Correction 

-is a branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody
supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

- the fourth pillar in Philippine Criminal Justice System considered as the weakest among
the five for failure to reach its objectives in reforming and rehabilitating criminal offenders
who still commits crime after their released from jails or prisons.

-describing a variety of functions typically carried out by government agencies involving

treatment, supervision and punishment of persons who have been convicted of crimes.

-refers to the branch of criminal justice system that deals with individuals who have been
convicted of a crime. The role of the correctional system is to ensure that an offender's
prison sentenced is carried out, whether its time in jail or prison, probation, and other
community based services.

GOALS OF CORRECTION

1.    RETRIBUTION-

 Retributive justice is a theory of punishment that when an offender breaks the law, justice
requires that they suffer in return and that the response to a crime is proportional to the
offense. As opposed to revenge, retribution—and thus retributive justice—is not personal, is
directed only at wrongdoing, 

2.    Incapacitation

  -in the context of criminal sentencing philosophy is one of the functions of punishment. It
involves capital punishment, sending an offender to prison, or possibly restricting their
freedom in the community, to protect society and prevent that person from committing
further crimes. Incarceration, as the primary mechanism for incapacitation, is also used as
to try to deter future offending.

3. Deterrence

- in relation to criminal offending is the idea or theory that the threat of punishment will deter people
from committing crime and reduce the probability and/or level of offending in society. It is one of five
objectives that punishment is thought to achieve; the other four objectives are denunciation,
incapacitation (for the protection of society), retribution and rehabilitation.

  4.  Rehabilitation

- is the process of re-educating and retraining those who commit crime. It generally involves
psychological approaches which target the cognitive distortions associated with specific
kinds of crime committed by particular offenders - but may also involve more general
education such as literacy skills and work training. The goal is to re-integrate offenders back
into society.
PRINCIPLES OF CORRECTIONS

UNITED NATIONS

Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners

Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 45/111 of 14 December 1990

1. All prisoners shall be treated with respect due to their inherent dignity and value as human beings.

2. There shall be no discrimination on the grounds of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or
other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

3. It is, however, desirable to respect the religious beliefs and cultural precepts of the group to which
prisoners belong, whenever local conditions so require.

4. The responsibility of prisons for the custody of prisoners and for the protection of society against
crime shall be discharged in keeping with a State's other social objectives and its fundamental
responsibilities for promoting the well-being and development of all members of society.

5. Except for those limitations that are demonstrably necessitated by the fact of incarceration, all
prisoners shall retain the human rights and fundamental freedoms set out in the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, and, where the State concerned is a party, the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Optional
Protocol thereto, as well as such other rights as are set out in other United Nations covenants.

6. All prisoners shall have the right to take part in cultural activities and education aimed at the full
development of the human personality.

7. Efforts addressed to the abolition of solitary confinement as a punishment, or to the restriction of its
use, should be undertaken and encouraged.

8. Conditions shall be created enabling prisoners to undertake meaningful remunerated employment

which will facilitate their reintegration into the country's labor market and permit them to contribute to
their own financial support and to that of their families.

9. Prisoners shall have access to the health services available in the country without discrimination on
the grounds of their legal situation.

10. With the participation and help of the community and social institutions, and with due regard to the
interests of victims, favorable conditions shall be created for the reintegration of the ex-prisoner into
society under the best possible conditions.

11. The above Principles shall be applied impartially.

CORRECTIONAL ADMNISTRATION
The study of practice of a systematic management of corrections.

Penology

The study of punishment for crime or of criminal offender, it includes the study of control
and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offender.

-a sub- component of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practices of various
societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities and satisfy public opinion via an
appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offenses.

- a division of criminology that concerns itself with the philosophy and practice of the society
in its efforts to repress criminal activities.

-is a study of punishment in its relation to crime. it is a science which deals with the
principles and methods of punishments. 

PENAL MANAGEMENT – refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of

confinement as jails or prisons.

EARLY CODES

UR - NAMMUIt institutes fines of monetary compensation for bodily damage as opposed to

the later lex talionis (‘eye for an eye’) principle of Babylonian law. However, murder,
robbery, adultery and rape were capital offenses.-NAMMU-

LIPIT-ISHTAR- A more ample vestige of Sumerian law is the so-called Code of Lipit–

Ishtar (c. 1934–24 BC), which contains the typical prologue, articles, and epilogue and
deals with such matters as the rights of persons, marriages, successions, penalties, and
property and contracts.
CODE OF HAMMURABI
The Code of Hammurabi was inscribed on a stele and placed in a public place so that all
could see it, although it is thought that few were literate. The stele was later plundered by
the Elamites and removed to their capital, Susa; it was rediscovered there in 1901
in Iran and is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris. The code of Hammurabi contains 282
laws, written by scribes on 12 tablets. Unlike earlier laws, it was written in Akkadian, the
daily language of Babylon, and could therefore be read by any literate person in the
city. Earlier Sumerian law codes had focused on compensating the victim of the crime, but
the Code of Hammurabi instead focused on physically punishing the perpetrator. The Code
of Hammurabi was one of the first law code to place restrictions on what a wronged person
was allowed to do in retribution.

The structure of the code is very specific, with each offense receiving a specified
punishment. The punishments tended to be very harsh by modern standards, with many
offenses resulting in death, disfigurement, or the use of the "Eye for eye, tooth for tooth"
(Lex Talionis "Law of Retaliation") philosophy. The code is also one of the earliest examples
of the idea of presumption of innocence, and it also suggests that the accused and accuser
have the opportunity to provide evidence. However, there is no provision for extenuating
circumstances to alter the prescribed punishment.

ESHUNNA

In distinction from the other Mesopotamian collections of law, this one got its name after the
city where it had originated 
CODE OF Hittites (The Code of the Nesilim, c. 1650 – 1500 BCE)

The Code of the Nesilim (Imperial Hittites) is an ancient Hittite (Nesili) legal code dating
from c. 1650 – 1500 BCE. This contained the laws that reflected the Hittite empire's social
structure, sense of justice, and morality, addressing common outlawed actions such as
assault, theft, murder, witchcraft, and divorce, among others. It is particularly notable due to
a number of its provisions, covering social issues that included the humane treatment of
slaves. Although they were considered lesser than free men, the slaves under the code
were allowed to choose whomever they wanted to marry, buy property, open businesses,
and purchase their freedom. In comparison with The Code of Assura or the Code of
Hammurabi, the Code of Nesilim also provided less-severe punishments for the code's
violations.

