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i n e > Statistico

hny opio aaad in exanm

:COwiea and StadiAel sanpli
2. Simsla Randam ard Sutemati SampA
3.uota Sowbl sampu
Hoo_dakeuiing sompl size is diferot Ss
t t and imRKte papodh n? Explin
wi examl
S.Deire Tpe 4TAe T1 eox nive
ee&
6.Samp ma dam k ce s
2Dekna KnL Peavsum coehie od ercladh n.
pkain anumptim_ of Kas Peaum coeefi deud
o f (Telaim indoski l.
8. 9ar is CA -SaNara \e*)
Explain d peucauna
alooudwsina the Cki Sgpsaru Test.
2022
. p a n Maia jind and cmditil
ndan cenditoo od ) hdisial mb,e'ke
aäshal ependna
dapenlne
(o, Lat ane e comditiomsSuppnt with exanps
dx uig binamualaisiaudin
ktploi o e heljp of a mpee.
£xpLain a a ckei ha ot a goodehmadhw.
12Disinauds& betuen ower-Aled & a n
ppen
(4

Spiral
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Camp0> acLding tet s patiens in h t

Ar vCsten Samplng

n lwtea 2ampli,we dvids the fspulaim ino aeoup simpu Randam Carme
06clueas andA han aele t a sandm sernpls o ene 9taele Laneles bymheds had aRoo eah
lwtera Thase misidual clundeoa asu respeLesareive possibe sampla o hane osn eapra pmoabii t lasA
peed ond eack ilem in he etin pepuLatim tr kas
Exampl Tf a masRoting team is adtemptin toldeunin! eAaLA chance ot being inluded in thesamp.
h aampurah
O
aceaq numë os delovisia Examp: Chaaces od eiecting Samphs ot twsshduk
s b pea hoseked in laera cidg, Hhag ceua m apapudahin of u shudate.
W a mapao ivida h e Aessinm indo Possibusamplu iAB A ADBLBDCD
bloces d cAo ose a CAsdan ne ok bloc»
o mdeuiewing. eur nouaeod in eak atenai Sampi
he bloce u Imd e>uiusd.
thin,elemenb atselecdd tom n populasian
SArdiie Sanpia a wnifom intKval i-e. measused im tme arda.
pauFor examde, it we uaded to intenwiew geny
cdadiied Samaingse dvida th popu latianinde hwecieth atuded on_a Colluga Campusus woll
eactiv honmagundw apaaled stata. choosea eandm stastinpoind m theiast 20
menwe cAoose /ue on of t e o appoacha mame m thi sBudent dixtctoy andhn pCk evey
E ne selet ac candam ham ach gtatham 20t namu thezeafte
a eectied mumlse of eLemona CacsesPmdima te
Anact stsatum imhe populathan
Mepoopostian of
a a fhola Cuta Sampm-
)0r, we dgae an eapAal mo.ot dlamenG {som eace tConslst of Sxatiam od catain qstas 0m - a
etaotum and aive uwiait Ao the wrutsaccadna o Cckie panonetca so A malee sampl xeproes
to the &tratuums poppootim of daal popuation -Hve of os polplatian unden skud Bt is o o ns
cAarateriste
xampe To o ktain an estimak o ost commoa ned hon-randa somsla: Tt
houw mayous a dectrs piert a j smu sittaa to sAeacificl andmo s ani
. nding o
he could &uRa a andom Saumpli Don
eack Dud doenai Teari Amplele _Rist teoplastim
leek
o fouL age aLoups ond ueiapct to tha e Qamds
Spnal Spinal
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noosa 0 Samina Examples

Finite popladiom- Fmalaea ina aentercpa
T shdand iapectic cla
o OA G Saali4 mathed oitened im `ihaaimae
hese p-lai errot i s diti cuQt ninite pouladim-Je lulemin tu saapu sizueuie
idedieh acca such a hidseo os t estinatk t mation o pea
manai 2ad cammutien Hasa ihidia xopmdenta
a u saacted randomiy than adliiml upndadh C wita a ta papuladiin
osSelates le meiduenalo_and ss m-

occu uwhen weu eect anulR hesteis usha

Deteumiing sornpl size Ss bite itinit popin isacbo0tu. In ihea usazrdstba ase.
inuores ditesard spproacko due o sina a aam t s mballit wih isasa Hna siaicanc
asse Hoe test is sboized ( x
Fide Popieoi .Ti e ot is asaod oeed wih maeig
O a mcluaim

