Prevalence of Diabetes Among Teachers of Students of Claro M.

Recto

Title 1: Outcomes of Health Promotion about Diabetes Mellitus among the Teachers of Students in Claro
M. Recto

Justification:

Title 2: Impact of Diet and Lifestyle Modifications among the Teachers of Students in Claro M. Recto in
their Diabetes Mellitus

Justification:
Diabetes Mellitus is a Chronic Disease in which the body cannot produce enough insulin in which it is the
hormone that maintains our glucose level. If there is a lack of insulin, the glucose builds up in the
bloodstream which would result in an elevated level of Blood Sugar or Diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus has
several factors and the two most common factors that can develop Diabetes are the Lifestyle and Genetic
Factors wherein Lifestyles are associated with the foods they eat, the amount of sugar, carbohydrates, fats
and meats, another factor that is associated with Lifestyle is the physical activity of a person, how often
and how long they exercise because if they both have a unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity, the
person could be obese and Obesity has a higher incidence of developing Diabetes. The other factor is
Genetics in which people with a family history of Diabetes are at higher risk of developing Diabetes.
Since Lifestyle is one of the most common factors of Diabetes Mellitus, we have created this title in order
to know how their Lifestyle and Diet changed after they have been diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus and
we want to know its effects and impact on their health. Furthermore, this will also focus on the Diet they
have been doing so that we will be able to know whether their diet is

Title 3: Investigating the Risks for Diabetes Mellitus and Knowledge on Diabetes Mellitus among
the Students and Teachers of Claro M. Recto

Justification: In 2022, diabetes mellitus was the fourth highest cause of mortality in the Philippines,
accounting for 16,970 cases or 6.5 percent of all fatalities, according to the Philippine Statistics Office.
People are becoming more aware of the presence of diabetes mellitus, but they are not fully informed on
the nature of this condition, its risk factors, measures to avoid getting one, its complications, and how to
manage it. Taking that in consideration, we thought that awareness of the students and teachers of Claro
M. Recto about diabetes mellitus and its risk factors and prevention will certainly have a significant
impact on disease prevention.

The metabolic disorder known as diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by high blood sugar levels and
changes in how carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are metabolized as a result of either the loss of
insulin-producing cells, insufficient insulin action, or both. Knowledge plays an important role in our life
to encourage everyone to prevent and to minimize the complications due to diabetes. Understanding the
disease is very important to minimize the people with diabetes. This study Investigates the risk for
diabetes such as being overweight, having a family history with diabetes, and also the lifestyle of a
person. Also it is very important to educate the students and the teachers about what they are eating in
their daily life at school because some foods contain high sugar that can cause many signs and symptoms
for a person with diabetes. Educating the teachers and students are very important because they should
know what to eat and not, what to avoid and what is the most healthy food that they can eat at the school,
some risk factors that for diabetes that a person can get are frequently drinking sodas, eating sweets like
chocolates and chocolate drinks, not drinking enough of water and overeating of carbohydrates because it
can break down into sugar that will flow on your bloodstream.

● Comia

LOCAL LITERATURE

In this news article, it has been shown that there is an increase of 7.8% Diabetes Mellitus Cases
from the 2019 tally due to the pandemic lockdown that happened in 2021. The experts identified
that the COVID19 affected the lifestyle of the people wherein they have decreased their physical
activity, increase in anxiety, increase in food consumption that resulted in the development of
Diabetes Mellitus. Due to the continuous increase of Diabetes Mellitus cases during the
pandemic, they have given a solutions on how to manage this disease since Diabetes is not
curable but it can be improved through proper treatments and lifestyle modifications such as:
Proper diet, Exercise, and they also introduced a medicine produced by “Novo Nordisk” which is
a GLP-1 that would help in improving the insulin release and decreases glucagon release response
but they also said that GLP-1 is a medication that needs prescription and is not allowed to take if
no prescription was given by the doctor

Cudis, C. (2021). Diabetes among top killer diseases in PH. Philippine News Agency.
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139440#:~:text=Deaths%20by%20diabetes%20mellitus%2C%2
0which,2%20diabetes%2C%20including%20heart%20diseases.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