TRANSLATION

1. If anyone slay a man or woman in a quarrel, he shall bring this one. He shall also give
four persons, either men or women, he shall let them go to his home.

2. If anyone slay a male or female slave in a quarrel, he shall bring this one and give two
persons, either men or women, he shall let them go to his home.

3. If anyone smite a free man or woman and this one die, he shall bring this one and give
two persons, he shall let them go to his home.

4. If anyone smite a male or female slave, he shall bring this one also and give one person,
he shall let him or her go to his home.

5. If anyone slay a merchant of Hatti, he shall give one and a half pounds of silver, he shall
let it go to his home.

6. If anyone blind a free man or knock out his teeth, formerly they would give one pound of
silver, now he shall give twenty half-shekels of silver.

8. If anyone blind a male or female slave or knock out their teeth, he shall give ten half-
shekels of silver, he shall let it go to his home.
10. If anyone injure a man so that he cause him suffering, he shall take care of him. Yet he
shall give him a man in his place, who shall work for him in his house until he recovers. But
if he recover, he shall give him six half-shekels of silver. And to the physician this one shall
also give the fee.

17. If anyone cause a free woman to miscarry, if it be the tenth month, he shall give ten half-
shekels of silver, if it be the fifth month, he shall give five half-shekels of silver.

18. If anyone cause a female slave to miscarry, if it be the tenth month, he shall give five
half-shekels of silver.

20. If any man of Hatti steal a Nesian slave and lead him here to the land of Hatti, and his
master discover him, he shall give him twelve half-shekels of silver, he shall let it go to his
home.

21. If anyone steal a slave of a Luwian from the land of Luwia, and lead him here to the land
of Hatti, and his master discover him, he shall take his slave only.

24. If a male or female slave run away, he at whose hearth his master finds him or her, shall
give fifty half-shekels of silver a year.

31. If a free man and a female slave be fond of each other and come together and he take
her for his wife and they set up house and get children, and afterward they either become
hostile or come to close quarters, and they divide the house between them, the man shall
take the children, only one child shall the woman take.

32. If a slave take a woman as his wife, their case is the same. The majority of the children
to the wife and one child to the slave.

33. If a slave take a female slave their case is the same. The majority of children to the
female slave and one child to the slave.

34. If a slave convey the bride price to a free son and take him as husband for his daughter,
nobody dare surrender him to slavery.

36. If a slave convey the bride price to a free son and take him as husband for his daughter,
nobody dare surrender him to slavery.

40. If a soldier disappears, and a vassal arise and the vassal say, A This is my military
holding, but this other one is my tenancy, @ and lay hands upon the fields of the soldier, he
may both hold the military holding and perform the tenancy duties. If he refuses the military
service, then he forfeits the vacant fields of the soldier. The men of the village shall cultivate
them. If the king gives a captive, they shall give the fields to him, and he becomes a soldier.

98. If a free man set a house ablaze, he shall build the house, again. And whatever is inside
the house, be it a man, an ox, or a sheep that perishes, nothing of these he need
compensate.
99. If a slave set a house ablaze, his master shall compensate for him. The nose of the
slave and his ears they shall cut off, and give him back to his master. But if he does not
compensate, then he shall give up this one.

158. If a man goes for wages, bind sheaves, load it into carts, spread it on the straw barn
and so forth "till they clear the threshing floor, for three months his wages are thirty pecks of
barley. If a woman goes for wages in the harvest, for two months he shall give twelve pecks
of barley.

159. If anyone harness a yoke of oxen, his wages are one-half peck of barley.

160. If a smith makes a copper box, his wages are one hundred pecks of barley. He who
makes a copper dish of two-pound weight, his wages are one peck of emmer.

164. If anyone come for borrowing, then make a quarrel and throw down either bread or
wine jug, then he shall give one sheep, ten loaves, and one jug of beer. Then he cleanses
his house by the offering. Not until the year has elapsed may he salute again the other's
house.

170. If a free man kills a serpent and speak the name of another, he shall give one pound of
silver; if a slave, this one shall die.

173. If anyone oppose the judgment of the king, his house shall become a ruin. If anyone
oppose the judgment of a lord, his head shall be cut off. If a slave rises against his master,
he shall go into the pit.

176. If anyone buy an artisan's apprentice, buy either a potter, a smith, a carpenter, a
leatherworker, a tailor, a weaver, or a lace-maker, he shall give ten half-shekels.

178. A plow-ox costs fifteen half-shekels of silver, a bull costs ten half-shekels of silver, a
great cow costs seven half-shekels of silver, a sheep one half-shekel of silver, a draft horse
twenty half-shekels of silver, a mule one pound of silver, a horse fourteen half-shekels of
silver.

181-182. Four pounds of copper cost one half-shekel of silver; one tub of lard, one half-
shekel of silver; two cheese one half-shekel of silver; a gown twelve half-shekels of silver;
one blue woolen garment costs twenty half-shekels of silver; breeches cost ten half-shekels
of silver ...

187. If a man has intercourse with a cow, it is a capital crime, he shall die. They shall lead
him to the king's hall. But the king may kill him, the king may grant him his life. But he shall
not approach the king.

188. If a man has intercourse with his own mother, it is a capital crime, he shall die. If a man
has intercourse with a daughter, it is a capital crime, he shall die. If a man has intercourse
with a son, it is a capital crime, he shall die.
190. If a man and a woman come willingly, as men and women, and have intercourse, there
shall be no punishment. And if a man has intercourse with his stepmother, there shall be no
punishment; except if his father is living, it is a capital crime, the son shall die.

191. If a free man picks up now this woman, now that one, now in this country, then in that
country, there shall be no punishment if they came together sexually willingly.

192. If the husband of a woman dies, his wife may take her husband's patrimony.

194. If a free man picks up female slaves, now one, now another, there is no punishment for
intercourse. If brothers sleep with a free woman, together, or one after the other, there is no
punishment. If father and son sleep with a female slave or harlot, together, or one after the
other, there is no punishment.

