SMART MATERIALS

&THEIR APPLICATIONS
IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
JISHA BABU
Roll No. 9
S1 ME CIVIL
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

PROPERTIES OF SMART MATERIALS

CLASSIFICATION OF SMART MATERIALS

APPLICATIONS OF SMART MATERIALS

MERITS & DEMERITS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
 INTELLIGENT MATERIALS  ACTIVE MATERIALS

 Nowadays being used in all spheres of human life and technology.

 Describes – “a group of material systems with unique properties”.

 Capability to respond to stimuli & changes in their environment condition,
which are exposed.
 The several external stimulus to which the SMART Materials are sensitive are :

♦ Stress ♦ pH

♦ Temperature ♦ Electric Fields

♦ Moisture ♦ Magnetic Fields

 Introduction (contd).

SMART MATERIALS !!!

S SIGNIFICANT

M MEASURABLE

A APPROPRIATE

R RESULT-ORIENTED

T TIME-ORIENTED
PROPERTIES OF SMART
MATERIALS

 Sensing materials & devices

 Actuation materials & devices
 Control devices & techniques
 Self-detection, self-diagnostic
 Self-corrective, self-controlled, self-healing
 Shock-absorbers, damage arrest
 CLASSIFICATION OF SMART
MATERIALS
 Based on input and output, the smart materials are categorized as follows:

 Piezoelectric materials
 Electrostrictive materials
 Magnetostrictive materials
 Thermoelectric materials
 Rheological materials
 Electrochromic materials
 Fullerences
 Smart gels
 Classification of Smart materials (contd).

Piezoelectric Materials
 Convert mechanical energy electric energy & v/v.
 Expand & contract with the application of voltage.

Materials Used:
 Quartz
 Rochelle Salt
 Topaz
 Bismuth Ferrite

The Direct Effect The Reverse Effect

Note: When subjected to an electric charge or a variation in

voltage, piezoelectric material will undergo some mechanical
change, & v/v. These events are called the direct & converse
effects.
Piezoelectric Materials
 Classification of Smart materials (contd).

Electrostrictive Materials
 This material has the same properties as piezoelectric material.
 In this, mechanical change is proportional to the square of the electric
field.
 This characteristic will always produce displacements in the same
direction.

Examples:
• Lead Lanthanum
Zirconate Titanate (PLZT)
• Lead Magnesium
Niobate (PMN)
 Classification of Smart materials (contd).

Magnetostrictive Materials
 When subjected to a magnetic field, & v/v, this material will undergo an
induced mechanical strain.
 Expand & contract with the application of magnetic fields.
 Used as sensors or actuators.

Examples:
• Cobalt
• Terfenol-D

Note: Magnetostrictive Materials Change Their Shape in

Magnetostrictive Materials Response to Applied Magnetic Field
 Classification of Smart materials (contd).

Thermoelectric Materials
 When subjected to any temperature difference, produces proportional
voltage output.
 The reverse effect is also true.

Thermoelectric effect generally comprise of:

 Seebeck Effect
 Peltier Effect
 Thomson Effect
 Classification of Smart materials (contd).

Rheological Materials
 Liquid phase which can change its physical state very quickly in response
to a stimulus.
 Respond to an electric  electro-rheological or a magnetic  magneto-
rheological field with a change in viscosity.

Major Applications:
o Vibration-isolation systems (Shock Absorbers)
o Tunable dampers (For vehicle seats)
o Clutches
o Brakes
o Optical finishing

Mechanism of ER - Fluid MR materials are fluids that can become

solids from the presence of a magnetic
field.
 Classification of Smart materials (contd).

Shape memory alloys

 Unique class of metal alloys.
 Metals that exhibit pseudo-elasticity & “Shape Memory Effect”.
 Can undergo solid-to-solid phase transformation & can recover completely
when heated to a specific temperature.

Two phases:
 Austenite - High temperature phase
Relatively weak.
 Martensite - Low temperature phase
Relatively strong.
 Shape memory alloys (contd).

Materials commonly used are:

 Cu-Al-Ni
 Fe-Mn-Si
 Cu-Zn-Al
 Ni-Ti

Major Applications:
o Aircraft
o Orthopedic Surgery
o Dental Braces
o Robotic Muscles
o Reducing vibration of Helicopter blades
o Smart fabrics
o Civil structures
o Smart glass
 Classification of Smart materials (contd).

