Micropolar Modeling of Auxetic

Chiral Lattices With Tunable

Internal Rotation
Hassan Bahaloo
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Based on micropolar continuum theory, the closed-form stiffness tensor of auxetic chiral
University of New Hampshire, lattices with V-shaped wings and rotational joints were derived. Representative volume

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Durham, NH, NH03824
Yaning Li1
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of New Hampshire,
Durham, NH, NH03824
e-mail: yaning.li@unh.edu
element (RVE) of the chiral lattice was decomposed into V-shape wings with fourfold
symmetry. A unified V-beam finite element was developed to reduce the nodal degrees of
freedoms of the RVE to enable closed-form analytical solutions. The elasticity constants
were derived as functions of the angle of the V-shaped wings, nondimensional in-plane
thickness of the ribs, and the stiffness of the rotational joints. The influences of these
parameters on the coupled chiral and auxetic effects were systematically explored. The
results show that the elastic moduli were significantly influenced by all three parameters,
while Poisson’s ratio was barely influenced by the in-plane thickness of the ribs but is
sensitive to the angle of the V-shaped wings and the stiffness of the rotational springs.
There is a transition region out of which the spring stiffness does not considerably affect
the auxeticity and the overall lattice stiffness. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4042428]

Keywords: chiral, auxetic, micropolar, rotation, stiffness, finite element

1 Introduction fibrous, and composite materials [27–29]. These theories were

also used in explaining experimental observations in geomaterials
The concept of materials with negative Poisson’s ratio, i.e.,
and biological tissues [17,30]. The static and dynamic behaviors
auxetic materials first appeared in 1940s [1]. Later, the first artifi-
of the classic chiral lattice with circular rings have been studied in
cial specimen of auxetic re-entrant honeycomb was proposed
the context of the generalized micropolar theory [12,31–33].
[2–4]. The term “auxetic” was first used by Evans [5]. Since then,
However, a gap exists between the theory and experiments.
different auxetic models have been proposed and analyzed [6–8].
Recently, experiments on three-dimensional printed auxetic
As one important category of auxetic mechanical metamaterial,
chiral lattices show that the chirality-induced internal rotation effi-
chiral lattices have many engineering advantages due to their
ciency is positively related to the auxetic effects [22,23], and by
lightweight and superior mechanical, acoustic, and optical proper-
elevating the chirality-induced internal rotation efficiency via
ties [9–15]. Beyond the conventional benefits of general auxetic
unnoticeable softer corner hinges or hard center cores, the auxetic
materials, such as increased indentation resistance [16–18], shear
effects can be significantly amplified. A rigid-rod-rotational-
resistance, energy absorption capability [19], and variable perme-
spring model [22,23] was proposed to conceptually quantify the
ability [20,21], chiral lattices are expected to be more stable under
relation between the chirality-induced rotation efficiency and the
both external loads and internal pressure. Therefore, compared
mechanical properties of the missing-rib type of chiral lattice. The
with conventional symmetric auxetic materials, such as re-entrant
rigid-rod-rotational-spring captures the major physics of the chiral
honeycombs, they are better candidates for preserving auxetic
effects, but it was developed under the assumption of the ribs
effects under either small or large deformations.
being rigid. For more accurate prediction and large-scale practical
Although new progresses have been made on understanding the
applications, a more sophisticated model is needed to thoroughly
auxetic effects of chiral lattices, due to the chiral effects, constitu-
understand the mechanical behavior of the chiral lattices as a
tive modeling of chiral mechanical metamaterial remains a chal-
continuum.
lenging goal in the field. The classical continuum theory is
In this investigation, based on the noncentrosymmetric/acen-
symmetric and cannot capture chirality. Due to chirality, the stress
tric/hemitropic micropolar frame work [31–33], a closed-form
tensor of chiral lattices is asymmetric. Also, under deformation,
solution for the stiffness tensor of two-dimensional (2D) chiral lat-
chirality will induce internal cell rotation [22,23]. Micropolar
tices with V-shaped wings and rotational springs at corners are
theory incorporates a local rotation of points as well as the transla-
derived. Through the model developed, the influences of the
tion assumed in classical elasticity, and a couple stress as well as
geometry and the stiffness of the rotational springs on the coupled
the force stress. Therefore, micropolar theory provides an efficient
chiral and auxetic effects are systematically quantified. The mod-
tool to constitutively model chiral lattices.
eling results are also verified by numerical and experimental data.
Micropolar theory was originated in 1909 [24] and developed
Followed by the description of the geometry of the chiral lattice
in the 1960s and 1990s [25,26] after a long latency. It’s a subset
with V-shaped wings and rotation springs in Sec. 2, the general
of generalized continuum theories which admit rotational degrees-
formulation of the micropolar constitutive model of the chiral lat-
of-freedom ui and therefore a couple stress mij which are not con-
tice is illustrated in Sec. 3. The details of the analytical derivation
sidered in the classical theory of elasticity. They all have the
and finite element (FE) simulations are provided in Sec. 4, fol-
assumption of couple stress and the associated asymmetry of the
lowed by the results and discussions in Sec. 5. Finally, the conclu-
stress tensor. Micropolar theories can be applied to granular,
sions are summarized in Sec. 6.

