/ 4

UNIT-TL
LASERundamnalab
A Laben , a dasice hat omd, lapF(EM Todialion ) Lnaugh a
PR ck adaas amicolian asad en ha orauldtad anieon ol, hoor
Lasa used as a n
olic
d br cplic 3arnau & commuwnicalion
cuer

lams 3Jh Ton losen on arnongm

aliaanpliicalion Sdat
euagm, nodialiqn (aaum mac amouia
vaed inan ilraalirm hga k
Bosic Concap».
She quamum hoduy uggs "That alams eccis onk 'n a canlain dorea

en aaua uch to aksapkon and emi%on lit causa, hawn t maka

dosndi an s aloa l6 anothan. Sh lhaqaney e the
aiamilon em ana

a natd adialian ulatd b ka halouing qpoliav

alad
E E-E- h hana h =
6-626X10 panK, covai
e r u t ermanggy stts a the diantalon eavusponds, ts Jact.o
nucou.pAitt, ae,i
Conkunolrnt and ming lays udalve b he CAmbal co « l o s )
Fia (a) slrals, a o a.aayala alovnic Iaglaa shane an ala s

t incidad on th alam o a e c.cidad cnlo tha. kighasn t ataluE

phon (pholon a pokclo.9au.ankng ih. qprausm o t LEM

Aiapon

han lha oam onulaln ha higun s Ecas

a h t proancAo 9houm n f3() a ) .

ho, w s o n pSoCa% com a t u tn wo w

aB onvnau, u 0 n _ h t h "tha aton eluou lo lh latte

ernanagleb vn am
ald ondav ma
 qal bhk
Bamualad ani99ion uhan. a
phdom kavina an eanay

6 the loun late

aith
nalusun
ho Couting Ts
he ugpen e a n t

ecomd phdon.
.

csualion o a

Sponlanouh

missLam

stoatd
E2

Sponanaos
9houwing: a) olaplin ()
figu) Engs lab
dioaglam do
ooission. Sho oek dat
ndicab, he s o
tnim C¢) fvnuid
uau
andum molua dle »ponlarvuouh amAr x2
. Pb y acbnic banbili ons e
a
loe nurmljaa inny. ivs
nnalgn

pzoucslt a ntny
n alatad nioion,The phslon aabonpils
ulh thao ,
ligaerialbd
Lacdat han hance the apha a ha he m
slornuaud photom
i t sSeciabl oilh the

naulern.slh
lasar
hun h o n , iponbuaou
asilior ooc 323,
a l a ota houn ukaled imoihanvat calle
plomuload
amusion asu

u m v n a r n
ond
eqpalions
thas i i u n rg Blnas ST
3G-E)|RT 3 T
33/kT ailions
Molodownyurd
tanalons o t «zaha eAang lab, EaE
na oupeonnd \ha darv.cdy o alovnb
un

n 2 , »pre)a
a
anaogtulw
 (

At looto epuiun 3ponlantgus e>nuLOT he donna wmoeha

h a paplolioMouin ARay klX
b deniaat h
mualoud anision ,

cond:lon a
colas populalion innio
achiava Jho

EgED

FkT e

Na

in o enue Igarn. (e) B.man danzl

Fs (Fulalurs,
a

a
h n a ui aionm ( a monaapali(niuswa dunulion
utiiNa

9h n opulalion

d n ta arhuve. populolion
nwNISn
r macasJara lo c
hanea odfain a.
noneaili|aiunn diatnia
g r a t ho upen sanagyloed E 3
erknal aii ounre amol is ukaxu
pocas a
achiaed usn

as.ung
oKonsdn g a cilh o a a houw
pulal
in f a ) a )
aa
ualid

Rapd
Popud Aacau
S 15a
loang

.5)-06 daeay

(
populalion iwnueuiont
9hou and Laseq
F nany l l diusganns
h o o . - d gglon. ) Fun or l a
Ing.Lh 9glamt,doslay a caabul a e l that th somulan
lasong tata placa thora lbod Iglion covo,b, oagnaur lal Eo,a

abmic dulabuk on l l Bona laur W:th 3uilalk punpuahe

Ycbrons n o
Ivemt om oceilod phom ie round iati. ca the
hghelESi , is anåod lkd o. dobons, napi dsa
ol
to Eo anca wasl
monadialive peasas b ehen Ej dously
ai

a vwch logen lletdaunE,ieh olews alaneumndand.