195. If a man sleeps with the wife of his brother, while his brother is living, it is a capital
crime, he shall die. If a man has taken a free woman, then have intercourse also with her
daughter, it is a capital crime, he shall die. If he has taken her daughter, then have
intercourse with her mother or her sister, it is a capital crime, he shall die.

197. If a man rapes a woman in the mountain, it is the man's wrong, he shall die. But if he
rapes her in the house, it is the woman's fault, the woman shall die. If the husband finds
them and then kill them, there is no punishing the husband.

199. If anyone have intercourse with a pig or a dog, he shall die. If a man has intercourse
with a horse or a mule, there is no punishment. But he shall not approach the king, and
shall not become a priest. If an ox spring upon a man for intercourse, the ox shall die but
the man shall not die. One sheep shall be fetched as a substitute for the man, and they
shall kill it. If a pig spring upon a man for intercourse, there is no punishment. If any man
has intercourse with a foreign woman and pick up this one, now that one, there is no
punishment.

200. If anyone give a son for instruction, be it a carpenter, or a potter, or a weaver, or a

tailor, or a smith, he shall give six half-shekels of silver for the instruction. 

CODE OF DRACO

 The Draconian constitution, or Draco's code, was a written law code created by Draco near
the end of the 7th century BC in response to the unjust interpretation and modification of
oral law by Athenian aristocrats. As most societies in Greece codified basic law during the
mid-seventh century BC, Athenian oral law was manipulated by the aristocracy until the
emergence of Draco's code. Around 621 BC the people of Athens commissioned Draco to
devise a written law code and constitution, giving him the title of the first legislator of
Athens. The literate could read the code at a central location accessible to anyone. This
enactment of a rule of law was an early manifestation of Athenian democracy.

TWELVE TABLES
The Law of the Twelve tables (Latin: Leges Duodecim Tabularum or Duodecimo Tabulae)
was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. The Tables consolidated
earlier traditions into an enduring set of laws.

Displayed in the Forum, "The Twelve Tables" stated the rights and duties of the Roman
citizen. Their formulation was the result of considerable agitation by the plebeian class, who
had hitherto been excluded from the higher benefits of the Republic. The law had previously
been unwritten and exclusively interpreted by upper-class priests, the pontifices. Something
of the regard with which later Romans came to view the Twelve Tables is captured in the
remark of Cicero (106–43 BC) that the "Twelve Tables...seems to me, assuredly to surpass
the libraries of all the philosophers, both in weight of authority, and in plenitude of utility".
Cicero scarcely exaggerated; the Twelve Tables formed the basis of Roman law for a
thousand years.

The Twelve Tables are sufficiently comprehensive that their substance has been described
as a 'code',[4] although modern scholars consider this characterization exaggerated. The
Tables were a sequence of definitions of various private rights and procedures. They
generally took for granted such things as the institutions of the family and various rituals for
formal transactions. The provisions were often highly specific and diverse.

Tables I & II: Procedure for Courts and Judges and Further Enactments on Trials

These two tables are concerned with the Roman court proceedings. Table I covers
proceedings between the defendant and the plaintiff, with responses to potential situations
such as when age or illness prevents the defendant from making appearance, then
transportation has to be arranged to assist them. It also deals with:

·         The failure of appearance by the defendant.

·         If there is a failure to appear by either party, then after noon the judge must make
judgement in favor of the one who is present.

·         Provides a time-table for the trial (ends at sunset)

Table II sets the amount of financial stake for each party depending on the source of
litigation, what to do in case of impairment of the judge, and rules of who must present
evidence.

Table III: Execution of Judgment

The laws the Twelve Tables covered were a way to publicly display rights that each citizen
had in the public and private sphere. These Twelve Tables displayed what was previously
understood in Roman society as the unwritten laws. The public display of the copper tablets
allowed for a more balanced society between the Roman patricians who were educated and
understood the laws of legal transactions, and the Roman plebeians who had little
education or experience in understanding law. By revealing the unwritten rules of society to
the public, the Twelve Tables provided a means of safeguard for Plebeians allowing them
the opportunity to avoid financial exploitation and added balance to the Roman economy.

Featured within the Twelve Tables are five rules about how to execute judgments, in terms
of debtors and creditors. These rules show how the ancient Romans maintained peace with
financial policy. In his article Development of the Roman Law of Debt Security, Donald E.
Phillipson states the Twelve Tables were, “A set of statutes known as the Twelve Tables
that was passed by an early assembly served as the foundation of the Roman private law.
The Twelve Tables were enacted in the mid-fifth century B.C. as the result of a conflict
among social classes in ancient Rome.”

In the book, The Twelve Tables, written by an anonymous source due to its origins being
collaborated through a series of translations of tablets and ancient references, P.R.
Coleman-Norton arranged and translated many of the significant features of debt that the
Twelve Tables enacted into law during the 5th century. The translation of the legal features
surrounding debt and derived from the known sources of the Twelve Tables are stated as
such

“1. Of debt acknowledged and for matters judged in court (in iure) thirty days shall be
allowed by law [for payment or for satisfaction].

2. After that [elapse of thirty days without payment] hand shall be laid on (Manus infection)
[the debtor]. He shall be brought into court (in ius).

3. Unless he (the debtor) discharges the debtor unless someone appear in court (in iure) to
guarantee payment for him, he (the creditor) shall take [the debtor] with him. He shall bind
[him] either with thong or with fetters, of which the weight shall be not less than fifteen
pounds or shall be more if he (the creditor) chooses.

4. If he (the debtor) chooses, he shall live on his own [means]. If he lives not on his own
[means], [the creditor,] who shall hold him in bonds, shall give [him] a pound of bread daily;
if he (the creditor) shall so desire, he shall give [him] more.

5. Unless they (the debtors) make a compromise, they (the debtors) shall be held in bonds
for sixty days. During those days they shall be brought to [the magistrate] into the comitia
(meeting-place) on three successive markets.

The five mandates of the Twelve Tables encompassing debt created a new understanding
within social classes in ancient Rome that insured financial exploitation would be limited
within legal business transactions.