1
Corresponding author.
Contributed by the Applied Mechanics Division of ASME for publication in the 2 Theoretical Formulation
JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Manuscript received September 27, 2018; final
manuscript received December 25, 2018; published online January 30, 2019. Assoc. 2.1 The Geometry of the Chiral Lattice. The geometry and
Editor: Shaoxing Qu. the representative volume element (RVE) of the chiral lattice with

Journal of Applied Mechanics Copyright V

C 2019 by ASME APRIL 2019, Vol. 86 / 041002-1
V-shaped wings and corner rotational springs are shown in Fig. 1,
in which the global coordinate is indicated as x–y. The basic
geometry was first investigated by Smith et al. [14] and was called
“missing-rib” model due to the fact that this cell is obtained by
selectively deleting some ribs in a group of symmetric diamond
cells. We looked at it from a different perspective, that it can be
taken as the combination of four units of V-shaped wings joining
rigidly in the center of the RVE. The middle cross maintains
90 deg. By sequentially rotating a unit of V-shaped wing 90 deg
counterclockwise, the chiral RVE shows a fourfold symmetry,
indicating a fourfold invariance in mechanical properties. The
where eji is two-dimensional Levi-Civita symbol. Thus, for a pla-
nar problem, the strain energyw can be written as [31–33]
1 1 1
w ¼ eij Cijkl ekl þ ji Dij jj þ eij Bijk jk (2)
2 2 2
where C is the elastic tensor of rank four, D is the elastic tensor of
rank two, and B is a third-order hemitropic tensor. For the planar
problem, B is equal to zero [31–33]. The information of chirality
is carried by C and D. We will focus on a planar problem in this
study. Thus, the Voigt form of the strain and stress tensors are

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geometric parameters are indicated on the RVE in Fig. 1 (right) adopted here as follows:
with h as the in-plane thickness, a as the length of each rib, 2h as
the wing corner angle, and b as the out-of-plane depth of the 2D r ¼ ðrxx ryy rxy ryx ÞT ; e ¼ ðexx eyy exy eyx ÞT
lattice. T
(3)
m ¼ ðmx my Þ ; j ¼ ðjx jy ÞT
The independent dimensionless geometric parameters of the
RVE include the angle 2h of each V-shaped wing, the dimension-
less thickness h/a, as shown in Fig. 1. To tune the chiral and aux- where r, e, m, k are stress, strain, couple stress, and couple strain,
etic effects, a rotational spring with rotational stiffness K J is respectively. For a planar problem, it was proved that C can be
added at the corner of each V-shaped wing. Physically, K J repre- decomposed into the hemitropic part Chemi and the part accounting
sents the inverse of the added flexibility of the V-shaped wings for the fourfold invariance, Cfourfold [32,33]. Thus, the micropolar
due to natural defects, reduced thickness, or artificial soft materi- elastic constants can be obtained from
als [22,23]. When K J ¼ 0, there is infinite rotational flexibility,
and it represents that the V-shaped wings are jointed via friction @2w
Cijkl ¼ Chemi fourfold
ijkl þ Cijkl ¼ ; i; j; k; l ¼ x; y (4a)
free pins, while when K J ! 1, there is no additional flexibility, @eij @ekl
and it represents that the joints of the ribs in the V-shaped wings
are intact. @2w
For the geometry shown in Fig. 1, upon uniaxial elongation, the Dij ¼ ; i; j ¼ x; y (4b)
@ji @jj
angle 2h of each V-shaped wing will increase and each RVE will
rotate counterclockwise and vice versa for uniaxial compression. where
0 1
2.2 Micropolar Modeling of the Two-Dimensional Chiral k þ 2l k A A
Lattice. Due to the chiral geometry, at each material point in a B C
B k þ 2l A A C
continuum analog, microrotation is generated and the overall hemi B C
C ¼B C (5a)
stress tensor is not symmetric any more. Micropolar theory is B lþk lk C
needed to capture the effects rotations but in 2D. Different from @ A
the classical continuum theory, for micropolar continuum, in addi- sym: lþk
tion to the displacement components ui for material points, rota- 0 1
tional degrees-of-freedom /i are introduced. The micropolar s s B B
strain tensoreij and the curvature tensor jki are defined as [25,26] B s B B C
Cfourfold B
¼@ C; and (5b)
s s A
eij ¼ uj ;i þ ejik /k ; jki ¼ /k;i ; i; j ¼ x; y; z; k ¼ x; y; z (1a) sym: s
where ejik is three-dimensional Levi-Civita permutation symbol.  
c 0
For a planar problem, the only nonzero rotational degree-of- D¼ (5c)
0 c
freedom is the in-plane one /; thus, the micropolar strain tensor
and curvature tensor can be simplified as
The expression of the elastic constants k, l, k, A, B, s, and c in
eij ¼ uj ;i þ eji /; ji ¼ /;i ; i; j ¼ x; y; (1b) Eqs. (5a)–(5c) will be derived in the next section.

