Direct Proof

Day 1

Grade Level: 10
Strand:Logic and Proofs
Competencies Addressed: Understand the concept of proof by direct proof and to be able to prove
statements by direct proof.
Prerequisite Concepts and Skills:Composite Statements and Algebraic methods
About the Lesson: In this lesson, students will be introduced to Direct Proof. 
Objectives:
In this lesson, the students are expected to:
1. Define direct proof
2. Prove statement by direct proof

Instructional Procedure:
A. Preliminary Activities:
Check the student’s attendance.  
Ask the students what was our previous lesson and what they have learned. 

Motivation: Guessing Game

Ask the students to guess the picture and find the missing letters.

__ I __ __ C __
Answer: Direct

P __ __ __ F
Answer: Proof
 M __ T__ __ __S
Answer: Methods
B. Present the following problem:
Prove that n and m are even integers, then n + m is also an even integer.

C. Possible Answers and Solutions:

Proof: 
1st step: Identify the parts of the given conditional Statement
If n and m are even integers, then n+m is also an even integer.
                   condition                           conclusion

2nd step: Assume/Suppose that the condition is True.

Suppose that n and m are even integers. 
This means that n and m are multiples of 2 that is n= 2a and m=2b 
3rd step: Implication
Now, 
n + m = 2a + 2b , by substitution
n + m = 2 (a + b ), by factoring
n + m = 2c, for some integer c= a + b.

Therefore, by the definition of even integer n + m is an even integer.

D. Development of Concepts/Discussion/Explorations:. 
Defining Direct proof.
Direct proof is a procedure for proving the truth of p implies q. 
Steps in Proving by Direct Proof:
1. Identify the parts of the conditional statement.
2. Assume that the condition is true
3. Implication. 
Example:
Prove that n and m are even integers, then n + m is also an even integer.
Proof: 
1st step: Identify the parts of the given conditional Statement
If n and m are even integers, then n+m is also an even integer.
                   condition                           conclusion

2nd step: Assume/Suppose that the condition is True.

Suppose that n and m are even integers. 
This means that n and m are multiples of 2 that is n= 2a and m=2b 
3rd step: Implication
Now, 
n + m = 2a + 2b , by substitution
n + m = 2 (a + b ), by factoring
n + m = 2c, for some integer c= a + b.
 Therefore, by the definition of even integer n + m is an even integer.
E. Practice Exercise:
1. If n and m are even integers then n - m is an even integer.
Proof: 
1st step: Identify the parts of the given conditional Statement
If n and m are even integers then n - m is an even integer..
                    condition                           conclusion

2nd step: Assume/Suppose that the condition is True.

Suppose that n and m are even integers. 
Then, by definition of even integers, n = 2a and m = 2b for some integers a and b.
3rd step: Implication
n - m = 2a - 2b, by substitution
= 2(a - b), by factoring

Let c = a - b
n + m =2c, for some c = a - b       

Therefore, by definition of an even integer, n - m is even.

2. If n and m are odd numbers, then n + m is an even number.

Proof: 
1st step: Identify the parts of the given conditional Statement
If n and m are odd numbers, then n + m is an even number.
                    condition                           conclusion

2nd step: Assume/Suppose that the condition is True.

Suppose that n and m are odd numbers. 
Then, by definition of odd numbers, n=2a-1 and m=2b-1, 
3rd step: Implication
n + m = 2a-1 + 2b-1, by substitution
= 2a+2b-2, by combining like terms
= 2(a+b-1), by factoring

Let c = a+b-1
n + m =2c, for some c = a + b - 1       

Therefore, by definition of an even number, n+m is an even number.

F. Summary:
What is Direct Proof? 
 Direct proof is a procedure for proving the truth of p implies q. First we assume that p is true.
Then we build an argument, using a chain of implication, leading to a conclusion that q is a true
statement.
What are the Steps in Proving by Direct Proof? 
1. Identify the parts of the conditional statement.
2. Assume that the condition is true
3. Implication. 

G. Assessment:
Prove the following statements:
1. if n is odd and m is even, then nm is even.
2. if n and m are odd, then nm is odd.
3. if n is even, then n2 is even.
4. if n is odd, then (n+1)2 is even.
5. if n is odd, then n2 + 2n + 1 is odd.