Chapter 4 worksheet

4.48 (pg.158) A statistical experiment has 10 equally likely outcomes that are denoted by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, and 10. Let event A = {3, 4, 6, 9} and event B = {1, 2, 5}.

a) Are events A and B mutually exclusive events?

b) Are events A and B independent events?
c) What are the complements of events A and B, respectively, and their probabilities?

EXAMPLE 4–10 (pg.146)

10 cars of the 500 randomly selected cars manufactured at a certain auto factory are found to be
lemons. Assuming that the lemons are manufactured randomly, what is the probability that the next car
manufactured at this auto factory is a lemon?

(4.4 Marginal and conditional probability pg150).

All 100 employees of a company were asked whether they are in favor of or against paying high salaries
to CEOs of U.S. companies. Table 4.3 gives a two-way classification of the responses of these 100
employees.

Table 4.3

a) Compute the marginal probabilities P (male), P (female), P (favor) and P (Against)

b) Example 4-15 Compute the conditional probability P (in favor | male) for the data on 100
employees given in Table 4.4.
c) EXAMPLE 4–16(pg.453) For the data of Table 4.4, calculate the conditional probability that a
randomly selected employee is a female given that this employee is in favor of paying high
salaries to CEOs.

4.70 Find the joint probability of A and B for the following.

a. P(A) = 0.40 and P( B/A) = 0.25

b. P(B) = 0.65 and P(A/B ) = 0.36

4.71 (pg.169) Find the joint probability of A and B for the following.

a) P(B) = 0.59 and P(A/B) = 0.77

b) P(A) = 0.28 and P(B/A) = 0.35

Note: (Reference example 4-24 )

4.74 (pg.169) Given that A, B, and C are three independent events, find their joint probability for the
following.

a) P(A ) = 0.20, P(B ) = 0.46, and P(C) = 0.25

b) P(A) = 0.44, P(B) = 0.27, and P(C) = 0.43
Solution
P( A and B) = P(A ) P(B) P(C)

4.76 Given that P(A) = 0.30 and P(A and B) = 0.24, find P (B/A) .
4.77 Given that P(B) = 0.65 and P(A and B) = 0.45, find P(A/B) .

4.78 Given that P (A/B ) = 0.40 and P(A and B) = 0.36, find P(B).

4.79 Given that P(B/A) = 0.80 and P(A and B) = 0.58, find P(A).

4.92 A contractor has submitted bids for two state construction projects. The probability of winning
each contract is .25, and it is the same for both contracts. a. What is the probability that he will win both
contracts? b. What is the probability that he will win neither contract?

4.105 (pg. 176) Find P (A or B) for the following.

a) P (A) = .18, P (B) = .49, and P (A and B) = .11

b) P (A) = .73, P (B) = .71, and P (A and B) = .68

4.110(pg.177) Five hundred employees were selected from a city’s large private companies, and they
were asked whether or not they have any retirement benefits provided by their companies. Based on
this information, the following two-way classification table was prepared.

Suppose one adult is selected at random from these 2000 adults. Find the following probabilities.

a) P(has never shopped on the Internet or is a female)

b) P(is a male or has shopped on the Internet)
c) P(has shopped on the Internet or has never shopped on the Internet)
Table

EXAMPLE 4–30 (pg.172) A university president proposed that all students must take a course in ethics as
a requirement for graduation. Three hundred faculty members and students from this university were
asked about their opinions on this issue. Table 4.9 gives a two-way classification of the responses of
these faculty members and students.

Find the probability that one person selected at random from these 300 persons is a faculty member or
is in favor of this proposal?

EXAMPLE 4–31

4.134 (pg.182) A company has installed a generator to back up the power in case there is a power
failure. The probability that there will be a power failure during a snowstorm is .30. The probability that
the genera- tor will stop working during a snowstorm is .09. What is the probability that during a
snowstorm the company will lose both sources of power? Note that the two sources of power are
independent.

MCQs
1) The collection of all outcomes for an experiment is called

a. a sample space b. the intersection of events c. joint probability

2) A final outcome of an experiment is called

a. a compound event b. a simple event c. a complementary event

3) A compound event includes

a. all final outcomes b. exactly two outcomes c. more than one outcome for an experiment

4) Two equally likely events

a. have the same probability of occurrence

b. cannot occur together
c. have no effect on the occurrence of each other

5) Which of the following probability approaches can be applied only to experiments with equally likely
outcomes?

a. Classical probability b. Empirical probability c. Subjective probability

6) Two mutually exclusive events

a. have the same probability

b. cannot occur together
c. have no effect on the occurrence of each other

7) Two independent events

a. have the same probability

b. cannot occur together
c. have no effect on the occurrence of each other

8) The probability of an event is always

a. less than 0 b. in the range 0 to 1.0 c. greater than 1.0

9) The sum of the probabilities of all final outcomes of an experiment is always

a. 100 b. 1.0 c. 0

10) The joint probability of two mutually exclusive events is always

a. 1.0 b. between 0 and 1 c. 0

11. Two independent events are

a. always mutually exclusive

b. never mutually exclusive
c. always complementary