Table IV: Right of Familial Heads

The fourth table of the Twelve Tables deals with the specific rights of Patriarchs of families.
One of the first proclamations of the Table IV is that "dreadfully deformed" children must be
quickly euthanized. It also explains that sons are born into inheritance of their family. Babies
with physical and mental diseases must be killed by the father himself. If a husband no
longer wants to be married to his wife he can remove her from their household and "order
her to mind her own affairs" Not all of the codes of table IV are to the benefit of only the
patriarch. If a father attempts to sell his son three times then the son earns his freedom from
the father.

Women: Tables V, VI & X

The Twelve Tables have three sections that pertain to women as they concern estates and
guardianship, ownership and possession, and religion, which give a basic understanding as
to the legal rights of females.

·         Table V (Estates and Guardianship): “Female heirs should remain under

guardianship even when they have attained the age of majority, but exception is made for
the Vestal Virgins.”

·         Table VI (Ownership and Possession): “Where a woman, who has not been united to
a man in marriage, lives with him for an entire year without interruption of three nights, she
shall pass into his power as his legal wife.”

·         Table X (Religion): “Women shall not during a funeral lacerate their faces, or tear
their cheeks with their nails; nor shall they utter loud cries bewailing the dead.”

One of the aspects highlighted in the Twelve Tables is a woman's legal status and standing
in society. Women were considered to be a form of guardianship similar to that of minors,
[17]
 and sections on ownership and possession give off the impression that women were
considered to be akin to a piece of real estate or property due to the use of terms such as
"ownership" and "possession".

Table VII: Land Rights and Crimes

This table outlines the attitudes towards property. The following are all rules about property

·         Boundary disputes are settled by third-parties.

·         Road widths are eight feet wide on straight parts and double that on turns.

·         People who live near the road are in charge of maintaining it. However, if a road is
not well maintained then carts and animals can be ridden where the riders want to

·         Property owners can request removal of trees that have been blown onto their
property

·         Fruit that falls from a tree onto a neighbor's property still belongs to the original tree
owner.

Table VIII: Torts and Delicts (Laws of Injury)

Torts are laws dealing with litigating wrongs that occur between citizens. One such situation
is that of physical injury, retaliation for which can range from dealing the perpetrator an
injury in kind, to monetary compensation to the injured. This table also establishes the legal
ramifications for damage dealt to property by animals and damage dealt to crops by people
or animals. The penalty for stealing crops is hanging as sacrifice to Ceres

The table also describes several laws dealing with theft.

Table IX: Public Law

This section of the tables makes it illegal for anyone to define what a citizen of Rome with
the exception of the greatest assembly, or maximus comitatus. It also outlaw’s execution of
those unconvicted, bribery of judges, and extradition of a citizen to enemy powers.[16]

The Supplements: Tables XI & XII

·         Table XI (Marriage Between Classes): A person of a certain class shall not partake in
marriage with a person of a lower class.

·         Table XII (Binding into Law): Whatever one or more persons have ordered into law,
shall be held by the law.

MOSAIC LAW

Moses and authorship of the Law

Main articles: Moses, Deuteronomist, and Mosaic authorship

According to the Hebrew Bible, Moses was the leader of early Israel out of Egypt; and
traditionally the first five books of the Hebrew Bible are attributed to him, though most
modern scholars believe there were multiple authors. The law attributed to Moses,
specifically the laws set out in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy, as a consequence
came to be considered supreme over all other sources of authority (any king and/or his
officials), and the Levites were the guardians and interpreters of the law.

The Book of Deuteronomy (Deuteronomy 31:24–26) records Moses saying, "Take this book
of the law, and put it by the side of the Ark of the Covenant of the LORD." Similar passages
referring to the Law include, for example, Exodus 17:14, "And the LORD said unto Moses,

Burgundian   Code –code   that   introduced   the concept  of  restitution  but 
punishment  was  meted according   to   the   social   class   of   the   offenders.
Offender had to pay the specified value in order not to undergo physical sufferings
as penalty.

Justinian Code

Justinian  Code –Roman  Emperor  Justin  put  this code  into  law  in  529  AD  and 
became  the  standard law  in  all  the  areas  occupied  by  the  Roman  Empire
particularly Europe. This code  was a revision of the Twelve Tables of Roman Law
that originated at bout 500  BC  stating  every  crime  and  penalties  for  every
offense listed in the said table.

PEOPLE BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CORRECTION

JOHN HOWARD FRS (2 September 1726 – 20 January 1790) was a philanthropist and

early English prison reformer. Considered as the Father of Prison Reform. He also coined
the word “ penitentiary" which came from the root word “penitence” meaning the feeling of
deep sadness from a wrong act committed.
Cesare Bonesana di Beccaria, Marquis of Gualdrasco and Villareggio (Italian: [ˈtʃeːzare
bekkaˈriːa, ˈtʃɛː-]; 15 March 1738 – 28 November 1794) was an Italian criminologist,  jurist,
philosopher, and politician, who is widely considered one of the greatest thinkers of the Age
of Enlightenment. He is well remembered for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments
(1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the
field of penology and the Classical School of criminology. Beccaria is considered the father
of modern criminal law and the father of criminal justice.

Cesare Beccaria was best known for his book on crimes and punishments. In 1764, with the
encouragement of Pietro Verri, Beccaria published a brief but celebrated treatise On Crimes
and Punishments. Some background information was provided by Pietro, who was writing a
text on the history of torture, and Alessandro Verri, a Milan prison official who had firsthand
experience of the prison's appalling conditions. In this essay, Beccaria reflected the
convictions of his friends in the Il Caffè (Coffee House) group, who sought reform through
Enlightenment discourse.

