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Chinyuku Database Systems 2028

MySQL Practical 8- The Join Operator

• A JOIN operator is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column
between them.

Different Types of SQL JOINs

• (INNER) JOIN
• LEFT (OUTER) JOIN
• RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN
• FULL (OUTER) JOIN

Exercise
1. Create a database named exercise4
2. Create and populate the tables with the given values in database exercise 4

Lecturer(Lecturer_ID, Lecturer_Name)

Course(Course_ID, CourseName, Lecturer_ID)

CREATE TABLE Lecturer (

Lecturer_ID CHAR(5) NOT NULL,
Lecturer_Name VARCHAR(40) not null,
PRIMARY KEY(Lecturer_ID)
);

CREATE TABLE Course(

Course_ID CHAR(6) NOT NULL,
Course_Name VARCHAR(40) not NULL,
Lecturer_ID CHAR(5),
PRIMARY KEY (Course_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (Lecturer_ID) REFERENCES Lecturer(Lecturer_ID)
on DELETE CASCADE
on UPDATE CASCADE
);

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3. List course details without a lecturer

SELECT Course_ID,Course_Name
FROM course
where Lecturer_ID IS NULL;

(INNER) JOIN
• Returns records (rows) that have matching values in both tables
• Alias Join, or natural Join

Syntax- JOIN
SELECT columns
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

SELECT *
FROM lecturer
INNER JOIN course
ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID;

4. Give a list of all lecturer names that teach at least one course

SELECT Lecturer_Name
FROM lecturer
INNER JOIN course
ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID;

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5. List the lecturer names and course details of lecturers who teach at least one course.

SELECT Lecturer_Name,Course_ID, Course_Name

FROM lecturer
INNER JOIN course
ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID;

6. List all lecturer names and the names of the courses they teach

SELECT lecturer.Lecturer_Name, course.Course_Name

FROM lecturer
INNER JOIN course
ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID;

7. What is the name of the lecturer that teaches Programming?

SELECT lecturer.Lecturer_Name
FROM lecturer
INNER JOIN course
ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID
where Course_Name = "Programming";

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LEFT (OUTER) JOIN

• Return all records from the left table, and the matched records from the right table

Syntax – LEFT JOIN

SELECT columns
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

SELECT *
FROM lecturer
LEFT JOIN course
ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID;

8. List the names of lecturers who do not teach any course

SELECT lecturer.Lecturer_Name
FROM lecturer
LEFT JOIN course
ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID
where Course_ID is null;

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RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN

• Return all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left table

Syntax – RIGHT JOIN

SELECT columns
FROM table1
RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

SELECT *
FROM lecturer
RIGHT JOIN course
ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID;

9. List all courses that do not have lecturers

SELECT course.Course_Name
FROM lecturer
RIGHT JOIN course
ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID
WHERE course.Lecturer_ID is NULL ;

10. List all courses that have lecturers

SELECT course.Course_Name
FROM lecturer
RIGHT JOIN course
ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID
WHERE course.Lecturer_ID is NOT NULL;

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11. List all courses and their lecturer names

SELECT course.Course_ID, course.Course_Name, lecturer.Lecturer_Name

FROM lecturer
RIGHT JOIN course
ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID;

FULL (OUTER) JOIN

• Return all records when there is a match in either left or right table
• Combines both left and right joins

Syntax- FULL JOIN

SELECT *
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table 2 ON table1.common_field = table2.common_field
UNION
SELECT *
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table 2 ON table1.common_field = table2.common_field;

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SELECT * FROM lecturer

LEFT JOIN course ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID
UNION
SELECT * FROM lecturer
RIGHT JOIN course ON lecturer.Lecturer_ID = course.Lecturer_ID;

SELECT * FROM course

LEFT JOIN lecturer ON course.Lecturer_ID = lecturer.Lecturer_ID
UNION
SELECT * FROM course
RIGHT JOIN lecturer ON course.Lecturer_ID = lecturer.Lecturer_ID;

General syntax of the SELECT statement used in DML

Summary
• JOINS allow to combine data from more than one table into a single result set.

• JOINS have better performance compared to sub queries

• INNER JOINS only return rows that meet the given criteria.

• OUTER JOINS can also return rows where no matches have been found. The unmatched
rows are returned with the NULL keyword.

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• The major JOIN types include Inner, Left Outer, Right Outer, Cross JOINS etc.

• The frequently used clause in JOIN operations is "ON". "USING" clause requires that
matching columns be of the same name.

• JOINS can also be used in other clauses such as GROUP BY, WHERE, SUB QUERIES,
AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS etc.

SQL statement processing order (adapted from van der Lans, 2006, p. 100)

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