ports from Holland or from Germany during the last four years. The
imports from Russia during the previous year were nil.
Eastern coast of Africa.- The increase is mainly due to large imports
of ivory and cloves. Imports of treasure, however, exhibit a decrease.
Egypt.-The increase of upward of 9 lacs is owing to large imports
of treasure from Suez.
Mauritius.- Large imports of sugar account for the increase.
Other countries in Africa.- The increase of 46,413 rupees is wholly due
to the imports of treasure and merchandise from Madagascar, from
which place there were no imports during the previous ten years.
Aden.- Ivory, cloves , and silver are the items of increase.
Meckran and Sonmeance.- The increase of 38,850 rupees is owing to
large importation of provisions.
Straits Settlements . The increase is chiefly due to large imports of tin
and resin.
Other countries in Asia. -There were large imports ofwood from Siam.
The total value of imports from Japan is 5,339 rupees, and from Mal
dives only 127 rupees. There was no trade with Japan and Siam during
the last three years, or with Maldives during the past four years.
In the undermentioned countries the trade shows a decrease as com
pared with the previous year.
Malta. No imports of treasure during the year under report, and less
imports of merchandise, account for the decrease.
United States.-Less importation of ice, oils , and resin is the cause of
decrease. The value of treasure imported during the last year was
30,000 rupees , while none was imported during the year under report.
Turkey in Asia, Arabia, and Persia.- The decrease is owing to less
imports of gums, as well as drugs and medicines , and precious stones
and pearls from the Persian and Arabian coasts . The trade with Persia
and Arabia not being separately registered during the previous year, as
in the year under report, no proper comparison with each country can
be made, and therefore they have been treated together.
Ceylon. The decrease is principally in the importation of gold and
raw silk.
China.- Glass, raw silk, and gold and silver are the items of decrease.
The importation of tea and sugar, however, shows an increase.
Australia.- The decrease is owing to less importation of gold .
Statement showing the quantities and value of the principal and other articles imported, ex
cluding government stores and treasures.
Quantities. Value.
Articles. Increase or Increase +,
1874-'75. 1875-'76. decreasein 1874-'75. 1875-'76. decrease-,
1875-'76. in 1875-'76.

Apparel 2,068, 928 2,232, 648 + 163, 720
Arms and ammunition, &c 310, 758 270, 564 40, 194
+++++++++
Building and engineering 242, 829
materials 142,989 99,840
Cabinet ware and furniture. 54, 184 203, 793 149, 609
Candles .lbs .. 292, 347 460, 166+ 167, 819 112, 828 184, 271 71, 443
162, 390
+++
Clocks and watches...No.. 9, 962 11, 079 1, 117 182, 022 19, 632
Coal ..tons.. 243, 469 245, 414 1, 945 4,372, 767 4,261, 377 111, 390
Cotton :
Twist and yarn……… ...lbs..
. 8. 749, 994 7, 290, 627 1, 459, 367 7,565, 560 6,087, 532 1, 478, 028
Piece-goods.......yds .. 278, 215, 901 322, 944, 190 +44, 728, 289 42, 6C8, 055 46, 245, 868 +3, 577, 813
Dyeing
rials and coloring mate 1,281, 270 1, 196, 830 84, 440
Earthen ware and porcelain 274, 707 309, 537 34,830
Fire-works . 351, 694 390, 935 39, 241
Glass 1,550, 081 1,587, 936 37,855
1+
Gums and resins ..cwt.. 53, 935 47, 308 6, 627 759, 875 638, 949 120, 926
Hardware and cutlery . 1,264, 764 1,854, 551 589,787
Hides and skins 146, 938 234, 306 87,368
Instruments and apparatus 287, 996 223, 403 64, 593
Ivory and ivory ware..lbs.. 566, 713 568, 590 + 1,877 1,226, 960 2,308, 948+ 1,081, 988
Jewelry, &c..... 1, 641, 441 1,444, 121 197, 323
Leather 326, 228 410, 094 + 113, 866
Liquors :
Ale, beer, and por
+++
+++++ ++++++++ 1+
ter galls.. 260, 993 287, 440 26, 447 616, 986 653, 895 36, 909
Spirits. .do.. 153, 345 216, 332 62, 987 1, 324, 310 2, 001, 286 676, 976
Winesandliqueurs.do.. 165, 187 168, 125 2, 938 1, 295, 140 1,486, 357 191, 217
Machinery and mill-works.. 5, 115, 174 7, 417, 398 2, 302, 224
Matches, lucifer and other.. 228, 386 306, 720 78,334
Metals :
Copper .cwt.. 51,489 52, 240 751 2,222, 531 2, 956, 378 + 733, 847
++++++++
Mixed oryellow.... do.. 34, 112 41, 426 7,314 1, 197, 055 1,878, 930 681, 925
Iron .do .. 688, 946 911, 310 222, 364 3,769, 927 6,574, 254 2,804, 327
Lead. .do.. 3,892 5, 790 1,898 46, 814 79 , 787 32, 973
Quicksilver lbs . 52, 257 273, 465 221, 208 52, 257 537,989 485, 732
Steel .cwt.. 16, 199 49, 840 33, 641 192, 930 492, 727 299, 747
Tin .do.. 6, 435 10, 283 3,848 214, 127 443, 206 229, 079
Zinc or spelter.....do .. 12, 234 18, 931 6, 697 142, 671 255, 826 + 113, 155
+++++++
Paper and pasteboard..do.. 1,443, 590 1,200, 171 243, 419

Provisions .do .. 2,613, 511 3,638, 715+ 1,025, 204
Railway plant and rolling
stock 590,872 258, 752 - 332, 120
+++1
Silk :
Raw .lbs.. 2, 142, 012 2, 140, 607 1,405 7,687, 772 5,974, 069 1,713, 703
I
Piece-goods . .yds.. 4, 134, 812 4,372, 704 237, 892 3, 131, 965 3, 167, 474 35, 509
Spices... ..lbs .. 1, 800, 400 2,854, 076 1,053, 676 277, 767 1, 285, 126 1, 007, 359
Sugarandsugar-candy.cwt 371, 937 586, 804 214, 867 4,836, 962 8, 618, 491+ 3, 781, 529
Tea .lbs.. 1,053, 761 2,089, 521 1,035, 760 1,052, 109 2,000, 073 947, 964
Tobacco .do.. 258, 651 264, 384 5,733 163, 120 222, 377 59, 257
Umbrellas .No.. 427, 389 690, 112 262, 723 301, 508 481, 069 179, 561
Woolen, piece-goods..yds .. 2,067, 734 2, 971, 435 903, 701 2, 011, 990 2,939, 626 927, 636
Allother articles . 7,898, 376 9, 412, 962 + 1,514, 586
Total 115, 098, 156 134, 724, 382 +19, 626, 226
Treasure :
Gold 12, 496, 034 9,655, 278 2,840, 756
Silver 34, 458, 620 26, 335, 299 8, 123, 321
Total treasure . 46, 954, 654 35, 990, 577-10, 964, 077
Grand total 162, 052, 810 170, 714, 959 + 8,662, 149
Net increase +8, 662, 149
INCREASE IN IMPORTS.
From the foregoing tabular statement it will be observed that on com

parison with the previous year there has been an increase on the whole
in the import trade, excluding private treasure, of nearly two crores .
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- INDIA. 607
In treasure there has been a decrease of 10,964,068 rupees, which re

duces the increase of the whole import trade, including private treasure,
to 8,662,148 rupees. The increase in the imports of merchandise, viz ,
19,626,226 rupees, may be partly accounted for by the difference in
tariff values of certain duitable articles registered during the previous
year and the ruling market values which have been substituted during
the year under report.
The visit of the Prince of Wales also contributed to the increase, by
giving a stimulus to certain articles of luxury, while the general trade
benefited by the consequent influx of large numbers of people from all
parts of the empire.
In spite of this increase, the import trade has not, it is said in mer
cantile circles, been, as a rule, profitable, owing to sterling exchange
being continuously adverse to remitters.
The items in which the largest increases are apparent are apparel,
cabinet ware and furniture, cotton piece-goods, ivory and ivory ware,
liquors, machinery and mill-work, metals, provisions, spices, sugar, in
cluding other saccharine produce, tea, umbrellas, and woolen piece
goods. The articles which exhibit large decrease are cotton twist and
yarn, paper and pasteboard , railway plant and rolling-stock, silk, raw,
and treasure.
INCREASE OF IMPORTS , BY ARTICLES.
Apparel. The importation of this article amounts to 2,232,648 rupees,