3 Derivation of the Stiffness Tensor

The RVE of the chiral lattice is composed of four V-shaped
units: unit (1), P0–O1–P1; unit (2), P0–O2–P2; unit (3), P0–O3–P3;
and unit (4), P0–O4–P4 as shown in Fig. 2 in black, blue, green,
and red, respectively. The four units join at the center P0 of the
RVE. If the origin of the global coordinate system is set up at P0,
and the coordinates of P1, P2, P3, and P4 are shown in Fig. 2.
Thus, the RVE has fifteen degrees-of-freedom represented by the
displacement vector d as
 T
d¼ d P0 d P1 d P2 d P3 d P4 ; and (6a)
n oT
d Pi ¼ dxPi dyPi aPi ; i ¼ 0; 1; 2; 3; 4 (6b)

where dxPi , dyPi , and aPi are the x and y displacements, and the rota-
tion angle at point Pi in the global coordinate system x–y, respec-
Fig. 1 The geometry of the model of chiral lattice with four V- tively. Thus, the total stiffness matrix Ktot of the RVE can be
shaped wings and corner rotational springs obtained from the stiffness matrix K0 of a V-shaped unit. K0 is

041002-2 / Vol. 86, APRIL 2019 Transactions of the ASME

 Since the rotation values (aP0 , aP1 , aP2 , aP3 , aP4 ) for all nodes in
addition to the values of the displacement of the central node (dxP0 ,
dyP0 ) are unknown, they must be solved from the imposed known
displacements at the boundaries of the RVE (i:e:; dxP1 ; dyP1 , dxP2 ,
dyP2 , dxP3 , dyP3 , dxP4 , dyP4 ). Because that the RVE is a part of an infi-
nite lattice, and the wings must rotate under periodic conditions
for angles (aP1 ¼ aP3 ; aP2 ¼ aP4 ), a subassembling method was
used to obtain the values of unknowns in terms of knowns as the
following:
1
d u ¼ ½K0uu  ½Kuk
0
d k (11)

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where d u is the vector (Eq. (12a)) containing the unknown rota-
tions along with central node unknown displacements which can-
not be controlled by imposing boundary conditions on the RVE.
In contrast, d k is the vector (Eq. (12a)) of boundary displace-
ments that can be controlled by imposing boundary conditions on
RVE
h iT
Fig. 2 The RVE with fourfold symmetry, in which the four V- d u ¼ dxP0 dyP0 aP0 aP1 aP2
shaped units are represented by four different colors; the num- h iT (12a)
ber of each V-shaped element appears in the parenthesis; and d k ¼ dxP1 dyP1 dxP2 dyP2 dxP3 dyP3 dxP4 dyP4
the node numbers appear near each node
0 0
Kkk and Kuu are submatrices of K0 which is related to Ktot by a
Boolean matrix T to allow for imposing the constraints
derived by considering the V-shaped unit as a curved beam ele-  0 
ment. The detailed derivation can be found in Appendix A. Kkk K0ku
As derived in Appendix A, K0 is assembled from four submatri- K0 ¼ 0 0 ¼ TT Ktot T (12b)
Kuk Kuu
ces KLL , KLR , KRL , and KRR
 LL  where T is the Boolean transformation matrix relating the con-
K KLR straint displacement vector to the original vector, provided in
K0 ¼ (7)
KRL KRR Appendix B.
The displacement fields used in Eq. (10) were assumed as the
The stiffness matrix Ki (i ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4Þ of each V-shaped unit first-order Taylor expansion from the RVE center
shown in Fig. 2 can be obtained by rotating K0 by 0; p=2, p, and 
3p=2, respectively, dx ðx þ Dx; y þ DyÞ ¼ dx ð0; 0Þ þ exx Dx þ eyx  / Dy
" # 
KLL KLR þ O Dx2 ; Dy2 (13a)
T i i
Ki ¼ Ri K0 Ri ¼ ; i ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4 (8a) 
KRL
i KRR
i dy ðx þ Dx; y þ DyÞ ¼ dy ð0; 0Þ þ exy þ / Dx þ eyy Dy

where þ O Dx2 ; Dy2 (13b)
2 3 
" # cosbi sinbi 0 /ðx þ Dx; y þ DyÞ ¼ /ð0; 0Þ þ /;x Dx þ /;y Dy þ O Dx2 ; Dy2
Ri0 0 0 6 7
Ri ¼ ; Ri ¼ 4 sinbi cosbi 0 5; (13c)
0 Ri0
0 0 1 (8b)
ði  1Þp where Dx ¼ Dy ¼ 2asinh.
bi ¼ ; i ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4 The components of the C matrix can be derived as
2
@2w
Thus, the total stiffness matrix Ktot of the RVE shown in Fig. 2 Cxxxx ¼ k þ 2l þ s ¼ (14a)
can be constructed as @exx @exx
2 3
X4 @2w
6 LL LR LR LR LR Cxxyy ¼ k  s ¼ (14b)
Ki K1 K2 K3 K4 7 @exx @eyy
6 7
6 i¼1 7
6 7
6 KRL K1RR
0 0 0 7 @2w
6 1 7 Cxxxy ¼ A þ B ¼ (14c)
Ktot ¼ 6 7 (9) @exx @exy
6 KRL 0 K2RR
0 0 7
6 2 7
6 7
6 KRL 0 0 KRR 0 7 @2w
4 3 3 5
Cxxyx ¼ A þ B ¼ (14d)
KRL
4 0 0 0 K RR
4
@exx @eyx

The total strain energy of the RVE was then calculated as @2w
Cxyxy ¼ l þ k  s ¼ (14e)
@exy @exy
1 T
w¼ d Ktot d (10)
2V @2w
Cxyyx ¼ l  k  s ¼ (14f )
where V ¼ 16a2 bsin2 h is the volume of the RVE. @exy @eyx

