Republic of the Philippines

Province of Rizal
Municipality of Montalban

COLEGIO DE MONTALBAN
Kasiglahan Village, San Jose, Rodriguez, Rizal

WRITTEN REPORT
IN
LIFE AND WORKS
OF RIZAL

Submitted by:
DARADAL, ARMAROSE B.

Course/Year and Section:

BEED GEN 2E

Submitted to:
Mr. FERNANDO MORLA
 The Rise Of The Chinese Mestizo

Who are Chinese Mestizos?

- Any person born of a Chinese father and an Indio mother was classified a Chinese
Mestizo. The population of those parts of the Philippines that were controlled by
Spain was formally divided into four categories:
1. Spaniards and Spanish mestizos 3. Chinese
2. Indios 4. Chinese Mestizos

The Chinese mestizos were an important element of Philippine society in the 19th
century. They played a significant role in the formation of the Filipino middle class, in the
agitation for reforms, in the 1898 revolution, and in the formation of what is now known as
the Filipino nationality

Beginning of 19th Century

At the beginning of the 19th century, economic and political changes in Europe were
finally starting to affect Spain and, consequently the Philippines. Significant as an impetus to
broader trade was the gradual abolition of the monopoly enjoyed by the Manila-Acapulco
Galleon. Upon the elimination of the galleon trade, Manila became open to foreign merchants
almost without restriction by the mid-1930s. The demand for Philippine sugar and abaca
(hemp) grew swiftly, and the amount oof exports to European countries increased even
more after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1896.

The development of commercial agriculture in the archipelago resulted in the

presence of the new class. Alongside the landholdings of the church and the rice estates of
the pre-Spanish nobility, there emerged haciendas of sugar, coffee and hemp, typically
owned by enterprising Chinese Filipino mestizos. In fact, some of the families which attained
reputation in the 19th century have continued to play a vital roles in the country’s economics
and politics.

In a larger perspective, the fast rhythm of economics progress in the Philippines

during the 19th century expedited by some mentioned factors resulted in the rise of a new
breed of rich and influential Filipino middle class. Non-existent in earlier centuries, this
class, composed of Spanish and Chinese Mestizos ascended to a position of power in the
Philippines society and in due course became leader in education and finance.
 The Rise of the Inquilinos

Inquilino
- a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord.

Inquilino System
- “Qualified System of Tenancy” or the right to use land in exchange for rent

The elimination of the Galleon Trade and the opening of Suez Canal gave way for
more intensive rice cultivation and production of crops such as sugar cane and tobacco.
Consequently, many estates turned progressively ti hte inquiilino system of land tenture.
But since the friars and secular Spanish were normally absentee landlords, estate
management was granted to an administrator who was typically a lay Spanish mestizo or a
Filipino lay brother. During harvest time, the administrator would collect the rent of the
inquillinos organize the delivery of the harvests to the local market or to Manila, and remit
the income from sales and rents to the estate owners. In some estates though, these farm
duties were consigned to truste inquillinos. Acting as overlords, some inquillinos would
make innumerable and irrational demands from farm workers.
Inquillinos paid a fixed rent and the amount was determined by the size and quality
of the land being worked on. But with the expansion of land owned by missionary
congregations (friar estates), the proportions of farmlands leased to inquillinos acquired
lands of their own and entered on other gainful commercial ventures. Some inquillinos
even ceased becoming farmers and relegated the job completely to their sub-tenants.
As friar estates enlarged, outllining the boundaries that separated estates from
communal lands became a common cause of conflict.
Dispute over communal woodcutting and grazing areas occured regularly between
villages and estates, with the latter denying to the farmer their traditioanl communal
privelges. In Bulacan, for instance, the villagers once complained that the friars took illegal
possession of their land and to compound this crime, they even denied the use of rivers for
fishing and the forests for collection firewood and wild fruits. In Cavite and Laguna, the
Dominicans and Tagalogs frequently fought over border lands.

Inquilinos’ land subleasing parcels to Kasama or sharecroppers eventually became

very profitable that some inquilinos acquired lands from their own and entered in other
gainful commercial ventures.
“… the hacienda consisted of three strata: the estate owner, the leaseholder or inquilino and
the tenant-sharecropper. Between the owner, the inquilino, however; was the administrator
who often demanded a share of the produce…”
NAME: DARADAL, ARMAROSE B. NAME: DARADAL, ARMAROSE B.
COURSE/YEAR & SECTION: BEED GEN 2E COURSE/YEAR & SECTION: BEED GEN 2E
SUBJECT: HUM ART APPRECIATION SUBJECT: LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL
TEACHER: MR. ARIEL PAGLINAWAN TEACHER: MR. FERNANDO MORLA SR.

NAME: DARADAL, ARMAROSE B.

NAME: DARADAL, ARMAROSE B. NAME: DARADAL, ARMAROSE B.

COURSE/YEAR & SECTION: BEED GEN 2E COURSE/YEAR & SECTION: BEED GEN 2E
SUBJECT: HUM ART APPRECIATION SUBJECT: LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL
TEACHER: MR. ARIEL PAGLINAWAN TEACHER: MR. FERNANDO MORLA SR.

NAME: DARADAL, ARMAROSE B.

 Republic of the Philippines
Province of Rizal
Municipality of Montalban

COLEGIO DE MONTALBAN
Kasiglahan Village, San Jose, Rodriguez, Rizal

PORTFOLIO
IN
ART APPRECIATION

Submitted by:
DARADAL, ARMAROSE B.

Course/Year and Section:

BEED GEN 2E

Submitted to:
Mr. ARIEL PAGLINAWAN