which shows an increase of 163,720 rupees over that of the last year ;
imports from the United Kingdom alone amounted to 1,986,051 rupees ,
and from China 114,316 rupees.
Cabinet ware and furniture. -The importation of this item, which had
reached to upward of four lacs and a half in 1865-'66, during the share
mania, gradually fell to about 43,000 rupees in 1873-74, and in 1874-'75
it amounted only to 54,000 rupees. It has risen this year to 203,793
rupees. This increase is owing to a large import of furniture from the
United Kingdom for the occasion of the royal visit.
Candles show an increase of 71,443 rupees over the importation of
last year, and of 28,153 rupees as compared with the average of the past
five years .
Clocks and watches. - There is , perhaps, an increasing use of these arti
cles, owing to their cheapness .
Cotton piece-goods.- Though this item shows an increase of upward
of 35 lacs of rupees on the whole, the imports of gray shirtings , long
cloths, T cloths, domestics, and sheetings have fallen off considerably as
compared with the last year, the local manufactures competing with
this description of goods . The finer description of gray fabrics, such as
jacconets, mulls, prints, and madapollams show an increase , as also
white and colored piece-goods, which were needed to meet the excep
tional demand .
The total value of imports of cotton piece- goods this year amonnted
to 46,245,868 rupees , out of which 34,941,176 rupees' worth of piece
goods was from the United Kingdom alone, and the rest chiefly from
Trieste, Genoa, and Venice. The value of re-exports amounted to
9,316,301 rupees, which is less than that of the preceding year by
447,554 rupees. The re-exports were chiefly to the eastern coast of
Africa, Aden, Arabia, Persia , Straits Settlements, and Turkey in Asia.
Earthen ware, porcelain, and glass and glass ware.- Earthen ware and
porcelain show an increase of 34,830 rupees, and glass and glass ware of
37,855 rupees. These, like other fancy articles, have been largely im
ported owing to the royal visit.
Fire-works.w This item shows an increase of39,241 rupees, and is chiefly

in the importation from China.
Hardware and cutlery.- The increase of nearly six lacs of rupees is
attributable to the inclusion of plated ware in this item instead of, as in
the preceding year, under " metals, all other sorts," and also to'larger
importation on account of the royal visit.
Hides and skins.-There has been an increase of 87,368 rupees, which
is mostly in raw skins and hides, free of duty, imported from the Afri
can aud Arabian coasts.
Ivory and ivory ware.- The trade in this important article has been
almost the same as last year, being only 1,877 pounds excess in quan.
tity. There is, however, a considerable increase in value, amounting to
nearly 11 lacs of rupees, which may be accounted for by the difference
in the tariff values registered during the previous year and the high
ruling market values shown instead during the year under report. Ivory
is chiefly imported from the eastern coast of Africa, Aden, and Arabia,
and mostly re-exported to the United Kingdom . An importation of this
article from the United Kingdom of 59,041 pounds would seem to indi
cate direct importations of hollow pieces from Zanzibar and other places,
which were found unsuitable to the English market. As a rule, when
ivory is shipped from this port only solid pieces are sent.
Leather. The increase of 113,866 rupees is chiefly in the importation.
of boots and shoes and harness and saddlery from the United King
dom .
Liquors.-Though the importation of ale, beer, and porter shows an
increase of upward of 26,000 gallons, the total quantity imported is be
low the average of the past five years. Spirits, chiefly brandy, show a
considerable increase, there being on the whole 62,987 gallons in excess
over that of last year. There is also a trifling increase in wines.
Machinery and mill- work.- The remarkable increase noticed last year
has continued during the present. The imports in 1871-72 amounted
to 1,268,261 rupees, which rose in 1872-73 to nearly double the figure ,
viz, 2,367,934 rupees. In 1873-74 again it increased to 3,545,774, aud
in 1874-75 to 5,115,174. This figure has again been exceeded, having
risen in 1875-'76 to 7,417,398 rupees, which represent an increase of six
times the importation of 1871-72, or nearly 600 per cent. in four years.
This increase is attributed to the increased requirements of local in
dustry.
Matches.- The cheapness and convenience of this article is bringing it
into more general use.
Metals. The trade in copper this year remains about the same as last
year, it being only 751 hundred- weight in excess . In value, however,
an increase of upward of 7 lacs of rupees is apparent, which is attributa
ble to the difference between the market values registered during this
year instead of the tariff values for the last year. Yellow-metal sheets,
which are now extensively used for domestic utensils, show an increase
of upward of 7,000 hundred- weight. Iron shows a considerable increase.
The imports of hoop-iron , however, have fallen off. The fall of prices in
England has been the cause of the increase, and the market here is said
to be overstocked . Quicksilver also shows a considerable increase, ow
ing to the fall of price in England from £ 15 in the commencement to
£10 at the close of the year ; the importations being five times larger
than those of the last year, have very much exceeded the demand . Ger
man steel has increased threefold , still maintaining its character for
quality and cheapness. Lead, spelter, tin, and other metals likewise
show an increase.
Provisions.-There has been an increase in most articles under this
" BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- INDIA. 609
head, especially in dates from Persia and the Arabian coast, the value
of imports increasing by nearly 7 lacs.
Silk piece-goods.- There is a slight increase over the large importa
tion reported last year, but the trade seems forced and is not considered
remunerative.
Spices show an increase in value of upward of 10 lacs. The in
crease is chiefly in cloves, viz, 835,103 pounds in quantity, and in value
871,837 rupees. The increase in value is to be attributed to the high
ruling market values being registered during the year under report, in
stead of the low tariff values during the preceding year. Other articles
coming under this head show also more or less increase.
Sugar and other saccharine produce. This item shows an enormous
increase, both in quantity and value, viz, 214,867 cwt. and 3,781,529
rupees. The increase is attributed to the favorable crop at Mauritius ,
and also to the late shipments of the preceding year having been in
cluded during the year under report. The registry of the tariff value
in the preceding year, and of market values during this year, has tended ,
to a certain extent, to increase the value. Heavy imports lowered
prices, which caused large removals from this market to the interior,
where large stocks are said to have remained undisposed of.
Tea. The importation of tea during the year under report is unusually
large, being upward of 20 lacs of pounds to that of 10 lacs of the pre
ceding year. The brisk demand at the close of the year 1874-75 has
led to large imports of inferior quality from China. The consumption
of this article is steadily increasing.
Tobacco, manufactured, shows an increase in value of 61,608 rupees.
Umbrellas.-This item is noticeable for the increase in number,
262,723, and in value, of 179,561 rupees, over last year. The United
Kingdom and China mostly supply the market at a very cheap rate.
Woolen piece goods.- The figures show a considerable increase over
the last five years' average. As compared with the preceding year,
there is an increase of upward of 9 lacs, which, after absorbing the de
crease of 3 lacs of that year, leaves an excess of 6 lacs, which may be
accounted for by the exceptional circumstances of the year.
DECREASE OF IMPORTS, BY ARTICLES.
Arms, ammunition , &c.- The importation of gunpowder, sporting , dur
ing the last year, which was greatly in excess of the average imports of
the previous five years, has, in a measure, checked the importation of
the year under report. Fire- arms also show a decrease. The articles
coming under this head are almost wholly imported from the United
Kingdom .
Building and engineering materials. -The imports of this year amount
to 142,989 rupees against 242,829 rupees of the last year, resulting in a
decrease of 99,840 rupees , which is chiefly in the imports of cements and
clay from the United Kingdom .
Cotton twist and yarn.- This important item shows a decrease of
1,459,367 pounds in quantity and of 1,478,028 rupees in value . The
difference in value is not proportionate to the difference in quantity,
owing to the value shown during the year under report being market or
real value, while that registered in the preceding year was tariff value,
in accordance with the rule then in force. The decrease is chiefly in
lower numbers, viz : in mule Nos. 16 to 32, and in Nos. 20 and 30, as
also in colored yarns ; while in the higher numbers of both mule and
water there is an increase. The lower numbers produced in the local
mills account for the decrease. Twist is wholly imported from the
39 C R
United Kingdom. The re-exports during the year under report amount
to 670,011 pounds, chiefly to Persia, Arabia, and Aden.
Dyeing and coloring materials .-This item includes a variety of arti
cles. Aniline dyes, cochineal, madder, and sapanwood show. an in
crease. There is a net decrease, however, of 84,440 rupees, which is
to be accounted for by the fact that during the year 1874-75 the value
of saffron registered was at the tariff rate of 16 rupees per pound , while
during the year under report the market value, considerably lower (less
than half the tariff value), has been registered .
Gums and resins, collectively, show a decrease of about 14 lacs, chiefly
in resin. The decrease is also accounted for by the high tariff value of
resin registered in the preceding year and the lower market value shown
during the year under report.
Instruments and apparatus show a decrease of 64,593 rupees . The
imports ofthe preceding year, 1874-75, considerably exceeded the aver
ages of the previous five years .
Jewelry, &c.-This item shows a decrease of nearly 2 lacs of rupees,
which is almost wholly in the importation of pearls from Arabia and
Persia, where the fishery is said to have been unfavorable.
Paper and pasteboard. -The decrease of more than 2 lacs is owing to
large importations during the two previous years, which left large stocks
on hand.
Railway plant and railway and rolling stock show a decrease of up
ward of 3 lacs of rupees over the decrease of last year.
Silk, raw.- There is a slight decrease this year of 1,405 pounds. In
value, however, the decrease is upward of 17 lacs of rupees, which is
attributable to the market values being registered during the year under
report.
Treasure. The decrease is attributable to the considerable falling off
in the exports of cotton, amounting to nearly 23 crores during the year
under report, which was, however, partly balanced by an increase in
almost all other articles of export, notably in seeds.
Demonetization of silver.— The derangement caused by the demoneti
zation of the silver currency of the German Empire, noticed in last
year's report, has continued during the present year and seriously af
fected the exchange, which has been continuously adverse to remitters .
Bar silver, which last year was quoted at the lowest price at 55§d . per
ounce, and which at the commencement of this year was at 57d. declined
at the close to 524d. , with a further downward tendency.
Customs receipts on imports.
Increase or
Articles. 1874-'75. 1875-'76. decrease in
1875-'76.