Journal of Applied Mechanics APRIL 2019, Vol. 86 / 041002-3

 @2w [32] and parameter B represents the fourfold symmetry [33]. The
Dxx ¼ c ¼ (14g) relation between A and B depends on the specific geometry of a
@jx @jx
fourfold symmetric lattice and indicates how strong the chiral
effect is. For example, for a fourfold symmetric lattice with circu-
lar rings, Chen et al. [33] assumed A ¼ B. For the present specific
4 Results fourfold symmetric chiral lattice, Jiang [34] numerically proved
that A has to vanish, indicating the strongest chiral effect. There-
4.1 Geometry Effects. Employing Eqs. (9)–(12), and Eq. fore, for this specific chiral lattice, A ¼ 0, as shown in Eq. (15c).
(A19), when KJ ¼ 1, the closed form elasticity constants can be Having determined the elasticity constants for the lattice, the
derived as functions of the dimensionless thicknessg ¼ h=a, effective Young’s modulus Em and Poisson’s ratio m were
Young’s modulus Eb of the base material, and the corner angle h obtained as follows. By assuming that all the stress components

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of the V-shaped units as follows: except rxx to be zero, Eq. (5) results in the following set of homo-
geneous equations:
g3 Eb sin2 h
l¼ (15a)
8ðcos2 h þ 4g2 sin2 2hÞ ðk  sÞexx þ ðk þ 2l þ sÞeyy þ ðA  BÞexy  ðA þ BÞeyx ¼ 0
(16)
k¼l (15b)

A¼0 (15c) ðA þ BÞexx þ ðA  BÞeyy þ ðl þ k  sÞexy þ ðl  k  sÞeyx ¼ 0

(17)
g3 Eb 1:5sin2hsin2 h
B¼ (15d)
g4 sin2 2h þ g ð20þ20cos2 2h  24cos2hÞ
2 þ 28sin2 2h ðA þ BÞexx  ðA þ BÞeyy þ ðl  k  sÞexy þ ðl þ k  sÞeyx ¼ 0
n
 o (18)
4
Eb g3 sin2 h 7 þ g4 sin2 2h þ 5g2 ð1 þ cos2 2hÞ  6g2 cos2h
c¼  Dividing Eqs. (16)–(18) by exx , and defining the effective/apparent
6 4sin2 2h þ g4 sin2 2h þ 5g2 ð1 þ cos2 2hÞ  6g2 cos2h Poisson’s ratio m ¼ eyy =exx , the expression of m can be
(15e) obtained as
   
g3 Eb sin2 h 4 þ 8g2 sin2 h  20 þ 8g2  g4 sin4 h þ 16 kB2 þ kðs  kÞðs  lÞ þ A2 ðs  lÞ
k¼ m ¼  (19)
R A2 ðl  sÞ þ kB2 þ kðs  lÞðs þ k þ 2lÞ
(15f )
n
 o The effective Poisson’s ratio of the lattice in terms of g and h can
4
g3 Eb sin2 h 25 þ g4 sin2 2h þ 5g2 ð1 þ cos2 2hÞ  6g2 cos2h be obtained from Eqs. (15) and (19) as:
s¼
2R 
(15g) 4 sin2 h 20g4 sin4 hþ16þ8g2 ðsin2 hsin4 hÞ
m ¼
ð60þ2g4 Þsin2 h ð7632g2 Þsin4 hg4 sin4 hþ16þ8g2 cos2 h
where R is a parameter only related to the geometry: (20)

R ¼ 4 112 sin2 h  224 sin4 h þ 112 sin6 h þ 16g2 þ 8g4 sin2 h The effective/apparent stiffness Em of the chiral lattice can be
2 2 4 4 2 4
48g sin h  16g sin h þ 140g sin h þ 248g sin h 4 6 obtained as:

108g2 sin6 h þ g6 sin4 h  g6 sin6 h 
rxx 4 B2 þ s2  l2 ðA2 þ kðk þ lÞÞ
(15h) Em ¼ ¼ (21)
exx A2 ðs þ lÞ þ kðB2 þ ðs  lÞðs þ k þ 2lÞÞ
For general fourfold symmetric lattices, both parameters A and
B are needed [33]. Parameter A represents the isotropic chirality Again, Em can be expressed in terms of Eb , g, and h as


2Eb g3 ð1  cos 2hÞ 10  6 cos 2h þ g2
Em ¼ (22)
108 þ 32 cos 2h  76 cos2 2h þ g2 ð48  48 cos 2h þ 32 cos2 2hÞ þ g4 ð3  2 cos 2h  cos2 2hÞ

To verify the model prediction, 2D finite element model of the

RVE with h ¼ p=4 was developed in ABAQUS/CAE. Two- Table 1 The geometric and base-material properties
dimensional plane stress elements (CPS4) were used along with a
mesh refinement study to ensure the results are independent of the Parameter Value Unit
mesh size. Periodic boundary conditions were applied at the boun-
daries of the RVE. Uni-axial tension load was applied by control- Eb 3.3 MPa
ling the displacement at the boundaries. The material is modeled b 0.35 —
via linear elasticity. The geometric and material parameters are a 5.3 mm
provided in Table 1. FE simulations are conducted in ABAQUS/ h 1.5 mm
b 15 mm
Standard V6.19 (SIMULIA, Providence, RI).

