KD 3.

1 CAUSE EFFECT SO… THAT VS SUCH

…THAT
3.1 Menerapkan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan teks interaksi transaksional lisan dan tulis
yang melibatkan tindakan memberi dan meminta informasi terkait hubungan sebab akibat, sesuai dengan
konteks penggunaannya. (Perhatikan unsur kebahasaan such ... that; so ... that)
4.1 Menyusun teks interaksi transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan memberi
dan meminta informasi terkait hubungan sebab akibat, dengan memperhatikan fungsi
sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan yang benar dan sesuai konteks

So much / Such
Quantity vs. Quality
So Much vs. Such
SO MUCH / MANY

Use so much or so many to place emphasis on the quantity of the object-noun in the cause-clause.

EMPHASIS ON QUANTITY

We will learn so much interesting information that it will take years to process it.
(so much – adjective + noncount noun)

We will see so many beautiful stars that it will be hard to count them.
(so many – adjective + count noun)

SUCH

Use such to place emphasis on the quality of the modifier to the object-noun in the cause-clause.

EMPHASIS ON QUALITY

We will learn such interesting information that we will want to read more.
(such – adjective + noncount noun)

We'll see such beautiful stars that we'll be amazed.

(such – adjective + count noun)

*We'll see so beautiful stars that we'll be amazed. (incorrect)

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 "Such" Uses
Express a variety of concepts

Such
SUCH IN A SENTENCE

SUCH Such things are hard to understand.

of the kind [modifier] "the kind already mentioned"

SUCH It was such a cold day. (NOT a such cold day)

so much [predeterminer modifier] emphasizes a description

SUCH It was such a cold day that we stayed inside.

so much → result [predeterminer modifier] cause-effect

SUCH The damage from the storm was such that it took weeks to recover.
of the kind→ result [pronoun] cause-effect

SUCH AS Bring warm clothes such as wool sweaters, hats, and boots.
for example [pronoun + prepositional phrase] "of the kind as..."

SUCH A WAY The wind blew in such a way that it destroyed trees.
in the manner [modifier] in this manner

SUCH AS IT IS The economy such as it is requires a boost of some kind.

this as it is [pronoun] "in its present state" (not so good)

SUCH (NOUN) Such people say one thing but do another.

of a particular group [determiner] generalizing expression; "of this kind"

SUCH IN A SENTENCE

AS SUCH We will not accept the contract as such. Revise it.

like this [pronoun] "as it exists now"

SUCH-AND-SUCH He is always talking about such-and-such a diet.

this and that [pronoun] "one or another" (indefinite); informal use

SUCH IS THE CASE You need to show your ID. Such is the case.
this/that [pronoun] "this as mentioned" (relies on contextual information)

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SUCH THAT His pride was such that he wouldn't hire a translator.
to the degree [pronoun] "to the extent that"

NO SUCH LUCK We thought we would win. But no such luck.

disappointment [modifier] "things happened differently than hoped"

NO SUCH THING We looked for a computer technician who could manage people. But we
doesn't exist found no such animal.
[modifier] "the combination didn't exist"

AND SUCH We discussed politics, the economy, culture, and such.

and the like [pronoun] "other things like those mentioned"

SUCH A __! Such an exciting day! What a remarkable day!

remarkable [predeterminer modifier] [interjection]

Also see How and What Expressions. (What a disaster! Such a disaster!)

So…that vs. Such…that

Intensify a quality before stating an effect

So–that vs. Such–that

SO [ADVERB / ADJECTIVE] THAT

So is placed before a modifier, an adjective or an adverb, to intensify its quality or manner. This emphasis
on the modifier expresses a remarkable situation. This clause can stand alone as a sentence, or it can be
paired with that + clause to express a cause and effect relationship. (Note that may be omitted,
and very cannot be used in place of so.)

CAUSE EFFECT

The meteor storm was so beautiful that we watched it all night.

