Desciplwe Sladalus

emy t undurotnd-

Psp ulalern
he cempbte t all skyeh or
-A Populatuon i Vu
Typiully, studus dpruli
Peopla n a d , fepulabihro n huu
at the etod.
pulaian intotd e. b
size bud pote.dully vey lage g
a inule
ALl valve oduted by a spruibe moyutabuy plod
all adulh emalt m a coub.
Pspulalsa

Sampl lau pepulolu,

-A Subast i a aubu do
a mamne ha
A Sampl tipiully D Quleelhd
kn

de tnluc
algus benbiaand upuatnakky
Pepulaen.

Docipl StaliolMcs

Trbodulan
Slaho hu abunh 4malbaomales doaling th data
CelAon Ond iganizalkon, amalyao, Jb-pulalio» a,d

u l wrld so
asd to po t0s cOmpby p»bllmo

thad Gnalyo Can udk har meLAnugfal htmdo and

chongen
 -

Anolyelb Ae dala
Moe mdo,ynmgl
An ho 0m

ond ral elalales umelions Pin

prin tiplos
tiplon and
ord
COnelue we

algov dh ms Amplbmimltd to anakyal ou 10 data

dalo

Abld ololalheal mnde Onol no ptedd ha

Anola
dala

Gu:ld
Moodal
Pedicd o
AeAult

namlis hne atatak uaed galue preb bna'-

Con be

(mo ao CHested a neu dug

Cendut ed t ceham t dug' e euens
The
The latis Aale dala hae u CA m, ad you bos

pk or managmenl On plau
twhe
a eu to Apare a
te CAmpa Culd Lwpdne buainino . wat

ahsuld
ahvtuls
yau l or 2 whad ahauld yau nst loskp

Sapng m g
damplvng o a alalalcal mutlhod al dal i h s
gbaswalzeno ihuna pspulal+e.
nl ven n d ivielual PAAulalo. .
inps alalubeal bnduohdge ab
a

meluod ushoen a Sample He pepulalid

t a

D ausdsd n ardey doo nene absu

enlut populatAn
 Thae ant oo mon Sarp Techriga'
Rebahihty Sampbg

Semph

ababuly Non Proboblly

KadAm
Skalped Srowwbaly
Judsemumt
Cevenono

Sysomabe uola

Rebabi y Sampbag
woich Samao dm
a

Samhy hhngnem
one chasen wng he ThosrypAsbaklty
age populabow
Pspulalan ho an
eah mombey e
eah

RonaAm Samp
aslecld m he sampu.
e uachanu )buwng

Sopn n , aur

alwnole Samal.
s e a Past dhe
h pouloben
00 0
e chale
6
5
0o
evey 2ieterd
chAn
 SAaid Saplo
Aplabum vad ob n

Samele a Jago pooulohon. A Ahrotim ma

pepulalugn ahae a boa
Cavmmn chana duni'se
A h, he ordmn
Sa ly mcthod d o auled a ahond numbl)
oAukyeh êm aeh akahum
Subs 1
ehoAm
Subst 2.
000o

e Shtaies
taliaies
The a w l doined
0
tp
1Deoeripliwe Saiaie
2 Ineudul Satieles

DDncple Sholiclu ho falns,

dotr b ad wdoiolad
- 9 o a mlhod Asd to auimmatus aheut e
apae dals aot
a h e t

te mavm choraaieho dala

o moy cwaid upn
a g0phial&uwuy d data
-y8uidio 1-amb

all yauy clhusmali

uppoas,uayau uo0 Sud gloodonby
tn
all de ladevh
ehu si d
2e

would e covde
alaleles yan the maim
Hen yon
wbld nal but
d l a n s amd

Gioge
ahnt 2e oHe elos.
www. on
 O
buen Jown m d cologeus
Decmpout Soubes y

1Neauna (onal Tondtn

.Moaaut Vasiabuty (eptead)

)Mtaust Conde
hod upalnt
alaualic alma0alud
3 mau m to
a dataoel Thiu ou
AmymaM

o all te valnes J
Mam Mesaune the aenage
a aample callhd Nwn.
vale h e ampla
DPdio Mune d the cona
callud Midian.
Alwnini
m u ag
Mode: he yadue m ut
bnddn ao
Mol .