041002-4 / Vol. 86, APRIL 2019 Transactions of the ASME


Fig. 3 FE and theoretical results (Eqs. (22) and (19)): (a) effec-
tive stress versus the vertical strain and (b) Poisson’s ratio ver-
sus the vertical strain
Fig. 4 The effect of dimensionless in-plane thickness, g 5 h/a
on (a) the effective stiffness Em ; and (b) the effective Poisson’s
ratio vm
For the case of h ¼ p=4, under vertical uni-axial strain ey the
theoretical prediction and the FE results of the effective stress
reff and Poisson’s ratio vm are compared in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b),
respectively. The results show a good agreement with maximum
error percentage of13% for the effective stiffness Em (the slope
of the curve in Fig. 3(a)) and 7% for Poisson’s ratio vm .
For the cases of h ¼ p=6; p=4; p=3, the dependencies of the
effective stiffness and the effective Poisson’s ratio of the lattice on
the nondimensional in-plane thickness g are depicted in Figs. 4(a)
and 4(b), respectively. As indicated in Fig. 4(a) the effective stiff-
ness Em increases dramatically when the nondimensional rib thick-
ness g increases beyond 0.1, while, as observed from Fig. 4(b), the
effective Poisson’s ratio is barely influenced by the nondimensional
rib thickness g. Also, when h decreases, Poisson’s ratio decreases,
Fig. 5 The effect of the corner angle h on the (a) the effective stiffness (solid line: Eq.
(22); dot symbols: the experimental data from Ref. [22]) and (b) the effective Poisson’s
ratio of the chiral lattice (solid line: Eq. (20); dot symbols: the experimental data from Ref.
[22])
Journal of Applied Mechanics
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Fig. 6 The effect of increased joint flexibility, KJ , on the auxe-
ticity and Young’s modulus of the lattice, Ku 5 EI/a 3
while for very small g, the effective stiffness is barely influenced by
h, but when g increases beyond 0.1, when h increases, the effective
stiffness will significantly increase.
To further verify the model prediction, in Fig. 5, the analytical
results are compared with the FE and experimental results for chi-
ral lattices with different corner angle h, which were reported by
Jiang and Li [22]. Figure 5 shows that for the case of g ¼ 0:28,
when h increases from p=6 to p=2, both the effective stiffness and
the effective Poisson’s ratio increase monotonically. Figure 5(a)
shows that the model prediction for the effective stiffness matches
with experiments very well. For Poisson’s ratio, as shown in Fig.
5(b), for relatively large hs, the model prediction is accurate but
when h decreases, the error increases. This is because that the
model was developed based on Euler Bernoulli beam theory for
slender beams, while the ribs in the specimens are relatively thick.
Therefore, when h decreases, bending and shear deformation
increase, and the prediction then becomes less accurate.
4.2 The Effect of the Stiffness of the Rotational Springs.
Recently, from the experiments on the three-dimensional printed
chiral lattices, it was found that by adding unnoticeable softer
materials at the corners of the chiral lattice, the rotational effi-
ciency can be effectively elevated, and therefore the auxetic
effects can be amplified [22]. The corner hinges in the practical
design can be modeled as the rotational springs. The influences of
the spring stiffness KJ on the effective stiffness and Poisson’s
ratio of the chiral lattices are shown in Figs. 6(a) and 6(b), respec-
tively. Generally, when KJ increases, both the effective stiffness
and the effective Poisson’s ratio will increase.
Interestingly, Fig. 6 shows that there is a critical range of KJ
(0:1 Ku < KJ < 1000 Ku ; Ku ¼ EI=a3 Þ, within which when KJ
APRIL 2019, Vol. 86 / 041002-5
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Fig. 7 The effect of wing internal angle 2h and joint stiffness KJ variation on the mechanical
properties of the lattice: (a) the effective Young’s modulus; and (b) the effective Poisson’s ratio

