Student centered approach answers

four questions.
Content – what knowledge and skills
will be studied?
Process – what materials and
procedures will be used?
Product – what will students produce
to demonstrate their learning?
Evaluation – how will the learning be
assessed?
 Teacher

Parenting

Student
Instruction – Adeliberately arranged set of external events that are
designed to support internal learning process.

Instructional Materials – Instructional materials are printed or

other media intended to convey events of instruction so that learning be
more fun and easy to understand.
Instructional Media – The physical means by which instructional
message is communicated.
Advantages:
• Make the learning session more interactive
• Helps in necessary note taking by students
• Students find what actually they want to know
• Students can prepare their lesson
• Teacher can disseminate new information
• It serves as record of the teachers’ classes
• Teacher can evaluate himself
• It makes easier for another faculty to conduct the class
• Rare events can be viewed by large number of students
• It facilitates distance learning
 Basic Principles of Preparing Instructional Materials

Disadvantages:
• Student can be less dependent on text books, reference materials,
classes & teachers
• Teachers may be more dependent on his own materials than searching
on new texts & reference materials
• Teachers may not be well prepared sometime
Basic Principles of Preparing Instructional Materials

Achievement of instructional goals –

• Attracting & sustaining students’ attention
 • Developing students’ interest in the subject
• Adjusting the learning climate
• Promotes acceptance of an idea by the learner
• Works as document
• Helps in the time management
Instructional Design Theories
•
Prepare the learner
1. Gaining attention
(Schema activation)
2. Informing the learner of the objectives
3. Stimulating recall of pre-requisite Actual teaching/ learning
learning process (Schema
construction)
 4. Presenting the stimulus material
5. Providing learning guidance
6. Eliciting the performance
7. Feedback about performance correctness Enhance learning
8. Assessing the performance (Schema refinement)

9. Enhancing retention and transfer

Instructional Design Theories
Contd
John Keller’s ARCS model of motivational design –
• Attention – one must gain and keep the attention by different ways
(sensory stimuli, inquiry arousal and variability)
 • Relevance – learner must believe that learning is relevant to his
course/ job/ daily life.
• Confidence – learners should feel that they could achieve the learning
goals

• Satisfaction – learners must obtain some type of satisfaction or reward

from the learning experience (performance, score, passing certificate,
praise etc.)
Instructional Materials Development

Traditional Instructional Media –

• Chalk board (black board)
• White board
• Flannel board
• Flip chart
• Epidiascope
• Real objects (specimen)
• Models
• Simulators
 Ins truction al Materi als Dev elop ment
C o nt d

Modern Instruc tio nal Media –

D i g i tal• presenter

V is u a• l iz e r

Sm a •rt B o ard

SMART TV'S/MIRRORING
•

BLUETOOTH
•

SPEAKERS/LAPEL
•

3 Dp r i n ted models
•

S i mul a tor , A u gmented

•
real i ty , V irtual real i ty
Ins truction al Materi als Dev elop ment
 Successful Instructional Design

Steps –

1. Assess the situation (need assessment)

2. State the goal (objectives)
3. Select appropriate medium/ media
4. Implementation
5. Evaluation & revision
Attributes and Selection of Instructional Materials
Definition – The physical means by which an instructional message is
communicated (printed text, audio with tape, instructor talking etc.)
Basic Principles of Preparing Instructional Materials

• Characteristics:
• Include all necessary information
• Leave out unnecessary information
• information in the right order Describe all
• situations in decision-making
• Avoid vague instructions

•
 •
Preparing Instructional Materials

• Importance:
• Aid teaching process
• Aid learning process
• Expose to virtual object
• Conceptualization
• Bridges the experimental
gap
• Achievement of instructional goals

 Preparing PowerPoint Presentation
Guidelines
• Be consistent
• Don’t distract
• Don’t overboard
Fonts – simple, legible, common, no variation, avoidALL UPPERCASE

• Sizes – 40322824
• Types – Use sans serif
fonts like Avoid serif fonts
like
 • Styles – Underline, Bold & Italic as
necessary
Preparing PowerPoint Presentation

Color codes –
• Dark blue – calming effect
• Red or orange – trigger excitement or emotional response

• Green – make comfortable • Yellow – quick attention

– promote quality
•

– honesty/ sincerity
• Black – not appealing
Preparing PowerPoint Presentation
Guidelines
Color Use color to give emphasis a point, to reinforce the
–logic
• Use black, blue, brown, green (avoid red, orange & yellow)
• Maximum 5 color palette for an entire presentation
• Same color for similar elements
• Dark text on light background in well-lighted room
•
Light text on dark background in darkroom.
Background – consistent throughout, Simple,Attractive, Light
Animation – the way part of a slide appears (line, text, paragraph etc.)