accumulali d g Ga poriod le dawail olon thawaal stae
N, a s . olyo he in he o d ilad N, 2 mpulalisn invoio
i ofoinad blasaa thes3a ioaels.maldadn
eemssiat. a,nd hanea.laa
Ca h orcn alna adialive alacron nilions letoRin aal E

Alraadn cih he lkose lavel snglan u. thod

uens lavoninod ot h e las a on

naaala uo. lo ocrave papuloi 7 5ign

A herun bre mlus ash ia chanacloie 'aul

ausal, his ca he punp clo, tl Wms

alo, aasng bved Eoualka, populalion aveon, a t lasi

ta plaaa Leluean heo. Gvd a la E

An anc lamp sh lamp , uuo,
pumped thneusn tha Ltl wll
oHe ladirng madi wm, cshich is in ihe dua
aTmat.ic umpuniky 3 aas3. te
oaotd od cotaiins
condaivavnliayid due .

Ena Lusen
pumpuaA lahan ora uita lupe Cdiode
e sed anahn iasand an
pump lasen( 3-kd skoli liqpud dg lasan)y
a

Ecbucpuiping: ELie dous disshang is cooman in

3.Gplical qas, losanth
9uonal- Anodicad
cadg a natonalai i an
Tmivnas that abn Ccavvky nsonal a.
a91nangmnn
ai liaht orass apically ona
loa suuve and th Aen mual is ina
pantaly Faopanat & called.aa
clpur Ccuqa Acavly oonalat o hallbur conduels
and
Woekad tdhlJ
along lh am EM wau Can be uplad.
6posialio
A lato CotiU, oa "madium usid. ahagl gulla.tive epliel
Cauy, as s a a

madiwn amgihaz. lgkt ulobd asmio9iom E e 3nglast hjumy aCa

Cons moa, rnronavnad Jh hai light boncas aeka lath osh
Em pasng torush hei madium anpilad naaaladla pat o ihe liqh
thar p i , i. b»oa a T i d , po93 Wonough ho. paolial, Diaspat.

au raz durn

onls high asp urritd olubo. pasatcbs con inlanact aszlh liaht h
onillng hedont, Enouon Ca
ue onlautous a alml.1
auna a
Y m d paacb), n Joaa,ona necild alal, eocexacds the rumlr
lowe
panlicus, in o n . teroan
achuve ha
Maun p o n . Wenen lit npjad Bay tAis akes
opica aimplan un an
peal ain plocad iidea
924bonald l a l cayili, one olloin3 a labey .
Lon Contunalkon:
pumpon 9ounc
JL
oupr
Couplan
Laen
light baan
Cagh
Ska.thoan main Componanbs o o s n dasicg. oa
ArclEve madiant
p u m p g Iounes

3 qal ntionolat

tia, ligid a gesdous a), colueh oc , m

oiek.mhemadium as. . le Yag

t. rdalo
ka gpin
usu on the slömulatid oeovntie vmokala
tasninh laun anlak ptm hia 2'r, nNQI ioig. pseNtows
ppulalsd s-pp

*Cnaun
cnafay, (t-e.oeraiusn yhra a usilon mla tony
a raiwa J
chnernium)
+Rassah, e3.sdizalr a phishole: pad
,
k laaan or tons
*
gaa miclun, o halium dL nmaon
e.g.
xncernduehu, e.q. Goks ,ln Gos mioicqan CO
,

2. Pumpon Iunca

huw,aolaiisng a slali o pepulalon

opionaa3 a pai or enalwo, la eic .he
ynschanun is tha oxkon f
vrb ha an nadiun
v.agn n hom ar bsuna
ooronea.

e hagen ant lasyng Thush.i L "I*tca prw mus

 ONT- ascas cond netumeraio
he Eindcin uepticiens-

iesent
Ty te ene
h e Eney
volume
doms/unt

IN nMO
N,N
, o

evcle. f8E
Coaespo
nding tohe

aodion at a
e omic g tem,.
(E-E) all
on

diomeree
ne ard
odiaion
absonb he nider
fatom n e, Can
(o

be excitcd to E2 t
placeroJevel,
hich abconption takes
Che e
atome present *
to he mo-of
be propoaiona
evelz O tr
to he ere-g donsity - e radiat
ard allo
he leveE

oothe w- -E)/
adiotion enenqy /un volume bl
Ae
ud)dw epoeseös

ans wtdo
B Uto) N,
ThStansit
To oE
deenetaio o e o
t o o dRstinct Pscesge
fhooug
nalsesom E, to E,
Con D

