1/28/2023

Mathematics-II
Ass. Lecturer: Azzam Khalid H.Tofiq
Contact info.: azzam.tofiq@uoh.edu.iq

2023-2022

Chapter Four: Applications of Derivatives

• 4.1 Extreme Values of Functions
• 4.2 The Mean Value Theorem
• 4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test
• 4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

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4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• EXAMPLE 1

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4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• The following theorem asserts that a function which is continuous at every

point of a closed interval [a, b] has an absolute maximum and an absolute
minimum value on the interval. We always look for these values when we
graph a function.

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

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4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Local (Relative) Extreme Values

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4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Local (Relative) Extreme Values

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Finding Extrema
The next theorem explains why we usually need to investigate only a few
values to find a function’s extrema.

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4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Finding Extrema

Theorem 2 says that a function’s first derivative is always zero at an

interior point where the function has a local extreme value and the
derivative is defined. Hence the only places where a function ƒ can
possibly have an extreme value (local or global) are:

1. interior points where 𝑓 ′ = 0,

2. interior points where 𝑓 ′ is undefined,
3. endpoints of the domain of 𝑓.

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Finding Extrema

Thus the only domain points where a function can assume extreme values
are critical points and endpoints.

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4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Finding Extrema
Be careful not to misinterpret Theorem 2 because its converse is false. A
differentiable function may have a critical point at 𝑥 = 𝑐 without having a local
extreme value there. For instance, the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 has a critical point
at the origin and zero value there, but is positive to the right of the origin and
negative to the left. So it cannot have a local extreme value at the origin.
Instead, it has a point of inflection there.

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Finding Extrema

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4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Finding Extrema

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Finding Extrema

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4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Finding Extrema

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Finding Extrema
We can see from this list that the function’s
3
absolute maximum value is 9 ≈ 2.08 and it
occurs at the right endpoint 𝑥 = 3. The
absolute minimum value is 0, and it occurs at
the interior point 𝑥 = 0 (Figure 4.8).
While a function’s extrema can occur only at
critical points and endpoints, not every
critical point or endpoint signals the presence
of an extreme value. Figure 4.9 illustrates
this for interior points.

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4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

• Finding Extrema

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

•Exercises
 From (1 to 14) 3 Exercises
 From (15 to 34) 3 Exercises
 From (35 to 54) 3 Exercises

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4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

• Rolle’s Theorem Drawing the graph of a function gives strong geometric
evidence that between any two points where a differentiable function
crosses a horizontal line there is at least one point on the curve where the
tangent is horizontal.

4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

• Rolle’s Theorem

• H.W/ Prove it.

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4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

• Rolle’s Theorem
The hypotheses of Theorem 3 are essential. If they fail at even one point, the
graph may not have a horizontal tangent.

4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

• Rolle’s Theorem

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4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

• The Mean Value Theorem

Which was first stated by Joseph-
Louis Lagrange, is a slanted version
of Rolle’s Theorem. There is a point
where the tangent is parallel to
chord AB.

4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

• The Mean Value Theorem

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4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

• The Mean Value Theorem

The hypotheses of the Mean Value
Theorem do not require ƒ to be
differentiable at either a or b.
Continuity at a and b is enough
(Figure 4.17).

4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

• The Mean Value Theorem

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4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

• A Physical Interpretation
𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
If we think of the number ( ) as the
𝑏−𝑎
average change in ƒ over [a, b] and 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 as an
instantaneous change, then the Mean Value
Theorem says that at some interior point the
instantaneous change must equal the average
change over the entire interval.

4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

• Mathematical Consequences

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4.2 Extreme Values of Functions

•Exercises
 From (1 to 10) 3 Exercises

4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test

• Increasing Functions and Decreasing Functions

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4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test

• Increasing Functions and Decreasing
Functions The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 decreases
on (−∞, 0] and increases on [0, ∞) as can be
seen from its graph. The function ƒ is
monotonic on (−∞, 0] and [0, ∞) but it is
not monotonic on (−∞, ∞). Notice that on
the interval (−∞, 0) the tangents have
negative slopes, so the first derivative is
always negative there; for (0, ∞) the
tangents have positive slopes and the first
derivative is positive. The following result
confirms these observations.

4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test

• Increasing Functions and Decreasing Functions

• H.W/ Prove it

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4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test

• Increasing Functions and Decreasing Functions

4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test

• Increasing Functions and Decreasing Functions

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4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test

• First Derivative Test for Local Extrema

4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test

• First Derivative Test for Local Extrema

• Prove it.

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4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test

• First Derivative Test for Local Extrema

4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test

• First Derivative Test for Local Extrema
• EXAMPLE 2

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4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test

• First Derivative Test for Local Extrema
• EXAMPLE 2

4.3 Monotonic Functions and The First Derivative Test

•Exercises
 From (1 to 8) 2 Exercises
 From (9 to 28) 3 Exercises
 From (29 to 36) 2 Exercises

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4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Concavity
In Section 4.3 we saw how the first derivative tells us where a function is
increasing and where it is decreasing. At a critical point of a differentiable
function, the First Derivative Test tells us whether there is a local
maximum or a local minimum, or whether the graph just continues to rise
or fall there.
In this section we see how the second derivative gives information about
the way the graph of a differentiable function bends or turns. This
additional information enables us to capture key aspects of the behavior
of a function and its graph, and then present these features in a sketch of
the graph.

4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Concavity

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4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Concavity

4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Concavity

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4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Concavity

4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Points of Inflection

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4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Points of Inflection

4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Points of Inflection

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4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema
Instead of looking for sign changes in at critical points, we can sometimes
use the following test to determine the presence and character of local
extrema.

4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema

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4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema

4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema

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4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema

4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema
(e) Plot the curve’s intercepts (if possible)
and the points where y’ and y” are zero.
Indicate any local extreme values and
inflection points. Use the general shape as
a guide to sketch the curve. (Plot
additional points as needed.)

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4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

• H.W/

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4.4 Concavity and Curve Sketching

•Exercises
 From (1 to 8) 2 Exercises
 From (9 to 40) 2 Exercises

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