yaaele.
Uung yaohle
allawng
dduao coiaino the
B e l p as
ohad
C P
Mestedun 21 6 |16o 11D 3.9
3.1
BMw 21
93385
|Dodww 228 4lbg
3
ACo J08 6
213 6
4
Wasen R23 4 50 90
3.
Teyaka 23 6 lo8
tHeneda 234 160 1 |3.9
foxd 23|6 |1bo 3.9
 Vavables Caus, Mlage GallonlPg ), yday
pen
C)
apla comisil (dtap), tovse powes ChP), Roa Al
(drot )
Maam %ind he man) a horcepstooN o Ca s ownerg
the eepullia o, Co, caleulats ang. al valutn
Mcan d +1)o +93+9%+10 tlo tllo+l)o))8
03. 625
amevy ih paplali
MdanTo nd bud caudn vale
valns m aondi
ordodrdiag
Cas, aYange p
alnto.
ehnu midlle an eu0m emNy.
Ovclas and wwieh in On edonenwy
Uehne ane valno wieh
middle value
n , dke ang. d
2), 2),21.3 22-8, 23,23,23,23
The Pov 8 cass

Medum 226 2D)2 - 22 9

amên
th med commbn yps ylndn
MadebFind
Hore, yhrdtro
w mad numbiy umeo,
Apuus 4 and 6. look
af data aA,
CAmus m valn ,
val 66.
mos se cusrg
Moole 6.
 read malat d dupuab
a
Ama:tuse pAlad,alho talhd
a 20mple o
4td to dioonibe
yainbuldly m

Pulabav
Madans Sprad

Standad

Vaaant
Sang Rongo
d bans spsead apar
ahangg- t give m0AnL
hu
calenlaled
00,
can
hevalao m a dals as ad. Konga
Hinlxi)
Range= Mau( i)
-

VAn
HOA (ui): Noimun
Min Cu-i): Nuninu
valu x
aktud aprad e
a
dala aet by
bualle. tulb uo uut t mdian
madan
no MaLLDo,
bAakny
the dala Aet
baks nto hal
Dsnat to
ouwat
atudnb ovdeyed hem
Pransdo maukslo0
iahst ceR. The
. Th qjaiu l8)) l behileen the 25
26 &hs eawalen
la beteim he 5oh and
2. he Alcend guauble (82)
5lt bsewalAn
Te thud quable (a3) ulween 15m N
3.
16hbbsenal.on.

Inu Gualk Romgg_l1OR) : msab d vasiakl

bagnd nel vidng a dato ad into quailes Te miaqueti

 3.1
Vaxidm
doh CArpwung
dye m enpr tud valnt. -
Vauian u be caJoulhl
MaL d n ioalkkn)
n

E(; i)

idvidual dals pbun

7btal umkn o datu pbunk
Mean dao pounb.
elbmens
ei cach
Deiakv o djeunlucaJmlatd a -

calulabd
t can e
fem h m
ma

Davialn - («-i -u)

Paplaben Vau ante

th axge o a
con he caleulatad kiy
N
( -M)
9uaud dJeun tt
Sonple Vay0nt D the annage d
he min. } ton ba Callatud a
6

he meaguse ) e dupessin oa
d Stondod bwaknm a n . t Can be taloulatid
a-

n o dah 16
--u)
 20 They ame numby
Dane bane Ja
C9,2, 5,4, 12, 1,8, 11, 9,3,1,, 12, 5,4, 10, 9, 6, 1,4.

wk w abandad diatanm

Slhp +514
Tr8 *11t9+ 3 t.7t4t)2
he mam 9t2t5+y +}2+
+D+1t6 t 9ty

suklad the Me
Hasn
1hon e a h numbe,
p2 Omdsnane ha a u l t

( -H).
(5-2s
(5-1)-(-20 4
C-1)2u ; (2-7)
amd

We t the 9
0, 1,25,4,
9,9, 4, 1,4,
0,116,416,

9,2s,
25,4,
oth9re a9ared
e d
wek suk he
mian
S3Then

i
6
L H
N

N
1 t25 tYt g
+25t0 t)+ )r4+)6 +
0
25+4+

20

6 8
 6 2983

molbod uud
uaud
malhemalia
Pebalie " a and atalalics
amd aalbs a l
a

tl dnalyain. Prekbabuly
ahntia malhemaluy
thaf
that dons
da

branthn
wlh uAnne tid en
b
aulaline hyny
oh analyaig, bo
0n euv
whad
t mlaaue
hew ilay n u
ialy
Yrsbakuwty &tutmy

l l oce.
the alo diaws

Tetleutoma
etvewis

uptt 1,
up 1,
aluwys
u
Amu mp
o

all 6utceme als

h pvelbahlgs 6 penhle tuteena
diée. yo qut éah J s a
B n r8llimg
a
uttem, So
u on

