REVIEW BOOK Qs 4 PAGES 187-194

1. What caused a power vacuum in the middle east that allowed the Ottoman Empire to begin?
The fall of the Mongol Empire allowed the Ottoman Empire to rise in Anatolia to unify
the region and challenge the Byzantine Empire.
2. What was the key conquest that solidified the power of the Ottoman state?
Their invasion of Constantinople ended the Byzantine Empire, solidifying the power of
the Ottoman State.
3. What was the Ottoman plan for Christian cathedrals in Istanbul?
They converted the Christian cathedrals into Mosques.
4. What was the Ottoman position regarding subjects of other faiths?
When they were expanding, Ottomans allowed Jews and Christians to practice their
faith, making their empire more tolerant than others.
5. How did the Ottoman military form its elite fighting corp, the janissaries?
They enslaved the children of their Christian subjects and turned them into fighting
warriors.
6. What European movement/event allowed for easier Ottoman movement into Europe?
The Holy Roman Empire was weakened by the Protestant Reformation, which allowed
for easier Ottoman expansion into Europe.
7. What would the Safavid Empire engage in because of tensions with the Ottoman Empire?
They would engage in relations with Muslim states, alliances with the European nations
that were against the Ottomans, and a continuation of the long-standing rift between
the Sunni and Shia sects.
8. What were Europeans doing that would have a negative impact on the Ottoman economy?
Europeans started oceanic explorations so they could trade directly with India, China,
and American colonies.
9. How much of the Indian subcontinent was controlled by the Mughal Empire?
The Mughal Empire controlled it all except for southern India, which stayed isolated
from the rest of India.
10. What were some policies of Akbar?
He gave Muslin landowners the power to tax and an army to force the taxation. He
allowed people to practice HInduism and Islam openly. He eliminated the head tax on
the Hindu people and also tried to improve the position of Hindu women in society.
11. What was the ultimate artistic achievement of the Mughal golden age?
The Taj Mahal was the ultimate artistic achievement of the Mughal golden age.
12. How did Aurangzeb cause disunity among Mughal subjects?
He did not promote religious tolerance, enacting only pro-Muslim policies, reinstating
taxes on Hindus, and destroying Hindu temples. He also tried to conquer the rest of
India.
13. How did the British East India Company establish an economic footprint in Mughal India?
They controlled most of the trade in the region and founded the city of Calcutta as a
trading post.
14. What trade goods connected sub-Saharan Africa to the wider Islamic world?
 The trade of salt and gold connected sub-Saharan Africa to the wider Islamic world.
15. How did Sunni Ali consolidate power in his Songhai empire?
He used an imperial navy, established a central administration, and financed the city of
Timbuktu as a major Islamic center.
16. What occurred that allowed a close economic connection between the Portuguese and Kongo?
Kongo was bolstered by its trade with Portuguese Merchants.
17. What caused growing hostility between Portugal and the kingdom of Kongo?
Portugal had a trading post to the south on the Kongo.
18. Why was Angola able to mount a fierce resistance under Queen Nzinga?
Queen Nzinga led her troops in battle, studied European military tactics, and made
alliances with Portugal's Duth rivals.
19. How did the Ming come to rule, and consolidate their power in China?
The Ming came to rule and consolidated power in China by building a strong
centralized government based on traditional Confucian principles, reinstated the civil
service examination, and removed Mongol influence by reinvigorating Chinese culture.
20. What was the importance of Zheng He?
He led flees throughout southeast Asia and the Indian ocean all the way to East Africa
a century before the Europeans.
21. Why would basing their trade exchanges on silver eventually hurt the Chinese economy?
The silver ended up flooding the Chinese market, and the government was unable to
control the resulting inflation.
22. What factors led to the fall of the Ming?
Famine and peasant revolt
23. How were American crops affecting Asia, Africa and Europe ?
It allowed for a massive population increase that could not be sustained in the long
term.
24. Why did the Manchu Qing rulers need to rely on Chinese government workers and ideas?
The machus comprised only 3% of the population.
25. How did Qing China grow geographically under its major emperors?
Kangxi conquered Taiwan and extended the empire into Mongolia, central Asia, and
Tibet. Qianlong added Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal to the state of China.
26. What allowed Chinese merchant status to rise, even when foreign trade became more restricted?
The Europeans brought large quantities of tea, silk, and porcelain. In exchange, the
merchants received huge sums of silver.
27. Who held actual power in Tokugawa Japan?
Shoguns
28. How was the Tokugawa social structure more Indian-influenced than Chinese-influenced?
China's trade was limited under the Manchus and India was least suspecting of the
Europeans and paid dearly for it.
29. How did the National Seclusion Policy affect Japanese developments?
It prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and prohibited most foreigners from visiting
Japan and it made Japan very secluded.
30. What distinctive Japanese ideas, art and literature became influential in national identity?
 Kabuki theater and a new form of poetry called haiku.
31. How were China, India, and Japan’s approaches to European connections different, and what was
the long-term consequence for each?
Japan did not allow much traveling and prohibited people from coming into the country
unlike China and India. China and India welcomed people and trade, therefore they had
much more European connections and foreign influence. Japan had less and it negatively
affected their development.