Apparel 161, 203 122, 355 32,848
Cotton goods 2,409, 536 2, 390, 309 - 19, 227
Glass 109, 131 89, 145 19,986
Liquors:
Spirits.. 571, 111 595, 474 + 24, 363
Wines.. 175, 194 216, 251 41, 057
Metals 396, 698 426, 020 29, 322
Silk, raw 576, 285 377, 315 -198, 970
Sugar or sugar candy, including other saccharine produce . 362, 547 429, 713 67, 166
Tea... 74, 142 111, 703 37, 561
Woolen piece-goods .. 100, 503 140, 308 39, 805
Other articles 1,307, 299 1,246, 553 60,746
Total... 6,243, 649 6, 145, 146
B. F. FARNHAM.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- WEST INDIES. 611
Statement showing the navigation at the port of Bombayfor the year ending March 31 , 1876.
[From or to foreign and British ports.]
ENTERED.
Flag Steamers. iling-vessels. Total.
British. 325 380,289 542 231, 448 867 611, 737

Austrian. 17 20, 138 17 20, 138
Belgian
Danish...………………………………………… . .....
Dutch …………………………………………….
French ………………………………………………➖➖➖➖➖ 1,894 20 7,384 22 9, 278
German .........
Italian …………….. 17 18,583 3 2,240 20 20, 823
Norwegian.. ................ 5 6,757 4 3, 016 9 9, 773
Portuguese ............ ………………………. 12 1, 986 12 1,986
Russian 5 6, 194 5 6, 194
Swedish ..... 953 1 953
Turkish 1 355 1 355
American.. ---- 21 21, 444 21 21, 444
Arab ........ 168 22, 590 168 22, 590
Persian …………………………
Total.. 373 435, 162 770 290, 108 1, 143 725,271
CLEARED.
British 337 404, 302 438 169, 032 775 573, 334
Austrian 17 19, 846 17 19, 846
Belgian
Danish. 2 1,598 2 1,598
Dutch.. ……………....
French. 1 883 10 2,905 11 3,788
German. ……... ……..
Italian 16 17,882 1 685 17 18, 567
Norwegian 5 6, 956 5 6, 956
Portuguese ....... 12 1,590 12 1,590
Russian 6 7,626 6 7,626
21
Swedish 1,876 1,876

Turkish ---- 369 1 178 547
American. 12 12, 024 12 12, 024
Arab 133 17, 744 133 17, 744
Persian
Total .... 387 461, 338 607 204, 158 994 665, 496
WEST INDIES.
BAHAMA ISLANDS.
NASSAU, N. P. , October 31, 1877. (Received December 3.)
Report upon the trade and agriculture of the Bahama Islands for the year
ending June 30, 1877.
In the returns transmitted herewith is incorporated the entire trade

of the Bahama Islands for the fiscal year ending June 30 , 1877.
The imports for this period amount to the sum of $ 640,995.91 and
the exports to the sum of $490,184.16.
The following tables show the comparative values of both imports

and exports from and to foreign countries.
United States .... $313,363 66
Great Britain ...... .... 183,778 58
British West Indies .. ............ 17,388 00
Colonies of Spain . ...... 5,674 33
San Domingo . ........ 3,479 54
Bermuda : ........ 2,262 92
Hayti .. ...... .......... .... 1,421 01
France ...... ...... ...... ....... 350 38
British North America . ...... .... ...... ... ........ 209 25
Wrecks ........ .................... 59,843 34
Vessels in distress . .... 53, 224 90
Total .... 640,995 91
EXPORTS BY COUNTRIES.
United States $322,827 28
Great Britain 133,089 51
France 16,945 95
British North America . 12,731 56
British West Indies . 3, 012 35
Colonies of Spain . 1,508 71
Hayti ..... 68 80
Total ....... 490, 18416
On reference to the above tables, it will be seen that the United States
supplied in value nearly one-half of the total imports and received more
than two-thirds of the total exports.
COMMERCIAL DECLINE OF THE BAHAMAS.
For many years past the commerce of the Bahamas has been sensibly
declining, and unless some improvement takes place in their fruit and
salt trade, no change for the better can be expected for the present.
The annual revenue of the colony, which is almost entirely collected
from imports, affords a striking proof of this fact ; for although the
customs duties are being frequently increased to meet annual deficits,
yet at the expiration of every year the legislature has this recurring
deficit to provide for by the imposition of some additional taxation.
TARIFF .
The customs duties at present collected upon imports average about

20 per cent. of their value. There is a long list of articles which pay
certain specific duties, but the bulk are charged with an ad valorem
duty of 20 per cent. There is a small export duty imposed upon all
merchandise shipped from the colony which is not a product of the
Bahamas. This is in reality a tax upon wrecked property, and the
cargoes, which are landed and stored , of vessels calling here in distress.
There is no export tax levied upon native produce, and indeed any
foreign vessel loading with Bahama produce has her outward tonnage
dues remitted .
While upon this subject of revenue, I would remark, that although
this colony is a dependency of Great Britain , yet merchandise imported
from the mother country pays the same duty as that from other countries ,
and British ships are charged with the same tonnage and other dues
upon entrance and clearance as all other foreign vessels.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- WEST INDIES. 613
AGRICULTURE.
An earnest effort is being made by all classes of the community to

improve and extend the agricultural interests of these islands. With
this object in view the agricultural society is offering premiums for the
cultivation in large quantities, of sugar-cane, tobacco, coffee, and arrow
root. In addition , to secure the permanent and successful production
of tobacco, the government employs a skilled person to superintend and
instruct those who desire to engage in its cultivation. These efforts are
likely to meet with some success .
MAIL SERVICE .
During the year a new contract has been entered into with the former
contractors, Messrs. Murray, Ferris & Co. , of New York, for the per
formance of a mail and steam service between Nassau and the United
States. This contract requires Messrs. Murray, Ferris & Co. to run a
monthly steamer to and from New York throughout the year, and an
additional semi-monthly steamer to and from Savannah and some port
in Florida, from the month of December to April.
The old contract only provided for steam connection with New York
in the summer and with Savannah every ten days in the winter. For
the new service the government of the Bahamas is to pay a subsidy of
£5,000 per annum . The objects aimed at in making this change are
twofold : one is the accommodation of the business community and
fruit- growers, by having steam- communication with New York through
out the year ; the other is the additional inducement to Americans win
tering abroad to visit Nassau, by having easy and frequent steam - con
14
nection with the South .
It is expected that this arrangement will be the means of largely
increasing the number of visitors to this island during the winters.
MAHLON CHANCE.
Statement showing the commerce of the Bahamas for the year ending June 30, 1877.
IMPORTS.
Value, includ Amount

Articles. Quantity. ing costs Whence imported .
and charges. of duties .
Alcohol gallons. 523 $452 58 $407 31 Great Britain, United States.