- Eauh penibdut ony

mhsy'2 dite
'2'm diu
numhuy
pvehnhlt gellimg
-fot es t
mina b g i p l o b e k y
An eupttu mw powm
oa 48
Konden. Enpes'men
Precudid wih wtaunly.
(0ulouny.
nnot bo Pediclid
hi h &uft&m
rdtevo
he etu pe»uble
aot e
Sepl Spale S a a i spate
spale
the Sampl
oaAOrdom
puud

at Cnplumenl
 Psash d a DF &vey a na
3)Cved ne met uT cevn am 0cpty mtnt
POfwo), be l n ubU)
i Callel an aAnd t i a Subaul Samplk Spaca.
hAah k dsmaby ndn
beundud y the
ce

Thoe wd
2al
b 1
nd ho X-aun , oiümes

tha adam Vai'abl

a
undy
09mmn
buttemes fory-a aung Card dasvn Pabalug 9nat
e anta
0nd b
a andb
athe PD
btundsol ay
a Gounjam
moun
Non ejgut a t heco 0N Cmmon al
NAmal Du6lu bulban oluabubuom,hat
ukcos to q, a aludind ca ge loo mals m (2 aProbakileky
duata hulan
meam.he

s atuks ad )00 meys m vh ahry

popaky o
dineles 1hu aymmilue
thad dala naas 1he
aebablk Dichihul Ldbo behnd h
nlioon i om
ban the dats aoo-
That mam probakuluty olaudauon mchuovo ant. my
OCCs mel puaevlo
data agun tho mean
miom
)PaabakkyDanuty fueko thad t
Nemal Dishulen
ao a
Cedaal Lm huo e nemal dualuhi apaas

fzdn CPDF) o 0ncaned &lmlay to PDf

O Pabaht Deni bolcwne
wth the elat kelhund ov a C&wwwmowy Tamae

Vouial t on a given vale

bhat li
ThePfsive h pAgbakuw a vaiabls
th g e aand 'b vaalol 0ves
GAp naiaintn PDE so ao bell ue.
gaeh nema duluhu-om dupuindsn
mem
amey Sondad Daialn
th Mean and the
dstaamenl lacalkn e cemb aoph
Maon

Slondand Doian
PLepaly8 a g e , he cuwe ahet: ad w l
- snal
nartw
Cevbol ln hAUm Can h cpawand a

dal daly a e pluing diebaudn the man PCA P(i)

ay mdapandesd Aadov ne mal

neay wmal t Sample sie . age J u t Psbaull ot e

eena apnen m
SSimpl mp ameaau
we ad a age papulaluon duidt PCAandg) The psbak.lily )
m , te
Samplos then the muan all thN Samples
ewent B3
egmal to the and
h e ppulal wlhe almod enentA e Y mee ent.

m d Pepulaluan t e PcA NG) 4 ad Aad

N5 a cand
gvsbaauly t
th
N1o plu ond Red)

N3
Comdulono Preloab baald n
a
OwTme

O c s n e

a tea t AUAUmk lanu tke nsmal dualtukuleno vob o entn or

evnet B probakilt
as
dapande mam

Cemdilenalubahlty a am
eent A
. umbiy d smple p&unb Jadam 9ven
hat

eve wil.o tcus

2. The shape th uderlyng Roplalne . tnat de
otwung4
d) ew b
pubahuty
he
TH Pebablly PCBA) . n e a u e

taetn ocus aun

eenj

Magina Pasbablty oemng

CPCA),
0nd B are
daneint
etm A
The Patbahil
an the besndulusnal
.t sbabukly 9
for.
en ay
h
eedo.
PCA Gd 3)
uncendientd P CBIA)
Cac de PCA
PAebabuly tbo a

P3
 (15 Thsfm , i (6
A &d a indLpondenl oMh then the
A ennn a
p gauhe
Cocpaeausv eCenellAnal prbahly i» d u nDdunle
PCbiA Pra) Prib Prshakilby
evielnte
PU6) Apvanly
Piopsaub
aven hayeu duw a Atd cavd, what h P CAD Mpaunh paies psbaulky
peboblly kat a called Prtis.
PCA)B
PtBA) th 'olihnd
PC4) ud)) balk
o4 A 06nlaum 2l
u o26 d andqiuin a Atd cod). ie
2 6mot3 bags,
a
a fw
sus,'S and Ne ball 8 h balla
Andball

Bey Jhsem Cenawm

d
ball
ball
0 asd to. calculatr tu tendbdnal prsbaalk e
3

h ba
h a to
Ach
a bo
uieh n ntuny te psbrsaulliy e o nt

Wc da
ball em
ball on
Occuswmy boaud n knbolyt
vie ndbm Jat tdawo a
uw
tatod 2
PAbahulwy
ena y a
mught ht Aelad t h evtt we
We enduw ate we
duw