The Handbook of Diabetes is a book written by Richard Donelly, Rudy Bilous, and Iskandar Ibris
that mainly focuses on the introduction about diabetes such as its definition, classifications,
history, pathophysiology, normal level of glucose and more, the other content of this book contain
complications that might arise due to diabetes , and lastly proper management and control of
Diabetes Mellitus which includes die and lifestyle modification, medication, proper taking of
Blood Glucose Monitoring, Stem Cell Therapy and more. This book has been updated from the
4th Education that was published in July 2010

Donnelly, R., Bilous, R., & Idris, I. (2021). Handbook of Diabetes. John Wiley & Sons.
 FOREIGN STUDIES

According to Kumar et al. (2022), their study concluded that Health Education to the Teachers
working in Public Sectors in Pakistan is very effective in improving the knowledge about diabetes
and its risk. Furthermore their study focuses on the effectiveness of Health Education about
Diabetes and does it affect their life. Thus, before they implement Health Education to the teacher
in Pakistan, the teachers don't have enough knowledge on the said topic but after 100 minutes of
Health Education, the teachers have shown an understanding on the topic such as importance of
dietary habits, daily exercises and more. Since their study has resulted to Effective Health
Education, the authors of this study has recommended that they should measure the people’s
awareness on their Diabetes so that they could provide an Health Education in order to improve
and develop their knowledge and for them to minimize the risk of developing Type II diabetes.

Kumar, R., Rehman, S., Baloch, G. M., Vankwani, M., Somrongthong, R., & Pongpanich, S.
(2022). Effectiveness of health education intervention on diabetes mellitus among the
teachers working in public sector schools of Pakistan. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 22(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-01110-7

LOCAL STUDIES

Eala, M. A. B., Besa, J. J. V., Mag-usara, R. C. Q., Arcellana, A. E. S., & Jimeno, C. A.
(2021). Access to insulin and diabetes care in the Philippines. The Lancet
Diabetes & Endocrinology, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00309-0

● Cortuna

FOREIGN STUDIES
Kumar, R., Rehman, S., Baloch, G. M., Vankwani, M., Somrongthong, R., & Pongpanich, S.
(2022). Effectiveness of health education intervention on diabetes mellitus among the teachers
working in public sector schools of Pakistan. BMC endocrine disorders, 22(1), 194.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-01110-7

LOCAL LITERATURE
Robredo, J., & Cembrano, D. (2022). Out on a limb: living with diabetes in the Philippines during
the pandemic. The Lancet Diabetes &Amp; Endocrinology, 10(11), 771-772. doi:
10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00275-3
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(22)00275-3/fulltext
● Macalintal

FOREIGN STUDIES

The possibility that instructors will have children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) grows
due to the disease's increasing occurrence. This study's goal is to look at how instructors and
parents perceive the needs of kids with DM1 throughout the school day. In both the province and
the city of Burgos (Castile and Leon, Spain), a mixed methods research was created, and a
questionnaire was sent to working instructors in the pre-primary, primary, compulsory secondary,
further education, and vocational education who could have pupils with DM1.

Armas Junco, L., & Fernández-Hawrylak, M. (2022, January 23). Teachers and parents'
perceptions of care for students with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their needs in the school setting.
MDPI. Retrieved February 11, 2023, from https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/2/143

FOREIGN LITERATURE

After the inpatient intervention, metabolic control improved in DM1 patients without raising
insulin dose or BMI. In the current state of care, the inpatient intervention is still successful in
significantly improving metabolic control. 109 patients participated in an inpatient intervention in
2014. After a year, everyone was asked to take part in an outpatient follow-up appointment. most
patients are already on intensified insulin treatment before entering a diabetes teaching and
treatment programmes.

Burghardt, K., Müller, U. A., Müller, N., Kloos, C., Kramer, G., Jörgens, V., & Kuniss, N.
(2019, May 15). Adequate structured inpatient diabetes intervention in people with type 1
diabetes improves metabolic control and frequency of hypoglycaemia. Experimental and Clinical
Endocrinology & Diabetes. Retrieved February 11, 2023, from
https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/a-0873-1465

LOCAL STUDIES

Bunag, Lorraine R.N., What makes diabetes an epidemic in the Philippines? Hello Doctor. (2021,
October 26). Retrieved February 11, 2023, from
https://hellodoctor.com.ph/diabetes/diabetes-statistics-in-the-philippines/