Aleand porterin bottles.dz. qts 359 705 64 123 26 Do.
Aleandporterin wood..gallons 7,492 3,820 20 979 62 Do.
Apples... barrels 90 272 52 51 82 United States.
Bananas ..bunches 108 107 06 Colonies of Spain.
Books, printed value 2, 905 29 United States, Great Britain.
Brandy -gallons . 1,580 5, 265 55 1,572 22 Do.
Bread :
Common .barrels . 808 2,457 58 354 27 United States.
Fancy. ....cwt 700 92 46 7 05 Great Britain.
Butter .. .pounds 73, 153 19, 918 57 2, 953 95 United States, Great Britain.
Candles :
Adamantine .pounds 35, 400 3, 455 21 676 67 Do.
Tallow .do.. 13, 600 1,581 61 187 84 United States.
Cheese....... ......... ..do ... 21, 900 2,384 58 488 84 United States, Great Britain.
Cattle ......………………………….number. 132 3,031 82 321 18 United States.
Cider. ……………………… .. gallons 686 209 25 1 84 Do.
Copper.. ......... pounds. 11, 100 1,742 20 288 09 Great Britain.
Coal... tons . 180 788 37 Great Britain, colonies of Spain.
Coffee ....………………………………. pounds 147, 600 20, 994 07 454 77 United States, Hayti, British West
Indies, wrecks.
Corn... bushels 8, 864 5, 674 33 509 51 United States.
Corn-mealand hominy..barrels . 7,924 28, 298 69 3,636 24 Do.
Currants and raisins...pounds 5,000 483 11 74 69 Do.
Cocoa-nuts …. ………………………….number .. 8,000 111 92 British West Indies.
Statement showing the commerce of the Bahamas for the year ending June 30, 1877-Cont'd.
IMPORTS-Continued.
Value, includ Amount

Articles. Quantity. ing costs Whence imported.
and charges. of duties.
Cigars M. 7 32 $1,542 66 $204 87 British West Indies, colonies of

Fish : Spain.
Dried pounds. 44 300 1,815 19 236 02 United States, British North
America.
Salted.. .barrels . 66 676 43 63 23 Do.
Flour, wheat.. ..do ... 20, 007 94, 270 69 22, 278 10 United States.
Gin, whisky, &c.. gallons. 1,034 1,233 50 834 80 United States, Dutch West Indies.
Gunpowder . -pounds. 103, 974 8, 241 60 83 52 Great Britain.
Horses .number. 4 988 80 19 20 United States.
Hay pounds. 50, 900 468 80 100 08 Do.
Honey .... gallons. 960 311 45 In distress .
Ice... .tons . 725 3,648 00 United States.
Lard pounds. 83, 184 9, 128 00 1,657 44 United States, BritishWest Indies,
wrecks.
Lumber.... M feet. 885 12, 724 80 954 08 United States, British West Indies,
British North America, derelict.
Logwood... tons . 220 1,416 00 Hayti, wrecks.
Meat:
Salted. .pounds . 307, 300 31, 199 17 3, 876 33 United States, Great Britain, Brit
ish West Indies, wrecks.
Fresh do... 7,300 1,600 00 109 00 United States.
Molasses gallons. 58,028 11, 728 25 487 11 United States, British West Indies,
Bermuda, distress.
Melado ..hhds . 520 14, 560 56 In distress .
Machinery. .value . 3, 416 38 United States.
Nails. .pounds . 108, 600 4, 102 46 427 51 United States, Great Britain.
Oils .gallons . 18, 990 6, 331 28 2,866 31 Do.
Oats and bran . .bushels . 967 549 90 61 79 United States.
Peaseand beans........ do... 924 1, 489 10 54 00 United States, Great Britain.
Prunes .. .pounds . 100 14 56 2 43 Do.
Potatoes and onions .. barrels . 1,631 2, 939 35 189 77 United States, British West Indies,
wrecks.
Pitch and rosin ..do ... 156 389 31 56 70 United States, wrecks.
Railroad-iron .tons . 100 1,216 62 Derelict.
Rice pounds. 835, 400 20,376 02 1,772 62 United States, Great Britain, West
Indies, colonies of Spain.
Rum .. ..gallons. 10, 776 10, 419 14 9,963 58 United States, Hayti, British West
Indies, colonies of Spain.
Soap. ...pounds . 141 , 100 12,092 24 1,243 73 United States, Great Britain, West
Indies,
Sugar:
Refined ..pounds . 43,500 4, 195 98 827 03 United States, Great Britain.
Unrefined ..do... 1, 352, 700 60, 315 17 5, 115 11 United States, British West Indies,
colonies of Spain, wrecks.
White clayed ... ..do... 2,600 243 31 68 26 United States, British West Indies.
Shingles . .M . 672 3, 820 17 400 97 United States, British North Amer
ica, derelict.
Seeds for planting.......value . 92 46 United States.
Ships' material ..do .. 8, 112 45 1, 048 98 Derelict, wrecks.
Tea... ...... .pounds . 5,060 2, 029 82 767 92 United States, Great Britain.
Turpentine -gallons 231 111 92 24 11 Do.
Tallow ..pounds. 600 24 33 4 13 British West Indies.
Tobacco :
Manufactured .. ..do ... 65, 100 14, 365 905, 189 86 ·United States, British West Indies,
wrecks.
Unmanufactured .....do ... 26,000 2,326 17 672 29 United States, Hayti, British West
Indies, wrecks.
Turtle shell ..do... 8 38 93 British West Indies.
Vinegar ..............gallons . 524 121 66 13 60 United States, Great Britain.
Wine... .do... 2, 797 5, 114 68 1,870 41 United States, colonies of Spain,
Great Britain.
Woolen, cotton, and linen goods 176, 440 09 35, 288 00 Great Britain, United States, Brit.
(hardware, earthen ware, &c. ), ish West Indies, France, Hayti,
and all articles paying an ad wrecks.
valorem duty.
Total.... 640, 995 91 111,922 06
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES- WEST INDIES . 615
Statement showing the commcrce of the Bahamas for the year ending June 30, 1877—Cont'd,
EXPORTS.
Value, includ
Articles. Quantity. ing costs Whither exported.
and charges .
Ale :
In bottles doz. quarts . 15 $38 92 United States, West Indies.
In wood .gallons 96 48 62 West Indies.
Bark .owt. 1,218 2,837 16 United States, Great Britain.
Brandy.. .gallons. 24 141 12 United States, West Indies.
Brass, old. .cwt. 397 3,085 35 United States, Great Britain.
Books, printed value . 647 24 Great Britain.
Banana tubers .M. 7 296 85 United States.
Canvas, old.. .bales . 33 379 58 Do.
Cigars... .M. 14 564 51 United States, Great Britain.
Coffee, wrecked .. ..bags . 605 12, 268 44 United States.
Copper:
Old. .cwt. 106 1,284 75 Do.
Ore 92 46 Great Britain.
Crabs baskets . 454 68 13 United States.
Cocoa ...pounds. 9, 100 3, 698 54 France.
Cotton bales 70 2,433 25 Great Britain.
Crockery. ..packages 11 233 58 British North America.
Cocoa-nuts .number. 2,215 102 19 British North America, United States.
Fruits, fresh, viz:
Bananas .. .bunches 6, 801 1,352 89 United States.
Grape fruit and shaddock ...M. 192 1,026 83 United States, Great Britain.
Lemons and limes .. .M. 425 525 59 Do.
Oranges .. ..M . 2,855 19, 148 67 Do.
Pine-apples .. .dozen. 457,415 189, 316 30 Do.
Fruits, preserved, viz :
Guava, &c value . 418 52 Do.
Pine-apples -packages . 3, 560 7,465 18 Do.
Furniture .. .do .. 16 194 66 British West Indies.
Fish, salted ..pounds . 10,000 102 19 Colonies of Spain.
Gin and whisky .. .gallons. 17 58 39 United States.
Guano or cave earth tons. 477 2,209 40 Do.
Gunpowder ..pounds . 500 87 59 British West Indies.
Hides, raw.. .number . 420 625 10 United States.
Honey ...... ………….. ..gallons. 672 311 46 Do.
Hose . .bales. 47 403 92 Do.
Haberdashery cases. 1 238 45 British West Indies.
Iron.. tons . 9 233 59 United States, Great Britain.
Iron, old .....do ... 95 983 03 Do.
Junk and rags, old .... ... cwt. 54 155 72 United States .
Lead, old ..tons . 11 233 59 Do.
Manila, old.. ........ bales. 17 155 72 Do.
Meat, salted . .... ..pounds. 4,296 525 37 United States, colonies of Spain.
Melado, wrecked ...... .hbds. 298 14,550 83 United States.
Metal, old. ... cwt. 119 871 89 UnitedStates, Great Britain , WestIndies.
Miscellaneous .value . 1,343 09 Great Britain, United States.
Molasses, wrecked.. .gallons. 32, 457 9, 168 48 Great Britain.
Nails.. ..pounds . 900 63 23 British West Indies.
Personal effects .packages . 6 2,530 38 United States, Great Britain.
Rum -gallons. 25 58 39 Great Britain.
Salt.... bushels. 283, 564 22, 561 02 British North America, United States .
Shells :
Conch .M 196 3,182 68 United States, Great Britain.
Small packages. 14 58 40 Do.
Shell.work . .do... 41 768 90 Do.
Ships' material, old .value . 3, 601 19 Do.
Sugar, unrefined cwt. 6, 724 33, 160 33 Do.
Sponge. .do... 2, 782 84, 353 54 Do.
Ship- timber. ..pieces 675 189 79 United States.
Turtle ........ .number. 223 253 05 Do.
"Turtle-shell pounds. 11, 158 20, 307 91 United States, Great Britain.
Wax. .do... 1,815 452 57 Do.
Woods, viz :
Brazilletto tons . 197 1,893 07 United States.
Bullwood.. .... ..pieces. 21 53 53 Do.
Cedar ............. ..logs. 63 725 09 United States, Great Britain.
Ebony tons. 159 2,929 63 Great Britain.
…
Lignum vitæ . ……………………… ..do ... 205 2,024 46 Great Britain, United States.
Logwood.. ……………... .do... 1, 563 20, 731 29 Great Britain , France, United States.
Mahogany . ..... ...logs . 342 2,097 46 Great Britain, United States.
Madeira ……………………………....... do ... 421 228 72 Do.
Satin ...... ………………………… ..do ... 16, 583 6,728 17 Do.
Sabica .do... 1,513 1,304 22 Do.
Total. 490, 184 16
.130
June877
ending
,the
year
Bahamas
at for
navigation
showing
Statement
616
.
ENTERED .
CLEARED
Fla to
or
From Steamers
. Sailing
.-vessels Total
. Steamer
. s .- essels
vSailing .
Total
. g
No. Tons
. No. .
Tons No.
.
Tons No.
Tons
. Tons
No.
. No. Tons
.
British United
Kingdom
... 16 2,584 16 2,584 24 0,431 24 4,031
America
North
British 30 0,490 30 0,490
Indies
West
British 74 3,594 74 5,394 52 1,802 52 ,81 02
United
States
.... 97 5,646 97 5,646 1 41 124 8,954 125 8,995
Madeira 2 335 2 335
Islands
Canary 3 484 484
Indies
West
Danish 5 953 953
Indies
West
.
French 1 90 90
Indies
West
Spanish 6 642 6 642 391 3 391
Hayti 19 869 19 869 21 356 356
Domingo
.San 1 7 7
128:
United
.
States British
.
Guiana 2 368 2 368
Indies
West
British 2 393 2 393 9 745 9 745
.
States
United 22 8,2006 101 ,858
11 126 632, 64 ,484
20
22 138 18,259 160 ,743
38
324 :08
Holland 1 331 1 331