Transition – the way each slide appears

Preparing PowerPoint Presentation
Guidelines

Tables/ Graphs – use graphs instead of tables as much as possible.

have title under each graph and over each table
Spelling/ grammar – proof read slides several times for - spelling mistakes,
use of repeated words, grammatical errors
Get someone else to check it
Conclusions – Use an effective & strong closing – audience remember last
words.
• Summarize main points
• Suggest future avenues of research
• Keep all visuals simple
Preparing PowerPoint Presentation
• Presenter view
• Screen off/ on
• Pointer options – Laser pointer, Pen, Highlighter
• Zooming

Working with Text

Visual Illustrations - Picture & figures with words may enhance
understanding & its retention.

Properties of visual illustrations are –

• The message is not the visual alone – it is the interaction between the
visual stimulus & prior knowledge of the learner.
• They are used for specific affective or cognitive purpose – provide
visual explanation of verbal argument (visual memory > word memory).

R ead er

Verb al Visual

Text
• It has cross-reference between the text & visual illustration.
Use of PhotographyinInstructional Materials
Use of Photography Instructional Materials

in

Lon g Sho t E x treme Lon g Sho t

Fu ll S ho t
 Medium Sho t Cl os e-up Sh ot E x treme Cl os e-up

Use of Photography Instructional Materials

in

Macro Micro

Close-up Micro
Use of Photography Instructional Materials
Use of Photography Instructional Materials
Use of Photography Instructional Materials
Videography
 Videography

Definition – visual multimedia source that combines a sequence of images to

form a moving picture. It usually have audio components that correspond with
 Videography
vi d eos

Advantages of Videos as educational medium:

• Concept clarity
• More interesting and engaging
• Learn more efficiently
• Retain and maintain interest for longer periods of time
• Innovative and effective means
• Demonstration-friendly
• Create experiences.
• It acts as a flexible teaching medium
 Videography

• Whenever required can visualize the video and topic will be revised and
can also make notes
Contd

Eight steps for using a video clip in teaching

1. Pick a particular clip
2. Prepare specific guidelines
3. Introduce the video briefly
4. Play the clip
5. Stop the clip or replay clip for a specific in-class exercise
 Videography

6. Set a time for reflection

7. Assign an active learning activity
8. Structure a discussion
Tips for use
• Keep the Video Short (2-4 minutes)
• Watch the whole video first
• Always preview the video
• Make it available outside the classroom
• Use videos your students want Approaches of use

• Using only video and online learning (the Flipped classroom)

 Videography

• Blending video into the existing curriculum and course

• Using video as a supplement for engagement or re-enforcements
 If Videography is your Performance- task
How to Use Video – 3 main types or stages
• Pre-viewing
• Viewing
• Post Viewing
Steps of Making a Video
• Pre-production
o Planning - Educational questions, Technical questions,Administrative questions
o Scripting

• Production (recording)
 • Post-production o Editing o Reviewing

Videography

1080_30_19.83 _Mar112019.mp 4
florante at laura-group 1.mp4
 Social Media be considered
as intructional materials/
media
 Introduction to Social Media
Xx
 Distance Learning
What media can be used – • Aim
• Television • Course structure
• Radio • Course assessment
• Audiotape • Accreditation
• Course team
• Computers
• Entry requirements
• Interactive video disk
• Course fees
Components –
• Introduction • How to apply
• Address
Attributes of Selection of Instructional Materials

Evaluate

Analyze
Elements of a s ys tem atic course of teac hing :
4. Determine
st rategy
2 . S pec ify the
c ontent
5. O rganizati on
of group
3. E valuate the
situati on & stu d ents’
6. Allot time
for eknowledg e

7. Allot sp ace
1 . S pec ify the
aim/ objec tives
8 . Ch oose
teac hing aid

11 . F eedbac k
21 st Century Teaching.mp 4