MNIT MET-431

Smart Materials
Dr. Anup Malik
anup.mech@mnit.ac.in

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Contents MET-431

 What is a Smart Materials?

 Application of Smart Materials
 Introduction to Smart Systems
 Components of a Smart Systems
 Evolution of Smart Materials and Structures
 Application areas for Smart Systems
 Smart systems using Smart Materials
 Smart Actuators
 Direct and Reverse Effects

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 Introduction MET-431

Features of Smart Materials

 These material are a part of a group of material broadly known as
functional material.
 The basic energy forms that gets interchanged are:
 Thermal energy
 Electric energy
 Magnetic energy
 Sound energy
 Mechanical energy
 Analogous to Biological Materials:
 Adapativity
 Cellular function
 Self sensing
 Actuation & control
 Smart sensors & actuators are highly embeddable
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Introduction MET-431
Smartness in a scale of Intelligence
 Stupid – Dumb – Foolish – Trivial – Sensible – Smart/Clever –
Intelligent – Wise
 Present smart materials are in the range from highly sensible
to poorly intelligent level
 Passive smartness to Active Smartness; eg. of passive smartness
- multiphase rocket nozzle of Space Shuttle is made up of
Porous Tungsten with silver coating, Graphite, Ceramic Layer,
Steel
 Passive smartness is in open-loop

Passive Smartness
 Lack the inherent capacity to transduce energy
 Can act as only sensors but not as actuator.
eg. of passive smartness – optical fiber cable
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 Introduction MET-431
Active Smartness
 Possess capacity to modify their geometric or material
properties.
 Thus, inherent capacity to transduce energy
 Can act as both sensors and actuators

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Introduction MET-431

Traditional V/S Smart Structure

 Traditional structures
 Designed for certain performance requirements. Eg. load,
speed, life span
 Unable to modify its specifications if there is a change of
environment

 Smart structures
 Can accommodate unpredictable environments
 Can meet exacting performance requirement
 Offer more efficient solutions for a wide range of
applications

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Introduction MET-431

Smart Material are those which posses ability to change

their physical properties in a specific manner in response to
specific stimulus input.
Commonly used smart materials are:-
 Piezoelectric Materials – generate an electric charge in
response to applied mechanical stress and vice versa.
 Magnetostrictive Materials – change in dimension of
ferromagnetic material in magnetic field and vice versa.
 Phase-transition dependent Materials – “Remembers” its
original shape and after being deformed returns to its original
shape when heated.
 Electro/Magneto Rheological Materials – change in viscosity
in response to electric/magnetic field.
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Introduction MET-431
Commonly used smart materials are:-
 Thermoresponsive materials – Shape memory alloys (SMAs)
are another widely used type of smart materials, which
change shape in response to changes in temperature. Once
fabricated into a specified shape, these materials can
retain/regain their shape at certain operating temperatures.
They are therefore useful in thermostats and in parts of
automotive and air vehicles.

 Electrochromic materials – Electrochromism is the ability of

a material to change its optical properties (e.g. color) when a
voltage is applied across it. These are used as antistatic
layers, electrochrome layers in liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
and cathodes in lithium batteries.

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Introduction MET-431
Commonly used smart materials are:-
 Biomimetic materials – The materials and structures
involved in natural systems have the capability to sense their
environment, process this data and respond instantly. It is
widely accepted that living systems have much to teach us on
the design of future man-made materials. The field of
biomimetic materials explores the possibility of engineering
material properties based on biological materials and
structures.

 Smart gels – These are gels that can shrink or swell by

several orders of magnitude (even by a factor of 1000). Some
of these can also be programed to absorb or release fluids in
response to a chemical or physical stimulus. These gels are
used in areas such as food, drug delivery and chemical
processing. 9
Introduction MET-431
Commonly used smart materials are:-
 Photovoltaic materials or optoelectronics convert light to
electrical current.
 Electroactive polymers (EAPs) change their volume by voltage
or electric fields.
 pH-sensitive polymers are materials that change in volume
when the pH of the surrounding medium changes.
 Halochromic materials are commonly used materials that
change their color as a result of changing acidity. One
suggested application is for paints that can change color to
indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them.