Danish
Indies
West 6 1,688 6 6,188 2 214 2 214
Indies
.
West
Dutch 1 248 248
Indies
West
French
. …………. I 132 132
Indies
West
Spanish 3,714 6 0,263 ,7577 8 7,391 6 951 14 3,842
Hayti 12 6,189 6,1 89
Domingo
San 2 120 120 214 1 214
11122
French France ………… .... 1 426 1 426

Spanish
.. Kingdom
United 1 6,150 6,150
.
Indies
West
Spanish 3 188 188 1 1,650 3 182 1 1,832
Haytian Hayti
.. 12 208 298 13 274 13 274
132
Dominican
. San
Domingo I 5 1 5
....
Total , 70
26
128❘ ,2375
37
73
403 4,6343 32
,566
29 429 8,4101 461 3,7167
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES -WEST INDIES . 617
JAMAICA.
KINGSTON, October 11 , 1877. (Received Nov. 19.)
Report upon the commerce of Jamaica with the United States for the year
ending September 30, 1877.
GENERAL DEPRESSION.
The year ending September 30, 1877, has been one of great business
depression on this island. This was largely due to overtrading and
decreasing production. Business failures have been frequent, and have
entailed much suffering among people of limited means depending upon
others for employment, although the distress penetrates and falls upon
all classes of society.
GROWING TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES.
It is gratifying to note that while this condition of business obtains ,

it has undoubtedly had the effect of turning the attention of this colony
to the advantages of increasing its trade with the United States as a
near-by market for the exchange of products. Its exports to the United
States have grown from $519,563.48 for the year ending September 30 ,
1876 , to $884,764.15 for the year ending September 30, 1877 ; the port
of Kingston alone increased $350,589.54. Its imports from the United
States have increased in a still greater proportion , owing to the facilities
afforded trade by a regular and well-managed line of steamships plying
between Kingston and New York, and sailing from both ports once in
three weeks. As this line has just concluded a five-years' contract,
upon the old arrangement, with this colony, the trade and commerce of
the island with the United States is likely to be largely increased with
out any other inducement than such as the law of supply and demand
naturally creates.
The principal exports to the United States from this port during the
last year were, annatto, bananas, coffee, logwood , oranges , pimento ,
and sugar. The principal imports from the United States were beef,
bread or biscuit, butter, flour, kerosene, lumber, shingles, pork , and
manufactured tobacco .
A FAIR FIELD FOR OUR MANUFACTURES.
It seems to me there is a fine field in Jamaica for our manufactures of

cotton goods and boots and shoes, as prices in the United States appear
now to have reached so low a plane as to afford fair competition with
British manufactures. Our hardware is steadily growing in demand,
not so much on account of cheapness as on account of superiority of
workmanship .
GEORGE E. HOSKINSON.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from Jamaica to the United States during
Quarter ending
Articles. Total for
the year.
131, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Annatto. ..... $645 35 $574 63 $398 00 $663 57 $2,281 55

Arrowroot ....... 122 49 122 49
Bananas ........ 1,758 70 4,039 67 12, 359 00 5,543 48 23, 700 85
Cocoa-nuts ......... 490 00 107 06 597 06
Coffee 139, 472 27 228, 373 71 95,910 00 10, 762 06 474,518 04
Concentrated lime and orange juice... 999 90 1,355 00 2,354 90
Ginger 1, 788 00 3,039 41 4,827 41
Hides and skins ……… .... 744 08 744 08
Logwood 5,906 97 16, 788 86 28, 404 00 13, 618 40 64, 718 23
Limes 643 34 643 34
Miscellaneous ... 1,886 24 3,831 61 6,627 00 5, 016 48 17, 361 33
Old metal. 785 83 785 83
Oranges …………..... 18, 515 26 6, 574 63 810 00 1,637 83 27, 537 72
Pimento 13, 107 32 7,899 39 3, 190 00 624 91 24,821 62
Rags ... 1,328 28 1,328 28
Rum ..... 367 59 366 00 733 59
Sugar 7,477 39 19, 865 88 116, 830 00 93, 514 56 237, 687 83
Total 192, 251 10 287, 948 38 268, 527 00 136,037 67 884, 764 15
Total for preceding year.. 121, 038 93 120, 740 86 120, 908 88 156, 874 81 549, 563 48
Increase. 71, 212 17 167, 207 52 147, 618 12 365, 200 67
Decrease 20, 837 14
GREECE . 619
GREECE .
PATRAS, February 10, 1877. (Received March 2. )
Report upon the trade and commerce of Greece for the year ending December
31, 1876.
From the ་ invoices presented to this consulate and the agencies

attached, it appears that the value of goods shipped from Greece to
the United States during the year was as follows : From the Morea,
$560,939.69 ; from Cephalonia, $190,159 ; from Zante, $42,659.47 ; from
Piræus, $3,480 ; from Syra, $ 2,332.60 ; total , $799,570.76 . From this
amount, however, must be deducted the value of a cargo of currants,
the destination of which is known to have been changed, $ 23,219.49 ,
thus leaving the total value $ 776,351.27 ; represented by 7,804 tons cur
rauts, valued at $ 705,124,66 , 660,446 pound sunwashed wool, $ 64,163.82 ,
and sundries, $ 7,062.79. The figures of the preceding year were 8,379
tons currants, valued at $711,174.44, 118,667 pounds unwashed wool ,
$ 13,470.90, and sundries, $5,270.53 = $ 729,915.87, thus showing an in
crease in the total value of goods sent to the United States during 1876
of $46,435.40, but in the principal article of export (currants) a falling
off of 575 tons.. Two reasons may be assigned for this diminution , the
depression of trade in general in the United States, and the increase in
the cost of the article, for it will be seen from the above figures that
whereas the average price of currants for the past year was $ 90.35 per
ton, that of the preceding year was only $ 84.88 per ton.
As will be seen from the foregoing figures, the increase in the total
value of exports is to be attributed principally to the increase in the
quantity of wool shipped, which, during the year 1876, amounted to
660,446 pounds against 118,667 pounds during the previous year, and
the enhanced value of currants .
It is very difficult, indeed almost impossible, to ascertain with any