LOCAL LITERATURE
Giron, M. S., & Vega, S. A. de la. (2022, August 23). Prevalence of diabetes among
community-living older persons in the Philippines:: The FITforFrail study. Journal of the ASEAN
Federation of Endocrine Societies. Retrieved February 11, 2023, from
https://asean-endocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES/article/view/1897
● Matibag

FOREIGN LITERATURE

In this Literature, Diabetes is a condition that affects the pancreas and causes it to stop secreting
insulin into the body. Without insulin, glucose cannot enter into the cells, depriving every cell in
the body of the energy that glucose provides. Diabetes type 1 is caused by defects in the parts of
the body that help secrete insulin. 10% of all diabetes cases are of the type known as diabetes
mellitus. The type 1 diabetes that affects kids the most. 90% of type-2 diabetes cases are this
condition. It mostly happens after the age of 40. In this instance, however, only a small amount of
insulin is secreted, and it is linked to aspects of our lifestyle, such as overeating and physical
inactivity.

Maurya, Manish Kumar., Varma, Rajeev., Chaurasia, Ishwar.,Vishwakarma, Ravikant., Yadav,

Nitin (2019 June 01) A review Literature on science of Diabetes mellitus
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337243610_A_review_Literature_on_science_of_Diabe
tes_mellitus

LOCAL LITERATURE

Diabetes patients are a particularly vulnerable group as the COVID-19 pandemic spreads. The
virus that causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, was discovered in China and causes a variety of
clinical symptoms, including fever, coughing, and myalgia, which resemble those of a systemic
viral illness that can progress to acute respiratory failure and multiple organ dysfunction. Both
diseases have a heavy burden in the Philippines. In 2019, the prevalence of diabetes, a long-term
metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, was estimated to be 7.1% in adults aged 20 to
79. Impaired immune function may result from poor blood sugar control, which raises the risk of
contracting COVID-19 and its complications. Diabetes requires multimodal management because
it is a chronic illness, incorporating medical nutritional therapy, exercise, pharmacologic therapy,
and close monitoring.

Anna Elvira Arcellana and Cecilia Jimeno (2020 April 23)Challenges and Opportunities for
Diabetes Care in the Philippines in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govj/pmc/articles/PMC7784149/

FOREIGN STUDIES

In Bangladesh, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its contributing factors will be
investigated in this study. The required data was taken from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic
and Health Survey (BDHS). The Chi-square test was used in bivariate analysis to determine
whether certain covariates and diabetes status were associated. To determine the DM risk factors,
a two-level logistic regression model with a random intercept at both the individual and regional
 levels was taken into consideration.It was found that female participants had a higher likelihood
of having DM. The prevalence of DM was 62% higher in participants with higher education, 42%
higher in participants from wealthy families, and 63% higher in participants with hypertension. In
people who were overweight, the risk of developing diabetes was almost double. However,
people who worked physically had a lower risk of developing diabetes. This study urges the
government and other interested parties to pay more attention to developing suitable policy
interventions to reduce the risk of DM.

Talukder, A., Hossain, M.Z. ( 2020) Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Associated Factors
in Bangladesh: Application of Two-level Logistic Regression Model
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-66084-9

LOCAL STUDIES

This scoping review's objective was to compile data from the literature and describe the state of
patient education for Filipinos with diabetes in terms of educational needs, diabetes knowledge,
and the efficiency of educational interventions.Diabetes knowledge was assessed in six studies
and showed a significant improvement following educational interventions. Overall, studies
revealed that educational interventions had a significant impact on self-efficacy, anthropometric
measurements, hemoglobin A1c levels, care utilization, regular program participation, and
attitudes toward their health.

Lima de Melo Ghisi, G., Vanzella, L., Pakosh, M.,Trani, M.R., Bilocura, I., Bersabal, S.,
Panilagao. R. L., Autlman, C., & Oh, P. (2022, May) Patient education for people living
with diabetes in the Philippines: A scoping review of information needs, diabetes knowledge and
effectiveness of educational interventions
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360382063_Patient_education_for_people_living_with_
diabetes_in_the_Philippines_A_scoping_review_of_information_needs_diabetes_knowledge_and
_effectiveness_of_educational_interventions

● Penarroyo