4.2.

1
British Raj Direct British rule over the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The
word raj means "rule" in Hindi.
Indochina A historical name for a region in Southeast Asia that is east of India and southwest of
China.
Sepoy Rebellion (1857) A revolt by Indian soldiers against the rule of the British East India Company
which ultimately led to the dissolution of the company in 1858.
1. How did imperialist nations increase their power and influence in the world?
by exercising economic and political control over other countries.
2. Why did chartered companies have private armies?
to protect traders, control their territories, and fight off rival companies.
4. How did the British Raj change life in India?
The British Raj put government and business under the control of administrators from England. Laws,
customs, and language in India were British.
5. How did Indians fight against British colonialism?
At first, Indians fought against British colonialism with force, as in the Sepoy Rebellion. Later, the
Indian National Congress used demonstrations and economic boycotts to pressure British authorities.
6. What strategies did France use to keep control in Indochina?
France extended its military control, made Indochina economically dependent on France, introduced
French language and culture, and built an effective colonial bureaucracy.
7. How did French authorities respond to protests by nationalists in Indochina?
French authorities responded by arresting resisters and putting them in penal colonies.
8. What types of problems did local people in South Pacific islands face as a result of European
colonialism?
European colonialism brought in huge numbers of foreign immigrants. They began to outnumber the
local people. In addition, the diseases they brought were a threat to the local populations.
11. What was the main difference between British rule in India and French rule in Indochina?
British rule in India was direct
French rule was more indirect
4.1.4
Boxer Rebellion (1899 – 1901) A Chinese uprising seeking to rid China of European and Christian
influence. It ended when European, American, and Japanese troops entered China and put down the
rebellion.
Matthew Perry (1794 – 1858) An American naval officer who took several ships to Japan in 1853. This
visit opened trade relations with Japan.
Open Door Policy A United States policy in the late 19th century that would grant multiple international
powers equal access to and control of trade in China, with none of them in total control of the country.
Opium Wars (1839 – 1842, 1856 – 1860) A series of wars between China and Great Britain stemming
from the British desire to legalize the importation of opium into China. In the end, China lost to Britain
and was forced to grant concessions that diminished Chinese sovereignty.
sphere of influence A region or area of the world in which one state or organization is dominant.
Taiping Rebellion (1850 – 1864) A political and religious rebellion in China against the ruling Qing
dynasty. The rebellion destroyed the Chinese countryside and killed at least 20 million people.
Tokugawa shogunate (1603 – 1867) The military dictatorship of Japan. The rule of the Tokugawa
shogunate was the last period of traditional Japanese government.
Treaty of Nanjing A treaty between China and Great Britain following the First Opium War signed in
1842. China was forced to allow British trade and ceded the island of Hong Kong to Great Britain.
1. What did imperialist countries hope to gain by using economic imperialism?
They sought raw materials and new markets to sell manufactured goods, but they didn't want to
colonize countries or territories.
2. What were the Opium Wars?
They were two wars during the 1800s fought by Great Britain and France against China so that Britain
and France could continue to trade opium in exchange for Chinese goods like silk and silver.
3. How did the Taiping Rebellion affect the Chinese government?
It weakened the government even further and made it less able to resist foreign demands for trade.
4. How were China and Japan similar before the 1800s?
Both tried to prevent trade with foreign countries because they felt it would have negative effects on
their societies.
5. What was the result of Matthew Perry's trip to Japan in 1853?
Japan, recognizing its weak position in relation to foreign powers, agreed to establish government and
trade relations with the United States.
6. How did the Meiji Restoration affect Japan during the late 1800s?
Japan chose to industrialize using Western ideas and soon joined other imperialist countries in
expanding and seeking trade with China.
7. What did Japan gain in its conflicts with China during the late 1800s?
Japan was able to win control over the Korean peninsula after defeating China in a war. Japan also
gained influence over trade in China and sent troops to help put down the Boxer Rebellion.
8. How did spheres of influence and the Open Door Policy contribute to the Boxer Rebellion?
Great Britain, France, Russia, and Germany controlled trade and laws in China within their spheres of
influence, while the United States hoped to expand its trade in China using the Open Door Policy.
Additionally, Christian missionaries were trying to convert as many Chinese as possible to Christianity.
Many Chinese resented so much foreign interference, and some of them tried to get rid of foreigners
during the Boxer Rebellion.
9. Describe China's and Japan's positions at the end of the 19th century. Why do you think Japan was
able to become a world power while China was dominated by foreign powers?
At the end of the 19th century, Japan had become an industrialized world power, while China was
dominated by foreign powers and suffering from internal rebellions and defeats in war. Japan achieved
its position by rapidly modernizing and modeling itself after Western powers, while China was unable
to reform or resist Western nations.

4.1.2
economic imperialism The practice of using business interests and cultural institutions, rather than
military force or political institutions, to control another country.
Eugenics The practice of attempting to improve the human race on a genetic level, usually by not
allowing members of certain groups to have children. It is often proposed by a dominant ethnic or
racial group as a means of eliminating groups it feels are inferior.
Herbert Spencer (1820 – 1903) An English philosopher who applied the concept of evolution to
society. He believed that society should not engage in any action that helped the weak or unworthy
reproduce.
Imperialism A policy in which a country extends its power and authority over foreign countries and
colonies.
scientific racism The use of scientific hypotheses to support or justify racism. Today, it is commonly
understood that superiority based on racial differences is scientifically false and socially unjust.
social Darwinism The application of Darwin's idea of natural selection to human society, depicting it as
a struggle in which the strongest and ablest survive while the weak are dominated or die out.
spheres of influence Regions or areas of the world in which one state or organization is dominant.
1. Define the phrase "gold, glory, and God."
This phrase explains the motives for the spread of imperialism. Nations wanted to gain more material
wealth, expand their own power, and spread Christianity.
2. Describe how imperial powers expanded between 1822 and 1900.
Between 1822 and 1900, the industrialized nations of the world expanded their control over more of
the globe. Many established control over territory in Africa and Asia.
3. How did technology contribute to the expansion of European power through imperialism?
The development of new guns, steamboats, railroads, and the telegraph helped European countries
overpower indigenous populations and more efficiently exploit the resources in the colonies they
conquered.
4. How are colonialism and economic imperialism different?
In colonialism, a country directly occupies another country by sending colonists. In economic
imperialism, a country is primarily interested in exploiting another country's natural resources.
5. How did imperial countries use the ideas of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer to further their
aims?
Imperial countries believed they were racially superior to non-European countries. By applying
Darwin's principles of evolution to societies, Spencer used scientific racism to promote the idea that
Europeans were superior.
6. What was the relationship between missionary work and imperialism in Africa?
Missionaries were some of the earliest Europeans to venture into the deep interior of Africa. This
process paved the way for later imperialist-minded groups to build on the foundations that missionaries
had made and establish colonies.
7. How did the Industrial Revolution fuel the expansion of imperialism in the modern era?
The Industrial Revolution created a greater demand for raw materials in Europe and North America.
European powers colonized areas to gain access to these raw materials on an ever-increasing scale.
Also, new technologies created during the Industrial Revolution — such as new guns, the railroad, and
the telegraph — allowed European countries to conquer lands and maintain control.
8. Why do you think Europeans used racist ideology to justify imperialism?
Answers may vary. Here's a possible answer: Since Europeans believed that indigenous people in
colonized regions were inferior, it was easier to justify taking their land and using cruel tactics to rule
them.