WILLIAM BLACKSTONE
The Penitentiary Act (19 Geo. III, c.74) was a British Act of Parliament passed in 1779
which introduced a policy of state prisons for the first time. The Act was drafted by the
prison reformer John Howard and the jurist William Blackstone and recommended
imprisonment as an alternative sentence to death or transportation.
JEREMY BENTHAM – panopticon design of prison.
William Penn was the first great Quaker prison reformer. In his ‘Great Experiment’ in
Pennsylvania in the 1680s he abolished capital punishment for all crimes except murder. He
also stated that ‘prisons shall be workhouses,’ that bail should be allowed for minor
offences’, and ‘all prisons shall be free, as to fees, food and lodgings’. He provided for
rehabilitation, as he stipulated that prisoners should be helped to learn a trade, so that they
could make an honest living when they were released. These were radical reforms for his
time, putting into practice his Quaker faith in equality and the possibility of nurturing ‘that of
God’ in everyone.
Montesquieu after analyzing law as an expression of justice, he stands on a belief that
severe punishment would undermine morality and appeals that moral sentiments is a better
means of preventing crime.  He used this account to explain how governments might be
preserved from corruption. He saw despotism, in particular, as a standing danger for any
government not already despotic, and argued that it could best be prevented by a system in
which different bodies exercised legislative, executive, and judicial power, and in which all
those bodies were bound by the rule of law.
FRANÇOIS-MARIE AROUET (French: [fʁɑ̃swa maʁi aʁwɛ]; 21 November 1694 – 30 May
1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire  was a French Enlightenment writer, historian,
and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity—especially the Roman
Catholic Church—as well as his advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and
separation of church and state.

A philosopher who believes in the legality of torture and fear of shame is a deterrent to
crime.

ALEXANDER MACONOCHIE (11 February 1787 – 25 October 1860) was a Scottish naval

officer, geographer, and penal reformer. The mark system symbolized the decline of the “let
the punishment fit the crime” theory of correction and presaged the use of indeterminate
sentences, individualized treatment, and parole. Above all, it emphasized training and
performance as the chief mechanisms of reformation. Almost 1,400 convicts had been
discharged during Maconochie's term, and he always claimed that a high percentage did
not offend again. He is known as the "Father of Parole".
Matthew Davenport Hill
The Father of Probation in England, 

John Augustus (1785-June 21, 1859) was a Boston boot maker who is called the "Father of
Probation" in the United States because of his pioneering efforts to campaign for more
lenient sentences for convicted criminals based on their backgrounds.

Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise

prison reformer who was instrumental in the founding and development of England’s Borstal
system for the treatment of young offenders. Appointed prison commissioner in 1895 (a
position he held until 1921), he had the duty of applying the recommendations of the
Gladstone Committee. The committee held that offenders between 16 and 21 years of age
should not be subjected to the harsh punitive treatment that was administered to older, less
tractable prisoners and should be given education and industrial training at a penal
reformatory under the supervision of a qualified staff.
Sir Walter Frederick Crofton (1815–1897)  was chair of the Board of Directors of Convict
Prisons for Ireland between 1854 and 1862. He is sometimes cited as Alexander
Maconochie's ideological heir. Under Crofton's system of prison administration, known as
the Irish system, prisoners progressed through three stages of confinement. During the first
stage, the penal stage, prisoners were held in solitary cells for approximately nine months.
The second stage involved communal labor in public works prisons. For the third stage,
officials promoted prisoners in small numbers to "intermediate" prisons (essentially a
halfway house, where they could run errands and attend church in the community) as a final
test of their readiness for Irish tickets of leave. A prisoner who received a ticket was granted
conditional release into the community, in which he would be supervised by law
enforcement or civilian personnel who were required to secure employment and to conduct
home visits. These "supervisors" represented the forerunner to modern parole officers.

Frédéric-Auguste Demetz (1796–1873) was a French penal reformer and jurist. He toured
the United States in 1836, together with the architect Guillaume-Abel Blouet, to study
progressive American prison architecture and administration for the French Ministry of the
Interior. Upon their return, they published a detailed and laudatory report.  The result was
Blouet's appointment as Inspecteur général des prisons in 1838, and a prison farm for
juvenile offenders at Mettray, on the outskirts of Tours, founded in 1839; it was conceived
by both men and directed by Demetz, as a prison without walls, with the backing of the
vicomte de Bretignières de Courteilles. It also provides housefathers as in charge, once
discharged the boys are placed under the supervision of a patron.
MANUEL MONTESIMOS
Governor of Prisons in Valencia Spain in 1835, who divided the population into several
companies and assigned qualified prisoners as petty officers in charge with the convicts
monitoring of good behavior preparing for its gradual release. Academic Classes of one
hour a day is given to all inmates under 20 years of age. During his time, he ran the prison
with military discipline and reduced 1/3 of sentence if prisoner participated in programs and
was on good behavior. He resigned when a law that allowed to repealed the latter was
passed.

Zebulon Reed Brockway (April 28, 1827 – October 21, 1920) was a penologist and is
sometimes regarded as the "Father of prison reform" and "Father of American Parole" in the
United States.. ELMIRA REFORMATORY, FORERUNNER OF MODERN PENOLOGY.
NICKNAME THE “HILL”
CAPTAIN ELAM LYNDS
 (1784–1855) was a prison warden. He helped create the Auburn system, which consisted
of congregate labor during the day and isolation at night, starting in 1821 and was Warden
of Sing Sing from 1825 to 1830

NELSON MANDELA- MANDELA RULES FOR MINIMUM TREATMENT OF PRISONERS

JEAN JACQUES VILLAIN - Father of Penitentiary and was expose to ordinary temptations of
freedom. Science - pioneered classification to separate women and IV. 

Early prisons

MAMERTINE PRISON- UNDER THE SEWERAGE OF ROME, WHERE APOSTLE PETER AND
PAUYL WAS INCARCERATED.

NEW GATE PRISON- PUBLIC EXECUTION, Until the 20th century, future British
executioners were trained at Newgate. One of the last was John Ellis, who began training in
1901.

In total – publicly or otherwise – 1,169 people were executed at the prison.[10] In November
1835 James Pratt and John Smith were the last two men to be executed for sodomy.[11]
Michael Barrett was the last man to be hanged in public outside Newgate Prison (and the
last person to be publicly executed in Great Britain) on 26 May 1868. George Woolfe was
the last man hanged in Newgate's shed, on 6 May 1902.

 During the early 19th century, the prison attracted the attention of the social reformer
Elizabeth Fry. She was particularly concerned at the conditions in which female prisoners
(and their children) were held. After she presented evidence to the House of Commons
improvements were made. In 1858, the interior was rebuilt with individual cells.