PCAIBz P(6)A PA
o w s ball om bay A.
PCe) Seluken d o Pickary balls
let A ty w h
P1tbaauuy o)emt otuung
piekuyca

P[MB): Cendlibnas ocmnu

Prsbaleuluy
de enet . (Pos o ) We w
PCA1z) e

0euim
A
PCA: Pyrhebuuy e vobakululy
PCDrtbabuky t B ee
8Cring
PCAI). PCAnx)
ene 5
PCB A) enduliena prsbabuluky ) PCX)
ven h e n A (Lkuod)
 (
a altelvd ad s0rdsm ad
find PCx) T hpn Zher ooyi 41 ad a a
Shp hed katl ehsatn.

cd -, t -c Let A he dheednt Acleetiry oy1

1)hule a Acohal,

1 d em , hatt , w
Boyo huNem)
PCA)8) PCA PCA)
fid
( ) ord 1) obft PCB
h m lGm knB,
hio 9ven
ppuld,
ed
thad
cevlaung PCR)E) pmh.
2, A p
ppuno guw
bagsId
Tup 2 Acd
bmt b
bal d3* ho obn
and 4 w ball pl6n)
PCA) owfakk ous'c&mi

3 Ad alecud at ondem
and a

Sagetww
A ho he a Accd Butme,
und
em at.
Possih

duambm dian Tohl no d

ad tha Pababt d
boCl, S P

PA)
boln0-balb koy. 2
Stap 0Kd hdas a
std
b a l e a h

a acd ball
find
psabalauwty
Liut
PCB)= Peb pitky bi9 22
hog)or big
l h r hog)
ethr
e
chsbaga ka h
sn
PAslaulely hn ag 2
(ind PC) ab, e) haa3
0 t N d ballb
6 heenim.
bals Ton ballo
( 4wlule ball no e scd
d
Cenlaw 3 Ycd hag 2

3+ 7 balb.
Tatal
hallo
nlly
2 Atd and 3
Ba 2 Codaun
ballb.
Ts4od 213 5
 u, PCB)A)= Pob hunau audbalo bag 1 hem H Pelaluem daba (20
e n aSolany dat anslyat aues Sndia,
PCeA
hn. Cenai dun dat dau analyao auers Indaa ao
Ak m slais dnd Ule an aog4
PCAB) PCA) P(B)A)
Take a sap dat aralyalo fam
2
mo 17 alus m

aross ndiu
nd oni dithat
cemmummug and ceit S2
Ineniusl shuati
optann m hle Th
5 5
n m sampll
mode ahbuut
hn
2135 Rulato

ANB) LmpelGon
madung cemekmado m . aa Sampl aJasu
he papula

samplskdod laaeally asra

- To contldo
TPabaliy Hat sad aall dam rer
wueh ove mL alaliateal,
to nd
424 Cempasumy mooulo
t she.
p o d ascemypaadol
Inauda Siabutus Inwhal Slatualues aughyaska Tslung
apbaks dioeri he t 4meecl, charheteabeo
Dcuplw
mian mlduam mools,vaiontc pahesio lolu memton a poe pLouduAc
da nwmkors omd,gaphs Aadom sarple Pepulaluew aupt
k Swnmmauio d theu anainga
he amwmpwew
1 a golako, . ountu mad ,
on
1 y Hpethuauo
a ample akoud th epulalm. Maln aum s tpalhea .yjo
d w akm Cmcuasno ßm 6gmplk
Wull hjpthea
Aln hyeahes
 0 N ypheay n . we ayume t t tu 2
Samel 6bwaluew a utby by han
-dtnptzd y HoAunpuan o-3 alika N e dnd a h pebahulky o
epinu
hin we
ajed
nullkypsHherin hu
O.Ata nsls ygatksaon ,w amume tLa
D-0S igmipen4
Saml ebatwaluaro a na y thante. hey a
ur aua in bu a

nen -16den auaw. n acbaa theu

ky Hoy Ha
dowatd
pnme d altmol bupstalla e yeuun nall - olbrstd
T Pn
Stp m Hepaaa talumg hepokhakuluy a
Palne dujrud a vae
yeut a u l l t caleula id
h poun l dct mun ho jt a a d ataluole ao etalm a