increases, both Em and vm increase dramatically; however, when Funding Data

KJ changes beyond this range, Em and vm will keep almost
unchanged. It can be seen that if KJ decreases within this range,  U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Air Force Office of
Poisson’s ratio will be significantly reduced, indicating the ampli- Scientific Research (FA9550-16-1-0011, Funder ID.
fication of the auxetic effects. This trend from the model predic- 10.13039/100000181).
tion is consistent with the experimental observation reported by  Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innova-
Jiang and Li [22,23,35]. tion (NSF (CAREER)-1554468, Funder ID. 10.13039/
To further evaluate the synergistic effects of the corner angle h 100000001).
and the spring stiffness KJ on the mechanical properties of the chi-  DoD/Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-16-1-
ral lattice, the three-dimensional plots of the effective stiffness Em 0011, Funder ID. 10.13039/100000181).
and the effective Poisson’s ratio vm are shown in Figs. 7(a) and
7(b), respectively. Generally, when h and/or KJ increases, Em Appendix A: Deriving the Stiffness Matrix of a
increases; when h and/or KJ decreases, vm decreases, indicating V-shaped Beam Element
the amplification of the auxetic effects.
Figure 7(a) shows that for very large or very small values of The V-shaped beam element includes two nodes at the two ends, as
the joint stiffness for all values of h, Em does not change much. shown in Fig. 8. The forces, force moments, displacements, and rota-
When h ¼ p2, the lattice will turn into a shape which is governed tion angles at the two nodes are defined in Fig. 8. There are three
by pure stretch deformations (no bending) and as a result Em reach degrees-of-freedom including fu; v; ag for each node. Therefore, the
the maximum and Poisson’s ratio goes to zero. Figure 7(b) repre- element has totally six degrees-of-freedom. Note that the “node 1” and
sents the variation of the effective Poisson’s ratio m , based on the “node 2” here represent the general notation for a V-shaped element.
variations of wing internal angle h and the joint stiffness KJ . A crit- At the middle point, the reaction forces and force moment
ical range of KJ exists, within which Poisson’s ratio is sensitive to fP11 ; V11 ; M11 gT (as shown in Fig. 8(b)) due to the application of
KJ . the forces and force moment fP1 ; V1 ; M1 gT at node 1 is
2     3
5 Conclusions 8 9 p p
6 cos 2h  2 sin 2h  0 78 9
>
< P11 > = 6  2 7>
< P1 >
=
The noncentrosymmetric micropolar continuum mechanics 6    7
theory was employed to determine the elastic properties of a fam- V11 ¼ 6 p p 7 V1
>
:M > ; 6 sin 2h  cos 2h  0 7> >
ily of two-dimensional chiral lattices with V-shape wings and 11 4 2 2 5: M ;
1
rotational springs. A unified V-shaped beam element was con- 0 0 1
structed and used to facilitate the analysis and enable the closed-
(A1)
form solutions. The analytical results were in good agreement
with those from FE simulations. The results show that Poisson’s When node 2 is clamped, considering the cantilever beam on the
ratio is insensitive to the variations in the length aspect ratio of right-hand side, by neglecting the shear effects, the axial deflection
the ribs. Young’s modulus of the lattice was, however, a strong u10 , normal deflection v10 , and the rotation angle a10 at the middle
function of the in-plane thickness. The results show that when the node due to the application of the loads at node 1 can be derived as
internal wing angle h increases, Young’s modulus increases while
auxeticity vanishes which attributes to the decrease in chirality.
When h increases, the mechanical behaviors of the ribs change aV11 a a
u10 ¼ ¼  cos2hP1 þ sin2hV1
from bending to stretch dominated. The effects of the soft corner AE AE AE
joints on the overall mechanical properties of the chiral lattices  
a3 P11 a2 M1 a3 V1 a3 sin2h a3 a3 cos2h
were also evaluated via additional rotational flexibility in the V- v10 ¼   ¼ P1   V1
shaped element. The results show that when the rotational flexibil- 3EI 2EI 2EI 3EI 2EI 3EI
ity of the lattice joints increases, the auxeticity effects decreases a2 M1
and the effective stiffness of the lattice also decreases. 
2EI
 
Acknowledgment a2 P11 aM1 a2 V1 a2 sin2h a2 a2 cos2h
a10 ¼ þ þ ¼ P1 þ  V1
2EI EI EI 2EI EI 2EI
We acknowledge start-up funding from the University of New
Hampshire (UNH) and the CEPS fellowship at the University of aM1
þ (A2)
New Hampshire. EI

041002-6 / Vol. 86, APRIL 2019 Transactions of the ASME

 Fig. 8 The definitions of forces, force moments, displacements, and rotation angles at the two
nodes of a V-shaped element: (a) the whole element and (b) the definitions of forces, force
moments, displacements, and rotation angles at the valley point of the element

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Equations (A1) and (A2) yield
2 a a 3
8 9 6 AE  cos2h sin2h 0
AE 78 9
>
> u10 >
> 6 7>> P >
> > 6
< = 6 a3 sin2h  
2 7
> 1> >
a 3
a 3
cos2h a 7< =
v0 ¼ 6
1
6    7 V1
>
> >
> 6 3EI 2EI 3EI 2EI 7
7>> > >
>
: 1> ; 6 7>:M > ;
a0 4 a2 sin2h 2 2
a a cos2h a 5 1
 
2EI EI 2EI EI
2 3
a
0 0
6 AE 7
6 7
6 3     7
6a a 3
p a 3
p a 2 7
6 þ sin 2h   cos 2h   7 Fig. 9 The relative displacements and rotation for node 1
¼ 6 3EI 2EI 2 2EI 2 2EI 7
6 7
6     7
6 2 2 2 7
4 a a p a p a 5
 sin 2h  cos 2h 
2EI EI 2 EI 2 EI The rotational spring here can be considered as inverse of “an
8 9 additional flexibility” [36], as shown in Fig. 10. The deflections
>
> P11 >
> and rotation angle at node 1 due to this rotational spring are
>
< >
= 2 3
 V11 (A3) a
>
> >
> 8 9relþadd 6 AE 0 0 8
7 9
>
:M ; > > u > 6 7> P1 >
11 >
< 1> = 6 7 >
< >
=
6 a3 a2 7
v1 ¼6 0 7 V1
>
> > 6 3EI 2EI 7> >
The deflections and rotation anglefu1 ; v1 ; a1 gT in the local coordi- :a > ; 6 7>:M > ;
nate system at node 1 can be considered as the superposition of 1 4 a 2
a 5 1
0
the projected deflections and rotation in the middle node and the 2EI EI
relative deflations and rotations from middle node to the node 1 2 3
when the middle node is clamped, as indicated in Fig. 9. Thus 0 0 0 8 9
6 7> P1 >
6 a 2
a 7>< >
=
8 9 8 9rel 60 7
>
> u > > u > þ66 K K 7 V1
7> (A6)
< 1> = >
< 1> = 6
J J
7> >
>
v1 ¼ v1 4 a 1 5: M1 ;
> > > > 0
>
:a > ; >
:a > ; KJ KJ
1 1
2     3
p p
6 sin 2h  cos 2h  0 78 1 9
6 2 2 7>
> u0 >>
6     7< 1 =
þ66 cos 2h  p p 7 v
6 sin 2h  a77>
> >
0
>
4 2 2 5: a10 ;
0 0 1
(A4)