StimuloJe Emiscio
cwhich ft cident oo he
the
Theadiasior

aa
n oos
si to
tí in
en
odiadion and he al e of
Stimulades t o Cni

propoiona
to-the Enegy
to 4he ooe Cneagy eve N

odiolioo a the ICquencY co

oensi J
2
 hapontcneo Crnissien .
TKi atc ill be pTpotora to N ony and

huu we haveohe o o toms makin Sponteneow

EnusCion pea unit time/unit elume

0 -Az
hearna Ceuilibabom bl Re odbric stem and

Pudiation pield
he
the updtransitiors rmust be eud&o
douonLwadtrarclttun
ece N,B,u)
B u ) - N, , +

uto)
A)By-B2
ugine Bdt2mannc a Ae
Cailibsm

populokions o levels and levels 2 temp Tis

E-E)sgr huo gT
Bot2omm s Const

u- LO Ba
Noco acordinq to poncks lauo e adiat on Cneagdenaty

pea unine teava ?e giveo by

huons

Cempcoe ns g®

B2B B
 A odA,,hu
mol Suili baum he o i o of he o Spontaneouy

to ulated Crr sdion e

Re a/e,,), uw.
nstein A Cogpttciend
nelakonship bln -Re
oblcso+he

portaneouspetme p leve 2
ond
Ckange cp ropulteoo level2
ite Ae ake o

to 9potoneoug emisstoo a
b ttme due

(6)
Az
olt
he o hich

evel 2
aduces by e n a
he populalion
thu
epontancous e timee
Ge ime
which s called e
A,
trmstor 2
aLsecialed co the heodiatio due to
peckum o
ob-ave he
Naso,
a ColecFio of oto
emissioPsom
pontoneouy
monoeromt c bu neod
not cy
odiolion
Fe
Fe

a ataio a a sen 7an

Ov@

2P u

S-
abcoalerot voiaion ove
C
a DangeIF
DE hDw an atom Can
 hat hc adoms Capalle absorhng
oneone irds
oves a bend
not hud odiattbo etacnis
juut Sin
andhc dom)
This mplies a t vels iaths
en
Ovea a AOnge eAenciy
Con intcroct H h Paotton

bu he ATengh o nteooction

eRe s
Thispor s oeshope punctior and

acpse cented y a )
l l a ed accoding t o
Ts Pun sSually

acodo 1
oil le
atoms(urst vodume
2co)Auo and g c o o

ofirteac fivq asth odio tion o neemy

Copable
bl ond oeduo

3)

C
intesackina otHPS
Citeockn
ec-morochoomaie

bvcodtond Todiahoo
oadioion c o - cs

Hence e no ot CRrulot ed esisSions pe unt Alne

Pea u nút volume oLo e ren b

 ), -do

ae
no Conside tuoo Specific

boood Compane to -ko ol9),

pectau c eay

egsen thaly aume he ovehe cain

hen One

& esenti
ohae gco) s apvecioke u
tTkenaHon

Congtant a n d h u s ay be laken od op the ntcara n

teeace
ccheo'aom
2 , u o ) (.
hnsp co4% cetb brcodbond
adic

c amsiionatquen
Cuhee
nec-Terocsomaic a d b
Hh ec-
întcocting
atom uC CuTve
C îs , R e n he
tnides odi Hos
he
ea a Connpesed t o , o
c w
ealseo C
otl be eatoerrely

ado
2/
T21
Lohese(uc)o u

hasns muladed obloptiors

imiloo monna he noo

Tn a
oil be
coill
olume
time (u nit &o)u
Pe unit 7c
T N hds
igh Cnntication
del a ne
Conido a collection o oom and
chsemalic d i tion Cnesq donstt a Jaey cw g s

obtoum the netc Chonge fnten cily

us ito3ses +ka0ugh-he medium
he nodiction
coca S stuatd 2 4 2
Cencide P,Ptoo planer pl

beir diaecton oprrogatio e he ediotioo

T 1de) otensi R riodiakion d 2i zlz

hen e net amount eeneg erteimg he volue Sdz b

DCe)-nd -ae)-ra-0/Aa
- aAse -
This ne Eney absorbed
he atomy inhe olume z

he odomssom level1 to level 2

the e abSombed by

Loll be leh hene hto

neng e leabcdhrough stmuloio Cmissionsrom

wedto l be ,Sdz hw'

eS

2)
 Tnet eneng absenbed pes unit time o h e volume

Sdz oillbe
-u s)-N,hw'sdz
-3,.cde. h s
gCd-,)s de
nsp
ntcostt
o enenn y
dansityu' ande
e latien
ackaed -
coe VU
odation
odicion fnhe
eloci e the
nedium of atfive index