ha theu is on eited a ifferana wien thau isnt

a Xit pppuQdim corcim P) Saiu
Sapnpl i dmula Cxamplui uppese apnaumacetical Cemp is testing
h F PC e e s mdo _acconk that us h a inide populadh mwloug to deeunine itH iseeffin at
n a witis gampled i t Covitee gamplaaaln uating a cwrdain camditim. Thi nuel hapdesi
sdica Ans uamali in sanla n his ease miget be that thi dy has mo
effec TH atea conduscting a climcal tial,
mnite fopaAini hi tompany um cmlule that thu d
isetectiuí (rejcbtamull hypathe uAe
you can w a impuu appmh Ahad does'nt itmthatka Tee T erto Tt cou
eaie aiute pppulation Coretion Lead ths deuy be solearh kothe
manket uban ishould st hae loan:
The Samplu eze ko muls iocan mfinitt pepuLatiam
mLtha Sampas ise lah e gmuQ
a
o the populoim siz
Conpaed

Sperat Spinal
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e e si Censws
toCu_wehon uau ail Aoaejct a nul! hyprtheaa he eanumort ar exami natim 0t eny elsnut
in he populatim 9tisa lata collecimmothod t t
meati, Tt's failk tolekkd a sreal etect o muawe collecting intosomaiom dm emey
Afcorenu 9t is Ranated an beta () nividua s elermend ina aivehpopacian
t i aodatel with misiy asigiicad t odma to oblain a complte e t Aata a
ana » uidmou eluma on amina eimai.
exis 0 Feah
FuQ fnumauim
txamu Coeimuimah pasuma uuialezampA,- 2 Comperehiennin data
it Hh m dong is stnainel act D. Resousce ntenav
he climical til AL ko thov it, epeetivers hccwrae
thad's a dueeTesns. dt might reslt im Exampl Geveunmant 's e ocondud a popadin
ha cn misiy eut ma valualot Srg: Censw de coled demegpphic Aa alaut a
residendh of the cowrkry
Cenua: Coleckig detulel lanogeaphic mfumatiom
Samplna Frama anen ee skale individusl rasidisy inHhe coundy
t i s a eiia camponent in hu nasofcmduching
Mewes kueasch, especa lly ehendoalig oith
directon
lange 2epulatim. T4 is exentialalise,
daloare hat sepeesents tKe ertin poplhom Ci-Squars est
shoul
os aoup Lndesa Akudy ha Samplingaani
ie incude all elmers a indiidrre that belng 9tisa statishcal kest uned lkeunine ushethen
to h pbopulatim hee is a signihicant aseician a ne indepentaa
featuee oeLen hoo categial vaoialles in a lotingeny
Accusade epeeeect atim of Hhe pspulatim. t a . DA is comm wed fsr mard
o ferctine þopu lahon
2) tain and LLandorm epadserohdim Aeath aalih cmtraand hyleothesiteti
a a l i ty and accusacy asu he key. Ci-Saa lexnenalei us to tey& ush
ynme Nchwu mt a n uOo populah on pmstios c a n be.
shud
Exanple: Murkt PLeeaoack firm ia cmd ing a
nd con mspaleRenRs A auosmaad hnu
to wndar
List o pha numess obtan
Samplng nma PeEbhoma i r e c h Shinal
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Precadhm sine Can ad

i ) Comi ra 9
is witttn
O S Laras Sampk size an SmaQR samp gmboica0 ndithona m b R i
t wnueliaRsla e u l and cousquaru+et my P (tle) TepTob. o evend Biven that eend A h
aevalid with cou Smae Cxpected sllcoud) occwed t s obaeiü head a e d eert

nappened: s staishaloimdaendad eentn,

andarn sampimg aethod e candiioma pmb of exemd B oren nad ened
A has osasais simp he þm b: od exent D
dpendana o sbse vacimg &heswig u aa T(EA) P(D
mo be acusade

4. Maee sua ha vaia0slas yo o onazina a e n T pole. o hos o mac indakendant ener otcuni
Cakea ical 1 h Aes is YDt euitaOsa A carinusu t o a g n a a n ucoaim is Aalaseuci of H i
O dinal d t a obabiliie.