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Introduction MET-431
Commonly used smart materials are:-
 Photovoltaic materials or optoelectronics convert light to
electrical current.
 Chromogenic systems change color in response to electrical,
optical or thermal changes. These include
 electrochromic materials, which change their colour or
opacity on the application of a voltage (e.g., liquid
crystal displays),
 thermochromic materials change in colour depending on
their temperature, and
 photochromic materials, which change colour in response
to light—for example, light-sensitive sunglasses that
darken when exposed to bright sunlight.

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Introduction MET-431
Commonly used smart materials are:-
 Photomechanical materials change shape under exposure to
light.
 Polycaprolactone (polymorph) can be molded by immersion
in hot water.
 Self-healing materials have the intrinsic ability to repair
damage due to normal usage, thus expanding the material's
lifetime.
 Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are smart material systems which
produce large strains (up to 500%) under the influence of an
external electric field.

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Introduction MET-431
Commonly used smart materials are:-
 Magnetocaloric materials are compounds that undergo a
reversible change in temperature upon exposure to a
changing magnetic field.
 Thermoelectric materials are used to build devices that
convert temperature differences into electricity and vice
versa.
 Chemoresponsive materials change size or volume under the
influence of external chemical or biological compound

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Introduction MET-431
Components of a Smart Systems
 Smart materials are usually attached or embedded into structural
systems to enable these structures to sense disturbances, process
the information and evoke reaction at the actuators, possibly to
negate the effect of the original disturbance.
 Thus, smart materials respond to environmental stimuli and for
that reason are also called responsive materials.
 Since these smart material systems should mimic naturally
occurring systems, the general requirements expected in these
nonliving systems that integrate the functions sensing, actuation,
logic and control include:
 A high degree of reliability, efficiency and sustainability of whole systems
 High security of infrastructures, even in extreme ambience
 Full integration of all functions of the system
 Continuous health and integrity monitoring
 Damage detection and self recovery
 Intelligent operational management system.
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Introduction MET-431
Some clarifications regarding the terminology
Active producing or involving action or movement.
Adaptive showing or having a capacity for or tendency toward
adaptation.
Smart making one smart; mentally alert; bright, knowledgeable.
Intelligent having or indicating a high or satisfactory degree of
intelligence and mental capacity; revealing or reflecting
good judgment or sound thought; skillful.
Material the elements, constituents or substances of which
something is composed or can be made
Structure the aggregate of elements of an entity in their relationships
to each other.
System a group of devices or artificial objects or an organization
forming a network especially for distributing something or
serving a common purpose.
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Introduction MET-431
Being responsive to external stimuli is sufficient to
call a material smart ?
 A structure or material system may be considered smart if it
somehow evaluates the external stimuli and take some action
based on them.
 This action may be to neutralize the effects of the external
stimuli or to perform a function (completely different).
 This definition requires the system to have sensor(s), a
feedback controller and actuator(s).
 The selection of sensors may be based on the type of stimuli
expected,
 the controller may consist of information processing and
storage units, while
 the actuator may depend on the type of function expected of
the system.
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Introduction MET-431
Materials or material systems that can be ‘programmed’
(possibly by tailoring their composition) to behave in a certain
way in response to an external stimulus may be called smart.

These systems should:

 Monitor environmental and internal conditions
 Process the sensed data according to an internal
algorithm
 Decide whether to act based on the conditions(s)
monitored
 Implement the required action (if warranted)
 Repeat the steps continuously.

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Introduction MET-431
Examples of materials used in smart systems
Development stage Material type Examples

Widely commercialized Shape memory alloys NITINOL

Polymers:
piezoelectric PZT-5A, 5H
electrostrictive PMN-PT
Early commercialization or Magnetostrictive materials Terfenol-D
under development Fiber-optic sensor systems —
Conductive polymers —
Chromogenic materials and systems: —
thermochromic
electrochromic
Controllable fluids: —
Electrorheological
Magnetorheological
Early research and Biomimetic polymers and gels — —
development Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes
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Introduction MET-431