e.
wpstuan t yet th null pka bpshais vaunt
4 h yull e u n g he
baad on Sumele doJa a ulld npskiain
p-valui
98ud om
tbugh
cria 4 alp
.Den
.Dapn t ul od allinatu p s h i psthlalo
Altanolun
nd ow &
uat NDpll Null and
.Dejunt n anayao pln hat peoduet kullo
vull puk A 'Soi'ny manuaelaon damo
Sumplk dak esbmul t
t. clcal 15 um null Ond
Seme andlyass om Samale daa Cxeat a
. Do eun e o u
To cYea Cempay Ay
2ung numi Calli tus ahtebe
alte natu Aypshaao
4Undpvatnd h nCauut b HNul hpohou ): Avemye
45
1$
Aveaqe us n 15%
sult du wheku Nul Null ypakuus HALnata):

exaM value He
valu d -set pu hes

loel, j d e null hypahuai,seuo we Panomel

wl al sed th pskuaio CmpbauiHpahunn

 Cempan
nptiu clumun J t hus arass Sull ANOVA (Analyi Yauionte)
tho Quin looo unu au
AwOVA a awa t tid but 4
e x immAbanlla g hc
-Cenpanj cuwmw Sales a Ag 9
a t Rypshr
boe t
loDe wwh Ta Cempat hpaho we
muiale pepunlatso ad
ae 9ual
papulakino
watd ple
typthuav alng vdune pspuulala
Pplaliy VaA anco collay au
ae e o htm
dent
pe)
6ke
cenailib Sadunh
elgt
emChe ck' o at
AnovA
)Chi- Saque Tes hn we
h
o Om
a
n wy
u p
ANONA
A NOVA
Caat
uA tm dala)
tptal
dald ( Two wo ANGVA

Colageu cal w ypo a.d bsh Ont deporndent vauakle

u
-

Ch aqua am
d uayl -
duamouhovn mdlepsnduwt vanakle
aloileucs na Woy ANDVA
ch29uNC
u pa . m ham ,iur qcps bbasd bn
Cgmpain
S a r p l dils ANiVA
-

d &-wo
dullinund

Ropulabier,
ui alele, haud
ioed 1 malekto h n n o]f o
3 oikers a
Calugeycavaoblis 0
gurd t orns
heuis da p3n o.
nk woing cllp 1aaule
at (4
ttCenpahto
lud w o -woy ANovA
m n l i n d u y n d t Vauabl,|
lptnduy mA a n iwv
Tt Vaiablh ae
oe cang
ut calud uwv'-woyANGV
wth tach e s
tlato

ualp 3
 Keguraubn Arys he aulalmake
Mons(Crand ad Sample) mauad b medel
aua4t nauu a a allaleal Lndtpndoout Cprdula
and undeptndendush
Cpvducla
Sawale man O l q dupandund Cagd)
9idman e antiag beluwet a
mo ndpemdod vaiabls,
wth en
Vaiablo
udosolo,d hais th valu
o dptrdn
Aolp to 0m indyplndl
yal:
mcan e) all 6biawalueno ceauitd changuny
Capbndirlo
adaau o vauiahlo ae
wkain ndspndad a ualue, ag
aueh
f - Shatioties pndi dh
toduruouo
vaun

aatahaia mwane Salay ek a C&mpoy uan

a pauculo
dhu aals o)
hat l s uo akeut exexttdaun audiung
AQmplo. adeiae mbnd hi
vauiahleo

huluvet
gAaph a
th f-Ya u t sampl elat The beletn
dunlana buhsee
-

Le JnRaosiom
we

dalapsuwh,
Th dalance
the gin cagbad
which bta h whthu a
madeKao

and unt llb

culbpbuns n
lstibnahp falou
s e tadou
uAd ALNSr analyalg
a oubng mpuoluy ond
mpyolus od athe
kehigw m
am u
paedielin
i dutmnte dapurukn data ponh e
Mask undg .

adah du vng
ANGV t t tbmpuu Dlmmuny
ocidalo dus o
a n uaid t Paaedielan
Abad

Nale (suln)
n
Raanaus rdyaio
Reuaue Andkyaio
Maun oclkA
MaanSoyuansd Eyyer CMs£) Dependtnt Vauialle mderwland
albd

gVe the wo ta Pudiot talad lagetvavable.

whih we 9f io alao
vaiabla.
h dupm dt whieh alpd iha (Picn
1akle faelau pudil ha valucs
h i values
Tndap tndud which ant
usd do pvdid
vVavakles on vauak
dopndud one tald andupendrd
vaasablb
o u dplnduvd alno cald 0o Paedicb
 oviaio elh vu
o gkatwalon skith
ullu vu an
Copauabn n0 Kegwnsan
valus VE Jgl valu
mo ampe' the
Read, o
Lagualbo Reguaubn
&th &bawgad valuto Patynbuniol kuau
ahald hs auidd
hghby
Ridge Ragsau .
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