where urel rel rel

1 , v1 ; and a1 are the deflections and rotation angle at
node 1, when the middle node is clamped, and can be expressed
as
2 3
a
8 9rel 6 AE 0 0 8
7 9
>
> u > 6 7>
> P1 >
< 1> = 6 a3 2 7<
a 7
>
=
6 0
v1 ¼6 7 V1 (A5)
>
> > 6 3EI 2EI 7> >
:a > ; 6 7>
: M
>
;
1 4 a2 a 5 1
0 Fig. 10 The relative and added displacements and rotation for
2EI EI
node 1

Journal of Applied Mechanics APRIL 2019, Vol. 86 / 041002-7

The second matrix in Eq. (A6) represents the effects of spring rotation, and when KJ goes to infinity, it vanishes.
Inserting Eq. (A2) into (A3), and considering the effects of KJ as well, the deflections and rotation in local coordinate system-
can be written in the following form:
02 3 2 3 1
a a
8 9 B6 AE 0 0 7 2 36 0 0 3C8 9
B6 7 AE 72
>
> u1 >> B 6 7 cos2h sin2h 0 6 7 sin2h cos2h 0 C C>> P1 >
>
< = B6 a3 2
a a 2
a7 6 76 a3
a 3
a 3
a2 76 7C< =
6 7
v1 ¼ B 6 0 þ þ 7 þ 6 sin2h cos2h a 76  cos2h  sin2h  7 6 cos2h sin2h 0 7C V1
>
> > B 6 3EI KJ 2EI KJ 7 4 56 3EI 2EI 2EI 2EI 74 5C> >
:a > ; B B6
6 7
7 0 0 1 6 7 0 0 1
C>
C: M1 ;
>
1 @4 a2
a a 1 5 4 a a2 2
a 2
a 5 A
0 þ þ þ cos2h sin2h
2EI KJ EI KJ 2EI EI EI EI

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(A7)

Therefore, the direct stiffness matrix in the local coordinate system at node 1, which relates the displacements and rotation to the forces
and force moment at the same node, can be obtained as
02 3 2 3 11
a a
B6 AE 0 0 7 2 36 0 0 3C
B6 7 AE 72
B6 7 cos2h sin2h 0 6 7 sin2h cos2h 0 C C
B6 a3
a 2
a 2
a 7 6 6
7 a 3
a3
a3 2 7
a 76 7C
ð1Þ
K^ LL ¼ B 6 0 þ þ 7 þ 6 sin2h cos2h a 76  cos2h  sin2h  6 cos2h 7C
B6 3EI KJ 2EI KJ 7 4 56
6 3EI 2EI 2EI
7
2EI 74
sin2h 0 5C (A8)
B6 7 6 7 C
B6 7 0 0 1 4 a2 a2 0 0 1 C
@4 a2 a a 1 5 a2 a 5 A
0 þ þ þ cos2h sin2h
2EI KJ EI KJ 2EI EI EI EI

The rotation matrix Tð1Þ for coordinate transformation from local coordinate system at node 1 to the global coordinate system is
2 3
sinh cosh 0
6 7
Tð1Þ ¼ 6
4 cosh þsinh 0 5
7 (A9)
0 0 1
ð1Þ
Thus, the stiffness matrix K^ LL in the global coordinate system x1  y1 is obtained as
T
^ LL Tð1Þ
KLL ¼ Tð1Þ K (A10)

Similar procedure can be applied for node 2, as shown in Fig. 11.

The reaction forces and force moment fP22 ; V22 ; M22 gT (as shown in Fig. 11(b)) at the middle node due to the application of the
forces and force moment fP2 ; V2 ; M2 gT at node 2 is
2     3
8 9 p p
cos 2h  sin 2h  0 78 9
>
> P > 6 2 2 7>
> P2 >
< 22 > = 6 6     7<
>
=
V22 ¼ 6 p p 7 V2 (A11)
>
> > 6
> 6 sin 2h  cos 2h  077>
> >
>
:M ; 4 2 2 5: M ;
22 2
0 0 1

When node 1 is clamped, considering the cantilever beam on the left-hand side, by neglecting the shear effects, the axial deflection u20 ,
normal deflection v20 , and the rotation angle a20 at the middle node due to the application of the loads at node 2 can be derived as

aV22
u20 ¼
AE
a3 P22 a2 M2 a3 V2
v20 ¼ þ  (A12)
3EI 2EI 2EI
a2 P22 aM2 a2 V2
a20 ¼  þ 
2EI EI EI

Fig. 11 The force and displacement convention used to derive the L-shape beam finite ele-
ment: (a) the whole element and (b) the half right-hand side of the element