Smart Structure/System
A smart structure is a system that incorporates particular
functions of sensing and actuation to perform smart actions in
an ingenious way.
The basic five components of a smart structure are:
 Data Acquisition: the aim of this component is to collect the
required raw data needed for an appropriate sensing and
monitoring of the structure.
 Data Transmission (sensory nerves): the purpose of this part is
to forward the raw data to the local and/or central command
and control units.
 Command and Control Unit (brain): the role of this unit is to
manage and control the whole system by analyzing the data,
reaching the appropriate conclusion, and determining the
actions required.
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Introduction MET-431

Smart Structure/System
 Data Instructions (motor nerves): the function of this part is
to transmit the decisions and the associated instructions back
to the members of the structure.
 Action Devices (muscles): the purpose of this part is to take
action by triggering the controlling devices/ units.

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Introduction MET-431

Components / Building blocks of a typical

smart structure
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 Introduction MET-431

Smart materials and structures

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Source: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1045389X16629569
Introduction MET-431

Purposes of the various components of a smart

structure

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Introduction MET-431

Application Areas for Smart Systems

Developments in the areas of smart materials and structural
systems have centered around the natural human instinct of
‘mimicking nature’.

 Machine Tools
 Process Control
 Health Monitoring
 Helicopters & Aircrafts
 Submarines
 Automotives
 Buildings & Structures
 Biomedical systems
 Computer Industry

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Introduction MET-431
Applications Areas for smart systems
Smart Windows for Buildings Automatic Climate Control

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https://www.eetindia.co.in/researchers-develop-smart-materials-for-climate-control-of-buildings/
Introduction MET-431
Applications Areas for smart systems
Health Monitoring of Bridges

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http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo1/no3/doc/25-32-eng.pdf
Introduction MET-431
Applications Areas for smart systems
 Reduction of vibrations in sporting goods
To increase the users’ comfort, several new smart sporting goods
(e.g. tennis rackets, golf clubs, baseball bats, skis, etc.) are
available on the market.

A Smart Electrical Baseball Bat

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http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo1/no3/doc/25-32-eng.pdf
Introduction MET-431
Applications Areas for smart systems
 Noise reduction in vehicles.
Filaments of piezoelectric ceramic fibre shaped into various geometries are
used in conventional fabric or material processing to counter noise in
vehicles, neutralize shaking in helicopter rotor blades, or nullify or at least
diminish vibrations in air conditioner fans and automobile dashboards.

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484721000883
Introduction MET-431
Applications Areas for smart systems
 Helicopters & Aircrafts
Filaments of piezoelectric ceramic fibre shaped into various geometries are
used in conventional fabric or material processing to neutralize shaking in
helicopter rotor blades. Here advanced active twist rotor (AATR) blade
incorporating single crystal macro fiber composite (single crystal MFC)
actuators used for vibration reduction and achieving better stability.

Active Rotor Controls using Piezoelectric Materials 29

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359836807001539
Introduction MET-431
Applications Areas for smart systems
 Biomedical Systems

From wearable and implantable devices on/in human body towards self-sustained systems for healthcare 30
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590183420300119
Introduction MET-431
Applications Areas for smart systems
 Smart Biomaterials

Smart biomaterials in the fields of tissue engineering, drug delivery, medical devices and immune engineering
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https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00889
Introduction MET-431
Applications of smart systems in various areas

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Introduction MET-431
Applications of smart systems in various areas

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Introduction MET-431
Applications of smart systems in various areas

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Introduction MET-431
Piezoelectric Material

Reversal of the
Piezoceramic material —
piezoelectric effect, called
non-conductive piezoelectric ceramic
the inverse piezoelectric
or
effect, is when voltage is
crystal — is placed between the two
applied to shrink or
metal plates. For piezoelectricity to be
expand a piezoelectric
generated, it needs that material to be
crystal.
compressed or squeezed. Mechanical
stress applied to piezoelectric ceramic
material generates electricity. 35
Introduction MET-431

Piezoelectric material Applications

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSGfitxl
kzI&ab_channel=EpsonSoutheastAsia

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yeZSaig
Bj4&ab_channel=Atulpasare

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Introduction MET-431
Magnetostrictive Material
 The meaning of striction is the state of being constricted.
 When a magnetic field is given to a magnetic material, it
experiences an alteration in shape or size or length or dimension.
This property of some magnetic materials is known as
magnetostriction.
 This change of dimension of magnetic materials during
magnetization may continue till the magnetic saturation of the
material is attained.
 Magnetostriction can be calculated by the magnetostriction
coefficient or Joule’s magnetostriction coefficient. It is the
fractional variation in length as the magnetization raises from 0
to saturation value. It is denoted by λ. If the length of a
ferromagnetic rod is L and after magnetizing it from zeros to
saturation level the change in length is δL.