accuracy what is the value of imports into Greece from the United
States. Petroleum is, however, the principal article, and I have reason
to believe that the quantity imported is steadily on the increase. Sev
eral cargoes have been received direct at Corfu and half a cargo at this
port.
American tonnage has been more plentiful within this consular dis
trict during the past year than for many previous years, six vessels ,
of a total burden of 1,976 tons, having laden for the United States ,
whereas for several years past there have not been more than one or
two vessels in the course of each year.
THE CURRANT CROP.
Referring to the trade of Greece in general , I may say that the export
trade has been much favored during the past year by a very large crop
of currants, which has been sold at high prices on account of the small
stocks of old fruit that remained in the markets of consumption when
the new crop became ready , and the failure of the crops of fresh fruit in
England .
The total crop of currants produced last year is estimated at 85,000
tons , and this estimate may be taken as correct, as very little now re
mains for shipment. So far, the crop has been distributed as follows :
Tons.
To the United States .7, 299
To the United Kingdom ............. 63, 526
To Canada.. ...... ....... 906
To Trieste 3, 144
To north of Europe . ..... .... 8, 025
To Russia ... 659
To Marseilles .... 82
Held for shipment, about 1,359
Total ..... 85,000
against 72,500 tons in 1875 and 76,300 tons in 1874.
The average price for finest was 25s. , for second quality was 21s. 6d.,
for third quality was 17s. per cwt., free on board ship, against, respect
ively, 21s. 6d. , 18s. 3d., and 16s. 9d. in 1875 , and 25s. , 20s. , and 16s. in
1874.
The crop of currants last year was the largest that has ever been pro
duced, but we may look forward to much larger crops ; for, in conse
quence of a law passed in the year 1871 , granting favorable conditious
to the purchasers of national land , it is reckoned that no less than
100,000 acres of land have been bought since that date, a great portion
of which has been and is being planted with currant vines. The prop
erty bought from government has to be valued by a committee appointed
for that purpose ; the land must be cultivated with vines, grain, or other
produce, and is classified in first, second , and third categories. On assign.
ment of land to the purchaser there must be paid a sum of about $ 1.50
per acre for irrigable land and half that amount for second quality, and
subsequently yearly payments, extending for a period of twenty- six
years, of about $ 1 per acre for first quality of land , 62 cents for second ,
and 37 cents for third. Unfortunately there are very large arrears ow.
ing to the Greek Government, say over $ 12,000,000 , which prevents the
opening out of internal communication , and it is of serious injury to the
country, and it is to be feared , after paying some of the rates of the
property lately purchased , the same system of arrears will be attempted .
OLIVE OIL .
The crop of olive oil in Greece is very abundant and reckoned at

about 12,500 tuns, of which about 10,000 tuns will be for export, valued
at £38 to £40 per tun , free on board.
VALONIA.
The crop of valonia is short, reaching only about 4,500 tons, against
about 10,000 tons produced last year. The prices paid have been about
$77.50 per ton free on board for mixed , $ 87 for Calamata, and $ 102 for
Camatina, and none remains unsold . It is shipping principally to Eng
land , Italy, and Trieste.
GREECE. 621
WINE.
The export of wine from Greece to Europe last year was very trifling,
reaching only the value of about $ 15,000 .
TOBACCO .
The produce of tobacco last year was fairly up to the average, but a
comparatively small portion is exported .
FIGS.
The produce of figs at Calamata, where alone in Greece this fruit is

produced for export, was rather below the average, being only about
6,000 tons, valued at about $70 per ton . It was almost all shipped to
Trieste and Russia.
MISCELLANEOUS .
The produce of cotton, grain, and other produce not previously men .
tioned I take to have been average, not having heard anything to the
contrary and being unable to obtain any particulars regarding them .
No returns have yet been issued regarding imports, shipping, and
such like, and indeed when they are supplied they are very imperfect.
I may say, however, that the import trade of the past year has been an
improvement on that of the previous year, which had considerably de
clined .
Nothing has been done during the past year toward making railways
or roads in Greece.
E. HANCOCK.
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS .
HONOLULU, September 30, 1877. (Received December 29.)
A report upon the trade and commerce of the Hawaiian Islands for the
year ending September 30, 1877.
PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS.
The principal productions of the islands are sugar, molasses, rice, taro,.
coffee, bananas, cattle, sheep, and goats.
MANUFACTORIES.
Manufactories in the islands are limited . There are two ship building:
and repairing establishments, one machine-shop, and two rice-mills, all
on the island of Oahu. Each sugar-plantation has machinery for grind-
ing cane, boiling the juice, and granulating the sugar.
CONTRACT LABOR .
There is a system of contract for laborers on these islands, authorized

by law, called " shipping." Under this system laborers indenture them
selves to labor for their employers for a given number of years at a
stipulated price. I believe all the laborers on the sugar and rice planta
tions are engaged in this way for a term of three or four years. The
law provides for the imprisonment of the laborer if he fails to fulfill his .
contract. Laborers receive on the plantation from $ 8 to $12 per month ,.
and found in lodging and board. There are engaged now about five
thousand laborers operating the sugar and rice plantations. The laborers
are principally Chinese, natives, Japanese, and Portuguese. Many more
laborers will be required to operate the plantations being opened,
extended , and in prospect. Agents are now in foreign countries trying
to procure laborers. China, Japan , India, and the Fiji Islands, I believe,.
are the objective points.
POPULATION.
The census which is to be taken next year will show, as I am assured

by persons best informed on the subject, a population in the islands of
about 55,600 , constituted as follows : Native Hawaiians , 46,000 ; half
castes, 2,510 ; Chinese, 4,000 ; Americans, 950 ; British, 620 ; Portuguese,.
300 ; Germans, 320 ; French, 100 ; other nationalities, 400 ; Hawaiians
born of foreign parentage, 400 ; total, 55,600.
In the last eighteen months there have been brought into these
islands, as laborers on the sugar and rice plantations, some 1,600 or
1,800 Chinese. This makes up to some extent in the aggregate popula
tion for the decrease in the native population .
The population, as appeared in 1872 by the census then taken, was as
follows : Native Hawaiians, 49,044 ; half-castes, 2,487 ;. Chinese, 1,938 ;.
Americans , 889 ; British, 619 ; Portuguese, 395 ; German, 224 ; French,.
Sosy
e
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS . 623
89 ; other nationalities, 364 ; Hawaiians born of foreign parentage, 849 ;

total population, 1872, 56,897 ; total population, 1877, 55,600 ; decrease
in five years, 1,297. I am informed by the national school superintend
ent that on account of better care being taken by their parents native
children have not died in the same ratio in the last five years as before ;
and he hopes the time is at hand when the gradual wasting away of the
Hawaiian people will cease.
EFFECTS OF THE RECIPROCITY TREATY.
The reciprocity treaty between the United States and this kingdom
has been in operation over a year, and its effects are being sensibly
felt in the prosperity of the islands. The price of real estate has ad
vanced largely. In 1875 the assessed value of real property in the
kingdom was $6,490,600. In 1876, in anticipation of the ratification of
the treaty, it went up to $ 7,624,061 . This year the returns of the as
sessment, which are nearly all in, will show its value to have gone up
to over $ 8,500,000. This increase is mostly in sugar and rice lands.
One- half interest in the Lahaina sugar-plantation sold a few months
ago for $500,000 ; the whole of which could not have been sold before
the treaty passed for that amount. Interests in other sugar and rice
plantations have sold recently at the same advanced prices.
Many new sugar and rice plantations are being opened and old ones
enlarged. The King has opened a new sugar- plantation on the island
⚫ of Kanai and superintends its operation personally. Some of the na
tive Hawaiians are following his example and are planting small pieces
of ground owned by them.
OWNERS OF PLANTATIONS.
The rice-plantations are mostly owned or leased by Chinese and oper
ated by them . The sugar-plantations are owned by Americans, Hawai
ians, Germans, English, and French. A very large proportion of the
capital invested belongs to Americans, or those who have been Americans
and are now Hawaiian citizens by naturalization.
EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS.
The total exports of sugar, molasses, rice, and paddy from this country
in the year ending June 30 , 1877 , will be seen by the following statement
as compared with exports of the preceding year :
Sugar.-Year ending June 30, 1877, 34,773,728 pounds ; year ending
June 30, 1876 , 20,616,403 pounds ; increase, 14,157,325 pounds.
Molasses.-Year ending June 30, 1877 , 187,873 gallons ; year ending
June 30, 1876, 84,100 gallons ; increase, 103,773 gallons.
Rice and paddy.-Year ending June 30, 1877, 4,064,391 pounds ; year
ending June 30, 1876, 2,262,722 pounds ; increase, 1,801,669 pounds.
The following statement shows the amounts of the above exports
shipped to other countries than the United States and sold in the
Hawaiian harbors to vessels for consumption, in the year ending June
30, 1877, compared with the preceding year :
Sugar.- Year ending June 30, 1877, 64,079 pounds ; year ending June
30, 1876, 1,343,386 pounds ; decrease, 1,279,307 pounds.
Molasses.-Year ending June 30, 1877, 23,254 gallons ; year ending
June 30, 1876, 28,374 gallons ; decrease, 5,021 gallons.
Rice.-Year ending June 30, 1877, 50,345 pounds ; year ending June.
30, 1876, 105,132 pounds ; decrease, 55,787 pounds.
No paddy has been exported for many years to any other country
than the United States .
The increased exportations of sugar, molasses, rice, and paddy in the
year ending June 30, 1877 , over the year before, does not depend so much
on the increased production of these articles, stimulated by the advanced
prices incident to the treaty, as it does on their being held back till after
the ratification of the treaty to save the duty in the United States.
There were included also in the exports of the year ending June 30,
1877, 1,367,737 pounds of Hawaiian sugar ; 376,993 pounds of Hawaiian
rice and paddy, the production and exportation of the year before, reim
ported from San Francisco, in bond , to avoid the payment of duty in
the United States .
As it requires sugar- cane in these islands from one to three years after
being planted to mature, and rice nine months or a year before it can
be got into the market, it is fair to presume that the sugar and rice pro
duced on the new lands opened up under the effects of the treaty have
only commenced to be exported .
It is estimated by persons best informed that the production of sugar
and rice under the operation of the treaty will be doubled in from twelve
to eighteen months hence over what it was in 1876.
ADVANCE IN PRICES.
Upon the ratification of the treaty, sugars advanced in the aggregate
2.81 cents per pound ; molasses, 64 cents per gallon ; rice, 23 cents per
pound ; and paddy 2 cents per pound ; the advances being equal to the
duties remitted by the United States under the treaty.
RICE IMPORTS.
The remission of the duty on Hawaiian rice by the United States and
its superior quality enable exporters here to ship it to the United States
and import rice from British India, Japan , and China and make a profit.
The India, Japan , and China rices serve the purpose of feeding the
Chinese on the plantations as well as the Hawaiian rice. Importers of
foreign rice only pay a duty of 10 per cent. ad valorem to this govern
ment.
The following tables will show the amount of rice imported into this
kingdom from June 30 , 1876 , to June 30 , 1877 , and from June 30 to Sep
tember 30, 1877, and the countries from whence imported :
In the year preceding June 30, 1877, from
Pounda.
Japan 271,426
British India... ..... 175,563
China 101, 755
Total ...... 548,744
From June 30 to September 30, 1877, from
Japan 103, 240
British India.. 274, 176
Total ... 377,416
STEAM COMMUNICATION.
The Pacific Mail Steamship Company, which has been running a