Compoue e
hen co tsp

22
o Aco0,N)
0 e o the nide
odiHuy
is+Ve ard Tnensit decaascy with
hen
-
baarn
to on
alrouod cd N
zeadid

se crel he beo
unohebea
,>N, Hen

is orlited o b 2
,>N,
opyl meskum
 f0orn C E , Î (-N) indepe scdard , Hheob

) (o) e-
t
NN exonenhally o
,> amlicobur

The hoe choel Corrion

a mediu 3hould be Copoble o
> In -e last Seckio
an fncidan adiasto, orne muct Cacsea
a amria
tae Populobioo iryesior in he medium

onden to enerake adlaioo s a

medium fs oced cvo opticd esonodoa

esoato a pois op mbrs

>his Thi eptic Censis
much Jtle to a
facing ech h foboyy-pert cldoo.

he medium Supiey Losses ue to he oite neleckvty

o Hhetsnors and he olbe ScaHeslg and dackion

To ova9come he Losse Aquiae he mioimum populotBory

sion densY ,hE fs cdtes -he eshoal ropuloim

Svesioo

mcdiu
 Cne Pohe cavi
astive Caviyhetime tc
cduces by a cto e
he
meium
absence o any amtlyi
Inhe
a
aedures by ojoacko
-he inenity at poins
rom
- ( a d n RR .2ck,-lnr,r
R,R, e

o 2) 2dno/
lbu sip tme
he otenci iedece
-t/tthen
Anocte
2dr/cte
they (aed-LnRR)
(R,d-nRR) 9dno
ctc

Cd-loRe,)

usirg and e e becoms

uvntee
-M)
aLoco ttreshold
value
to kove
to ,
in ordes
fcCendi
Accondi e
ho
m u t hol!
Corditions must
ropulotion wosion, heoltbuoinq
( e walue o e hould e louge, te,the Cavitdouy
must be 2md
Re reab value 8o) coih oveely propoahon

width Ao ohe w)Jun' 7hu tmall oiotth

tolhe
 give tage ve
yaues a ohich iplie Smalo

ase uke Caations

ckich dexcsibe -e oe cohich he popeulbbionS o

et pumpin
otomic teves în he presenec g
Voeuou ckonge
ondstiulabed adSpootaneouyAsonsition

The too evel SAkem

ube
etadiolioo atjs ca erenesqu dendt

incides Onh Ggter

absoab-he adinha
vealeme cohich
The no cdoos pe unit

he cettbe
and ne escitcs to uppa leve
ugCw) N, WnN,

oheae
-ua)
hutsp
ton Stivouladed eroissio

ve

ha
e

h e e
Stirnelabe aosior pobabiith
absoption probalili

on pontaneau trangtion rom F to E,

A sepse sen he adiive ard nosodiaie

Aroncit io Tade hom Eto E,

 ocnh3tior
Spondancoy
loms tsndegoing
hen he no.of
ohene
oill e ,
oo E toF,
-

negylevek E £, a
populati) o
ale Chorge

W-)-T

d - a , - ,)+"T2»N-
olt

om

(N,+N) o

dt
, r N , = Constand eA)

t e gsadu)
Re
21
Co De vo obtoin
pe
vem e , shoos hot
bl,
esier opticas puyng
leady ate populalioo
b

TuSt wo levds
HD e two level
Populofior difeae r e
 om ea (P) -T

AN
N 2 T
mDslly adiative
Oa ume tanation rom 2 to

i.e A S2 and 2 sA2

Ne alse Totaduce oskopcJunckiot)kich
comalt ed to ave nstvaate o co-Oe, Re Caae t

Rnc ,i.e

tPnteams o somn* Ej
Sbstite

and

wtspo

hto
c become
erce

N
hwsn -
Whea 9s

D Calles cudsion ntens+t

 oN- N, -N

- (13

Nheae
2
C ep o

he
Three eveale Skem

wo leve Cannot Cake a Staady a t e

Populodfon inveaslon /o tuo le vels jus by ustn Pumpir

b/hese levels

Thus inoadn to prcalkace cody e populotior

fovension, one. smoes use of Eitho r e e eved
a
on ou
eve sstem

I n hs e e eve
bem Cont sta o E,e,F
EreSeves a le , , N, & peplation density ke
e e lavel

Raid &eca
purp

hV,
E