041002-8 / Vol. 86, APRIL 2019 Transactions of the ASME

The deflection and rotation at middle node due to the application of the loads at node 2 can be obtained as
2 3
a
8 9 6 0 0
AE 78 9
> 2 6 7> P22 >
> u0 >
< > 6 a3
= a3 
p

a3 
p

a2 7<> >
=
6 7
v20 ¼ 6 þ sin 2h   cos 2h  7 V22 (A13)
>
> > 6 3EI 2EI 2 2EI 2 2EI 7> >
: a2 >; 6 6 2 2   2   7>
7: M22 ;
>
0 4 a a p a p a 5
þ sin 2h   cos 2h 
2EI EI 2 EI 2 EI

The deflection and rotation anglefu2 ; v2 ; a2 gT in local coordinate system at node 2 due to the application of the loads in node 2 can be

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derived as
02 3 2 3 1
a a
8 9 B6 AE 0 0 7 2 36 0 0 3C8 9
AE 72
> > B6
> u2 > 7 cos2h sin2h 0 6 7 sin2h cos2h 0 C C>> P2 >
>
< = B B6
6
a 3
a2
a2
a
7
7 6 6
7 a 3
a 3
a3 7
a 76
2 7C< =
v2 ¼ B 6 0 þ   7 þ 6 sin2h cos2h a 76  cos2h  sin2h 6 cos2h 7C
> > B 6 3EI KJ 2EI KJ 7 4 56
6 3EI 2EI 2EI
7
2EI 74
sin2h 0 V
5C> 2 >
>
:a > ; B 6 7 C> >
B 6 7 0 0 1 6 2
4 a
7 0 0 1 C: M 2 ;
2 @4 a 2
a a 1 5 a 2
a2
a 5 A
0   þ  cos2h  sin2h
2EI KJ EI KJ 2EI EI EI EI
(A14)

Therefore, the direct stiffness matrix relating node 2 displacements and rotation to its forces and force moment at can be obtained as
02 3 2 3 11
a a
B6 AE 0 0 7 2 36 0 0 2 3C
B6 7 AE 7
B6 7 cos2h sin2h 0 6 7 sin2h cos2h 0 C C
B6 a3
a2
a2
a7 6 76 a3 a3 a3 a2 7
76 7C
ð2Þ
K^ LL ¼ B 6 0 þ   7 þ 6 sin2h cos2h a 766  cos2h  sin2h 76 cos2h sin2h 0 7C
B6 3EI KJ 2EI KJ 7 4 56 3EI 2EI 2EI 2EI 74 5C
B6 7 6 2 7 C
B6 2 7 0 0 1 4 2 2 5 0 0 1 C
@4 a a a 1 5 a a a a A
0   þ  cos2h  sin2h
2EI KJ EI KJ 2EI EI EI EI
(A15)

The rotation matrix Tð2Þ for coordinate transformation from local coordinate system at node 2 to the global coordinate system is
2 3
sinh cosh 0
6 7
Tð2Þ ¼ 6
4 cosh sinh 0 5
7 (A16)
0 0 1
ð2Þ
The stiffness matrix K^ LL in the global coordinate system x2  y2 is obtained as
T
^ RR Tð2Þ
KRR ¼ Tð2Þ K (A17)

The equilibrium of the V-shaped unit under the applied forces and force moments at nodes 1 and 2 provides the following relation:
8 9ð2Þ 2 38 9ð1Þ 8 9ð1Þ
>
> F >
> 1 0 >
> Fx
0 >
> >
> F >
>
< x = 6 7< = < x =
Fy ¼6
4 0 1 0 7
5> Fy ¼ n Fy (A18)
>
> >
> > >
> >
> >
>
:M ; 0 2asinh 1 : M ; :M ;
z z z

^ RL and K
The matrices K ^ LR can be derived as

KRL ¼ nKLL (A19)

KLR ¼ n1 KRR (A20)

Therefore, the entire stiffness matrix of the V-shaped element is obtained as

" #
KLL KLR
K¼ (A21)
KRL KRR

As a special case, when KJ ! 1, the stiffness matrices degenerate into

Journal of Applied Mechanics APRIL 2019, Vol. 86 / 041002-9

 2 3
K11 0 K13
KLL ¼ 4 K22 K22 asinh 5
sym: K33
2 3
K11 0 K13
KRR ¼ 4 K22 K22 asinh 5
sym: K33
2 3
 K11 0 K13
RL T
K LR
¼ K ¼4 0 K22 K23 5 (A22)

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K13 K23 K36

where

6Eb I
K11 ¼
a3 cos2 h þ h2 asin2 h

3Eb Icosh
K13 ¼
a2 cos2 h þ h2 sin2 h

6Eb I
K22 ¼
4a3 sin2 h þ h2 acos2 h

ð28a4 þ h4 Þsin2 2h þ 20a2 h2 ð1 þ cos2 2hÞ  24a2 h2 cos2h

K33 ¼ Eb I
ð2ah4 þ 8a5 Þsin2 2h þ 10a3 h2 ð1 þ cos2 2hÞ  12a3 h2 cos2h

ð4a4 þ h4 Þsin2 2h þ 4a2 h2 10a3 h2 ð1 þ cos2 2hÞ  24a2 h2 cos2h

K36 ¼ Eb I
ð2ah4 þ 8a5 Þsin2 2h þ 10a3 h2 ð1 þ cos2 2hÞ  12a3 h2 cos2h

where I ¼ bh3 =12 is the area moment of inertia and Eb is Young’s modulus of the base material.
Appendix B: The Transformation Matrix
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Journal of Applied Mechanics APRIL 2019, Vol. 86 / 041002-11