The prison closed in 1902, and was demolished in 1904

The Stinche -The building itself had only one door, known as the "Porta della miseria" after
its inscription Oportet misereri (it requires charity), referring to the fact that the prison was
funded by private individuals not the state. The Buononimi di San Martino and a sub-
company of the Compagnia di Santa Maria della Croce al Tempio known as the Buononimi
delle Stinche gave charity to the prisoners. The Compagnia appointed four Buononimi delle
Stinche to manage their donations and bequests so as to provide spiritual aid, money and
food to the prisoners, especially the poorer ones who could not afford to bribe the guards for
better treatment. They gained so much authority that they were granted the right to free
debtors on the condition that the Buononimi became their guarantors and oversaw whether
or not the debts were paid.

BRIDEWELL PRISON 1556-1855

Bridewell Palace in London was built as a residence of King Henry VIII and was one of his
homes early in his reign for eight years. Given to the City of London Corporation by his son
King Edward VI for use as an orphanage and place of correction for wayward women,
Bridewell later became the first prison/poorhouse to have an appointed doctor. It was built
on the banks of the Fleet River in the City of London between Fleet Street and the River
Thames in an area today known as Bridewell Place, off New Bridge Street. By 1556 part of
it had become a jail known as Bridewell Prison. It was reinvented with lodgings and was
closed in 1855 and the buildings demolished in 1863–1864.
Pave ways for convict Transportation under Elizabeth I, Prisoners are sent to “Galleys” to
work as slaves or oarsman to row naval vessels.

The name "Bridewell" subsequently became a common name for a jail, used not only in
England but in other English-speaking cities, including Dublin, Chicago and New York.

Transportation in America was stopped during American revolution during the Halt in 1778.
Between 1788 and 1868 more than 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia. Of
these, about 7000 arrived in 1833 alone.

The convicts were transported as punishment for crimes committed in Britain and Ireland. In
Australia their lives were hard as they helped build the young colony. When they had served
their sentences, most stayed on and some became successful settlers.

The Walnut Street Prison -was a pioneering effort in prison reform. Originally built as a
conventional jail just before the American Revolution, it was expanded in 1790 and hailed
as a model of enlightened thinking about criminals. The prison, in fact, was known as a
"penitentiary" (from the Latin word for remorse). It was designed to provide a severe
environment that left inmates much time for reflection, but it was also designed to be
cleaner and safer than past prisons. The Walnut Street Prison was one of the forerunners of
an entire school of thought on prison construction and reform.

SING SING PRISON-The name "Sing Sing" was derived from the Sintsink Indian tribe from
whom the land was purchased in 1685, and was formerly also the name of the village. In
1970, the name of the prison was changed to the "Ossining Correctional Facility," but it
reverted to its original name in 1985. There are plans to convert the original 1825 cell block
into a period museum. Sing Sing was the fifth prison constructed by New York state
authorities. In 1824, the New York Legislature gave Elam Lynds, warden of Auburn Prison
and a former United States Army captain, the task of constructing a new, more modern
prison. Lynds spent months researching possible locations for the prison, considering
Staten Island, The Bronx, and Silver Mine Farm, an area in the town of Mount Pleasant on
the banks of the Hudson River

In total, 614 men and women — including four inmates under federal death sentences —
were executed by electric chair at Sing Sing until the abolition of the death penalty in 1972.
After a series of escapes from death row, a new Death House was built in 1920 and began
executions in 1922. High profile executions in Sing Sing's electric chair, nicknamed "Old
Sparky", include Julius and Ethel Rosenberg on June 19, 1953, for espionage for the Soviet
Union on nuclear weapon research; and Gerhard Puff on August 12, 1954, for the murder of
an FBI agent.The last person executed in New York state was Eddie Lee Mays, for murder,
on August 15, 1963.

FLOATING HELL/ OLD HULK- Old and abandoned, unsuitable merchant’s ships, war ship
no longer serviceable  are use as Prisons.

A prison ship, often more accurately described as a prison hulk, is a current or former
seagoing vessel that has been modified to become a place of substantive detention for
convicts, prisoners of war or civilian internees. While many nations have deployed prison
ships over time, the practice was most widespread in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century
Britain, as the government sought to address the issues of overcrowded civilian jails on land
and an influx of enemy detainees from the War of Jenkins' Ear, the Seven Years' War and
the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

Ospizio di San Michele were built during the 17th and 18th centuries and served a
number of purposes including an orphanage, a hospice for abandoned elderly, and jails for
minors and women.

THE GHENT WORKHOUSE (MAISON DE FORCE)

An institution that separates woman and children from hardened criminals, organized in
systematic manner, the execution of imprisonment which was coming to replaced corporal
punishment in its penal legislation.  The Ghent workhouse after giving a vigorous new
impulse to the evolution of prisons, declined and saw its end hastened by a disastrous
economic and social situation, especially about 1810 during the Napoleonic adventure.

Elmira Reformatory “The Hill” 1876 founded by Zebulon R Brockway, established a link

between the community-based program and the penal institution. Brockway was much
influenced by the mark system, developed in Australia by Alexander Maconochie, whereby
credits, or marks, were awarded for good behaviour, a certain number of marks being
required for release. To this system Brockway added a new regimen of moral, physical, and
vocational training. The Elmira system classified and separated various types of prisoners,
gave them individualized treatment emphasizing vocational training and industrial
employment, used indeterminate sentences, rewarded good behaviour, and paroled
inmates under supervision. It is considered as the forerunner of modern penology due to
having all the elements of the modern system. It houses 16-30 years old male prisoners
with extensive used of non-institutional corrections.

n English law, the benefit of clergy (Law Latin: privilegium clericale) was originally a
provision by which clergymen could claim that they were outside the jurisdiction of the
secular courts and be tried instead in an ecclesiastical court under canon law. Various
reforms limited the scope of this legal arrangement to prevent its abuse, including branding
of a thumb upon a first use, to limit number of invocations for some. Eventually the benefit
of clergy evolved into a legal fiction in which first-time offenders could receive lesser
sentences for some crimes (the so-called "clergyable" ones). The legal mechanism was
abolished in 1827 with the passage of the Criminal Law Act 1827.