monthly line of steamers between San Francisco and Australia, touch
ing at these islands going and returning, entered into a contract with
this kingdom a few months ago to run an additional monthly line of
steamers between San Francisco and the islands, commencing Decem
ber next. This arrangement will give the islands steam communication
twice a month with San Francisco and once a month with Australia.
The old steamer Kilauea, running between the several islands , has
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS . 625
been replaced by a fine new steamer, called the Like-Like , of 596 tons ,
built in San Francisco. A smaller steamer is being built in this city for
interisland navigation . Four or five new schooners have or are being
built for the same purpose.
NEW HAWAIIAN TARIFF.
On the 27th day of September, 1876 , the Hawaiian Legislature, then

in session, passed a law providing that there shall be levied and collected
from and after October 11 , 1877, on the following goods coming into
the country, a duty of 25 per cent. ad valorem, to wit :
Silks, satins, and silk velvet, and all manufactures of which silk shall form the prin
cipal material ;
Clothing, ready made, and wearing apparel of every description , made up in whole
or in part ;
Carriages of all descriptions ;
Hats and caps of all kinds ;
Linen and all manufactures of which flax, grass-cloth, or a similar material shall
form the principal part, except bags and bagging, and canvas for ship's use ;
Crockery and glass ware of every description ;
Drugs and medicines, patent and other ;
Furniture of all kinds, if upholstered or carved , manufactured in whole or in part ;
Millinery goods, beads, braids, bonnets, buttons, corsets, collars, sleeves and cuffs ,
edgings, flowers (artificial) , feathers (fancy), fringes for clothing and for upholstery ;
Gloves and mits, not otherwise provided for ;
Gimps for clothing ;
Hoop-skirts ;
Hooks and eyes ;
Insertions, laces, and lace goods of all descriptions ;,
Ribbons not otherwise provided for ;
Silver-plate, plated ware, or gilt ware ;
Britannia ware and fancy metal ware ;
Tea ;
Watches and clocks, in whole or in part ;
Cigarettes and all descriptions of paper cigars ;
Jewelry and all descriptions of metal, glass, or stone beads ;
Paintings, pictures, engravings, statuary, bronzes, ornamental work of metal , stone,
marble, plaster of Paris or alabaster, and all imitation thereof;
Perfumery (other than that which pays a spirit duty), scented soaps, powders, hair,
tooth, nail, and other toilet brushes ;
Pipes (smoking) , pipe-stems, bowls and fixtures, cigar-holders ;
Candles ;
Candies ;
Pea-nut oil ;
Toys ;
Fire-arms and ammunition ;
Fire-works and7 fire-crackers ;
Before the taking effect of this act the foregoing goods paid an ad
valorem duty of 10 per cent.
The law further provides that from and after October 11 , 1877, there
shall be levied and collected on the following articles specific duties , to
wit : *
On playing-cards, $1 per dozen packs [ 10 per cent. ad valorem ] .
On kid and all other leather and skin gloves, $3 per dozen pairs [ 10 per cent. ad
valorem ].
On cigars and cheroots, $ 10 per thousand [ 15 per cent. ad valorem ].
On China tobacco, 50 cents per pound [ 15 per cent. ad valorem ] .
On camphor trunks, in nests of four, $2 per chest [ 10 per cent. ad valorem ] .
And in nests of two, $1 per nest [ 10 per cent. ad valorem ].
On matches of all kinds, 25 cents per gross [ 10 per cent. ad valorem ] .
On China matting, $1 per roll [ 10 per cent. ad valorem ].
On port, sherry, madeira, and other wines of like nature, above 18 per cent. of alco
holic strength ; also, on all cordials, bitters, and other articles of any name or descrip
* The amount of duty paid before the taking effect of the law is inserted in brackets.
40 CR
tion containing alcohol, or preserved in alcohol or spirits, above that rate of strength
and below 30 per cent., unless otherwise provided for, $2 per gallon [ $ 1.50 per gallon].
On champagne, sparkling Moselle, and sparkling hock, $3 per dozen reputed quarts
and $1.50 per dozen reputed pints [ 15 per cent. ad valorem. ]
On claret, Rhine wines, and other light wines, under 18 per cent. of alcoholic strength,
not otherwise provided for, $1 per dozen reputed quarts, 50 cents per dozen reputed
pints, and 40 cents per gallon if in bulk [ 15 per cent. ad valorem].
Ou ale, porter, der, and all fermented drinks, not otherwise provided for, 50 cents
per dozen reputed quarts, 25 cents per dozen reputed pints, and 15 cents per gallon if
in bulk [ 10 per cent. ad valorem ].
The clothing, carriages, hats, caps, patent medicines, furniture, silver
ware and plated ware, watches, clocks, jewelry, stationery, fire- arms,
ammunition , fire works, playing-cards, matches, and a number of the
other articles named in the foregoing schedules are mostly imported.
from the United States .
BUSINESS DURING THE FIRST TREATY YEAR.
The following table published in the papers of this kingdom a few

weeks ago by the collector general shows the value of the imports
from the United States during the year ending September 9 , 1877 ,
the first year of the operation of the treaty, compared with the two
preceding years :
Imports. Free by treaty. Duty paid. Bonded. Total.
1877 $962, 125 93 $516, 559 38 $66, 451 56 $1, 545, 136 87
1876 . 688, 733 11 82, 673 91 771, 407 02
1875. 837,215 42 110,045 02 947, 260 45
This table shows an increase in the value of importations in the first

treaty year over the preceding year of $ 773,729.85 and $ 597,876.43
over the year 1875. The falling off of importations in 1876 from those
of 1875 was the result of importers importing goods contained in the
schedule of Article II of the treaty sparingly in 1876 till after the rati
fication of the treaty, when they could be brought into the kingdom
free of duty.
It will be seen, also, by the table that the duty-paying and bonded
goods imported from the United States in the treaty year fall short
only $ 188,396.08 of the importations of the preceding year.
DUTIES REMITTED BY THE UNITED STATES.
The declared exports of sugar, molasses, rice, and paddy to the