S : CQeasnl 0 n e ouan teuaive hpethe

xaNe: Dia -Rou
ond menpceatim an emen umL (214)
a m e n aeeackra Aan 2 A,6,)_
G. be cautious e a n mdepaeing H S A
Soniicat c i Saruas e u d t aad i m i c a on P(A) = P (BJA) = L/3
m,Mst ca aadhm
a ouah So th joind prm. o qetia an een no.and a
eeasa han? is
P(Enen and 23 R(A)xT(0la)-x
PobaQi i s undaa cndstimok qhadistica l indeperdana
oob. wndan cCmdidisns o SAaistical ndependanci
t i s fhe simp m bakiyo occurena of an
ewer In a his tantoss , PH) = o S and P(T)=O.5
St emam the same 1CandidtimalPamhai
e PCHead) emal I ( a l ) , P C n ) =P(DA
P ()
nca o mdepemdonca m magmalpmb o an teRact b w on e e n d \n+luenco Cke hoc
0sigmapobaltyPA)=P(A)
e n t A is sirm o the enevt
Sairal Spinal
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xampl: Cacuak he pnb. oain (eerd A) KhaAM

a t h (evet An|o
doin the nmi camu (onduimn,
Thaeevends m a oe dpandant.
)Fizel musm se ot Tio Q, (n)
The t i as are epeaded a ixed no u nl
2 Masana PobaQity you n o imadona m pssible_oromer
i scompted loy Swmrina wp he oloa buhes \:e
ot a0l t h joid enda in he spl Drec DTsa possibRe euoma
EKmlp usssix-eided dia ALB_
e ti ea mloo passiblh buzemeaa
Succeynd Faült
Fec xoutomo o a die A iseen
Even Y: Dtcne o a da D is 73 )Th mas au Stisialo indoeendand
heevends u etaisia0dapendant 0 outro
o die B cannduenc me ouome af die A T+ vP(S is sana a0 nal.
P =1 - P(s
A oAse an earen ne. (22L).S die D shous
al2 e jtb possi be for die A do show a n Exonla: P(0=o, P(TD- o s
e e n yumbeS

ConiSms
Mathamatia n= 5
) fossisle oudtoma-HeadsT o
t i s Ana p b ot o o o moe eentS OCCUuma.
Aoenea and is a e e d b he f a t d he
.
P(XK) = (n Aoo ) x *) x[1-P*
PCBA)Pt>/) x P(A)
xane Aa Ahe ? o gtina a Haad () ma 0 x o 19s) x (0.25)
a oin and B A a m h a i a e d Coin in.
A o Suecure &up> ?
PCHnd B1) PDx P ( B1- 1)

Shinal Sprat
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Date.
Ar CAasakerusios oi aoodestmahs
An ehmator is a campu isha wed t. (Red-ailadTet)
uftailed Te)
etimdt a epuatim paanete Pasamele Loen -Tailed Ted P Ta la Te+
I: U n b i a n e d w o ectieoEvaluates he Psseses e t samp
Sanpe tahistic is louen stadii is iaealZ)
R e o sAn a hat a sampla mean is an wdased Lor koahan)a speis aspecie neethesizad
etimass o a poplahom mean be come he hspethesiudpopulatimPspulaim parcomae.
meanOS Samplima distouiom ot sanbla
meon a eon drpm Ka a e p e p l i m is epal Hpetiat gtakes hat thoSamptstatoy that he sanp&
CSaishe ik >= to aspeih staetishio is <= foa secih
Ma laa meaningtheu isomaValueindi ating me
2:E&iden sigaiicemt diffesLencs 0 sianiat di-eanc
ee Ae gize o the gtandanrd erra ot= etfeet tm thedesircd fet in Anederiacd dncdia
dineciom.
TImdicade hei he SamplaSaaps ed sam stahisha
Ho ndisdticis sigiti.coul siaicanthigl
a i s i c mad nas ma 0Qas standasd escrs osehan Ba sheei then dhs SpacvaQu
val mardianod in u maninnad inrull hupotuo
Conasistena
1 o n emmadar is conistost i t be cmas mae
SueliaQRa Usi laue amdelan. A saaistik is'a sma 0aa va Qe)of (argenvaleokpoba0
Ca sAend eximaroto lpaprlahon paaenmadei ts
o e s a m & s i z \nczLeaes becmas lmos
pos0t disdo huiwAistibutim
Kanaeina Rathanamss Teting ushthezanw
ce-daim ihatha NaQs o h Stoi shica cma rea andseducas t p dued inCTease ava,
ON secveTY Äms C tsmea saisfa«iom
ia H <4o v
4Suiiena H z 4 o).
An eimataris sukGicietitit aeas sauceot Hena e ane tsolcira| we a u seaacoig
in ma) m ivm n i samk hak mo otua extimatr
the sampla adsii omal ino
CLl e s t r a c A cadmand er ts in poodek daan tohiohaa
aoud h a polactim paametea eena esimed. a nAer ecauesu aYa
Spiral Spiral
 Date ***°*
Date