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Introduction MET-431

Magnetostrictive Material

Cut-away of a transducer
comprising:
magnetostrictive material
(inside), magnetising coil,
and magnetic enclosure
completing the magnetic Schematic of a whisker flow
circuit (outside) sensor developed using thin-sheet
magnetostrictive alloys.

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Introduction MET-431

Magnetostrictive vs. Piezoelectric Transducers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLhtXQ7Wi
zo&ab_channel=Omegasonics

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Introduction MET-431
Phase-transition dependent
A phase change material (PCM) is a substance which releases/absorbs
sufficient energy at phase transition to provide useful heat/cooling.
Generally the transition will be from one of the first two fundamental
states of matter - solid and liquid - to the other.
 The energy released/absorbed by phase transition from solid to
liquid, or vice versa, the heat of fusion is generally much higher
than the sensible heat.

Ice, for example, requires 333.55 J/g to melt, but then water will rise
one degree further with the addition of just 4.18 J/g.

 By melting and solidifying at the phase change temperature (PCT),

a PCM is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy
compared to sensible heat storage.
 PCMs are accordingly referred to as latent heat storage (LHS)
materials. 40
Introduction MET-431
Phase-Transition Materials

Source: https://www.aiaaustin.org/event/phase-change-materials-pcm-high-performance-enclosures 41
Source: https://www.espublisher.com/journals/articledetails/312/
Introduction MET-431

Phase Change Materials Applications

Phase Change Material (PCM) Heat

Exchanger
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJqEKvEMB68
&ab_channel=AdvancedCoolingTechnologiesInc.

PCM-based packaging solutions for temperature

controlled shippings
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egj6yqUQwSE&
ab_channel=AircontainerPackageSystem

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Introduction MET-431
Electro Rheological Materials
 Electrorheological (ER) fluids belong to a class of “smart”
materials, which are generally suspension systems consisted of
semiconducting or polarizable particles suspended in a continuous
phase medium, primarily for anhydrous insulating liquids, such as
silicone oils, mineral oils, etc.
 Their rheological properties exhibit dramatic and rapid changes
from a liquid-like to a solid-like phase upon the application of
external electrical fields Due to the polarization mechanism.
 Without an electrical field, the particles in the ER fluid disperse
freely in the carrier liquid and assume a liquid-like state, with an
input electrical field, the dipoles of the particles can be polarized
instantly and arrange to make a chain-like form with the direction
of the electrical field due to the induced electrostatic force among
the particles.
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Introduction MET-431
Electro Rheological Materials

Schematic diagram of transition between liquid-like and solid-like

state for electrorheological (ER) fluid.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOot5wxuxSg&ab_
channel=TiborMedvegy
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Introduction MET-431
Magneto Rheological Materials
 A magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid, or MRF) is a type of smart
fluid in a carrier fluid, usually a type of oil. When subjected to a
magnetic field, the fluid greatly increases its apparent viscosity, to
the point of becoming a viscoelastic solid.
 Importantly, the yield stress of the fluid when in its active ("on")
state can be controlled very accurately by varying the magnetic
field intensity.
 The magnetic particles, which are
typically micrometer or nanometer
scale spheres or ellipsoids, are
suspended within the carrier oil
and distributed randomly in
suspension under normal
circumstances.