Sachsenhausen- was a labor camp outfitted with several subcamps, a gas chamber, and a
medical experimentation area. Prisoners were treated harshly, fed sparingly, and killed
openly. Those held captive in Sachsenhausen were the men and women which the Third
Reich wanted dead, not just because of their religion, but because of their political beliefs
and their power over those who listened to them. After World War II, when Oranienburg was
in the Soviet Occupation Zone, the structure was used by the NKVD as NKVD special camp
Nr. 7. Today, Sachsenhausen is open to the public as a memorial for the crimes committed
within its walls.
The Auschwitz -concentration camp (German: Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was a
complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in
occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the
main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and
extermination camp with gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labor camp for the
chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major
site of the Nazis' Final Solution to the Jewish Question. At least 802 prisoners tried to
escape, 144 successfully, and on 7 October 1944 two Sonder kommando units, consisting
of prisoners who staffed the gas chambers, launched an unsuccessful uprising. Only 789
staff (no more than 15 percent) ever stood trial;[6] several were executed, including camp
commandant Rudolf Höss. The Allies' failure to act on early reports of atrocities by bombing
the camp or its railways remains controversial.

The Tuol Sleng- Genocide Museum or simply Tuol Sleng  lit. "Hill of the Poisonous Trees"
or "Strychnine Hill") is a museum chronicling the Cambodian genocide. Located in Phnom
Penh, the site is a former secondary school which was used as Security Prison 21 (S-21) by
the Khmer Rouge regime from 1975 until its fall in 1979. From 1976 to 1979, an estimated
20,000 people were imprisoned at Tuol Sleng and it was one of between 150 and 196
torture and execution centers established by the Khmer Rouge. From 1976 to 1979, an
estimated 20,000 people were imprisoned at Tuol Sleng (the real number is unknown). At
any one time, the prison held between 1,000–1,500 prisoners. They were repeatedly
tortured and coerced into naming family members and close associates, who were in turn
arrested, tortured and killed. In the early months of S-21's existence, most of the victims
were from the previous Lon Nol regime and included soldiers, government officials, as well
as academics, doctors, teachers, students, factory workers, monks, engineers, etc. Later,
the party leadership's paranoia turned on its own ranks and purges throughout the country
saw thousands of party activists and their families brought to Tuol Sleng and murdered.
Those arrested included some of the highest ranking politicians such as Khoy Thoun, Vorn
Vet and Hu Nim. Although the official reason for their arrest was "espionage", these men
may have been viewed by Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot as potential leaders of a coup
against him. Prisoners' families were sometimes brought en masse to be interrogated and
later executed at the Choeung Ek extermination center.

ALCATRAZ- SAN FRANCISCO BAY, DESIGNED TO BE ESCAPE PROOF BUT CLOSED

DUE TO BUDGET ISSUES.

uring the pre-colonial times, the informal prison system was community-based, as there
were no national penitentiaries to speak of. Natives who defied or violated the local laws
were meted appropriate penalties by the local chieftains. Incarceration in the community
was only meant to prevent the culprit from further harming the local residents.

The formal prison system in the Philippines started only during the Spanish regime, where
an organized corrective service was made operational. Established in 1847 pursuant to
Section 1708 of the Revised Administrative Code and formally opened by Royal Decree in
1865, the Old Bilibid Prison was constructed as the main penitentiary on Oroquieta Street,
Manila and designed to house the prison population of the country. This prison became
known as the “Carcel y Presidio Correccional” and could accommodate 1,127 prisoners.
     The Carcel was designed to house 600 prisoners who were segregated according to
class, sex and crime while the Presidio could accommodate 527 prisoners. Plans for the
construction of the prison were first published on September 12, 1859 but it was not until
April 10, 1866 that the entire facility was completed.

  The prison occupied a quadrangular piece of land 180 meters long on each side, which
was formerly a part of the Mayhalique Estate in the heart of Manila. It housed a building for
the offices and quarters of the prison warden, and 15 buildings or departments for prisoners
that were arranged in a radial way to form spokes. The central tower formed the hub. Under
this tower was the chapel. There were four cell-houses for the isolated prisoners and four
isolated buildings located on the four corners of the walls, which served as kitchen, hospital
and stores. The prison was divided in the middle by a thick wall. One-half of the enclosed
space was assigned to Presidio prisoners and the other half to Carcel prisoners.

In 1908, concrete modern 200-bed capacity hospitals as well as new dormitories for the
prisoners were added. A carpentry shop was organized within the confines of the facility.
For some time the shop became a trademark for fine workmanship of furniture made by
prisoners. At this time, sales of handicrafts were done through the institutions and inmates
were compensated depending on the availability of funds. As a consequence, inmates often
had to sell through the retail or barter their products.

     On August 21, 1869, the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City was
established to confine Muslim rebels and recalcitrant political prisoners opposed to the
Spanish rule. The facility, which faced the Jolo sea had Spanish-inspired dormitories and
was originally set on a 1,414-hectare sprawling estate.

When the Americans took over in the 1900s, the Bureau of Prisons was created under the
Reorganization Act of 1905 (Act No. 1407 dated November 1, 1905) as an agency under
the Department of Commerce and Police.

     It also paved the way for the re-establishment of San Ramon Prison in 1907 which was
destroyed during the Spanish-American War. On January 1, 1915, the San Ramon Prison
was placed under the auspices of the Bureau of Prisons and started receiving prisoners
from Mindanao. Before the reconstruction of San Ramon Prison, the Americans established
in 1904 the Iuhit penal settlement (now Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm) on a vast
reservation of 28,072 hectares. It would reach a total land area of 40,000 hectares in the
late 1950s. Located on the westernmost part of the archipelago far from the main town to
confine incorrigibles with little hope of rehabilitation, the area was expanded to 41,007
hectares by virtue of Executive Order No. 67 issued by Governor Newton Gilbert on
October 15, 1912.

     Other penal colonies were established during the American regime. On November 27,
1929, the Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) was created under Act No. 3579 to
provide separate facilities for women offenders while the Davao Penal Colony in Southern
Mindanao was opened in 1932 under Act No. 3732.