The meteor storm passed so quickly that it went by in one week.

SUCH ADJECTIVE NOUN THAT

Such is placed before a modifier and noun to intensify the quality of the modifier. The emphasis within the
noun phrase expresses a remarkable situation. This clause can stand alone as a sentence or it can be
paired with that + clause to express a cause and effect relationship. (Such is one of few modifiers placed
before the article of the noun.¹)

CAUSE EFFECT

It was such a beautiful meteor storm that we watched it all night.

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It was such a quick meteor storm that it passed by in one week.

It was such an amazing sight that we'll never forget it.

An adjective is not required in a noun phrase with such. The quality being emphasized may be
understood from contextual information. Such stress was placed on the foundation that the building began
to sink. They built it in such a way that it was likely to sink. See Such "Uses" below.
Predeterminer modifier (a modifier placed before the article of the noun) — such [a sight], such [a
display], such [a disaster] (Huddleston 551)
¹Predeterminer in a noun phrase — You are such a snob. (Arts 152)
Also see Cause & Effect Overview, Determiners (Such luck is rare), Predeterminer Modifiers (such,
what), So many + infinitive vs. that. (There are so many to choose from. There are so many that we can
choose.)

So…that / So [that]
Emphasis vs. Effect/Result

So – Emphasis vs. Effect

INTENSIFIER

In the examples below, so modifies or intensifies an adjective or adverb in the cause-clause.

And that follows in the effect-clause with a remarkable or extraordinary comment.

EVENT WITH EMPHASIS REMARKABLE EFFECT

The meteor storm was so beautiful that we watched it all night. (remarkable)

that we couldn't believe our eyes.

that we called everyone out to see it.

that we shouted "ooow" and "awww".

that we wished it would never end.

*that we watched it. (not remarkable)

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 PREPOSITION

In the examples below, so is also a connective adverb complemented by a clause that expresses the logical
effect or result (to the action in the main clause.)

CAUSE (NO EMPHASIS) EFFECT/RESULT

We heard about the Perseid meteors, so we watched the sky for them.

We became hungry, so we went inside.

I saw a falling star, so I made a wish.

Common Mistakes
Errors and Solutions

Error and Solution

ERROR

*The night was so cold that we were cold. The result is unremarkable. It doesn't need emphasis.

*The night was very cold that we were shivering. shiver (V) –to shake slightly because of the cold

*It was so cold night that we wore extra coats.

SOLUTION

The night was so cold that we had to wear two coats / we had to turn the heat on in the car / we had to put
a camping blanket around us.
When emphasizing a cause-effect relationship, the effect should be something unusual or remarkable.

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The night was so cold that we wore two coats.
When stating a cause-effect relationship, very is not used. Very is used to intensify the quality of an
adjective, adverb. See Adv for Degree.

It was such a cold night that we put a camping blanket around us.
Use such before a singular count noun (a night).

Change the sentence from the story to a so that or such that sentence.

1. There were . . . (such many clouds, so many clouds) in the sky that we couldn’t see much.
2. It was . . . (such a cloudy night, so much cloudy night) that we couldn’t see much.

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3. The meteor particular shower is. . . (so rare occurence, such a rare occurence) that it only comes
every 33 years.
4. The comet has . . . (so large wake, such a large wake) that it passes through the earth’s upper
atmosphere.
5. The shooting stars appear . . . (so frequently, such frequently) that you can see two or three a minute.
6. The particles are . . . (so small, such small) that they burn up before they reach earth.
7. The meteor particles move . . . (so fast, such fast) that they become bullets in space.
8. A meteor storm is . . . (so big threat, such a big threat, so much big threat) to satellites that they have
to be moved or turned away from the storm.
9. Scientists consider this . . . (so unique opportunity, such a unique opportunity) that they are flying in
aircraft to study it.
10. The observations will reveal . . . (so much important information, such much important minformation)
that scientists will be studying results for years.