 When a magnetic field is applied,

however, the microscopic particles
(usually in the 0.1–10 µm range)
align themselves along the lines of
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magnetic flux
Introduction MET-431
Magneto Rheological Materials

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igoUy8JQZuY&ab_channel=HadiShamieh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnxMrTz_E6k&ab_channel=ikinamo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-iTkjeLOx0&ab_channel=CSUMechatronics
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Introduction MET-431
Why Smart Sensors and Actuators?
 Real time response
 Exploit functional properties
 Better embeddability
 Minimal effect on structural properties
 Reduction in weight
 Less power consumption
 Better reliability

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Introduction MET-431
Smart Materials, Types and Applications
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46goOKD76kg&ab_channel=
IbrahimNazemQader
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAUl6upA3q4&ab_channel=
SteveMould

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 Introduction MET-431
Smart Materials for Sensing & Actuation
Output Current/ Magnetization Strain Temperature Light
charge
Input

Electric Field Conductivity Electro-magnetic Reverse piezo Ohmic Electro-Optic

permittivity Effect electricity Resistance effect

Magnetic Eddy Current Permeability Joule-Effect Magneto Magneto-Optic

Field Effect Magnetostriction caloric Effect Effect

Stress Direct Piezo- Villary Effect (inverse Elastic Modulus Thermo- Photo-elastic
electric Effect magnetostrictive Mechanical Effect
effect) Effect
Heat Pyro-electric Thermo- Thermal Specific Heat Thermo-
Effect Magnetization Expansion Phase Luminescence
Transition

Light Photo-Voltaic Photo-Magnetization Photostriction Photo Refractive

Effect Thermal index
Effect 49
Introduction MET-431
Smart Materials as Sensors & Actuators

Stress Direct Effect Electric

(Sensor) Potential

Electric/Magnetic/ Reverse Effect Strain

Thermal Stimulus (Actuator)

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Introduction MET-431
Direct Effect
 All Piezoelectric Materials and PVDF (polyvinylidene
difluoride)
 Magnetostrictive Materials
 Optical Fiber

Stress Direct Effect Electric

(Sensor) Potential

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Introduction MET-431
Converse/Reverse Effect
 Ferroelectrics perovskites, Piezoceramics, PVDF respond to electric
field by change in shape.
 Terfenol-D, Amorphous Met-Glass show a similar effect with the
change in magnetic Field.
 Shape Memory Alloy respond in a similar manner but with the
change in Thermal Field.
 Electro/Magneto Rheological Fluids respond to electric/magnetic
field by Changing it’s viscosity.

Electric/Magnetic/ Reverse Effect Strain

Thermal Stimulus (Actuator)

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 Introduction MET-431
Traditional v/s New Actuators
Drive Device Displacement Accuracy Torque/Gener Response
ative Force Time
Air Pressure Motor Rotation Degrees 50 Nm 10 sec
Cylinder 100mm 100µm 10-1 N/mm2 10 sec
Oil Pressure Motor Rotation Degrees 1000 Nm 1 sec
Cylinder 1000mm 10µm 100 N/mm2 1 sec
Electricity AC servo Rotation minutes 30 Nm 100 msec
DC servo Rotation minutes 200 Nm 10 msec
Linear Stepper 1000mm 10µm 300 N 100 msec

Voice-Coil 1mm 0.1µm 300 N 1 msec

Smart Piezoelectric 100µm 0.01µm 30 N/mm2 0.1 msec
materials Magnetostrictive 100µm 0.01µm 100 N/mm2 0.1 msec

Ultrasonic Motor Rotation minutes 1 Nm 1 msec 53

Introduction MET-431
Smart Actuators
Input Parameter Actuator Type / Devices
Electric Field Piezoelectric / Electrostrictive
Electrostatic (MEMS)
Electro-Rheological Fluid
Magnetic Field Magnetostrictive
Magneto-Rheological Fluid

Chemical Mechano-chemical
Heat Shape Memory Alloy
Shape Memory Polymer

Light Photostrictive

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Introduction MET-431
Properties of a few Smart Materials
Properties PZT PVDF Terfenol-D NiTiNOL

Free strain 1000 700 2000 20000

(ppm)

Elastic 62 2.1 48 27-Martensite

Modulus 89-Austenite
(GPa)

Band 0.1Hz-1GHz 0.1Hz-1GHz 0.1Hz-1MHz 0-10 Hz

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