EXP NO: 1

Date:
CMOS INVERTER

AIM:
To design, analyze and simulate the CMOS INVERTER using LT-SPICE.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Nameofthe equipment/ software Quantity

1. PC with Windows 1
2. LT-SPLICE 1

PROCEDURE:

1. Start “LTSpice XVII” (or earlier version)

2. Start a new Project under the File -> New Schematic
3. Make sure , files are saved in a convenient directory. The root directory (C:\) or Desktop are
probably not good choices. I would suggest creating a directory “C:\Circuits” and saving
your work there
4. Double click on LTspice XVII item Select the file menu  double click save button
5. Click on component button click type Cmosn,Cmosp  select ok click left in screen 
press cntl+E for required number of Cmosn,Cmosp
6. Click on wire button and give connection in circuit diagram
7. Click the ground button and place in screen and give connection using wire.
8. Click voltage in component list and place in screen. Give connection using wire.
9. Click on spice directive button and type “.include tsmc018.lib” then click ok
10. Click File menu  select save as and select desktop item outline item and select the file
name and type the name of file then give ok.
11. Click on run button.
12. Obtain the Analysis by right clicking on window select edit simulator tool and give required
specification .
13. To Obtain the AC analysis,select AC input voltage as 1v and in edit simulator box click ac analysis and enter
the specifications as ‘ac oct 100 1 1000k.
click ok
14. To Obtain the DC analysis, In edit simulator box click DC SWEEP analysis and enter the specifications as
‘ dc v1 o0 1.8v’ then ok
15. To Obtain the Transient analysis,Click on pulse give the specification as ‘0 1.8 2.5n 10p 10p
5n 10n’and speed 20 n.
THEORY
CMOS Inverter Operation & Working

The working of CMOS inverter is the same as other types of FETs except depends on an oxygen layer to
divide electrons within the gate & semiconductor. They are designed with a power supply, input voltage
terminal, output voltage, gate, drain, and PMOS & NMOS transistors which are connected to the gate & the
drain terminals.When the low input voltage is given to the CMOS inverter, then the PMOS transistor is
switched ON whereas the NMOS transistor will switch OFF by allowing the flow of electrons throughout the
gate terminal & generating high logic output voltage.

Similarly, when the high input voltage is given to the CMOS inverter then, the PMOS transistor is switched
OFF whereas the NMOS transistor will be switched ON avoiding as many electrons from attaining the output
voltage & generating low logic output voltage.Thus, direct current supplies from the supply voltage (VDD) to
the output voltage (Vout) & the load capacitor (CL) can be charged and shows that Vout = VDD. As a result,
the above circuit works like an inverter.

CMOS Inverter Characteristics

The characteristics of the CMOS inverter are discussed below.

Inverter Static Characteristics or VTC

The quality of the inverter can be measured frequently by using the VTC or voltage transfer curve, which is
plotted between input voltage (Vin) and output voltage (Vo). From the following static characteristics, the
parameters of devices like gain, operating logic levels & noise tolerance, and noise can be obtained.

The VTC or voltage transfer curve looks like an inverted step-function that specifies accurate switching in
between ON & OFF however in real devices, a gradual transition region exists. The voltage transfer curve
specifies that for less input voltage Vin, the circuit generates high voltage Vout, whereas, for high input, it
generates 0 volts.

The transition region slope is a measure of quality – steep slopes yield exact switching. The tolerance toward
noise can be calculated by evaluating the smallest input to the highest output for every region of ON or OFF
operation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OUTPUT FOR DC SWEEP

OUTPUT FOR AC ANALYSIS

OUTPUT FOR TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

CALCULATION

RESULT

Thus the CMOS inverter characteristics has been analyzed and the values are determined using LT-
SPICE.