Pm'13 Dis adankages

Nn- Rasamatis Arete alne ens um o Lowen Polbe
, disti btan foe teet ásu t d hee tests au lors_þoustrul hanparamatnc
.Tey hayehighea chanu of fina to deted
o n data ' s m a rdinal os nmima2
scale .Reduced Precislmi
Pmide lesa peicstimeahtye
Adondaan u thn mdian oa&na than tha mean.
Robutnas to an>umpins Loss ot mtometim
h e ase 7olsust do deyiaiona ummssma her ess useLor> dala iotomabion Lerdirg
loss ot ptathisial ehiaenc
2wida applicaRiity Loueakami liasiy
impuatoy& and eDadei ns o daca typeaS n some lase, rëeaschars may be ules
shich
ineludi mnina and gaindR Jacta usi amiiu with omm-þaameti Less,
Coul ama ka thein appiahm Lem stoaiqhdtr
Smpidhy waid
DRcuLAy Loih sel Naluwsan ankina poce
u.arAtand ae bud lies
Theasu lers esimve o exaems Nauan r pe oomand.
outeess in t s daka.

Caan be wed ekgecively with Small sampl

sires uohen Momalibaumpiumn otarandoe
est may mot hod.
. On limalada:
Speáhcal dlonigned ks dinl lata usbickis
sanked s ordered data ue ithot sbe ciic
mLauoLemud întevae

Spna
ral
Coefficient of Correlation
Coefficients of correlation are generally used in
statistics to measure a relationship between
two variables. The correlation generally shows
a specific value of the degree of a linear

relationship between two variables, say X and

Y. There are many types of correlation

coefficients that are used in statistics.

However, Karl Pearson's correlation (also
known as Pearson's R) is the correlation
coefficient that is most frequently used in
linear regression.

Types of Correlation Coefficient

Depending on the direction of the relationship
between variables, correlation can be of three
types, namely -

Positive Correlation (0 to +1)

Negative Correlation (0 to -1)

.Zero Correlation (0)

 Positive Correlation (0 to +1)
In this case, the direction of change or the
direction of occurrence of two functions
between X and Y is the same. For instance, an
increase in the application of coal leads to an
increase in the number of power one burns in a
coal-powered rail engine.

Negative Correlation (0 to -1)

In this case, the direction of change between X
and Y variables is opposite. For example, with
the increase in the price of commodities, its
demand goes down.

Zero Correlation (0)

In the case of zero correlation, there is no
relationship between the variables For
instance, an increase in intake of foods has no
impact on one's driving ability.
Pearson's Coefficient
Correlation
Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation is an
exclusively used mathematical method in
which the numerical representation is used to
measure the level of relation between two
linearly related variables. The coefficient of
correlation is expressed by "r".

Actual Mean Method

In the actual mean method, it is expressed as:

X - R) (Y ¥)-

V(x-XP (Y-Y2
Where, X = mean of X variable

Y = mean of Y variable

This method of expression of Pearson's

correlation is known as the actual mean
method.
Assumptions of Karl Pearson
Coefficient Correlation
While calculating the Karl Pearson Correlation,
a few assumptions must be made.

The following are the two main assumptions:

There is always a linear relationship

between any two variables.

The outliers must be kept to a

minimum range or removed totally.

Outliers are extra unusable data that contrast

drasticaly with the rest of the data. It might
signify the extreme data which actually do not
fit in the set. One can spot an outlier by plotting
the data on graph paper and looking for any
extreme study. Outliers do not fall on Pearson's
graph and are found at extreme points of the
graph.
Examples of Pearson's Coefficient

When a correlation coefficient is (1),

that means the correlation is positive.
That is, for every increase in onee
variable, there is a positive increase in
the other in a fixed proportion. For
example, changes in shoe sizes
according to the length of the feet are
an example of perfect (almost)
correlations.

The correlation coefficient is (1)

means for every positive increase in
one variable, there is a proportional
negative decrease in the other
variable. For example, the reduction in
the quantity of gas in a gas tank
shows a perfect (almost) inverse
correlation with speed.

When a correlation coefficient is (0),

the two variables are not related.