AFTER WORLD WAR II

After World War II, there was a surplus of steel matting in the inventory and it was used to
improve the security fences of the prison. A death chamber was constructed in 1941 at the
rear area of the camp when the mode of execution was through electrocution. In the late
‘60s, fences were further reinforced with concrete slabs. The original institution became the
maximum-security compound in the 70s and continues to be so up to present, housing not
only death convicts and inmates sentenced to life terms, but also those with numerous
pending cases, multiple convictions and sentences of more than 20 years. In the 1980s, the
height of the concrete wall was increased and another facility was constructed, 2.5
kilometers from the main building. This became known as Camp Sampaguita or the Medium
Security Camp, which was used as a military stockade during the martial law years and the
Minimum-Security Camp, whose first site was christened “Bukang Liwayway”. Later on, this
was transferred to another site within the reservation where the former depot was situated.

      Under Proclamation No. 72 issued on September 26, 1954, the Sablayan Prison and
Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro was established.  The Leyte Regional Prison followed
suit under Proclamation No. 1101 issued on January 16, 1973.

Non-Operational Prisons

FORT BONIFACIO PRISON:  A committee report submitted to then President Carlos P.

Garcia described Fort Bonifacio, formerly known as Fort William McKinley, as a military
reservation located in Makati, which was established after the Americans     came to  the 
Philippines.  The prison was originally used as a detention center for offenders of US
military laws and ordinances.

     After the liberation of the Philippines, the reservation was transferred to the Philippine
government, which instructed the Bureau of Prisons to use the facility for the confinement of
maximum-security prisoners.  For several years, incorrigibles were mixed with political
prisoners (those convicted of rebellion) at the Fort Bonifacio facility until June 30, 1968,
when it was converted into a prison exclusively for political offenders.  After a bloody April
1969 riot at the Muntinlupa facility, however, incorrigible prisoners from Muntinlupa were
transferred to Fort Bonifacio.

     During the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal, the Fort was renamed Fort
Andres Bonifacio.  The     correctional facility was also renamed Fort Bonifacio Prison.  The
one-story building now stands on a one-hectare area.

     The Fort Bonifacio Prison continued to be a satellite prison of the national penitentiary
even after martial law was lifted.  It was only in the late 1980’s that the facility was vacated
by the Bureau of Prisons.

CORREGIDOR PRISON STOCKADE:  In 1908 during the American regime, some 100
prisoners were transferred from the OldBilibid Prison to Corregidor Island to work under
military authorities.  This move was in accordance with an order from the Department of  
Instructions, which approved the transfer of inmates so they could assist in maintenance
and other operations in the stockade.

     The inmates were transported not to serve time but for prison labor.  Until the outbreak
of the Second World War, inmates from Old Bilibid Prison were regularly sent to Corregidor
for labor purposes.

When the War broke out, prisoners on Corregidor were returned to Bilibid Prison.  The
island prison was never reopened.

BONTOC PRISON:  The Philippine Legislature during the American regime passed Act No.
1876 providing for the establishment of a prison in  Bontoc in Mountain Province. The prison
was built for  the  prisoners of the province and insular prisoners who were members of the
non-Christian tribes of Mountain Province and Nueva Viscaya.

     Bontoc prison could be reached only through narrow, poorly developed mountain roads.
Due to the enormous expenses incurred in transporting personnel, equipment and supplies
to the prison, the facility.

he Spanish regime had earlier designated Puerto Princesa, Palawan as a place where

offenders sentenced to banishment were exiled, often as a death sentence due to
the endemic malaria. Yet, the facility was established only during the American
occupation. Governor Luke Wright authorized the establishment of a penal colony in the province
of Palawan on November 16, 1904. This penal settlement, which originally comprised an area of
22 acres, served as a depository for prisoners who could not be accommodated at the Bilibid
Prison in Manila. A prison facility was created by the American military in the rain forest of Puerto
Princesa. Lieutenant George Wolfe, a member of the U.S. expeditionary force was the prison's first
superintendent.[2][3]
William Cameron Forbes, in his capacity as Secretary of Commerce and Police (1904–1909),
conceived of the Palawan penal colony following the model of the George Junior Republic.
According to Forbes, "The plan is to give these prisoners an opportunity to cultivate little lots of land
for good conduct and industry." Three classes of colonists were established, the lowest being the
newly arrived convicts, followed by a middle class living in the Home Zone on a two-hectare plot
where they could build a house and live with their family, and finally the top class living in the Free
Zone, also with 2 hectares of land. The first group of 61 convicts arrived in Nov. 1904, with the
population reaching 313 prisoners in June 1905, and 446 in June 1908, plus 20 families.[3]
Major John R. White, Philippine Constabulary, became superintendent in Sept. 1906. Forbes
directed White to establish a "form of self-government in the colony." Under White's rule, the
mortality rate due to disease dropped, as the land was drained and sanitation improved. Barracks,
an administration building and parade ground were built, while cash crops and coconut trees were
planted. The work squads were controlled with a system consisting of a foreman and assistant
foremen. By the time he departed in Sept. 1908,[4] White stated the 500 convicts lived under "moral
constraints" and "interior discipline maintained without guards." Carroll H. Lamb took over as
superintendent, and during his 3 year tenure, self-government was established. In 1909, Justice of
the Peace Courts and a Court of Last Resort were established, and by 1910, the top class of
colonists could elect minor officials, police and petty officers. By 1911, with a population over 1000,
Forbes stated "the colonists were allowed to govern themselves – elect their own president and
council, or legislature, from among the men who by good conduct and industry had earned
promotion to the highest grades."[3]
The Philippine Commission of the United States government passed Act No. 1723 in 1907,
classifying the settlement as a penal institution. Prison escape attempts were an initial problem the
colony experienced during its first 2 year, including 33 escapees on 20 Sept. 1905. Yet, through
White's efforts, the settlement became a successful colony. Vocational activities included farming,
fishing, forestry, and carpentry, from which the prisoners were free to choose.[
SABLAYAN PRISON AND PENAL FARM
- Founded on September 27, 1954 by virtue of Proclamation No. 72 dated September 27, 1954.
- It consists of 16,190 hectares in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.
- One of the prisons nearer to Metro Manila.
- The penal colony is designed for minimum security prisoners.
- PRIMARY PRODUCT is RICE that is used also to supply the NBP.
- PRINCIPAL ACTIVITY and PRODUCT is AGRICULTURE and product is AGRICULTURAL
RICE not only for the use of the inmates of the colony but also supplying some rice needs of the
NBP.