United States, and the duties remitted thereon, for the year ending
September 9, 1877, the first year of the treaty, were as follows :
Sugar, 36,494,553 pounds, average duty on the same 2.81 cents per pound ,
remitted by the United States ... $1,025, 459 51
Molasses, 224,430 gallons, duty 62 cents per gallon , remitted on the same
by the United States .. 14, 026 87
Rice, 2,299,790 pounds, duty 2 cents per pound , remitted on the same
by the United States 57, 494 75
Paddy, 1,418,943 pounds, duty 2 cents per pound, remitted on the same
bythe United States ... 28,378 86
Total amount of duties remitted by the United States ... 1, 125, 359 99
Total value of goods importet fee from the United States for the year
ending September 9, 1877, the first year of the treaty, $962,125.93.
Total duties-10 per cent. ad valorem-remitted on same by the Hawaiian
Government 96, 212 59
Excess of duties remitted by the United States 1,029, 147 40
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 627
It will be seen by the above statement that the duties remitted by

the United States during the first year of the treaty, on sugar, molasses,
rice, and paddy exported from this country to the United States ,
amounted to $ 163,234.06 more than the entire invoice value of all the
free goods imported from the United States to this country, and the ex
cess of duties remitted by the United States over the duties remitted
by this country amounted to $67,021.47 more than the entire invoice
value of free goods imported from the United States to this country in
the period named.
It will be observed that the foregoing statement does not include the.
exportation from this country to the United States of bananas , tallow ,
vegetables, dried and undried , and other articles included in the schedule
of Article 1 of the treaty, nor the duties remitted thereon by the United
States.
DECLINE OF THE WHALING-FLEET.
There will be but four or five American whaling- vessels at this port
this fall to recruit and land their oil, bone, and ivory. Fifteen years
ago 150 or 200 American whalers came into this port every fall. The
whole American fleet of whalers now in the North Pacific does not num
ber over a dozen.
J. SCOTT.
Statement showing the value of declared exports from the consular district of Honolulu, Ha
waiian Islands, to the United States during the four quarters of the year ending September
30, 1877.
Quarter ending—
31, 1876. 1877. 1877. 30, 1877.
Sugar and molasses ... $699, 313 49 $550, 629 47 $692, 754 35 $389, 902 03 $2, 332, 599 34
Rice.. 64, 633 31 27, 686 71 22, 967 28 21, 839 09 137, 126 39
Coffee …………….... 16, 090 81 14, 020 48 1, 462 85 1, 656 81 33, 230 95
Paddy. .... 6, 388 72 799 81 2,545 40 12,045 51 21, 779 44
Goat-skins ...........…………………. 5, 361 41 8,970 72 6, 475 41 5, 147 20 25, 954 74
Hides 20, 100 CO 255 53 20, 355 53
Tallow ……………..... 2, 543 27 2, 543 27
Wool.. …………………………….. 723 63 6, 016 13 6, 739 76
Fungus 1, 443 59 232 81 85 86 1,762 26
Whalebone and ivory. 19, 585 42 1,560 00 21, 145 42
Bananas .. 3, 926 60 3,772 28 2,867 37 2,392 61 12,958 86
Pea-nuts ............. 2, 178 66 889 51 585 45 270 40 5,924 02
Pulu 430 44 847 33 944 45 2,222 22
Cocoa-nut oil 3,321 75 1,115 85 4, 437 60
Sperm oil... 5, 412 49 703 12 6, 115 61
Miscellaneous . 5,241 50 722 19 4,078 22 2,067 73 12, 109 64
Total . 847, 530 41 611 , 243 36 741, 344 81 446,886 47 2,647, 005 05
Total for preceding year.. 343, 897 01 283, 800 63 248, 586 59 521, 936 23 1,398, 220 46
Increase.. 503, 633 40 327, 442 73 492, 758 22 1,248, 784 59
Decrease 75, 049 76
Statement showing the commerce and navigation of the Hawaiian Islands for the year 1877.*
1.-IMPORTS.
Ports. Value goods Value goods Value goods

Total.
paying duty. fr ee by in bond.
treaty.
HONOLULU.
Ale, porter, beer, cider ...... $25, 684 62 $1,632 55 $27, 317 17
Animals and birds... 11 19 $11, 785 00 11,796 19
Building materials. ....... 22, 769 98 36, 765 04 59, 535 02
Clothing, hats, boots.. 231 , 108 61 51, 417 46 11, 571 07 294,097 14
Crockery, glass ware, lamps, and lamp-fix. 222 01
tures 27, 199, 64 794 55 28, 216 20
Drugs, surgical instruments, and dental ma
terials 23, 282 51 278 17 23, 560 68
Dry goods :
Cottons 101, 883 92 89,394 14 2, 498 14 193, 776 20
Linens.. 25, 201 26 7 20 25, 208 46
Silks.. 13, 591 55 663 96 14, 255 51
Woolens .... 58, 678 71 6,785 22 3, 718 75 69, 182 68
Mixtures 38, 210 09 5, 431 37 2, 675 27 46,316 73
Fancy goods, millinery, &c. 61,586 76 2,377 26 1,616 45 65, 580 47
Fish, dry and salt 2, 540 21 24, 003 11 51 50 26, 594 82
Flour.. 446 28 76, 306 81 573 12 77, 326 21
Fruits, fresh. ……………....... 45 10 2,314 13 2,359 23
Furniture ……………………….. 25, 229 04 20, 540 38 288 68 46,058 10
Furs and ivory 1, 902 40 1,902 40
Grain and feed . 1,631 74 20, 465 29 169 92 22, 266 95
Groceries and provisions ... 56, 410 36 97, 711 09 5,907 33 160, 028 78
Guns and gun materials 5,980 48 2,033 58 2,442 60 10, 456 66
Gunpowder... 4,717 84 4,717 84
Hardware, agricultural implements, and tools 48, 571 64 105, 608 81 878 79 155, 059 27
Iron and steel, & c... 19, 354 74 26, 294 72 45 00 45, 694 46
Jewelry, plate, clocks.. 33, 825 70 558 15 23, 630 71 58, 014 56
Leather.. 2, 189 51 15,408 36 17, 597 87
Lumber.. 4,479 31 131, 845 25 615 50 136, 940 06
Machine .. ...... 62, 808 34 83, 714 13 146, 522 47
Matchesry 16, 626 70 16, 626 70
Musical instruments . 11, 731 15 421 43 12, 152 58
Naval stores .. 10,863 80

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THE UNITED STATES

THE SECRETARY OF STATE

THE ANNUAL REPORT UPON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF THE

Year. Imports. Exports.

1870 $47,539, 948 $20, 248, 000

Whether the decrease in imports above noted is due to decreased con

France $8,095, 442 $8,629,718 $16, 725, 160

In the decrease in the imports of 1876, as compared with the preced

Year. Imports from the Exports to the

1870.. $2,862, 338 $3,827, 530

The following statement shows the navigation- entrances and clear

British 1, 101 624, 712 780 533, 512

The navigation, distinguishing sail and steam , was as follows :

1875. 2,380 593, 864 1,950 1,021, 516

It will be seen by the above statement that the decrease in tonnage

Articles. Value. Articles. Value.

Tobacco $19, 000, 000 Woolen goods ...... $4,400,000

Of the above twelve principal articles of import, representing a value

It will be seen by the above statement that the special exports

Countries. Imports. Exports.

Great Britain $30, 409, 000 $25, 167, 000

tries in a market so favorably situated for commercial intercourse with

States. Imports. Exports. Total trade.

Costa Rica .. $2,000,000 $5,307, 406 $7,307, 406

The distribution of this commerce is not given by the minister resident

Countries. Imports. Exports. Total trade.

Of the above exports , minerals amounted to over $ 9,800,000 ; almost

than $ 8,100,000 of this mineral export went to Great Britain . The

Sail. Steam. Total.

The principal articles of foreign import and native export were as

The opposition of opium and tea in the above statement is a commer

value of $53,000,000, and receiving, in return , opium to an almost equal

British. .... 8, 277 5, 167, 435 8, 604 5, 181, 643

The Chinese shipping shown in the above statement is of the foreign

General com. Special com. General com. Special com .

The distribution of the trade of France among the principal countries

Whence imported. 1875. 1876.

General. Special. General. Special.

Whither exported. 1875. 1876.

General. Special. General. Special.

Great Britain $248,003,000 $205, 970,000 $254, 640,000 $206, 640,000

The principal countries partaking in the increase of special imports

Articles. 1875. 1876.

Silk, raw and floss $63, 709, 000 $108, 760,000

It will be seen by the foregoing statement that the increase in the

Articles. 1875. 1876.

Silk tissues $72, 703, 000 $93, 600, 000

with 1875, amounted to $ 32,290,000. This decrease occurred princi

Flag. Laden. In ballast. Total.

Number. Tons. Number. Tons. Number. Tons.

report from our consul at Marseilles, concerning the decline of French

Countries and trade of 1875. 1876.

The cultivation of beet-root and its manufacture into sugar is one of

Countries. 1875-'76. 1876-'77. 1877-'78.t

Tons. Tons. Tons.

Year. Imports. Exports. Excess of imports .

1873 $39, 845,000 $46, 245, 000 Excess of exports.

Cotton $259, 430,000 $224, 822, 000 $195, 219, 000

Whence imported. 1872. 1875. 1876.

Australia. 52, 599,000 77, 830, 000 80, 898, 000

4. Sugar (refined and unrefined).