Electro - Chromic Materials

 Electrochromic is the “ability of a material to change its optical properties
(eg. Color) when a voltage is applied across it ”.
 Commonly used in the production of electrochromic windows or smart
glass.

Applications:
o Antistatic layers
o Electrochrome layers in LCDs
o Cathodes in lithium batteries

Smart Glass
 Classification of Smart materials (contd).

Fullerenes
 Spherically caged molecules with carbon atoms at the corner of a
polyhedral structure consisting of pentagons and hexagons.
 Usually used in polymeric matrices for use in smart systems.
 Most researched/utilized fullerene is the carbon-60 molecule (truncated
icosahedron).

Applications:
o Electronic & microelectronic devices
o Optical devices
o Super-conductors
o HIV protease inhibitor
Fullerenes

The C60 molecule used in smart materials

 Classification of Smart materials (contd).

Smart Gels
 Can shrink or swell by several orders of magnitude.
 Have high ability of absorbing or releasing fluids in response to a
chemical or physical stimulus.
 It consists of fluid that exists in a matrix of polymers.

Applications:
o Food - Agriculture
o Drug delivery
o Organ replacement
o Chemical processing
o Muscle replication
o Industrial
o Shock absorbers Smart Gels
 Classification of Smart materials (contd).

Optical Fiber
 Functions as a waveguide or light pipe  transmit light between two ends
of the fiber.
 The field of applied science & engineering concerned with the design and
application of optical fiber is known as fiber optics.
 It is based on the principle of “total internal reflection”.

Applications:
o Optical fiber cables
o Termination and splicing
o Free space coupling
o Fiber Fuses
o Power transmission
Total Internal Reflection Optical Fiber Cable
APPLICATION OF SMART MATERIALS

Smart materials are used for vibration control, noise mitigation, safety and performance.
In construction of smart buildings, for environmental control, security & structural health
monitoring.
In smart building, it used to transform efficiency, comfort, and safety for people and assets.
Smart materials reduce the effects of earthquakes.
In marine and rail transport applications for strain monitoring using embedded fibre optic
sensors.
The use of smart materials permits the construction of smart bridges especially cable stayed
bridge with a wider span to avoid the increased susceptibility to vibrations caused by ambient
factors such as wind, rain or traffic.
In military applications, for smart skin, smart aircraft, autonomous smart systems, stealth
applications etc.
Smart materials in structures used to monitor the integrity of bridges, dams, offshore oil-
drilling towers where fiber-optic sensors embedded in the structures are utilized to identify the
trouble areas.
Used to rehabilitate the cracking of concrete when super elasticity smart material is used as the
reinforcement bar.
 MERITS & DEMERITS OF SMART
MATERIALS
Merits:
Bio-compatibility
Simplicity
Compactness
Safety mechanism
Good mechanical properties

Demerits:
More expensive
Low energy efficiency
Complex control
Limited bandwidth
 CONCLUSION
• The potential future benefits of smart materials, structures and
systems would prove amazing in their scope.
• Smart technology and smart materials gives promise of
optimum responses to highly complex problems.
• Smart materials provide enhanced preventative maintenance
of systems and thus better performance of their functions.
• The smart structure techniques in conjunction with use of
smart materials revolutionize in monitoring the safety and
serviceability of engineering structure, structural health
monitoring of vital civil engineering structures like bridges,
buildings, pavements etc.

Thus, understanding the behavior of any smart material is the ultimate

objective of research in the field smart technology.
 REFERENCES
• Bashir Ahmed Mir. Smart Materials and Their Applications in Civil Engineering: An
Overview. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Science, vol.
4, No. 2, 2017, pp. 11-20.
• Prof. Parihar A.A, Ms. Kajal D. khandagale, Ms. Pallavi P. Jivrag “Smart Materials ”
IOSR-JMCE, vol. 13, Issue. 5, pp.28-32.
• Singh H. and Singh R., Smart Materials: New Trend in Structural Engineering.
International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation, 3 (4), 2015, pp. 661-664.
• https://civilwale.com/role-of-smart-materials-in-civil-engineering/
• Kamila S., Introduction, classification and applications of smart materials: an
overview. American Journal of Applied Sciences 10 (8), 2013, pp. 876-880.
• Smart Materials-Wikipedia
Thank You
For Watching &
Listening
Presentation..